Zoophilia Wiki - User contributions [en]

Mann liebt Hund

2024-10-20T21:45:24Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "''Mann liebt Hund'' (''Man Loves Dog'') is a 2011 German documentary that provides an in-depth look at the lives of two men, MKI and Bela, who identify as zoophiles. The film explores their emotional and sexual relationships with their dogs, addressing themes of love, intimacy, and societal taboos. The 36-minute documentary presents these men’s perspectives without sensationalizing the topic, instead offering viewers a candid portrayal of an unconventional lifestyle...."

''Mann liebt Hund'' (''Man Loves Dog'') is a 2011 German documentary that provides an in-depth look at the lives of two men, MKI and Bela, who identify as zoophiles. The film explores their emotional and sexual relationships with their dogs, addressing themes of love, intimacy, and societal taboos. The 36-minute documentary presents these men’s perspectives without sensationalizing the topic, instead offering viewers a candid portrayal of an unconventional lifestyle.

{{Infobox film
| image = Mann Liebt Hund.jpg
| director = Nikias Chryssos
| producer = Nikias Chryssos
| music = Alex Cortex
| studio = KATASKOP Filmproduktion
| released = 2011
| runtime = 36 Min.
| country = Germany
| language = German
}}

== Themes and Content ==
The documentary takes a sensitive yet provocative approach, delving into the emotional bonds between the two men and their pets. These relationships are not only emotional but also physical, challenging societal norms about human-animal boundaries. By giving MKI and Bela a platform to speak openly, ''Mann liebt Hund'' explores a subject that is often misunderstood or ignored in public discourse.

The film sheds light on how these individuals perceive their relationships as acts of love, questioning societal definitions of affection and intimacy. It aims to provoke reflection on the ethical and emotional aspects of these bonds, while leaving the audience to form their own judgments

== Reception ==
Upon its release, ''Mann liebt Hund'' generated significant discussion, primarily due to its controversial subject matter. The film was screened at several film festivals, including the Exground Filmfest in Wiesbaden, where it was part of the "Strange Love" series

Exground Filmfest
. Audience reactions were mixed, with some praising the documentary’s non-judgmental approach and others finding the content difficult to engage with due to its unsettling themes.
While the documentary did not receive widespread mainstream attention, it has been recognized for its brave handling of a sensitive topic, prompting debates about the representation of zoophilia in media

== Style and Approach ==
''Mann liebt Hund'' adopts a direct, observational style that allows the two men to share their stories without interference. This method gives the film a raw and intimate tone, encouraging viewers to confront the discomfort around zoophilia while simultaneously engaging with the emotions involved. The decision to refrain from external narration or moral commentary is deliberate, positioning the film as an exploration rather than a judgment

== Reference ==

# ''[https://2031841.mediaspace.kaltura.com/media/Mann+liebt+Hund/1_yandr5me Realeyz Indie Film Network]'' - A detailed summary of ''Mann liebt Hund'' and its exploration of zoophilia
# ''[https://www.exground.com/2011/ENG/programm-kurze-strangelove-mannliebthund.html Exground Filmfest]'' - Information on the film’s val, including its focus on taboo relationships Exground Filmfest.
# ''[https://www.filmportal.de/en/person/nikias-chryssos_f300d19521f72f77e03053d50b371d4a Filmportal]'' - Overview of the documentary in the context of Nikias Chryssos' filmography Filmportal.

.
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Movies]]

THE ZOO JUDE (2007 film)

2024-10-20T21:32:39Z

Rauhbautz:

{{short description|2007 American documentary film by Robinson Devor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zoo
| image =Zoo_Film_Poster.jpg

| caption = ''Zoo'' movie poster
| director = Robinson Devor
| producer = Peggy Case Alexis Ferris
| writer = Charles Mudede Robinson Devor
| starring = Richard Carmen Paul Eenhoorn Russell Hodgkinson John Paulsen
| music = Paul Matthew Moore
| cinematography = Sean Kirby
| editing = Joe Shapiro
| distributor = THINKFilm
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|18|Sundance Film Festival|Sundance|2007|04|25|New York City}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Zoo''''' is a 2007 American documentary film based on the life and death of [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]]. This American man died of peritonitis due to perforation of the colon after engaging in receptive anal sex with a horse. The film combines audio testimony from people involved in the case or who were familiar with Pinyan, "with speculative re-enactments that feature a mix of actors and actual subjects."<ref name="NYT" />

The film’s title refers to the subcultural term for a [[Zoo|zoophile]], a person with a sexual interest in animals. ''Zoo''’s filmmakers intended to approach the film’s subject matter from a non-sensationalized perspective and chose to forego more lurid details, focusing instead on humanizing the people involved.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007, one of 16 documentaries accepted out of 857 candidates. Following Sundance, it was selected as one of five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

== Synopsis ==
In July 2005 near the small rural town of Enumclaw, Washington, Kenneth Pinyan also known as "Mr. Hands" died from internal injuries sustained while engaging in a sexual act with a horse. The police investigation of the incident led to the discovery of a network of zoophiles who held animal orgys at a local farm to have sex with horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=When a Man Dies in a Sex Act with a Horse -- What's a Reporter to Do? |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/when-a-man-dies-in-a-sex-act-with-a-horse-whats-a-reporter-to-do,31187 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}}</ref> At the farm, the police seized videotapes and DVDs that showed several men engaging in sexual acts with the resident Arabian stallions, with one of them showing Kenneth Pinyan. At the time, Washington state had no laws concerning [[bestiality]]; in response to the case, the State Senate swiftly voted to [[Legality of bestiality in the United States|criminalize bestiality]] in 2006. Animal cruelty charges were not filed against the participants because no evidence of injury to the horses was found.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-10-18 |title=Charge filed in connection with man who died having horse sex |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/charge-filed-in-connection-with-man-who-died-having-horse-sex/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The videographer in the Pinyan incident, James Michael Tait, was charged with criminal trespassing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Mudede|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=February 23, 2006|title=The Animal in You|work=The Stranger (newspaper){{!}}The Stranger|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Two Seattle-based filmmakers, Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede, curious about the type of people involved in the underground world of zoophilia, interviewed figures close to the case, including other members of the zoophile ring. The three zoophiles interviewed by the filmmakers are identified by their names in the online zoo community—Coyote, H, and the Happy Horseman. H was the man who organized the zoo gatherings. Only one zoo, Coyote, agreed to appear in the film’s re-enactments.

Other interview subjects include Jenny Edwards, the founder of a local animal rescue organization who helped investigate potential animal abuse in the case, and legislators and local law enforcement officers.

== Production ==
On their reasoning for wanting to make a documentary about the [[Enumclaw horse sex case|Enumclaw case]], Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede said when the news story first broke in 2005, it quickly became a punch line in the media. Said Mudede, "There seemed to be two responses: repulsion or laughter. People didn’t want to have any connection or identification with these men. Early on Rob and I said to each other, 'We’re going to revive their humanity.'"<ref name="NYT" />

Mudede noted, "It was only after Pinyan died when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue [...] The prosecutor's office wanted to charge Tait with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home…the prosecutors could only charge Tait with trespassing."<ref name=":0" />

Mudede, a journalist at ''The Stranger'', had written an article about the incident and was contacted by one of the participants in the case.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2007-04-01|title=A Lyrical Approach to a Subject That Shocks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/movies/01lim.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Of the participants, called "zoos", Mudede said "there was a desperate need to talk" and to tell their side of the story.<ref name="NYT" /> Coyote, the only zoo that appears in the film, said he came to trust Devor to tell their story, saying "I felt in my gut he was not going to make an exploitive type of movie."<ref name="NYT" /> When ''Zoo''’s selection for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival was announced in December 2006, H, the farmhand who was the host of the men’s get-togethers, contacted Devor and consented to an audio interview, which Devor edited into the film.<ref name="NYT" />

Devor said the film’s biggest challenge was finding locations to shoot, as horse farms in the Seattle area did not want to be associated with the documentary. Said Devor, "Owners would say things like: 'We have Microsoft picnics here. They’re going to think it happened in my barn.'"<ref name="NYT" /> The production ended up filming in Canada.<ref name="NYT" />

The film was originally titled ''In the Forest There Is Every Kind of Bird'',<ref name="movie">{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|date=July 3, 2006|title=Infamous Enumclaw horse sex case to be made into movie|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> but this was changed to ''Zoo'' in a reference to zoophilia.

Two brief clips of bestiality is shown in the film, although only one features audio. The first clip features Kenneth Pinyan receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse. Another featured an unidentified man receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse in a barn. Out of sync audio of the first clip is played over both in a loop. The audio is the moans, grunts and gasps of Kenneth, the lubricant sounds of the sex, the ejaculation and two unidentified men making brief comments, with one engaging in erotic talk. In the DVD audio commentary for the film, according to Devor and other zoos, Devor states that sex clip of Kenneth happened five years prior and was not the video that captured Kenneth sustaining fatal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Devor |first=Robinson |title=Exclusive Interview: Robinson Devor |url=https://chud.com/10022/exclusive-interview-robinson-devor-zoo/ |website=CHUD.com |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Coyote/dp/B000Q66QFQ |website=Amazon |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sundance judges called the film a "humanizing look at the life and bizarre death of a seemingly normal Seattle family man who met his untimely end after an unusual encounter with a horse".<ref>{{cite web|last=Westneat|first=Danny|date=December 3, 2006|title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/dannywestneat/2003459228_danny03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121342/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The film was picked up for distribution by THINKFilm, whose executive said, "The film is extreme more in its formalism than in terms of graphic content."<ref name="NYT" />

''The Seattle Times'' called the film "A tough sell that gets respect at Sundance", also noting the local economic effect of landmark films which put a location "on the map".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vicchrilli |first=Sam |date=January 26, 2007 |title="Zoo" a tough sell that gets respect at Sundance |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/zoo-a-tough-sell-that-gets-respect-at-sundance/ |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> Rob Nelson of the ''OC Weekly'' said, "''Zoo'' achieves the seemingly impossible: It tells the luridly reported tale of a Pacific Northwest Boeing engineer's fatal sexual encounter with a horse in a way that's haunting rather than shocking and tender beyond reason."<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Rob|date=January 25, 2007|title=Sympathy for the Devil|newspaper=OC Weekly|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104956/https://ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Dennis Lim of ''The New York Times'' commended how the film is able to tell its story "with neither squeamishness nor prurience."<ref name="NYT" /> Similar views were expressed by Kenneth Turan of the ''Los Angeles Times'', who called it a "remarkably, an elegant, eerily lyrical film",<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news|title='Zoo' is not just 'eeew'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-22-et-zoo22-story.html|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> and Geoff Pevere of the ''Toronto Star'', who said the film is "gorgeously artful ... one of the most beautifully restrained, formally distinctive and mysterious films of the entire festival".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pevere|first=Geoff|title=In praise of real movies|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 26, 2007|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/175090}}</ref> Anthony Kaufman of ''IndieWire'' called it "one of the most beautiful films of the year" and noted that "without sensation", it steps back to a "non-traditional" viewpoint, with "Devor [making] a persuasive, provocative and deeply profound case for tolerance and understanding in the face of the seemingly most incomprehensible of acts".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Anthony|date=January 23, 2007|title=Year of the Horse: The Stunning World of "Zoo"|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/park_city_07_review_year_of_the_horse_the_stunning_world_of_zoo/|website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Other reviewers criticized the film for breaching "the last taboo", or for sinking to new depths, with Kathleen Parker of ''The Baltimore Sun'' writing, "More compelling than the depths of man's degeneracy is our cultural rationalization of 'art,' whereby pushing the envelope is confused with genius and scuttling the last taboo is seen as an expression of sophistication."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Kathleen|author-link=Kathleen Parker|date=January 26, 2007|title=Sundance films wallow in perversity, try to pass it off as 'art'|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2007/01/26/sundance-films-wallow-in-perversity-try-to-pass-it-off-as-art/|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150625/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-26/news/0701260182_1_marc-klaas-zoo-devor|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}</ref>

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60%, based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "While a marginally fascinating look at a taboo subject, ''Zoo'' is bogged down by its overly artistic presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoo|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zoo|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Zoo'' was one of 16 documentaries selected, out of 856 submitted, for screening at the Sundance Film Festival,<ref name="Westneat">{{cite news |last=Westneat |first=Danny |date=December 3, 2006 |title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html}}</ref> and played at numerous U.S. regional festivals thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dentler, Matt |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Cannes Countdown: Directors' Fortnight Lineup Impresses |url=http://blogs.indiewire.om/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |publisher=Matt Dentler's Blog}}</ref>

It was selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="ZooCont">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Zoo: Inside the Controversial Documentary |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/zoo-inside-the-controversial-documentary-about-bestiality-7/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=EmanuelLevy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CANNES">{{cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Eugene |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Slate Set for 49th Directors' Fortnight; Corbijn's "Control" Opening Section |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes_07_slate_set_for_49th_directors_fortnight_corbijns_control_opening_s/ |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2007|title=Bestiality flick shocks Cannes|work=News24 (website){{!}}News 24|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022403/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-25}}</ref>

==Aftermath ==
Charles Mudede reported in 2015 that the zoophiles featured in the film had remained in contact with the director; according to Mudede, they believed that Devor was "a real ally" to their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sokol|first1=Zach|date=July 16, 2015|title=The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse|url=https://www.vice.com/read/ten-years-ago-mr-hands-got-fucked-to-death-by-a-horse-716|access-date=1 January 2016|website=Vice (website){{!}}Vice}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]
* [[Douglas "Fausty" Spink]]
* [[Legality of bestiality in the United States]]

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874423/?language=de-de&ref_=ext_shr_lnk Zoo at IMDb]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo (Film)}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Movies]]

File:Mann Liebt Hund.jpg

2024-10-20T21:32:25Z

Rauhbautz:

Mann liebt Hund Movie

Saint Zoo

2024-10-17T21:03:24Z

Rauhbautz: added book infobox

'''Saint Zoo''' is a non-fiction book by Japanese author Chihiro Hamano, first published in 2019. It provides an in-depth exploration of [[zoophilia]], a topic that remains highly controversial and taboo, as well as broader reflections on themes of love, power, and violence.

{{Infobox book
| name = Saint Zoo
| image = saint_zoo_cover.jpg
| author = Chihiro Hamano
| isbn = 978-4087816839
| publisher = Shueisha
| published = 2019
| pages = 280
| awards = Takeshi Kaiko Nonfiction Prize, Kodansha Nonfiction Award
| language = Japanese
}}

== Background ==
Chihiro Hamano, having endured over a decade of physical and emotional abuse in a romantic relationship, became disillusioned with traditional ideas of love and sexuality. Her personal trauma catalyzed a desire to investigate alternative expressions of intimacy and power. This journey led her into the world of zoophilia, which she explores in ''Saint Zoo'', seeking to understand the complex relationships some individuals form with animals.

== Content Overview ==
The book examines the lives of various individuals involved in zoophilia, whom Hamano meets during her travels from Tokyo to rural parts of Germany. She describes people who consider animals as partners—some in emotional, non-sexual relationships, while others engage in sexual acts. Among these individuals are those who refrain from sexual interactions out of empathy, a group she refers to as "holy zoos." These individuals emphasize equality and emotional connection with their animal companions, rejecting any form of coercion.

Through their stories, Hamano challenges societal norms about love and power, reflecting on her own past trauma in contrast to the relationships she encounters. This juxtaposition allows her to raise philosophical questions about the nature of violence, desire, and autonomy, both in human-human and human-animal relationships.

=== Themes ===
''Saint Zoo'' touches on themes such as:

* '''Violence and Power:''' Hamano reflects on how power dynamics play out not only in abusive human relationships but also in interspecies interactions.
* '''Empathy and Consent:''' The book contrasts coercive relationships with the "holy zoo" community, emphasizing mutual respect and empathy in relationships with animals.
* '''Taboo and Society:''' By diving into a stigmatized subculture, Hamano highlights society’s rigid boundaries on acceptable forms of intimacy and the consequences of these taboos.

== Reception ==
Upon its release, ''Saint Zoo'' garnered critical attention for its bold and unflinching approach to a sensitive subject. The book was nominated for several prestigious awards in Japan, including the Takeshi Kaiko Nonfiction Prize and the Kodansha Nonfiction Award

It was praised for its combination of investigative journalism and personal memoir, shedding light on a world few dare to explore.

== Publication and Translation ==
''Saint Zoo'' was first published in Japan in 2019 and later translated into German, with its European release in September 2022. The book has gained international recognition for its provocative content and Hamano's courageous exploration of difficult and often overlooked topics

== References ==

# Hamano, Chihiro. ''Saint Zoo''. Shueisha, 2019.
# [https://chihirohamano.jp/ 濱野ちひろ Official Website].
# "Saint Zoo by Chihiro Hamano." [https://www.overdrive.com/media/9266815/saint-zoo Overdrive], 2022.
{{People}}
[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Culture]]

The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile

2024-10-17T20:41:49Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "'''The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile''' is a non-fiction memoir by Mark Matthews, first published in December 1994 by Prometheus Books. The book is part of the ''New Concepts in Human Sexuality'' series and presents a candid and controversial look at the author’s life as a zoophile, focusing primarily on his emotional and sexual relationships with horses. {{Infobox book | name = The Horseman: Obsession of a Zoophile | image..."

'''The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile''' is a non-fiction memoir by [[Mark "Hossy" Matthews|Mark Matthews]], first published in December 1994 by Prometheus Books. The book is part of the ''New Concepts in Human Sexuality'' series and presents a candid and controversial look at the author’s life as a zoophile, focusing primarily on his emotional and sexual relationships with horses.

{{Infobox book
| name = The Horseman: Obsession of a Zoophile
| image = horseman_cover.jpg
| author = George Willard aka. Mark "Hossy" Matthews
| country = USA
| published = 1994
| publisher = Prometheus Books
| isbn = 978-0879759025
| series = New Concepts in Human Sexuality
| language = English
|pages=208|genre=Autobiography, Non-Fiction, Psychological and Philosophical Reflection}}

== Background ==
Mark Matthews writes about his personal experiences of [[zoophilia]], which he claims began in his teenage years. The book examines how these relationships evolved over time and impacted his life, including the significant strain it placed on his marriage, which eventually ended in divorce. Matthews chose to write this memoir as a way to confront society's judgmental views on bestiality and to provide insight into a largely hidden and taboo lifestyle.

== Content Overview ==
In ''The Horseman'', Matthews describes in graphic detail his sexual interactions with horses, which form the central narrative of the book. Alongside these personal stories, the book also discusses broader issues related to the legal, moral, and societal implications of bestiality. Matthews aims to challenge societal taboos by offering a rare insider's perspective on the life of a zoophile, providing both philosophical reflections and intimate details of his experiences.

=== Themes ===
Several key themes are explored in ''The Horseman'':

* '''Sexual Taboo:''' Matthews addresses how society views zoophilia and bestiality, arguing that these relationships are often misunderstood and unfairly stigmatized.
* '''Consent and Agency:''' The book grapples with the question of whether animals can consent to sexual relationships with humans and examines the ethical considerations involved.
* '''Isolation and Marginalization:''' Matthews highlights the loneliness and ostracization faced by those who identify as zoophiles, emphasizing how societal rejection affects their personal and social lives

== See also ==

* [[Mark "Hossy" Matthews]]
* [[Human–animal marriage]]

== References ==

# [https://www.animalzoofrance.com/images/a/a1/Horseman.pdf The Horseman: Obsession of a Zoophile]

{{People}}
[[Category:Books]]

File talk:Allah mcnutt

2024-10-17T20:27:22Z

Rauhbautz:

{{stub}}
[[File:Hossie and Pixel.jpg|thumb|Hossie and Pixel]]
'''George Willard''' better known as '''Mark "Hossy" Matthews''' was a zoophile author living in the United States.

==Life==
Mark Matthews struggled early in life with his feelings towards horses. This started in his teen years and as he got older his feelings eventually lead to a troubled marriage, and his eventual divorce. The underlying problem and his attempt to deny it led him to drug abuse, self-loathing, and the brink of suicide before he finally came to accept himself as he is and to leave the guilt behind.<ref>https://www.animalzoofrance.com/images/a/a1/Horseman.pdf</ref>

In 1992 he married his horse called Pixel.

1998 he, Pixel and two other Zoophiles with their partners, where guests on the Jerry Springer Show.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0992149/?language-en-en=&ref_=ext_shr_lnk</ref><ref>https://www.zoovilleforum.net/data/video/91/91528-f2024ea9062560d999f435d9b583b090.mp4</ref> The episode was so controversial that several TV stations refused to broadcast it.<ref>https://www.snl24.com/drum/celebs/a-man-marries-a-horse-and-other-absurd-memorable-jerry-springer-moments-20180622</ref>

== Website ==

* [http://wp13459774.server-he.de/hossie/main.html Hossy's Website on fifine.org]

==Books==

* [https://www.animalzoofrance.com/images/a/a1/Horseman.pdf The Horseman: Obsessions of a Zoophile (New Concepts in Human Sexuality Series)]

== See also ==
* [[Wikipedia:Human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
* [[Zoophilia]]
* [[wikipedia:Human–animal_marriage|Human-animal marriage]]

== References ==
<references />

{{People}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]

File:Horseman cover.jpg

2024-10-17T20:19:19Z

Rauhbautz:

The Horseman Book Cover

Saint Zoo

2024-10-17T15:55:49Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "Saint Zoo Book Cover '''Saint Zoo''' is a non-fiction book by Japanese author Chihiro Hamano, first published in 2019. It provides an in-depth exploration of zoophilia, a topic that remains highly controversial and taboo, as well as broader reflections on themes of love, power, and violence. == Background == Chihiro Hamano, having endured over a decade of physical and emotional abuse in a romantic relationship, became disillusioned..."

[[File:Saint zoo cover.jpg|thumb|Saint Zoo Book Cover]]
'''Saint Zoo''' is a non-fiction book by Japanese author Chihiro Hamano, first published in 2019. It provides an in-depth exploration of [[zoophilia]], a topic that remains highly controversial and taboo, as well as broader reflections on themes of love, power, and violence.

== Background ==
Chihiro Hamano, having endured over a decade of physical and emotional abuse in a romantic relationship, became disillusioned with traditional ideas of love and sexuality. Her personal trauma catalyzed a desire to investigate alternative expressions of intimacy and power. This journey led her into the world of zoophilia, which she explores in ''Saint Zoo'', seeking to understand the complex relationships some individuals form with animals.

== Content Overview ==
The book examines the lives of various individuals involved in zoophilia, whom Hamano meets during her travels from Tokyo to rural parts of Germany. She describes people who consider animals as partners—some in emotional, non-sexual relationships, while others engage in sexual acts. Among these individuals are those who refrain from sexual interactions out of empathy, a group she refers to as "holy zoos." These individuals emphasize equality and emotional connection with their animal companions, rejecting any form of coercion.

Through their stories, Hamano challenges societal norms about love and power, reflecting on her own past trauma in contrast to the relationships she encounters. This juxtaposition allows her to raise philosophical questions about the nature of violence, desire, and autonomy, both in human-human and human-animal relationships.

=== Themes ===
''Saint Zoo'' touches on themes such as:

* '''Violence and Power:''' Hamano reflects on how power dynamics play out not only in abusive human relationships but also in interspecies interactions.
* '''Empathy and Consent:''' The book contrasts coercive relationships with the "holy zoo" community, emphasizing mutual respect and empathy in relationships with animals.
* '''Taboo and Society:''' By diving into a stigmatized subculture, Hamano highlights society’s rigid boundaries on acceptable forms of intimacy and the consequences of these taboos.

== Reception ==
Upon its release, ''Saint Zoo'' garnered critical attention for its bold and unflinching approach to a sensitive subject. The book was nominated for several prestigious awards in Japan, including the Takeshi Kaiko Nonfiction Prize and the Kodansha Nonfiction Award

It was praised for its combination of investigative journalism and personal memoir, shedding light on a world few dare to explore.

== Publication and Translation ==
''Saint Zoo'' was first published in Japan in 2019 and later translated into German, with its European release in September 2022. The book has gained international recognition for its provocative content and Hamano's courageous exploration of difficult and often overlooked topics

== References ==

# Hamano, Chihiro. ''Saint Zoo''. Shueisha, 2019.
# [https://chihirohamano.jp/ 濱野ちひろ Official Website].
# "Saint Zoo by Chihiro Hamano." [https://www.overdrive.com/media/9266815/saint-zoo Overdrive], 2022.
{{People}}
[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Culture]]

File:Saint zoo cover.jpg

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Saint Zoo Book Cover

Loving Animals

2024-10-17T15:19:36Z

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{{stub}}
{{infobox book
| name = Loving Animals: On Bestiality, Zoophilia and Post-Human Love
| image = Loving animals.jpg
| caption = Front cover of the book
| author = [[Wikipedia:Joanna_Bourke|Joanna Bourke]], FBA
| country = Great Britain
| language = English
| subject = Zoophilia, Queer Theory
| genre = Research
| publisher = Reaktion Books LTD
| pub_date = 2020
| pages = 191
| isbn = 978-1-78914-310-2
| website = http://www.bbk.ac.uk/history/our-staff/academic-staff/joanna/professor-joanna-bourke}}

Loving Animals is a book by Gresham College historian Joanna Bourke, released in 2020. It contains an overview of Western treatment of [[zoophilia]] and [[bestiality]], explores how we approach the concept of sexual abuse as a society, and introduces some [[zoophile]] points of view. She presents each side in their own words, using juxtaposition more than interpretation.

In the final chapter, she delves into methods of communicating with animals and nonverbal humans, and reminds everyone that we've historically denied [[sexuality]] to humans living with disability. She posits that, just as there's room to understand the ethics of allowing all adult humans to express their sexuality and [[love]], we shouldn't lose sight of the possibility of the same for adult non-humans. With a focus on communication and love, there's a path forward to explore a kind of true companionship with animals while still denying abuse.

{{People}}
[[Category:Books]]
[[Category:Culture]]

Donkey show

2024-10-17T14:01:46Z

Rauhbautz: removed broken links

{{imported}}

[[File:Donkey-bar.jpg|thumb|A bar in Boy's Town, Nuevo Laredo, Mexico advertising a nightly "donkey's show"]]

A '''donkey show''' is a supposed type of live sex show in which a woman engages in [[bestiality]] with a donkey,<ref>{{cite news|author=|title=Foreign Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W18EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA103|quote='the donkey show,' which highlighted a Catherine the Great-style coupling|volume=45|issue=6|work=Los Angeles Magazine|date=June 1, 2000|accessdate=2010-04-25}}</ref><ref name="dawson">{{cite book|author=Jim Dawson|title=Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart|year=1999|quote=There was a time when guys would boast of having seen a girl-and-donkey show in Tijuana, Mexico.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLSXmhudzOQC&pg=PA155|isbn=1-58008-011-1}}</ref> which, according to urban legend and some works of fiction, were once performed in the Mexican border city of Tijuana, particularly in the mid-20th century.

Gustavo Arellano, in his ¡Ask a Mexican! column, argues that donkey shows are not real.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/news/ask-a-mexican-are-donkey-shows-really-a-thing-in-mexico-6432071|title=¡Ask a Mexican: Are Donkey Shows Really a Thing in Mexico?|last=Arellano|first=Gustavo|date=2014-10-16|newspaper=OC Weekly|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>

As late as 2008, they have been mentioned as a reason to visit Tijuana, and naive tourists may seek them out.<ref name="alejandro">{{cite book|title=Nor-tec rifa!: electronic dance music from Tijuana to the world|series=Currents in Iberian and Latin American Music|chapter=Where's the Donkey Show, Mr. Mariachi? Reterritorialing TJ|author=Alejandro L. Madrid, Alejandro Luis Madrid-González|edition=illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2008|isbn=9780195342628|pages=16, 115, 145, 217 (footnote 2), 220 (footnote 41)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2W6uYsvqroC}}</ref>

The "donkey show" has been portrayed in several American films, including ''Losin' It'' (1983), ''Bachelor Party'' (1984), ''The 40-Year Old Virgin'' (2005), [[Cinematography#Clerks 2 (2006)|''Clerks II'' (2006)]], ''The Heartbreak Kid'' (2007), and ''Cake'' (2014).{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

In the 1981 book ''New West'', a Tijuana taxi driver offers tourists a ride to see a donkey show in the red light district.<ref name=west>{{cite book |title=New West |year=1981 |quote=One of the drivers offered to drive me to a donkey show. In Tijuana's past the donkey show was always rumored to exist| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUIcAQAAIAAJ&q=donkey+show+mexico&dq=donkey+show+mexico&hl=en&ei=KIzUS4PNN8OAlAfoqPHsDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA |isbn= }}</ref>

In Mark Winegardner's 2005 book ''The Godfather Returns'', set in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Fredo Corleone's wife Deanna Dunn insists on attending one: "on a whim, they'd headed to Mexico. When they'd gotten there, Deanna Dunn, insisted on going to see a donkey show. ... who thought that watching a donkey fuck a teenage Indian girl was a hoot."<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Winegardner|title=The Godfather Returns|publisher=Ballantine Books|year=2005|quote=|page=[https://archive.org/details/godfatherreturns00wine/page/252 252]|url=https://archive.org/details/godfatherreturns00wine|url-access=registration|isbn=}}</ref>

In 2005 the term is claimed to be used to describe a situation that has become a "complete mess".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jonathon Green|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA428&dq=%22donkey+show%22+sex&ei=sqfzS6XUEZXakQSzncnZBw&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22donkey%20show%22%20sex&f=false|title=Cassell's dictionary of slang|accessdate=2010-05-21|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company}}</ref> For example, the Government, and news media outlets.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Donkey Show}}
[[Category:Terms]]

Zooring

2024-10-17T13:54:49Z

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[[File:Zooring website.png|thumb|Zooring Website]]
[[File:Zooring.png|thumb|Banner of the Zooring]]
The '''Zooring''' or '''Der Deutsche Zooring''' (engl. The German Zooring) was a german zoophile [[wikipedia:Webring|webring]], operative around 2001-2015. Being hosted on [[Zetapin]]. Over the years, personal websites, forums, blogs and information sites have been part of the webring, mostly in german language.

== Members of the Zooring ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150816035238/http://www.tigress.com/black Blacktigers Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220072412/http://www.tigress.com/ecco/index0.htm Ecco's bay of the gentle breeze]
* [[TLover-Forum]]
* [http://wp13459774.server-he.de/ fifine.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114003018/http://www.pale-horse.de/ Pale Horse - Zoophilia and my love for horses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907222321/http://www.zoophil.info/ The Zoothought Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231123922/http://www.zetaportal.info/ Zetaportal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416020711/http://blog.zeta-zoophilie.info/ Zoophilia - a personal point of view]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150805031604/http://www.zoophiler-tierschutz.info/ The zoophile animal welfare blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021108143143/http://de.geocities.com/silverwolf_web/index.html Silverwolf's Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128064652/http://blackwolf-zoo.de/ BlackWolf's Zoo-Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826214152/http://www.zoophilie-online.de/ zoophilie-online.de]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051103060800/http://wulfie.dyndns.org/ Wulfies Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031228172225/http://www.islandzoo.de.vu/ Icelander and his passion]
* German Zoo-Forum
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20011201160640/http://www.tigress.com/white/ WhiteFang's Homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020409162743/http://www.geocities.com/manu_bik9/ Manu's Homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020604062124/http://horsesman.de/ horseman.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020605053102/http://friesenkind.covers.de/speelwisch.html Homepage of Friesenkind]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020803024043/http://www.tigress.com/papst/ KP's Zoofur Homepage]

== External Links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812221603/http://www.zetapin.de/zooring/list.php Snapshot of the Zooring Website in the Internet Archive]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Websites]]

Zooring

2024-10-17T13:52:52Z

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File:Zooring website.png

2024-10-17T13:51:11Z

Rauhbautz:

Zooring Website

Zooring

2024-10-17T13:44:06Z

Rauhbautz:

[[File:Zooring.png|thumb|Banner of the Zooring]]
The '''Zooring''' or '''Der Deutsche Zooring''' (engl. The German Zooring) was a german zoophile [[wikipedia:Webring|webring]], operative around 2001-2015. Over the years, personal websites, forums, blogs and information sites have been part of the webring.

== Members of the Zooring ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150816035238/http://www.tigress.com/black Blacktigers Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220072412/http://www.tigress.com/ecco/index0.htm Ecco's bay of the gentle breeze]
* [[TLover-Forum]]
* [http://wp13459774.server-he.de/ fifine.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114003018/http://www.pale-horse.de/ Pale Horse - Zoophilia and my love for horses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907222321/http://www.zoophil.info/ The Zoothought Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231123922/http://www.zetaportal.info/ Zetaportal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416020711/http://blog.zeta-zoophilie.info/ Zoophilia - a personal point of view]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150805031604/http://www.zoophiler-tierschutz.info/ The zoophile animal welfare blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021108143143/http://de.geocities.com/silverwolf_web/index.html Silverwolf's Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128064652/http://blackwolf-zoo.de/ BlackWolf's Zoo-Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826214152/http://www.zoophilie-online.de/ zoophilie-online.de]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051103060800/http://wulfie.dyndns.org/ Wulfies Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031228172225/http://www.islandzoo.de.vu/ Icelander and his passion]
* German Zoo-Forum
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20011201160640/http://www.tigress.com/white/ WhiteFang's Homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020409162743/http://www.geocities.com/manu_bik9/ Manu's Homepage]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020604062124/http://horsesman.de/ horseman.de]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020605053102/http://friesenkind.covers.de/speelwisch.html Homepage of Friesenkind]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020803024043/http://www.tigress.com/papst/ KP's Zoofur Homepage]

== External Links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812221603/http://www.zetapin.de/zooring/list.php Snapshot of the Zooring Website in the Internet Archive]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Websites]]

Zooring

2024-10-17T13:43:44Z

Rauhbautz: added more info

Zooring

2024-10-17T11:01:38Z

Rauhbautz: added member sites of the webring

[[File:Zooring.png|thumb|Banner of the Zooring]]
The '''Zooring''' or '''Der Deutsche Zooring''' (engl. The German Zooring) was a german zoophile [[wikipedia:Webring|webring]], operative around 2001-2015. Over the years, personal websites, forums, blogs and information sites have been part of the webring.

== Members of the Zooring ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150816035238/http://www.tigress.com/black Blacktigers Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220072412/http://www.tigress.com/ecco/index0.htm Ecco's bay of the gentle breeze]
* [[TLover-Forum]]
* [http://wp13459774.server-he.de/ fifine.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114003018/http://www.pale-horse.de/ Pale Horse - Zoophilia and my love for horses]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907222321/http://www.zoophil.info/ The Zoothought Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111231123922/http://www.zetaportal.info/ Zetaportal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150416020711/http://blog.zeta-zoophilie.info/ Zoophilia - a personal point of view]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150805031604/http://www.zoophiler-tierschutz.info/ The zoophile animal welfare blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021108143143/http://de.geocities.com/silverwolf_web/index.html Silverwolf's Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128064652/http://blackwolf-zoo.de/ BlackWolf's Zoo-Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826214152/http://www.zoophilie-online.de/ zoophilie-online.de]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051103060800/http://wulfie.dyndns.org/ Wulfies Homepage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031228172225/http://www.islandzoo.de.vu/ Icelander and his passion]
* German Zoo-Forum
*

== External Links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812221603/http://www.zetapin.de/zooring/list.php Snapshot of the Zooring Website in the Internet Archive]
[[index.php?title=Category:History]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Culture]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Websites]]

THE ZOO JUDE (2007 film)

2024-10-16T21:47:17Z

Rauhbautz:

{{short description|2007 American documentary film by Robinson Devor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zoo
| image =

| caption = ''Zoo'' movie poster
| director = Robinson Devor
| producer = Peggy Case Alexis Ferris
| writer = Charles Mudede Robinson Devor
| starring = Richard Carmen Paul Eenhoorn Russell Hodgkinson John Paulsen
| music = Paul Matthew Moore
| cinematography = Sean Kirby
| editing = Joe Shapiro
| distributor = ThinkFilm{{!}}THINKFilm
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|18|Sundance Film Festival|Sundance|2007|04|25|New York City}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Zoo''''' is a 2007 American documentary film based on the life and death of [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]]. This American man died of peritonitis due to perforation of the colon after engaging in receptive anal sex with a horse. The film combines audio testimony from people involved in the case or who were familiar with Pinyan, "with speculative re-enactments that feature a mix of actors and actual subjects."<ref name="NYT" />

The film’s title refers to the subcultural term for a [[Zoo|zoophile]], a person with a sexual interest in animals. ''Zoo''’s filmmakers intended to approach the film’s subject matter from a non-sensationalized perspective and chose to forego more lurid details, focusing instead on humanizing the people involved.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007, one of 16 documentaries accepted out of 857 candidates. Following Sundance, it was selected as one of five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

== Synopsis ==
In July 2005 near the small rural town of Enumclaw, Washington, Kenneth Pinyan also known as "Mr. Hands" died from internal injuries sustained while engaging in a sexual act with a horse. The police investigation of the incident led to the discovery of a network of zoophiles who held animal orgys at a local farm to have sex with horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=When a Man Dies in a Sex Act with a Horse -- What's a Reporter to Do? |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/when-a-man-dies-in-a-sex-act-with-a-horse-whats-a-reporter-to-do,31187 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}}</ref> At the farm, the police seized videotapes and DVDs that showed several men engaging in sexual acts with the resident Arabian stallions, with one of them showing Kenneth Pinyan. At the time, Washington state had no laws concerning [[bestiality]]; in response to the case, the State Senate swiftly voted to [[Legality of bestiality in the United States|criminalize bestiality]] in 2006. Animal cruelty charges were not filed against the participants because no evidence of injury to the horses was found.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-10-18 |title=Charge filed in connection with man who died having horse sex |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/charge-filed-in-connection-with-man-who-died-having-horse-sex/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The videographer in the Pinyan incident, James Michael Tait, was charged with criminal trespassing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Mudede|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=February 23, 2006|title=The Animal in You|work=The Stranger (newspaper){{!}}The Stranger|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Two Seattle-based filmmakers, Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede, curious about the type of people involved in the underground world of zoophilia, interviewed figures close to the case, including other members of the zoophile ring. The three zoophiles interviewed by the filmmakers are identified by their names in the online zoo community—Coyote, H, and the Happy Horseman. H was the man who organized the zoo gatherings. Only one zoo, Coyote, agreed to appear in the film’s re-enactments.

Other interview subjects include Jenny Edwards, the founder of a local animal rescue organization who helped investigate potential animal abuse in the case, and legislators and local law enforcement officers.

== Production ==
On their reasoning for wanting to make a documentary about the [[Enumclaw horse sex case|Enumclaw case]], Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede said when the news story first broke in 2005, it quickly became a punch line in the media. Said Mudede, "There seemed to be two responses: repulsion or laughter. People didn’t want to have any connection or identification with these men. Early on Rob and I said to each other, 'We’re going to revive their humanity.'"<ref name="NYT" />

Mudede noted, "It was only after Pinyan died when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue [...] The prosecutor's office wanted to charge Tait with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home…the prosecutors could only charge Tait with trespassing."<ref name=":0" />

Mudede, a journalist at ''The Stranger'', had written an article about the incident and was contacted by one of the participants in the case.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2007-04-01|title=A Lyrical Approach to a Subject That Shocks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/movies/01lim.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Of the participants, called "zoos", Mudede said "there was a desperate need to talk" and to tell their side of the story.<ref name="NYT" /> Coyote, the only zoo that appears in the film, said he came to trust Devor to tell their story, saying "I felt in my gut he was not going to make an exploitive type of movie."<ref name="NYT" /> When ''Zoo''’s selection for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival was announced in December 2006, H, the farmhand who was the host of the men’s get-togethers, contacted Devor and consented to an audio interview, which Devor edited into the film.<ref name="NYT" />

Devor said the film’s biggest challenge was finding locations to shoot, as horse farms in the Seattle area did not want to be associated with the documentary. Said Devor, "Owners would say things like: 'We have Microsoft picnics here. They’re going to think it happened in my barn.'"<ref name="NYT" /> The production ended up filming in Canada.<ref name="NYT" />

The film was originally titled ''In the Forest There Is Every Kind of Bird'',<ref name="movie">{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|date=July 3, 2006|title=Infamous Enumclaw horse sex case to be made into movie|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> but this was changed to ''Zoo'' in a reference to zoophilia.

Two brief clips of bestiality is shown in the film, although only one features audio. The first clip features Kenneth Pinyan receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse. Another featured an unidentified man receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse in a barn. Out of sync audio of the first clip is played over both in a loop. The audio is the moans, grunts and gasps of Kenneth, the lubricant sounds of the sex, the ejaculation and two unidentified men making brief comments, with one engaging in erotic talk. In the DVD audio commentary for the film, according to Devor and other zoos, Devor states that sex clip of Kenneth happened five years prior and was not the video that captured Kenneth sustaining fatal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Devor |first=Robinson |title=Exclusive Interview: Robinson Devor |url=https://chud.com/10022/exclusive-interview-robinson-devor-zoo/ |website=CHUD.com |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Coyote/dp/B000Q66QFQ |website=Amazon |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sundance judges called the film a "humanizing look at the life and bizarre death of a seemingly normal Seattle family man who met his untimely end after an unusual encounter with a horse".<ref>{{cite web|last=Westneat|first=Danny|date=December 3, 2006|title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/dannywestneat/2003459228_danny03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121342/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The film was picked up for distribution by THINKFilm, whose executive said, "The film is extreme more in its formalism than in terms of graphic content."<ref name="NYT" />

''The Seattle Times'' called the film "A tough sell that gets respect at Sundance", also noting the local economic effect of landmark films which put a location "on the map".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vicchrilli |first=Sam |date=January 26, 2007 |title="Zoo" a tough sell that gets respect at Sundance |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/zoo-a-tough-sell-that-gets-respect-at-sundance/ |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> Rob Nelson of the ''OC Weekly'' said, "''Zoo'' achieves the seemingly impossible: It tells the luridly reported tale of a Pacific Northwest Boeing engineer's fatal sexual encounter with a horse in a way that's haunting rather than shocking and tender beyond reason."<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Rob|date=January 25, 2007|title=Sympathy for the Devil|newspaper=OC Weekly|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104956/https://ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Dennis Lim of ''The New York Times'' commended how the film is able to tell its story "with neither squeamishness nor prurience."<ref name="NYT" /> Similar views were expressed by Kenneth Turan of the ''Los Angeles Times'', who called it a "remarkably, an elegant, eerily lyrical film",<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news|title='Zoo' is not just 'eeew'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-22-et-zoo22-story.html|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> and Geoff Pevere of the ''Toronto Star'', who said the film is "gorgeously artful ... one of the most beautifully restrained, formally distinctive and mysterious films of the entire festival".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pevere|first=Geoff|title=In praise of real movies|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 26, 2007|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/175090}}</ref> Anthony Kaufman of ''IndieWire'' called it "one of the most beautiful films of the year" and noted that "without sensation", it steps back to a "non-traditional" viewpoint, with "Devor [making] a persuasive, provocative and deeply profound case for tolerance and understanding in the face of the seemingly most incomprehensible of acts".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Anthony|date=January 23, 2007|title=Year of the Horse: The Stunning World of "Zoo"|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/park_city_07_review_year_of_the_horse_the_stunning_world_of_zoo/|website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Other reviewers criticized the film for breaching "the last taboo", or for sinking to new depths, with Kathleen Parker of ''The Baltimore Sun'' writing, "More compelling than the depths of man's degeneracy is our cultural rationalization of 'art,' whereby pushing the envelope is confused with genius and scuttling the last taboo is seen as an expression of sophistication."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Kathleen|author-link=Kathleen Parker|date=January 26, 2007|title=Sundance films wallow in perversity, try to pass it off as 'art'|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2007/01/26/sundance-films-wallow-in-perversity-try-to-pass-it-off-as-art/|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150625/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-26/news/0701260182_1_marc-klaas-zoo-devor|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}</ref>

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60%, based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "While a marginally fascinating look at a taboo subject, ''Zoo'' is bogged down by its overly artistic presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoo|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zoo|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Zoo'' was one of 16 documentaries selected, out of 856 submitted, for screening at the Sundance Film Festival,<ref name="Westneat">{{cite news |last=Westneat |first=Danny |date=December 3, 2006 |title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html}}</ref> and played at numerous U.S. regional festivals thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dentler, Matt |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Cannes Countdown: Directors' Fortnight Lineup Impresses |url=http://blogs.indiewire.om/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |publisher=Matt Dentler's Blog}}</ref>

It was selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="ZooCont">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Zoo: Inside the Controversial Documentary |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/zoo-inside-the-controversial-documentary-about-bestiality-7/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=EmanuelLevy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CANNES">{{cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Eugene |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Slate Set for 49th Directors' Fortnight; Corbijn's "Control" Opening Section |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes_07_slate_set_for_49th_directors_fortnight_corbijns_control_opening_s/ |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2007|title=Bestiality flick shocks Cannes|work=News24 (website){{!}}News 24|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022403/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-25}}</ref>

==Aftermath ==
Charles Mudede reported in 2015 that the zoophiles featured in the film had remained in contact with the director; according to Mudede, they believed that Devor was "a real ally" to their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sokol|first1=Zach|date=July 16, 2015|title=The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse|url=https://www.vice.com/read/ten-years-ago-mr-hands-got-fucked-to-death-by-a-horse-716|access-date=1 January 2016|website=Vice (website){{!}}Vice}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]
* [[Douglas "Fausty" Spink]]
* [[Legality of bestiality in the United States]]

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874423/?language=de-de&ref_=ext_shr_lnk Zoo at IMDb]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo (Film)}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Media]]

THE ZOO JUDE (2007 film)

2024-10-16T21:46:36Z

Rauhbautz:

{{short description|2007 American documentary film by Robinson Devor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zoo
| image =

| caption = ''Zoo'' movie poster
| director = Robinson Devor
| producer = Peggy Case Alexis Ferris
| writer = Charles Mudede Robinson Devor
| starring = Richard Carmen Paul Eenhoorn Russell Hodgkinson John Paulsen
| music = Paul Matthew Moore
| cinematography = Sean Kirby
| editing = Joe Shapiro
| distributor = ThinkFilm{{!}}THINKFilm
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|18|Sundance Film Festival|Sundance|2007|04|25|New York City}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Zoo''''' is a 2007 American documentary film based on the life and death of [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]]. This American man died of peritonitis due to perforation of the colon after engaging in receptive anal sex with a horse. The film combines audio testimony from people involved in the case or who were familiar with Pinyan, "with speculative re-enactments that feature a mix of actors and actual subjects."<ref name="NYT" />

The film’s title refers to the subcultural term for a [[Zoo|zoophile]], a person with a sexual interest in animals. ''Zoo''’s filmmakers intended to approach the film’s subject matter from a non-sensationalized perspective and chose to forego more lurid details, focusing instead on humanizing the people involved.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007, one of 16 documentaries accepted out of 857 candidates. Following Sundance, it was selected as one of five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

== Synopsis ==
In July 2005 near the small rural town of Enumclaw, Washington, Kenneth Pinyan also known as "Mr. Hands" died from internal injuries sustained while engaging in a sexual act with a horse. The police investigation of the incident led to the discovery of a network of zoophiles who held animal orgys at a local farm to have sex with horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=When a Man Dies in a Sex Act with a Horse -- What's a Reporter to Do? |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/when-a-man-dies-in-a-sex-act-with-a-horse-whats-a-reporter-to-do,31187 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}}</ref> At the farm, the police seized videotapes and DVDs that showed several men engaging in sexual acts with the resident Arabian stallions, with one of them showing Kenneth Pinyan. At the time, Washington state had no laws concerning [[bestiality]]; in response to the case, the State Senate swiftly voted to [[Legality of bestiality in the United States|criminalize bestiality]] in 2006. Animal cruelty charges were not filed against the participants because no evidence of injury to the horses was found.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-10-18 |title=Charge filed in connection with man who died having horse sex |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/charge-filed-in-connection-with-man-who-died-having-horse-sex/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The videographer in the Pinyan incident, James Michael Tait, was charged with criminal trespassing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Mudede|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=February 23, 2006|title=The Animal in You|work=The Stranger (newspaper){{!}}The Stranger|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Two Seattle-based filmmakers, Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede, curious about the type of people involved in the underground world of zoophilia, interviewed figures close to the case, including other members of the zoophile ring. The three zoophiles interviewed by the filmmakers are identified by their names in the online zoo community—Coyote, H, and the Happy Horseman. H was the man who organized the zoo gatherings. Only one zoo, Coyote, agreed to appear in the film’s re-enactments.

Other interview subjects include Jenny Edwards, the founder of a local animal rescue organization who helped investigate potential animal abuse in the case, and legislators and local law enforcement officers.

== Production ==
On their reasoning for wanting to make a documentary about the [[Enumclaw horse sex case|Enumclaw case]], Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede said when the news story first broke in 2005, it quickly became a punch line in the media. Said Mudede, "There seemed to be two responses: repulsion or laughter. People didn’t want to have any connection or identification with these men. Early on Rob and I said to each other, 'We’re going to revive their humanity.'"<ref name="NYT" />

Mudede noted, "It was only after Pinyan died when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue [...] The prosecutor's office wanted to charge Tait with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home…the prosecutors could only charge Tait with trespassing."<ref name=":0" />

Mudede, a journalist at ''The Stranger'', had written an article about the incident and was contacted by one of the participants in the case.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2007-04-01|title=A Lyrical Approach to a Subject That Shocks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/movies/01lim.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Of the participants, called "zoos", Mudede said "there was a desperate need to talk" and to tell their side of the story.<ref name="NYT" /> Coyote, the only zoo that appears in the film, said he came to trust Devor to tell their story, saying "I felt in my gut he was not going to make an exploitive type of movie."<ref name="NYT" /> When ''Zoo''’s selection for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival was announced in December 2006, H, the farmhand who was the host of the men’s get-togethers, contacted Devor and consented to an audio interview, which Devor edited into the film.<ref name="NYT" />

Devor said the film’s biggest challenge was finding locations to shoot, as horse farms in the Seattle area did not want to be associated with the documentary. Said Devor, "Owners would say things like: 'We have Microsoft picnics here. They’re going to think it happened in my barn.'"<ref name="NYT" /> The production ended up filming in Canada.<ref name="NYT" />

The film was originally titled ''In the Forest There Is Every Kind of Bird'',<ref name="movie">{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|date=July 3, 2006|title=Infamous Enumclaw horse sex case to be made into movie|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> but this was changed to ''Zoo'' in a reference to zoophilia.

Two brief clips of bestiality is shown in the film, although only one features audio. The first clip features Kenneth Pinyan receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse. Another featured an unidentified man receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse in a barn. Out of sync audio of the first clip is played over both in a loop. The audio is the moans, grunts and gasps of Kenneth, the lubricant sounds of the sex, the ejaculation and two unidentified men making brief comments, with one engaging in erotic talk. In the DVD audio commentary for the film, according to Devor and other zoos, Devor states that sex clip of Kenneth happened five years prior and was not the video that captured Kenneth sustaining fatal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Devor |first=Robinson |title=Exclusive Interview: Robinson Devor |url=https://chud.com/10022/exclusive-interview-robinson-devor-zoo/ |website=CHUD.com |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Coyote/dp/B000Q66QFQ |website=Amazon |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sundance judges called the film a "humanizing look at the life and bizarre death of a seemingly normal Seattle family man who met his untimely end after an unusual encounter with a horse".<ref>{{cite web|last=Westneat|first=Danny|date=December 3, 2006|title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/dannywestneat/2003459228_danny03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121342/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The film was picked up for distribution by THINKFilm, whose executive said, "The film is extreme more in its formalism than in terms of graphic content."<ref name="NYT" />

''The Seattle Times'' called the film "A tough sell that gets respect at Sundance", also noting the local economic effect of landmark films which put a location "on the map".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vicchrilli |first=Sam |date=January 26, 2007 |title="Zoo" a tough sell that gets respect at Sundance |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/zoo-a-tough-sell-that-gets-respect-at-sundance/ |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> Rob Nelson of the ''OC Weekly'' said, "''Zoo'' achieves the seemingly impossible: It tells the luridly reported tale of a Pacific Northwest Boeing engineer's fatal sexual encounter with a horse in a way that's haunting rather than shocking and tender beyond reason."<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Rob|date=January 25, 2007|title=Sympathy for the Devil|newspaper=OC Weekly|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104956/https://ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Dennis Lim of ''The New York Times'' commended how the film is able to tell its story "with neither squeamishness nor prurience."<ref name="NYT" /> Similar views were expressed by Kenneth Turan of the ''Los Angeles Times'', who called it a "remarkably, an elegant, eerily lyrical film",<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news|title='Zoo' is not just 'eeew'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-22-et-zoo22-story.html|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> and Geoff Pevere of the ''Toronto Star'', who said the film is "gorgeously artful ... one of the most beautifully restrained, formally distinctive and mysterious films of the entire festival".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pevere|first=Geoff|title=In praise of real movies|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 26, 2007|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/175090}}</ref> Anthony Kaufman of ''IndieWire'' called it "one of the most beautiful films of the year" and noted that "without sensation", it steps back to a "non-traditional" viewpoint, with "Devor [making] a persuasive, provocative and deeply profound case for tolerance and understanding in the face of the seemingly most incomprehensible of acts".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Anthony|date=January 23, 2007|title=Year of the Horse: The Stunning World of "Zoo"|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/park_city_07_review_year_of_the_horse_the_stunning_world_of_zoo/|website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Other reviewers criticized the film for breaching "the last taboo", or for sinking to new depths, with Kathleen Parker of ''The Baltimore Sun'' writing, "More compelling than the depths of man's degeneracy is our cultural rationalization of 'art,' whereby pushing the envelope is confused with genius and scuttling the last taboo is seen as an expression of sophistication."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Kathleen|author-link=Kathleen Parker|date=January 26, 2007|title=Sundance films wallow in perversity, try to pass it off as 'art'|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2007/01/26/sundance-films-wallow-in-perversity-try-to-pass-it-off-as-art/|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150625/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-26/news/0701260182_1_marc-klaas-zoo-devor|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}</ref>

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60%, based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "While a marginally fascinating look at a taboo subject, ''Zoo'' is bogged down by its overly artistic presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoo|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zoo|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Zoo'' was one of 16 documentaries selected, out of 856 submitted, for screening at the Sundance Film Festival,<ref name="Westneat">{{cite news |last=Westneat |first=Danny |date=December 3, 2006 |title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html}}</ref> and played at numerous U.S. regional festivals thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dentler, Matt |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Cannes Countdown: Directors' Fortnight Lineup Impresses |url=http://blogs.indiewire.om/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |publisher=Matt Dentler's Blog}}</ref>

It was selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="ZooCont">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Zoo: Inside the Controversial Documentary |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/zoo-inside-the-controversial-documentary-about-bestiality-7/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=EmanuelLevy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CANNES">{{cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Eugene |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Slate Set for 49th Directors' Fortnight; Corbijn's "Control" Opening Section |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes_07_slate_set_for_49th_directors_fortnight_corbijns_control_opening_s/ |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2007|title=Bestiality flick shocks Cannes|work=News24 (website){{!}}News 24|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022403/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-25}}</ref>

==Aftermath ==
Charles Mudede reported in 2015 that the zoophiles featured in the film had remained in contact with the director; according to Mudede, they believed that Devor was "a real ally" to their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sokol|first1=Zach|date=July 16, 2015|title=The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse|url=https://www.vice.com/read/ten-years-ago-mr-hands-got-fucked-to-death-by-a-horse-716|access-date=1 January 2016|website=Vice (website){{!}}Vice}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]
* [[Douglas "Fausty" Spink]]
* [[Legality of bestiality in the United States]]

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874423/?language=de-de&ref_=ext_shr_lnk Zoo at IMDb]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo (Film)}}
[[index.php?title=Category:People]]
[[index.php?title=Category:History]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Media]]

Zoosexuality

2024-10-16T21:45:14Z

Rauhbautz:

== Sexual orientation and zoosexuality ==

The concept of zoosexuality refers to sexual orientation as opposed to fetishism, [[paraphilia]], or mental ailment. The term seems to have been introduced by Masters in the 1960s. At this time, in line with Kinsey's work, minority sexualities and various sexual attractions were beginning to be seen as anything other than a sign of a mental anomaly.

[[Hani Miletski]] was arguably the first formal research author discussing whether or not there is a sexual orientation towards animals.

The term '[[zoosexual]]' itself is used by researchers like Miletsky in the 1990s being envisioned as a value-neutral term that would be less likely to be emotionally charged or rhetorical. Its use in nominal form can be applied both to a zoosexual person and to a zoosexual act.

In his doctoral thesis on zoophilia from 1996, Donofrio says her findings support the opinion of the American Psychiatric Association (American Psychiatric Association) expressed in its diagnostic manual ( DSM-IV ) as [[bestiality]] n in itself is not a "clinically significant problem" and its incidence is relatively uncommon. Studying the question [[further]], he also concludes that the conception and recognition of a sexual orientation towards animals (as opposed to a simple classification as paraphilia ) was supported by his study.

In a 1999 study described as "monumental" and "pioneer" , a reference work which analyzes the question in a global way and reviews all the work on the subject, Miletsky was the first researcher to formally consider whether an actual sexual orientation existed (as opposed to sexual fetishization) on the grounds that a scale similar to Kinsey's could apply to it.

Considering that zoosexuality would imply a sexual orientation towards animals and that the thesis of Donofrio (1996) supports the fact that zoophilia is a sexual orientation, on a scale like Kinsey's concerning sexual orientation, those who would not feel any attraction towards animals would appear at the zero points. Individuals whose desire and attraction relate to animals would be assigned the 6th position. In this continuum, between the two extremes, would appear individuals who have fantasies of sexual contact with animals, who have had incidental or more regular experiences with animals, or who place their sexual activity with animals at an equal place. than those involving humans, or finally, those who prefer and

When asked whether there is a sexual orientation towards non-human animals, Miletsky responds positively in his book. According to her, people show different levels of sexual inclination towards animals. Some have feelings of [[love]] or affection for their animals, others have fantasies about them and admit to being sexually attracted to them. She says:

"As we know, sexual orientation can be fluid and changeable over time and according to circumstances. We can thus place all people at different levels of the Kinsey scale by applying it to sexual orientation towards animals. Thus, it is logical to assume that the majority of the human race will be placed at the zero points of such a scale ... but the present study shows that there are humans whose place on such a scale is definitely not zero In fact, there are a few individuals whose place on this scale could even be the other extreme (6 = exclusive inclination towards animals)."
These results have also since been accredited by Andrea Beet who in her 2002 book: Love, Violence, and Sex with Animals agrees that there has been a lack in previous studies and that:

"The results of this study are consistent with the view of recent authors ... that in fact a sexual orientation towards animals - a zoosexuality - does exist, even if it is not appropriate to look at all people who have sex with animals as zoosexuals".
A series of articles from 2005-2006 published in the Journal of the International Society for Anthrozoology also supports this view.

A 2005 article, Zoophilia, between pathology and normality published by doctors from the Munich Polyclinic of Psychiatry and Psychology, establishes that:

"Bestiality, a sexual preference for animals, has lost its character as a severe mental disorder. In clinical practice, it is rarely seen these days, especially since it was decriminalized in Germany in 1970. The results of this study do not offer an explanation for the causes of bestiality. It is notable, however, that the subjects in question were socially well adjusted and fitted into good interpersonal relationships. ". The authors also draw attention that zoophilia exhibits a wide variety of manifestations.

==Comparisons with other sexual orientations==
Akeret (1995) presents in his book some of his most memorable clients, one of whom was in love with a polar bear. He claims that treating this client for his bestiality "appeared no less difficult than trying to cure a homosexual of his attraction to men.

Miletsky in his work addresses an equivalent but the darker similarity with other minority sexual orientations:

feelings of not being loved, low self-esteem, anger, and stress had these feelings because they were in the zoo. In the 12 months preceding the study, the majority of men (57 = 69%) and women (9 = 82%), however, said they were happy in their personal lives. "

==Emotion in Zoosexuality==
===Emotions in Men===
In 1962, in his work, Masters questioned the extent to which human individuals participating in an act of bestiality regarded the animal that was their sexual partner as a person. He replied as follows:

"The human expects the animal to derive satisfaction from relations with him, as it would for another person, and he is disappointed if this reaction does not occur", attribute to him emotional capacities and some conceptual skills, and "in short, he considers them a personality, a consciousness similar to human, which differs from him more erotically than spiritually. This is part of why individuals are able to 'fall in love' with animals, especially those with whom they have had repeated sexual experiences .... "
Wondering in the same work if it was possible for a human being to be in love, in the romantic sense of the term with an animal and if it was possible, with the limitations linked to its nature, that an animal could have a mutual affection, he commented:

"In this area, the attitudes and emotions with which the subjects (human) in approaching their object (animal) are considered decisive ..." We can say that there is "a real feeling for the animal on the part of the human ", and can approach what is called 'erotic love' where only humans are involved ... Although relatively rare, there are cases ... where the human being actually falls 'in love' with animals, a love including sexual relations, but also romantic elements like tenderness, spiritual affection, and even jealousy. "
Likewise, Beetz states:

"The emotional side does play a role for some people who have sexual contact with animals, this fact being recognized by several sources, eg Bornemann (1990), Cerrone (1991), Davis (1954), Donofrio (1996), Hentig (1962), Kinsey et al. (1948), and Miletski (1999) For example, Hentig (1962) mentions a patient described by Hirschfeld: The man was deeply in love with a [[horse]], had built a luxurious stable especially for him, pampered him, was in his own words loyal to his horse and would probably end his life if the latter died before him. A novelty - at least in his time - was the prospect of Ullerstam (1966) who suggested that both emotions and erotic feelings can be reciprocal between man and animal. Kinsey (1954) also expressed the opinion that sexual contact can lead to a very strong emotional attachment to the animal and that in some cases the animal becomes accustomed to this kind of interspecific contact to such an extent. that he neglects possible sexual partners of his own kind. "(Beetz section 5.2.11)
Williams and Weinberg (2003) found that "almost all [the [[zoophiles]] in their study] claimed to be in love with an animal partner and to have perceived that their animal partner was in love with them." Finally, according to Kurrelgyre (1995, cited by Miletski) "Many zoos find satisfaction simply by giving pleasure to their animal."

==Emotions in Animals==
There have been fewer studies of animal responses to the zoosexual activity. Masters, in 1962, wrote:

"Where Sadism and Sadomasochism are not present, there is a lot of room for doubt as to whether there is cruelty. In fact, ancient historians like Kinsey in our time have always noted that animals tend to be emotionally attached (not just physically) to humans who have sex with them, and sometimes even forego sex with their own species, indicating their preference for dealing with humans. bestiality, it doesn't sound like it's an act of cruelty as far as the animal is concerned. "
Masters ultimately speculated that:

"One seems forced to conclude, the animal withdraws therefrom, whether it is psychically [16] that emotionally - where both - pleasure in having sexual contacts with a being of a higher intellectual, emotional and nervous organization, who is in a way able to offer the animal non-material rewards that another animal is not able to offer. "
Drawing inspiration from Masters, [[Alfred Kinsey]] "accepts as a fact that animals can develop a great deal of affection for humans who have sex with them."

Miletski (1999) information on sexual practice with animals on the internet is often very emphatic on how to give pleasure and interpret consent , and how to avoid injury, to the point that she concluded that "we can find instructions on how to know that the animal is okay with sex, as well as suggestions, such as cutting their fingernails before engaging in any sexual act with an animal, so as not to physically harm the animal. "

Beetz adds to these findings that in acts other than "sexual violence", sexual contact "of appropriate anatomy and size" does not necessarily cause pain or injury to the animal.

Observing the capacity of animals to have genuine emotions, Jonathan Balcombe argues in his book (2006) that animals have a greatly developed sense of pleasure in life, and not just elementary responses like pain [18] referring to this book, Wayne Pacelle , President and CEO of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) comments: “Dr. Balcombe argues with conviction that animals are individual beings with a wide range of emotions and feelings. and I think it does - it follows that we have to debate the ethical consequences from his important point of view. "

==Intersubjective Emotions==

*The [[Portal:Main|main]] bibliography, see: [[Zoophilia]]
*[[Andrea Beetz]] Ph.D .: Bestiality and Zoophilia (2005), ISBN 1-55753-412-8
*Andrea Beetz Ph.D .: Love, Violence, and [[Sexuality]] in Relationships between Humans and Animals (2002), *ISBN 3-8322-0020-7
*Professors Colin J. Williams and Martin S. Weinberg: Zoophilia in Men: a study of sexual interest in animals. - in Archives of sexual behavior, Vol. 32, No. 6, December 2003, pp. 523–535
*[[Hani Miletski]] Ph.D .: Bestiality - Zoophilia: An exploratory study, Diss., The Institute for Advanced *Study of Human Sexuality. - San Francisco, CA, October 1999
*Hani Miletski Ph.D .: [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]], 2002, available at Hani Miletski's *Homepage ( Book review in Journal of Sex Research, May 2003
*Josef Massen: Zoophilia - Die commerciale Liebe zu Tieren (Zoophilia - the sexual love of / for animals) (1994), ISBN 3-930387-15-8
*REL Masters Ph.D .: Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality, an objective examination of perverse sex practices in different cultures (1962), ISBN LIC # 62-12196
*Brian Daly Ph.D.,: "Forbidden Love: My journey with animals"

==References==
https://www.animalzoofrance.com/wiki/Zoosexualit%C3%A9
Miletsky, chapter 13
Miletsky, chapter 13
UK Home Office "Review of sexual offenses" 2002
"the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive, and unfastidious persons. It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice of the clodhopper, unattractive to women ...", Havelock Ellis, Studies in the psychology of sex, 1927
Quoted by Miletsky, 1999, p.65.
Beetz (2002) section 5.2.25: "One of the most monumental and recent studies on human-animal sexual contact was conducted by Miletski in 1999"
Review by Vern Bullough Emeritus Professor at SUNY, Professor at California State University, Past President of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex, and Alfred Kinsey Award Winner for Outstanding Sexuality Research) published in Journal of Sex Research, May 2003: "In sum, this study is a path-breaking one and gives us a better understanding of the topic. Much work still needs to be done, but Miletski should be complimented for her pioneering efforts ..." ( Online version )
"The findings of this question ... clearly indicate that different people have different levels of sexual inclination toward animals." Is there a sexual orientation toward nonhuman animals? "- yes, so it appears ... it very clearly shows that some people ... have feelings of love and affection for their animals, have sexual fantasies about them, and admit they are sexually attracted to them. Sexual orientation, as we know it, can be fluid and changing with time and circumstances ... We can place people on all levels of the Kinsey scale, even when we apply this scale to sexual orientation toward animals. It is logical to assume that the majority of the human race will be placed around the zero point of this Kinsey-like scale ... but the current study shows that there are some humans whose place on this Kinsey-like scale is definitely not zero . In fact, there are some ... individuals whose place on this scale would be the other extreme (6 = sexual inclination exclusively with animals). "(Miletski ch.13 pp.171-172)
"Findings of this study agree with the view of recent authors ... that indeed a sexual orientation towards animals - a zoosexuality - exists, even if it is not appropriate to regard all persons who have sex with animals as zoosexuals." (Beetz 2002, section 5.7)
Journal of the International Society for Anthrozoology, published by Dr Anthony Podberscek of the University of Cambridge Department of Veterinary Medicine in Great Britain , exact citation to be obtained
Dittert, Seidl and Soyka, Zoophilia between pathology and normality , Klinik und Poliklinik fur Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum der Universitat Munchen University of Munich, Germany. Indexed PubMed 15197450 [1]
"Zoophilia, a sexual preference for animals, has lost its character as a severe mental disorder. In clinical practice it is rarely seen nowadays, particularly since it was decriminalized [in Germany] in 1970 ... Findings from this study do not offer explanations about the causes of zoophilia. It is noteworthy, however, that the subjects in question were socially well adapted and displayed good interpersonal social skills. "
Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4. "Not clearly named in this list is the form of zoophilia, that is characterized by an emotional as well as a sexual attraction respectively love to an animal, which is called zoosexuality by other authors (Donofrio, 1996; Miletski, 1999). attraction is experienced and not deliberately chosen, and the animal does not serve as a surrogate in such a relation. "
quoted by Miletsky, p. 41
Miletsky, chapter 8
The term psychical is used, meaning, "of the psyche ". Not to be confused with "physical, meaning," of the body ".
Beetz 2002 section 5.2.6: "Except of the violent sexual acts with animals described above, it should be noted, that in many cases the sexual contact with a mammal of suitable anatomy and size does not necessarily cause pain or injuries to the animal . "
Jonathan Balcombe, Pleasurable Kingdom , 2006: Publishers description states that the book: "suggests that creatures from birds to baboons feel good thanks to play, sex, touch, food, anticipation, comfort, aesthetics, and more. Combining rigorous evidence, elegant argument and amusing anecdotes, leading animal behavior researcher Jonathan Balcombe proposes that the possibility of positive feelings in creatures other than humans has important ethical ramifications for both science and society. "
[[Category:Research]]

Hani Miletski

2024-10-16T21:42:54Z

Rauhbautz:

'''Hani Miletski''', Ph.D., M.S.W., (born 1962) is a [[Wikipedia:sexology|sexologist]], and [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|sex therapist]] living in [[Wikipedia:Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda, Maryland]], United States. She specializes as a trainer and supervisor in the field, in [[Wikipedia:Sex addiction|sex addiction]], and also works within the [[Wikipedia:Criminal justice|criminal justice]] system. She is a certified Clinical Social Worker with a Master's degree in Social Work from the Catholic University of America, National School of Social Service, in Washington, DC. She studied at The Catholic University of America and gained her doctorate at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality

[[File:Hani miletksi.png|thumb|Hani Miletski]]

==Early life==
Miletski was born in Israel, and according to her website, moved to the United States as part of the Israeli embassy staff as Assistant Senior Representative of the Defense Mission to the U.S. for [[Wikipedia:Strategic Defense Initiative|Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI) Programs.

Hani came to the United States from her native Israel in 1987 at the age of 25. She worked at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, DC as Assistant Senior Representative of the Israeli Mission for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). When she later completed her training, she continued to work in the press office there. During her graduate studies, she was employed as a sex therapist at the Fogel Foundation, Human Sexuality Institute, in Washington, DC. She then became a training consultant there and later director of the Human Sexuality Institute. In 2003, she left the Fogel Foundation to focus on her own practice in Bethesa, MD.

Hani was the first scientist to study zoophiles directly. Thanks to the newly emerged Internet, she was able to come into contact with “normal” zoophiles. Previous researchers only had access to legally or psychologically conspicuous people with zoosexual tendencies, which represented a negative selection that inevitably had a negative influence on the research results.

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia

==Published academic work==
Miletski published the first brief overview of mother-son [[Wikipedia:incest|incest]] research. She shows that mother-son incest is more common than is thought and that most mothers who commit incest are [[Wikipedia:insanity|sane]].

Miletski is notable for her self-published 1999 book on [[zoophilia]], [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]], based mostly on her doctoral dissertation. Miletski successfully defended her dissertation, though it has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.
The book compiles all discussion about sex with animals from academic sources throughout the 20th century, along with an historical overview of [[bestiality]] through the ages and in different cultures.

Miletski is notable for her 1999 book on [[zoophilia]],<ref>Review by [[Vern Bullough]] published in ''Journal of Sex Research,'' May 2003: ([http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 Online version])</ref> a comprehensive reference work and analysis combined with further research, which formally established whether a genuine [[Sexual orientation|orientation]] might exist (as opposed to a mere sexual fetish), and whether previous research in the field had erred in not fully recognizing this. Prior to her studies, the field was highly fragmented and reliable information for psychological purposes unclear.<ref name="cite1">Miletski states (p. 1) that there was information was sparse, often contradictory and not easily located, and no solid body of research or consensus in psychology, when she looked for information regarding a patient of hers who reported zoophilic interest. She described how:
<blockquote>
"Throughout the literature review, it is very obvious that authors perceive sexual relations with animals in very different ways. Definitions of various behaviors and attitudes are often conflicting, leaving the reader confused. Terms such as 'sodomy,' 'zoorasty,' 'zoosexuality,' as well as 'bestiality' and 'zoophilia' are often used, each having a different meaning depending on the author."
</blockquote>
The [http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 book review] states that
<blockquote>
"It seems clear from Miletski's summary of the existing literature that very little is actually known about bestiality and there is not anything approaching a consensus as to why animal-human sexual contacts occur... many of the existing reports and studies should be classified more as pseudo-science than serious research."</ref>

Miletski's study has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.<ref>Miletski, H. (2000) ''Bestiality and Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study.'' ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''. Vol. 3 (4), pp 149–150: – Miletski's book "Understanding bestiality and zoophilia" (2002) was an expansion of her initial dissertation "Bestiality and Zoophilia: An exploratory study" (1999). An abstract of the latter was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Sexology (now discontinued), the official journal of the Nordic Association for Clinical Sexology (NACS). Peer review evidence according to Kinsey Institute of Sexology [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/journals.html#S] "...an international, peer-reviewed, quarterly journal in English..." The paper was cited by a UK government report into [[extreme pornography]] in 2007, ''Ministry of Justice Research Series 11/07'' [http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/280907.pdf]</ref>

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia By Hani Miletski Ph.D - 2002|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]]

She describes the genesis of this study in her article series The secret life of the zoophiles; Also known as The Hidden life of Zoophiles (Translated from a German Zoo Wiki)<ref>Zeta Pin Zoo wiki https://web.archive.org/web/20070519033738/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Hani_Miletski</ref>

==Books==
* ''Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia'' (pub. 2002) {{ISBN|0-9716917-0-3}} ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813759 book review])

* ''Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo'' (a brief overview of findings, pub. 1999) {{ISBN|1-884444-31-8}}

==Articles==
* ''Zoophilia: Another Sexual Orientation?'' ''Archives of sexual behavior.'' 46.2017,1 Pages 39-42 Published online: 10 November 2016, [[doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0891-3]]
* ''A [[history]] of bestiality'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 1-22 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Is zoophilia a [[sexual orientation]]? A study'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 82-97 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Zoophilia-Implications for Therapy'' ''Journal of Sex Education and Therapy'' 26.2001,2 Pages 85-89 [[doi:10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387]]
* Hani Miletski: [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophili]]<nowiki/>a, East-West Publishing, LLC, ISBN 0971691703
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality – Zoophilia: An exploratory study, Diss., The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. - San Francisco, CA, October, 1999
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality/Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study. (2000, December). In: Scandinavian Journal of Sexology. (4). 149-150.
* Hani Miletski: Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo, Brandon, Vt: The Safer Society Foundation, Inc., 1995. 2nd ed. ISBN 1-884444-31-8

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|Sex therapy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sexology|Sexology]]
* [[Zoophilia]]

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.drmiletski.com Dr. Milteskis Website]
* [http://www.drmiletski.com/about_hani.html Biography page on her own Website]

{{People}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Research]]
[[Category:History]]

Hani Miletski

2024-10-16T21:41:55Z

Rauhbautz: added a picture of hani miletski

'''Hani Miletski''', Ph.D., M.S.W., (born 1962) is a [[Wikipedia:sexology|sexologist]], and [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|sex therapist]] living in [[Wikipedia:Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda, Maryland]], United States. She specializes as a trainer and supervisor in the field, in [[Wikipedia:Sex addiction|sex addiction]], and also works within the [[Wikipedia:Criminal justice|criminal justice]] system. She is a certified Clinical Social Worker with a Master's degree in Social Work from the Catholic University of America, National School of Social Service, in Washington, DC. She studied at The Catholic University of America and gained her doctorate at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality

[[File:Hani miletksi.png|thumb|Hani Miletski]]

==Early life==
Miletski was born in Israel, and according to her website, moved to the United States as part of the Israeli embassy staff as Assistant Senior Representative of the Defense Mission to the U.S. for [[Wikipedia:Strategic Defense Initiative|Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI) Programs.

Hani came to the United States from her native Israel in 1987 at the age of 25. She worked at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, DC as Assistant Senior Representative of the Israeli Mission for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). When she later completed her training, she continued to work in the press office there. During her graduate studies, she was employed as a sex therapist at the Fogel Foundation, Human Sexuality Institute, in Washington, DC. She then became a training consultant there and later director of the Human Sexuality Institute. In 2003, she left the Fogel Foundation to focus on her own practice in Bethesa, MD.

Hani was the first scientist to study zoophiles directly. Thanks to the newly emerged Internet, she was able to come into contact with “normal” zoophiles. Previous researchers only had access to legally or psychologically conspicuous people with zoosexual tendencies, which represented a negative selection that inevitably had a negative influence on the research results.

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia

==Published academic work==
Miletski published the first brief overview of mother-son [[Wikipedia:incest|incest]] research. She shows that mother-son incest is more common than is thought and that most mothers who commit incest are [[Wikipedia:insanity|sane]].

Miletski is notable for her self-published 1999 book on [[zoophilia]], [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]], based mostly on her doctoral dissertation. Miletski successfully defended her dissertation, though it has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.
The book compiles all discussion about sex with animals from academic sources throughout the 20th century, along with an historical overview of [[bestiality]] through the ages and in different cultures.

Miletski is notable for her 1999 book on [[zoophilia]],<ref>Review by [[Vern Bullough]] published in ''Journal of Sex Research,'' May 2003: ([http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 Online version])</ref> a comprehensive reference work and analysis combined with further research, which formally established whether a genuine [[Sexual orientation|orientation]] might exist (as opposed to a mere [[sexual fetish]]), and whether previous research in the field had erred in not fully recognizing this. Prior to her studies, the field was highly fragmented and reliable information for psychological purposes unclear.<ref name="cite1">Miletski states (p. 1) that there was information was sparse, often contradictory and not easily located, and no solid body of research or consensus in psychology, when she looked for information regarding a patient of hers who reported zoophilic interest. She described how:
<blockquote>
"Throughout the literature review, it is very obvious that authors perceive sexual relations with animals in very different ways. Definitions of various behaviors and attitudes are often conflicting, leaving the reader confused. Terms such as 'sodomy,' 'zoorasty,' 'zoosexuality,' as well as 'bestiality' and 'zoophilia' are often used, each having a different meaning depending on the author."
</blockquote>
The [http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 book review] states that
<blockquote>
"It seems clear from Miletski's summary of the existing literature that very little is actually known about bestiality and there is not anything approaching a consensus as to why animal-human sexual contacts occur... many of the existing reports and studies should be classified more as pseudo-science than serious research."</ref>

Miletski's study has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.<ref>Miletski, H. (2000) ''Bestiality and Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study.'' ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''. Vol. 3 (4), pp 149–150: – Miletski's book "Understanding bestiality and zoophilia" (2002) was an expansion of her initial dissertation "Bestiality and Zoophilia: An exploratory study" (1999). An abstract of the latter was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Sexology (now discontinued), the official journal of the Nordic Association for Clinical Sexology (NACS). Peer review evidence according to Kinsey Institute of Sexology [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/journals.html#S] "...an international, peer-reviewed, quarterly journal in English..." The paper was cited by a UK government report into [[extreme pornography]] in 2007, ''Ministry of Justice Research Series 11/07'' [http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/280907.pdf]</ref>

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia By Hani Miletski Ph.D - 2002|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]]

She describes the genesis of this study in her article series The secret life of the zoophiles; Also known as The Hidden life of Zoophiles (Translated from a German Zoo Wiki)<ref>Zeta Pin Zoo wiki https://web.archive.org/web/20070519033738/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Hani_Miletski</ref>

==Books==
* ''Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia'' (pub. 2002) {{ISBN|0-9716917-0-3}} ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813759 book review])

* ''Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo'' (a brief overview of findings, pub. 1999) {{ISBN|1-884444-31-8}}

==Articles==
* ''Zoophilia: Another Sexual Orientation?'' ''Archives of sexual behavior.'' 46.2017,1 Pages 39-42 Published online: 10 November 2016, [[doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0891-3]]
* ''A [[history]] of bestiality'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 1-22 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Is zoophilia a [[sexual orientation]]? A study'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 82-97 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Zoophilia-Implications for Therapy'' ''Journal of Sex Education and Therapy'' 26.2001,2 Pages 85-89 [[doi:10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387]]
* Hani Miletski: [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophili]]<nowiki/>a, East-West Publishing, LLC, ISBN 0971691703
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality – Zoophilia: An exploratory study, Diss., The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. - San Francisco, CA, October, 1999
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality/Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study. (2000, December). In: Scandinavian Journal of Sexology. (4). 149-150.
* Hani Miletski: Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo, Brandon, Vt: The Safer Society Foundation, Inc., 1995. 2nd ed. ISBN 1-884444-31-8

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|Sex therapy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sexology|Sexology]]
* [[Zoophilia]]

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.drmiletski.com Dr. Milteskis Website]
* [http://www.drmiletski.com/about_hani.html Biography page on her own Website]

{{People}}
[[index.php?title=Category:People]]
[[index.php?title=Category:History]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Research]]

Heterosexism

2024-10-16T21:39:56Z

Rauhbautz:

{{Imported}}
{{Short description|System of bias and prejudice in favor of female–male sexuality}}
{{LGBT sidebar}}{{Delete}}{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Heterosexism''' is a system of [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], [[bias]], and [[discrimination]] in favor of female–male [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and relationships.<ref name="JungSmith">{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Patricia Beattie|author2=Smith, Ralph F.|title=Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1696-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/heterosexismethi0000jung}}</ref> It can include the presumption that other people are [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] or that female–male attractions and relationships are the only [[Norm (social)|norm]]<ref name="Cramer2014">{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Cramer|title=Addressing Homophobia and Heterosexism on College Campuses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqAAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=5 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-82328-5|page=2 |quote=The definition for heterosexism that I used for authors in the collection is: The expectation that all persons should be or are heterosexual. The belief that heterosexual relations are normal and the norm. These expectations and beliefs occur on individual, institutional, and cultural levels. ...}}</ref> and therefore superior.

Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism|title=Yahoo|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[Internalized homophobia|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc |title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism |author=Kira Weidner |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s, [[zoosexual]]s, and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].

== Background ==
While the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' notes the first use of the term heterosexism as having occurred in 1972, the term was first published in 1971 by [[gay rights activist]], [[Craig Rodwell]].<ref>Rodwell, Craig. ' 'The Tarnished Golden Rule' ' pg. 5, QQ Magazine, Queen's Quarterly Publishing, New York. (January/February 1971 issue, Vol. 3, No. 1) Retrieved July 21, 2011.</ref>

===Etymology and usage===
Similar terms include "heterocentrism" and "heterosexualism".<ref>Corsini, Raymond J. (1992). ''The Dictionary of Psychology''. {{ISBN|1-58391-328-9}}.</ref> Although the well-established term ''heterosexism'' is often explained as a [[Neologism|coinage]] modeled on ''[[sexism]]'', the derivation of its meaning points more to (1.) ''heterosex(ual)'' + ''-ism'' than (2.) ''hetero-'' + ''sexism''. In fact, the word ''heterosexualism'' has been used as an equivalent to sexism and racism.<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu"/>

Given this lack of [[Transparency (linguistic)#Descriptive|semantic transparency]], researchers, outreach workers, [[critical theorists]] and [[LGBT]] activists have proposed and use terms such as ''institutionalized homophobia'', ''state(-sponsored) homophobia'',<ref>International Lesbian and Gay Association. [http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1058&FileCategory=10&ZoneID=7 "State-sponsored Homophobia"]</ref> ''sexual prejudice'', ''anti-gay [[bigotry]]'', ''[[straight privilege]]'', ''[[La pensée straight|The Straight Mind]]'' (a collection of essays by French writer [[Monique Wittig]]), ''heterosexual bias'', ''[[compulsory heterosexuality]]''<ref>LGBTQ on-line encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer culture</ref> or the much lesser known terms ''heterocentrism'', ''[[homonegativity]]'', and from [[gender theory]] and [[queer theory]], ''[[heteronormativity]]''. However, not all of these descriptors are synonymous to ''heterosexism''.

===Contrast to homophobia===

''[[Homophobia]]'', a form of heterosexism, refers both to "unreasoning fear of or [[antipathy]] towards homosexuals and homosexuality"<ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophobia|title=Dictionary.com|access-date=2008-01-29|year=2008|publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> and to "behavior based on such a feeling".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia |title=homophobia – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |access-date=2014-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061410/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia |archive-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ''Heterosexism'', however, more broadly denotes the "system of ideological thought that makes heterosexuality the sole norm to follow for sexual practices".<ref name="granddictionnaire.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8373795#eng |title=Accueil |publisher=Granddictionnaire.com |date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> As a bias favoring heterosexuals and heterosexuality, heterosexism has been described as being "encoded into and characteristic of the major social, cultural, and economic institutions of our [[society]]"<ref>Dines, Gail (2002). ''Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader''. {{ISBN|0-7619-2261-X}}.</ref> and stems from the [[essentialist]] cultural notion that [[maleness]]-[[masculinity]] and femaleness-[[femininity]] are complementary.

Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web |url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html |author= Gregory M. Herek
|title=Definitions: Sexual Prejudice, Homophobia, and Heterosexism |publisher=Psychology.ucdavis.edu |access-date=2014-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229154227/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/prej_defn.html |archive-date=2013-12-29 }}</ref> Furthermore, in interviews with perpetrators of [[anti-gay violence]], [[Forensic psychology|forensic psychologist]] Karen Franklin points out that "heterosexism is not just a personal [[value system]], [rather] it is a tool in the maintenance of [[gender]] dichotomy."<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, Karen (1998). "Inside the Minds of People Who Hate Gays" Retrieved May 29, 2008: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html</ref> She continues by saying that "assaults on homosexuals and other individuals who deviate from [[Gender role|sex role]] norms are viewed as a learned form of [[social control]] of deviance rather than a defensive response to personal threat."<ref name="Franklin"/>

===Parallels and intersections===
{{Rquote|right|Using the term heterosexism highlights the parallels between antigay sentiment and other forms of prejudice, such as [[racism]], [[antisemitism]], and [[sexism]]. |[[Gregory M. Herek]], researcher, author, and professor of psychology at [[University of California at Davis|UC Davis]].<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu"/>}}

It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of [[racism]] in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society. For example, borrowing from the racial concept of [[white privilege]], the concept of [[heterosexual privilege]]<ref name="genderknot149">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Allan J.|title=The Gender Knot|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997|page=149|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> has been applied to benefits of (presumed) heterosexuality within society that heterosexuals take for granted. The analogy is that just as racism against non-white people places white people as superior to [[Person of color|people of color]], heterosexism places heterosexual people or relationships as superior to [[non-heterosexual]] ones. In trying to rebut this premise, some commentators point to differences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bet.com/news/youthvote/4-reasons-why-gay-is-not-the-new-black/4|title=Celebrities|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> between the categories of race and sexual orientation, claiming they are too complex to support any generalizations. For example, "[[Diversity training|trainer on diversity]]" and consultant Jamie Washington has commented, although heterosexism and racism are "woven from the same fabric" they are "not the same thing".<ref>[http://susquehanna.edu/crusader/article.cfm?IssueID=59&SectionID=1&ArticleID=2573 Issues of race and sexuality discussed, Susquehanna Crusader Online, accessed Aug 29, 2009 ]</ref> Some American Conservative leaders such as Rev. Irene Monroe comment that those who suggest or state "gay is the new black", as in a cover story of ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid65744.asp Gay is the New Black, accessed Aug 30, 2009]</ref> exploit [[black people]]'s suffering and experiences to legitimize their own.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ |title=Gay is NOT the new Black, accessed Aug 29, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302232756/http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ |archive-date=March 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, a study presented at the [[British Psychological Society]]'s Division of Occupational Psychology 2009 Conference shows that heterosexist prejudice is more pervasive than racism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm |title=Prejudice study finds gay is the new black, accessed Sept 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035152/http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm |archive-date=2009-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Heterosexism can also [[Intersectionality|intersect]] with racism by [[further]] emphasizing differences among arbitrary groups of people.<ref name="tatum22">{{cite book|last=Tatum|first=Beverly|title=Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?|publisher=Basic Books|year=1997|pages=21–22}}</ref> For example, heterosexism can compound the effects of racism by:
* promoting injustices towards a person already facing injustices because of their race
* establishing [[social hierarchies]] that allow one group more privilege than other groups.

Likewise, racism can allow LGBT people to be subjected to additional discrimination or violence if they belong to or are considered a part of a socially devalued racial category.<ref>(2008) Heterosexism and Homophobia. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2, 1–4. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.</ref> Some of the privileges afforded to people falling into the categories of white people and (perceived) heterosexuals include, but are not limited to, social acceptance, prestige, freedom from negative [[stereotypes]], and the comfort of being within the [[social norm]] and thereby not being [[marginalized]] or viewed as different.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simoni |first1=Jane M. |last2=Walters |first2=Karina L. |title=Heterosexual Identity and Heterosexism: Recognizing Privilege to Reduce Prejudice |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=2001 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1300/J082v41n01_06}}</ref>

== As a set of beliefs and attitudes ==
{{See also|Religion and homosexuality|Homosexuality and psychology|Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine|Social attitudes toward homosexuality}}

=== Individual and group level ===
[[File:Save Our Children From Homosexuality Brochure.jpg|thumb|upright|Brochure used by [[Save Our Children]] in 1977]]
Heterosexism as a set of beliefs and attitudes relies on a core [[wikt:tenet|tenet]] according to which [[Heteronormativity|homosexuality and bisexuality do not normally exist]] and, as such, constitute [[Mental disorder|mental illnesses]] or [[Deviance (sociology)|deviant behaviors]].<ref name="genderknot17">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Allan J.|title=The Gender Knot|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997|page=17|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> Within a heterosexist ideology or [[mindset]], the concept of [[sexual orientation]] is rejected or deemed irrelevant. A set of more nuanced heterosexist views, which some may consider faith, [[dogma]], [[Moral absolutism|universal truths]], natural law, [[Appeal to authority|appeals to authority]], or popular beliefs, but others consider to be [[conventional wisdom]] or [[Sociobiology|sociobiological]] knowledge can include, among others, the following:

* Non-heterosexual people should keep their sexual orientations private (i.e., they should remain "[[closeted]]").<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 15
* The attitude that gay men are not [[Machismo|"real" men]] or lesbians are not "real" women because of the socially pervasive view that heterosexual attractions or activities are the "norm" and therefore superior.<ref name="genderknot149" />
* "God created [[Adam and Eve]], not [[Adam and Steve]] (or Madame and Eve)" and similar essentialist cultural notions that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary;
* Homosexuality being wrong, ungodly, and against nature, it is therefore a [[sin]], [[evil]] or subhuman.<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 18
* The idea that (in the words of [[Anita Bryant]] during her [[Save Our Children]] campaign): "homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must [[Homosexual recruitment|recruit]] our children."
* Because of their lifestyle, homosexuals do not have families with children, so they undermine the survival of the human race ([[natalism]]).
* Homosexuality is an affectional or [[mental disorder]] or simply a social ill, therefore, it can be cured or stamped out. If it is not eradicated, it will lead to [[Social solidarity|social disintegration]] and [[societal collapse]].
* Homosexuals can be [[Conversion therapy|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 109

In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your [[sexuality]]?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

===Institutional level===
As well as comprising attitudes held by an individual or a social group, heterosexism can also exist as the expression of attitudes within an institution. As a result, schools, hospitals, and correctional facilities can act as a showcase for heterosexist attitudes in various ways. First, schools may implement these attitudes and ideas through unequal and inconsistent disciplinary actions. One such example is meting out harsher punishment to a same-sex couple violating the school ground rules while allowing a heterosexual couple to pass with a more lenient disciplinary action for an equal or identical violation. Also, hospitals may limit patient visiting only to immediate family, i.e., relatives, and exclude same-sex partners.<ref>Heterosexism and Homophobia. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2, 1–4. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.</ref>

Heterosexism affects the family in several ways. For example, in many countries around the world, same-sex marriage is not allowed, so non-heterosexual persons must remain unmarried or enter into heterosexual marriage.<ref name="TFDASJ" /> Many countries also deny rights and benefits to same-sex couples, including custodial and adoption rights for children, Social Security benefits, and automatic durable power of attorney and hospital spousal rights.<ref name="TFDASJ">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurianne |author2=Bell, Lee Anne |author3=Griffin, Pat|title=Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|edition=2|chapter=Appendix 9H|isbn=0-415-95200-X }}</ref>

== Research and measurements ==

===Measurements===

Psychologists have aimed to measure heterosexism using various methods. One particular method involves the use of a [[Likert scale]]. However, since heterosexism is perceived as something that is unseen it is difficult to determine if someone is heterosexist based on a [[Self-report study|self-report method.]] Researchers, thus, have constructed implicit measurements of heterosexism. An example of this would be an [[Implicit Association Test]]. A popular implicit association test measuring heterosexism that is open to the public is a virtual laboratory called [https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Project Implicit].

One limitation present in research on heterosexism is that there often is not a distinction between homophobia and heterosexism. Individuals are more likely to be aware of homophobic tendencies rather than heterosexist views; thus, researchers often measure homophobia instead of heterosexism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herek |first1=Gregory M. |title=The Psychology of Sexual Prejudice |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |date=2000 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00051}}</ref>

===Research===

Research on heterosexism has focused on variables that may affect views of heterosexism. For instance, in a study by psychologist, [[Gregory M. Herek]], it was found that there was a gender difference between heterosexual attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Herek |first1=Gregory M. |title=Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences |journal=Journal of Sex Research |date=1988 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=451–477 |doi=10.1080/00224498809551476}}</ref> Specifically, the study reveals that heterosexual individuals all seem to have some heterosexist tendency, however, heterosexual males have a greater tendency than heterosexual females to exhibit negative attitudes towards non-heterosexual individuals (this includes gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals). Another notable finding of Herek's study was that heterosexual males showed a greater tendency to demonstrate hostility towards gay men rather than lesbians.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988"/> Other factors that Herek acknowledges to contribute to heterosexism include individual differences, religiosity, conforming to social norms, [[right-wing authoritarianism]], customs and beliefs regarding cultural tradition, and personal experience with non-heterosexual individuals.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988"/> Research has also recognized the effects of level of education on views of heterosexism.<ref name="Wright L. W. 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Wright Jr. |first1=Lester W. |last2=Adams |first2=Henry E. |last3=Bernat |first3=Jeffery |title=Development and Validation of the Homophobia Scale |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |date=1999 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=337–347 |doi=10.1023/A:1022172816258}}</ref> Wright et al. revealed that higher levels of education, or having more years of education, is related to less homophobic tendencies.<ref name="Wright L. W. 1999"/>

== As discrimination ==

===Explicit or open===

This type of heterosexism includes [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay]] laws, policies, and institutional practices, harassment based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation; [[stereotyping]], discriminatory language and discourse, and other forms of [[discrimination against LGBT persons]] such as:
* [[Hate speech]], [[terms of disparagement]], [[hate mail]], [[death threats]], [[Stop Murder Music|"murder music"]]
* [[Scapegoating]], [[mobbing]], [[Witch-hunt#Political usage|witch-hunts]], [[moral panic]]; using gay men and homosexuality as a [[folk devil]] for the [[AIDS pandemic]].
* Negative portrayals or stereotypes of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals solely as villains, suicide or murder victims<ref>{{cite book|title= Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences|last= Garnets|first= Linda|author2= Kimmel, Douglas C.|year= 1993|publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn= 0-231-07884-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/psychologicalper0000unse}}</ref>
* Using the [[gay panic defense]] in assault or murder cases.
* [[Sodomy law]]s when enforced almost exclusively against consenting, adult, same-sex partners. ''See also: [[Bowers v. Hardwick]] and [[Lawrence v. Texas]]''
* In some countries where [[Homosexuality laws of the world|homosexuality is criminalized]], such as Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, offenders may receive the maximum sentence of [[capital punishment]]. ''See also: [[Paragraph 175]]''
* Discrepancies in [[Age of consent#Homosexual and heterosexual age discrepancies in law|age of consent]] laws in which legal sexual activity between members of the same sex is set at a higher age than that for partners in female–male relationships. Most such laws apply explicitly (or have historically applied) only to male homosexual sexual activity. ''See also: [[Chris Morris (activist)|Morris v. The United Kingdom]]'', ''[[State v. Limon]]''
* Prohibiting youth from bringing a same-sex date to [[Prom|high school prom]].<ref>[[American Civil Liberties Union]]: [http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom Free Speech, Free Expression and Prom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142614/http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom|date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights_hiv-aids/who-are-you-taking-prom-year |quote=Aaron Fricke decided he wanted to go to his senior prom with Paul Guilbert. His principal wouldn't let him.|title=Who are you taking to the prom this year? |date=31 December 2000 |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> ''See also: [[Fricke v. Lynch]], [[Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board]]''
* Adoption bans against either same-sex couples or gay, lesbian, or bisexual individuals. ''See also: [[LGBT adoption]], [[In re: Gill]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/|title=GordonMoyes.com » Parliamentary Inquiries – Same Sex Adoption|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120222/http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Legislation that prevents legal and [[social equality]], i.e., laws that prohibit protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, particularly with regard to health care, housing, and employment.
* The institution of female–male marriage and reserving the right to marry strictly for female–male couples via explicit definitions or through bans on [[same-sex marriage]] such as "[[Marriage Protection Act|marriage protection acts]]" (such as [[Defense of Marriage Act|DOMA]] in the United States);<ref name="JungSmith" /> pp. 145–151
* Also, the above restriction even when same-sex couples have access to [[civil union]]s that are either analogous to or not on a par with marriage;
* Barring gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals from serving in the armed forces or from working in the education field; this can include policies such as the [[Military of the United States|American military]]'s "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" policy or [[Lech Kaczyński]] and other conservative Polish politicians’ stance to exclude gay men and lesbians from entering the teaching profession. ''See also: [[LGBT rights in Poland]]''
* Organized opposition to [[gay rights]]; [[Labeling theory|labeling]] such rights and privileges as "[[special rights]]" or the "[[Homosexual agenda|Gay Agenda]]";
* Referring to a suspected criminal's homosexuality or bisexuality when in analogous situations there is no mention of a suspect's heterosexuality.

===Implicit or hidden===
This form of heterosexism operates through invisibility, under-representation, and [[wikt:erasure|erasure]]. It includes:
* Lack or under-representation of homosexual or bisexual people in advertising to the general public;
* Censorship of homosexual or bisexual characters, themes, and issues in works of art, [[literature]], entertainment; ''see also [[Postcards from Buster#Controversial episodes|"Sugar Time" episode of Postcards from Buster]]''
* Exclusion of historical and political figures’ and celebrities’ homosexuality or bisexuality; their portrayal as heterosexuals;
* Complete avoidance of mentioning these people and their positive contributions particularly in news media;
* In the context of sex education or professional advice, referring only to female–male relationships when discussing female or male [[sexual attraction]] and activity;
* Silence on issues affecting homosexual and bisexual people at school or work or absence of their discussion in a positive light;
* Implementation and use of [[content-control software]] (censorware) to filter out information and websites that focus on homosexuality or bisexuality;
* [[Postal censorship]] and border control or customs seizure of publications deemed obscene solely on the basis of them containing material related to homosexuality even when they contain no erotic or pornographic material; ''see also [[Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium]]''
* Work environments that tacitly require gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals not to reveal their sexual orientation via discussion of their relationship status while heterosexuals can discuss their relationships and [[marital status]] freely;
* At public libraries or bookstores: rejection, removal or destruction of [[Homosexuality in children's literature|books]] (e.g. ''[[Jenny lives with Eric and Martin]]''), films, and posters with homosexual themes;
* Refusal to include families headed by [[Same-sex parenting|same-sex parents]] at school events or to represent such family diversity in school curricula; ''see also [[anti-bias curriculum]]'';
* Coercive or forced [[sex reassignment surgery]] on gay men, lesbian women, and bisexuals – an issue addressed in [[Tanaz Eshaghian]]'s 2008 documentary, ''[[Be Like Others]]''. ''See also: [[LGBT rights in Iran]]''
* [[Forced disappearance]], ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'', [[ostracism]], [[shunning]], and other forms of [[social rejection]] geared towards making homosexual or bisexual people ''[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]]''.

== Effects ==

Heterosexism causes a range of effects on people of any sexual orientation. However, the [[Portal:Main|main]] effects of heterosexism are marginalization, and anti-LGBT violence and abuse.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Marginalization ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}

The [[Portal:Main|main]] effect of heterosexism is the [[marginalization]] of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals within society. Heterosexism has led to [[Social stigma|stigmatization]] and persecution of not only these people but also those of other [[sexual diversity]] such as transgender, and transsexual people. Along with [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], and [[internalized homophobia]], heterosexism continues to be a significant social reality that compels people to conceal their homosexual or bisexual orientation, or metaphorically, to remain in [[Closeted|the closet]] in an effort to [[Passing (sexual orientation)|pass]] for heterosexual.

Marginalization also occurs when marriage rights are heterosexist. More specifically, when marriage rights are exclusive to female–male couples, all same-sex couples, be they gay, lesbian, straight or mixed, are prevented from enjoying marriage’s corresponding legal privileges, especially those regarding property rights, health benefits, and child custody. Moreover, such limitation prevents same-sex couples from receiving the inherent social respect of marriage and its cultural symbolism.

=== Anti-LGBT violence and abuse ===

Yolanda Dreyer, professor of practical theology at [[University of Pretoria]], has stated that "Heterosexism leads to prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]]. It is driven by fear and hatred (Dreyer 5)."<ref>Dreyer, Yolanda. "Hegemony and the Internalisation of Homophobia Caused by Heteronormativity." Department of Practical Theology. 2007. University of Pretoria.5 May 2008 [www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/2741/1/Dreyer_Hegemony(2007).pdf.]</ref> Along the same lines, forensic psychologist Karen Franklin explains violence caused by heterosexism toward both men and women, regardless of their sexual orientations:<ref name="Franklin" />

<blockquote>[T]hrough heterosexism, any male who refuses to accept the dominant culture's assignment of appropriate masculine behavior is labeled early on as a "[[Sissy#Pejorative|sissy]]" or "[[Fag (slang)|fag]]" and then subjected to [[bullying]]. Similarly, any woman who opposes male dominance and control can be labeled a lesbian and attacked. The potential of being ostracized as homosexual, regardless of actual sexual attractions and behaviors, puts pressure on all people to conform to a narrow standard of appropriate gender behavior, thereby maintaining and reinforcing our society's hierarchical gender structure.</blockquote>

Another form of heterosexist violence as [[social control]] that most often targets lesbian women is [[corrective rape]]: a [[gang rape]] of a lesbian to "cure" her of her same-sex attractions. A notorious example from South Africa is the corrective rape and murder of [[Eudy Simelane]], [[LGBT social movements|LGBT-rights]] activist and member of the [[South Africa women's national football team|women's national football team]].<ref name="guardian120309">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/12/eudy-simelane-corrective-rape-south-africa|title=Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks|last=Kelly|first=Annie|date=12 March 2009|publisher=The Guardian|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>

According to a Frontline article titled "Inside the Mind of People Who Hate Gays", bias-related violence against homosexuals is believed to be widespread in the United States, with perpetrators typically described by victims as young men in groups who assault targets of convenience. Victims accounts suggest that assailants possess tremendous rage and hatred; indeed, [[Module:Documentation|documentation]] of horrific levels of brutality has led gay activists to characterize the violence as political terrorism aimed at all gay men and lesbians. Other motives for antigay violence suggested in the literature include male bonding, proving heterosexuality, and purging secret homosexual desires.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Roots Of Homophobia – Inside The Mind Of People Who Hate Gays {{!}} Assault On Gay America {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html|website = www.pbs.org|access-date = 2015-10-26}}</ref>

== Responses ==

According to an article in the ''Howard Journal of Communications'', some LGBT individuals have responded to heterosexism through direct confrontation and communication, or through the removal of self from the hostile environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camara |first1=Sakile K. |last2=Katznelson |first2=Amy |last3=Hildebrandt-Sterling |first3=Jenny |last4=Parker |first4=Todd |title=Heterosexism in Context: Qualitative Interaction Effects of Co-Cultural Responses |journal=Howard Journal of Communications |date=2012 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=312–331 |doi=10.1080/10646175.2012.722836}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric]]
* [[Culture war]]
* [[Discrimination against non-binary gender people]]
* [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Harassment#Categories|Harassment (categories and types)]]
* [[Heteropatriarchy]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[Toleration|Intolerance]]
* [[LGBT stereotypes]]
* [[Liberal homophobia]]
* [[Minority rights]]
* [[Transphobia]]
* [[Straight pride]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBT|social=expanded}}
{{Discrimination|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[index.php?title=Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Heterosexuality]]
[[index.php?title=Category:LGBT and society]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Sexism]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Queer theory]]

Talk:Heterosexism

2024-10-16T21:39:11Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "I don't want to be picky but I see no reason why this issue should be documented in this wiki. This is mainly a problem wich concerns non-heterosexual humans which are into other humans. Heterosexism does not target us, it targets lgbt people. Therefore I think it would be better to remove this article from the wiki."

I don't want to be picky but I see no reason why this issue should be documented in this wiki. This is mainly a problem wich concerns non-heterosexual humans which are into other humans. Heterosexism does not target us, it targets lgbt people. Therefore I think it would be better to remove this article from the wiki.

Zoolibre.com

2024-10-16T21:33:11Z

Rauhbautz:

{{stub}}'''Zoolibre.com''' was a french-speaking zoophile forum.

Its content was reset at the end of 2021, after legal troubles. Classified ads for sexual purposes were banned. After several months of questioning, the team preferred to close this forum rather than put its users at risk, inviting them to participate in the French section of [[ZooVille]].<ref>https://www.animalzoofrance.com/wiki/Forums</ref>[[File:Zoolibre_logo.jpg|thumb|240px|Zoolibre logo]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:History]]

Talk:I rape niggers

2024-10-16T21:32:14Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "Should be deleted, has nothing to do with the topic of this wiki."

Should be deleted, has nothing to do with the topic of this wiki.

I rape niggers

2024-10-16T21:31:35Z

Rauhbautz:

{{short description|United States Army officer}}{{Delete}}{{Infobox military person
|name = Alan Greg Rogers
|image = Major Alan Greg Rogers.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1967|9|21}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|2008|1|27|1967|9|21}}
|birth_place =
|death_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]
|placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|allegiance = [[United States|United States of America]]
|branch = [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears = 1990–2008
|rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
|unit = [[Military transition team|Military Transition Team]], [[1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division (United States)]], [[Fort Riley]], [[Kansas]]
|battles = [[Iraq War|Operation Iraqi Freedom]]
|awards = [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] (2) [[Purple Heart]]
|laterwork = [http://www.aver.us American Veterans for Equal Rights] (AVER)
}}
'''Alan Greg Rogers''' (September 21, 1967 – January 27, 2008) was an ordained pastor, a U.S. Army Major and [[Intelligence Officer]], a [[civil rights]] [[activist]] in the [[gay]], [[lesbian]] and [[bisexual]] military community and the first known gay combat fatality of Operation Iraqi Freedom.<ref name="aver">{{citation|first=Denny |last=Meyer |url=http://www.aver.us/index.php |title=American Veterans for Equal Rights mourns loss of true soldier and LGBT advocate in Iraq |periodical=Forward Observer |date=April 7, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731123316/http://www.aver.us/index.php |archive-date=2007-07-31 }}</ref><ref name="ajohnson">{{citation|first=Aidan |last=Johnson |url=http://ago.mobile.globeandmail.com/generated/archive/RTGAM/html/20080411/wcoalpha12.html |title=Being gay's compatible with being 'A' |periodical=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=April 11, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-23 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ralls">{{citation |first=Steve |last=Ralls |url= http://www.bilerico.com/2008/03/remembering_alan_rogers.php |title=Remembering Alan Rogers |periodical=The Bilerico Project |date=March 30, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> The subsequent coverage of his death in the media sparked a debate over the effect of the military's "[[DADT|Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell]]" (DADT) policy and what information should be included in the biography of a gay military person [[killed in action]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

==Early life and education==
At the age of 3, Rogers was [[adopted]] by George and Genny Rogers and was their only child. In 1977, the Rogers family moved from [[New York City]] to [[Hampton, Florida]], near [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]]. Rogers attended Hampton Elementary School, and ultimately graduated from Bradford County High School in [[Starke, Florida]], in 1985. Rogers joined Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church in Lincoln City, [[Florida]], and was ordained a pastor as a young man. While in high school, Rogers was commander of the [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] program and elected by his classmates as the "most intellectual."<ref name="gsun">{{citation |first=Karen |last=Voyles |url= http://www.gainesville.com/article/20080207/NEWS/802070317/1002/NEWS |title=One final homecoming |periodical=[[Gainesville Sun]] |date=February 7, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref>

==Military career and adult life==
[[File:Agrogers-photo-02.jpg|thumb|left|Department of Defense photograph of Alan G. Rogers]]
After high school, Rogers joined the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] program at the [[University of Florida]] and then accepted a [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[United States Army]] upon graduation with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[religion]] in 1995. Rogers later completed a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[Organizational leadership|organizational management]] from the [[University of Phoenix]] through [[distance learning]].<ref name="gsun"/>
Rogers's father, George, died of a [[heart attack]] in 2000, and his mother, Genny, died of [[kidney]]-related problems two weeks later. Rogers preached at his mother's funeral.<ref name="gsun"/>
[[File:Alan G Rogers AVER.jpg|thumb|right|Alan G. Rogers receiving award at AVER, January 16, 2005.]] In 2001, Rogers commanded a military intelligence company based out of Waegwan, South Korea. During his tenure as company commander, Rogers emphasized unit morale and cohesiveness, often organizing company wide get togethers and functions.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In 2004, Rogers moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] and, in 2005, earned a [[Master of Public Policy]] degree from [[Georgetown University]]. Only 25 Army officers were accepted into the program.<ref name="gsun"/> Rogers's thesis adviser was Mark Nadel, who described Rogers as "an officer with leadership qualities that made him think, 'This is a guy I'm going to hear from in 10 years, and he's going to be a general.'"<ref name="stgeorge">{{citation |first=Donna |last=St. George |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032103036.html |title=Army Officer Remembered as Hero Army Officer Remembered as Hero |periodical=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 22, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> Rogers's thesis examined how the US military's DADT policy affected recruitment and retention for military officers.<ref name="cjohnson">{{citation|first=Chris |last=Johnson |url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17404 |title=Media, military kept soldier in closet after death |periodical=[[Washington Blade]] |date=March 27, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408163049/http://washingtonblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17404 |archive-date=2008-04-08 }}</ref> In recognition of his achievements at Georgetown, Rogers gained an internship at the Pentagon serving the deputy secretary of defense, [[Gordon R. England]].<ref name="gsun"/>

Beginning in October 2004, Rogers served as Treasurer of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the American Veterans for Equal Rights (AVER).<ref name="cjohnson"/> On January 16, 2005, Rogers received an award from the organization for his service at a ceremony held at Dupont Grill. Rogers also attended events supporting the [[Servicemembers Legal Defense Network]] (SLDN), which works to end the DADT policy.<ref name="sldn">{{citation |first=Aubrey |last=Sarvis |url= http://freedomtoserve.blogspot.com/2008/03/american-hero-alan-rogers-one-of-4000.html |title=An American Hero, Alan Rogers, One of the 4,000 |periodical=The Front Lines: SLDN News & Updates |date=March 29, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref>

Rogers expressed his opinion on the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy in his Master's thesis, written in 2005 shortly before he was deployed to Iraq and reportedly killed by an improvised explosive device (IED) while on foot patrol: "Today’s current policy on gays in the military seems to rest on many faulty assumptions – namely that homosexuals will jeopardize unit cohesiveness. My research has been unable to justify that position and has found that the opposite is more true. Denying service members the right to serve freely and openly violates basic dignity and respect of the human experience and puts our national security at risk."<ref name="rogersthesis">{{citation|first=Alan G. |last=Rogers |url=http://home.comcast.net/~rpilaud/DADT%20Policy%20Analysis%20Alan%20Rogers.pdf |title=Policy Management Project - Analysis of Department of Defense "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" |periodical=Georgetown University Master Policy Management (MPM) Capstone |date=May 6, 2005 |access-date=2010-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025202305/http://home.comcast.net/~rpilaud/DADT%20Policy%20Analysis%20Alan%20Rogers.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Major Alan G. Roger at Same-Sex Wedding Ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|Major Alan G. Rogers (top left) holding hands with his date during same-sex wedding ceremony on June 28, 2006]]
In June 2006, Rogers provided the opening prayer for a [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex wedding ceremony]]. Rogers reportedly expressed "an intensely deep loneliness that stemmed from his inability to have both a [same-sex] relationship ... and the military career he also loved so much."<ref name="cianciotto">{{citation|first=Jason |last=Cianciotto |url=http://www.pamshouseblend.com/viewRating.do?rateCommentId=53535 |title=My letter to the Post Ombudsman |periodical=Pam's House Blend: an Online Magazine in the Reality-Based Community |date=March 29, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In July 2007, Rogers was deployed to Iraq. Friends organized a send-off party in his honor on July 14, 2007, held at the Fabulous Bed & Breakfast in Northwest Washington, D.C.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Rogers's commanding officer in Iraq was Col. Thomas Fernandez.<ref name="stgeorge"/> Rogers communicated via e-mail with many of his friends during his deployment, and two of his friends from AVER received e-mail from Rogers the day before he died.<ref name="cjohnson"/>

==Death and afterward==
According to an Army report, Rogers was killed by an [[improvised explosive device]] while on foot patrol in Baghdad, on January 27, 2008.<ref name="army">{{citation |url= http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=11649 |title=DoD Identifies Army Casualty |periodical=DefenseLink News Release |date=January 29, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> On January 30, 2008, friends of Rogers established the [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411060324/http://www.thealangrogersfund.org/ Alan G. Rogers Memorial Scholarship Fund]. 

A funeral service was held for Rogers at Ebenezer Baptist Church on February 8, 2008.<ref name="brightcove">{{citation|first=Doug |last=Finger |url=http://www.brightcove.tv/title.jsp?title=1407924331&channel=294434710 |title=Video: The Funeral of Major Rev. Alan G. Rogers |periodical=[[Gainesville Sun]] |date=February 8, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411025648/http://www.brightcove.tv/title.jsp?title=1407924331&channel=294434710 |archive-date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> In honor of Rogers, Florida Gov. [[Charlie Crist]] ordered the Florida and U.S. flags be flown at [[half-staff]] at the [[Old Bradford County Courthouse|Bradford County Courthouse]], Hampton City Hall and the [[Florida State Capitol]].<ref name="gsun"/> Family members later expressed that "we really didn't know about [Rogers being gay] until after his death. "<ref name="howell">{{citation |first=Deborah |last=Howell |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/28/AR2008032803062.html |title=Public Death, Private Life |periodical=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 30, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> Rogers' beneficiary from Florida later stated that he knew Rogers was gay, but felt it had "no more relevance than I'm straight."<ref name="howell"/>

Rogers was buried with [[full military honors]] at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] on March 14, 2008, in Section 60, at Gravesite 8558.<ref name="map">{{citation |url= http://wikimapia.org/#lat=38.875315&lon=-77.063674&z=17&l=0&m=a&v=2 |title=WikiMapia: USA / Virginia / Arlington, 3 km |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> About 200 people attended the service, including Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England, Army Lt. Gen. John F. Kimmons, active duty military, both enlisted and officers, Rogers's friends and family from Florida, and Rogers's friends in northern Virginia, and Washington, D.C.<ref name="inskeep">{{citation |first=Steve |last=Inskeep |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88939595 |title=Report: American Death Toll in Iraq War Hits 4,000 |periodical=[[National Public Radio]] |date=March 24, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref> Also in attendance were a dozen or more gay active duty military personnel.<ref name="smith">{{citation |first=Tony |last=Smith |url= http://www.thegaymilitarytimes.com/0804Rogers.html |title=Our Whole Self And Whole Story: Honoring My Friend and Hero, Major Alan G. Rogers |periodical=Gay Military Times |date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref>

==National media coverage of Rogers's funeral==
Rogers's funeral gained [[Mass media|national media]] publicity, initially on [[MSNBC]], in ''[[The Washington Post]]'''' and on [[National Public Radio|National Public Radio's]] [[Morning Edition]].<ref name="stgeorge"/><ref name="inskeep"/><ref name="rutherford">{{citation|first=John |last=Rutherford |url=http://fieldnotes.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/03/14/770008.aspx?p=1 |title=Army Officer Was a Best Man in All Senses |periodical=[[NBC]] Field Notes |date=March 14, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322082901/http://fieldnotes.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/03/14/770008.aspx?p=1 |archive-date=2008-03-22 }}</ref> However, initial reports omitted Rogers's [[sexual orientation]] or anything related to the subject.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The Post and NPR reports coincided with the "grim milestone" that the U.S. Military death toll reached 4,000 dead.<ref name="inskeep"/> Rogers's death and funeral gained [[further]] media attention when it was revealed that he was gay and worked to end the military's DADT policy.<ref name="cjohnson"/>

Initially, members of the national media were well aware of Rogers's sexual orientation,<ref name="howell"/> yet it was widely reported that Rogers was not married and left no children.<ref name="stgeorge"/><ref name="inskeep"/><ref name="rutherford"/> While technically accurate, some members of the [[LGBT]] community viewed the statement as an intentional distortion and dodge of Rogers's sexual orientation.<ref name= "sldn"/><ref name="cianciotto"/><ref name= "smith"/><ref name="sullivan">{{citation |first=Andrew |last=Sullivan |url= http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/03/the-washington.html#more |title=The Washington Post's Well-Meant Homophobia |periodical=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 28, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 }}</ref><ref name="spaulding">{{citation|first=Pam |last=Spaulding |url=http://www.pamshouseblend.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=4898 |title=Media and military closets gay soldier killed in Iraq |periodical=Pam's House Blend: an Online Magazine in the Reality-Based Community |date=March 28, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412021209/http://www.pamshouseblend.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=4898 |archive-date=2008-04-12 }}</ref><ref name="spaulding2">{{citation|first=Pam |last=Spaulding |url=http://www.pamshouseblend.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=4928 |title=WaPo ombudsman: paper wrong to recloset deceased gay soldier |periodical=Pam's House Blend: an Online Magazine in the Reality-Based Community |date=March 31, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412021215/http://www.pamshouseblend.com/showDiary.do?diaryId=4928 |archive-date=2008-04-12 }}</ref>

Rogers's cousin, Cathy Long of Ocala, Fla., said, "The Post did a wonderful job. Personally, as far as the family is concerned, we really didn't know about this until after his death. It was in the back of our minds, but we didn't discuss it." Cathy Long accepted Rogers's flag at the major's funeral. "I really feel Alan was a lot more than that," said Cathy Long who called the ''Washington Blade'' story "self-serving whatever their cause is and that they're trying to use Alan to do that."<ref name= "howell"/>

''The Washington Post'' [[Ombudsman]], [[Deborah Howell]], stated that the editors of the Post deliberated the question of whether to disclose his sexual orientation and ultimately made a decision not to include such information.<ref name= "howell"/>

The Army asked that Rogers's sexual orientation not be disclosed, and the Army presented it as a concern of the family.<ref name="cjohnson"/>

The ''Washington Blade'' reported on the Post's decision to change the story and included more details about Rogers's activities and friends in the LGBT community.<ref name= "cjohnson"/> Subsequently, Howell of ''The Washington Post'', citing Rogers's apparent feelings on DADT, wrote a column admitting that the ''Post's'' article "would have been richer" had it disclosed his sexual orientation and activities in the GLBT community.<ref name= "howell"/>

On March 31, 2008, an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] attempt was made to remove information relating to Rogers's sexual orientation from the present [[Wikipedia]] article. The [[IP address]] associated with the attempt corresponds with the IP address for the office of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]], currently headed by Lt. Gen. John Kimmons.<ref name="cjohnson2">{{citation |first=Chris |last=Johnson |url= http://www.washblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17515 |title=Edits to gay soldier's Wikipedia entry traced to Pentagon |periodical=[[Washington Blade]] |date=April 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-03|quote=A Wikipedia article about Maj. Alan Rogers, a gay soldier who was killed in January in Iraq, was apparently edited by someone in the Pentagon, who removed any mention that Rogers was gay. The user on Monday redacted details about Rogers that appeared on the online encyclopedia site. Information that was deleted included Rogers’ sexual orientation; the soldier’s participation in American Veterans for Equal Rights, a group that works to change military policy toward gays; .... The IP address attached to the deletion of the details and the posted comments is 141.116.168.135.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412022845/http://www.washblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17515|archive-date=12 April 2008}}</ref> Kimmons attended Rogers's funeral and presented the U.S. flag from Rogers's coffin to a family member.<ref name= "inskeep"/> The Army subsequently denied that the IP address associated with the changes "necessarily belongs to any one specific office."<ref name="cjohnson3">{{citation|first=Chris |last=Johnson |url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17762 |title=Army: source of Wikipedia edit on gay soldier can't be traced |periodical=[[Washington Blade]] |date=April 17, 2008 |access-date=2008-04-23 |quote=The Army is stating that it cannot identify the source of Wikipedia article edits eliminating any mention that a soldier ... killed in Iraq was gay, even though the changes apparently came from an Army computer user at the Pentagon. Army spokesman Maj. Nathan Banks said Army checks “do not necessarily indicate” that the IP address associated with the changes “necessarily belongs to any one specific office.” |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211120303/http://www.washingtonblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=17762 |archive-date=February 11, 2009 }}</ref>

The August 4, 2008, issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine published a lengthy profile of Rogers, and the larger issues surrounding the DADT debate spurred on by his death. The story quotes Colonel Mike Hardy, who worked with Major Rogers at the Pentagon, as saying, "He did not make any moves to be remembered as a gay soldier. Nowhere in those phone calls home did he say, 'let everyone know that I died a proud gay officer.'" Ben McGrath, the author of the article, then comments, "Of course, being a proud gay officer is tantamount, under the current military policy, to being a retired gay officer with no pension."<ref name="mcgrath">{{citation |first=Ben |last=McGrath |url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/08/04/080804fa_fact_mcgrath |title=THE MILITARY LIFE: A Soldier's Legacy: Don't ask, don't tell, but Alan Rogers was a hero to everyone who knew him |periodical=[[The New Yorker]] |date=August 4, 2008 |access-date=2010-09-21 }}</ref>

In December 2010, the U.S. Congress passed a bill providing for the potential repeal of DADT pending certain conditions. Those were confirmed in July 2011 by President [[Barack Obama]], the Secretary of Defense, and Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and repeal took effect on September 20, 2011.<ref name="bumiller">{{citation|first=Elisabeth |last=Bumiller|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/23/us/23military.html |title=Obama Ends 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy' |periodical=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=2012-10-30 }}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[File:Bronze Star ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] (2)
*[[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|60px]]  [[Purple Heart]]

{{Portal|Biography|LGBT}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/08/04/080804fa_fact_mcgrath?yrail A Soldier's Legacy] An article from ''The New Yorker'' about Rogers and the debate over press coverage
* [http://alanremembered.blogspot.com Alan Remembered (Personal dedication from a close friend)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025202305/http://home.comcast.net/~rpilaud/DADT%20Policy%20Analysis%20Alan%20Rogers.pdf In his own words: Maj. Alan Rogers on the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy] "Policy Management Project - Analysis of Department of Defense 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,'" Personnel Policy, Alan Rogers, Georgetown University, Master Policy Management (MPM) Capstone, PPOL 950-01, Dr. Mark Nadel, May 6, 2005.

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rogers, Alan G.}}
[[index.php?title=Category:American LGBT military personnel]]
[[index.php?title=Category:American military personnel killed in the Iraq War]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Georgetown University alumni]]
[[index.php?title=Category:LGBT African Americans]]
[[index.php?title=Category:LGBT Baptist clergy]]
[[index.php?title=Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[index.php?title=Category:United States Army officers]]
[[index.php?title=Category:University of Florida alumni]]
[[index.php?title=Category:University of Phoenix alumni]]
[[index.php?title=Category:1967 births]]
[[index.php?title=Category:2008 deaths]]
[[index.php?title=Category:United States Army personnel of the Iraq War]]

Timeline of zoophilia

2024-10-16T21:29:39Z

Rauhbautz: removed dead links

{{imported|Wikipedia}}
{{Culture}}
The '''timeline of [[zoophilia]]''' covers the [[history]] of [[Zoophilia|zoophilia and bestiality]] among humans and non-human animals.

==Before the Common Era==
===23rd millennium BCE===
====230th century BCE====
* '''c. 22,995 BCE''' – An engraved bone rod in a cave in Abri de la Madeleine, France, depicts a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva.<ref name="[[Bestiality]] and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557534125}}</ref>

===2nd millennium BCE===
====18th century BCE====

* '''c. 1,750 BCE''' – The Code of Hammurabi is written and in the code, King Hammurabi of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />

====13th century BCE====
* '''c. 1,300 BCE''' – '''c. 1,201 BCE''' – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a [[dog]], or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557535658}}</ref>

===1st millennium BCE===
====7th century BCE====

* '''c. 700 BCE''' – '''c. 601 BCE''' – A cave painting is painted in Val Camonica, Italy depicting a man inserting his penis into the vagina or anus of a donkey.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />

====6th century BCE – 4th century BCE====

* '''c. 538 BCE – 330 BCE''' – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

{{quote|text="Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:21|NRSV}}</ref>|source=<nowiki>Torah]] / Bible, Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 27, Verses 21</nowiki>}}

====6th century BCE – 3rd century BCE====

* '''c. 538 BCE''' – '''c. 250 BCE''' – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

{{quote|text="You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:23-18:24|NRSV}}</ref>|sign=|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 18, Verses 23–24}}

{{quote|text="If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15-20:16|NRSV}}</ref>|sign=|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 20, Verses 15–16}}

The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:

{{quote|text="Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|22:19|NRSV}}</ref>|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Exodus, Chapter 22, Verse 19}}

====5th century BCE====

* '''c. 486 BCE''' – King Darius I adopts the holiness code of the Book of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting capital punishment for bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 |date=1990 |pages=1418 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT668&lpg=PT668&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9781317368113}}</ref>
* '''c. 440 BCE''' – In ''Histories'', Herodotus wrote that:

{{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in Mendes{{!}}this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |author=Herodotus |editor=A. D. Godley |title=Histories |chapter=Hdt. 2.46.4 |chapter-url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=978-0674991309}}</ref>|source=Herodotus, ''Histories (Herodotus){{!}}Histories'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}

====1st century BCE====

* '''c. 27 BCE''' – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for [[sodomy]], under which bestiality was included.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />

==Common Era==
===1st millennium===
====7th century====
* '''654''' – The Visigothic Code for the Kingdom of the Visigoths criminalizes bestiality with a penalty of castration.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/spain_S.pdf GLBT Spain ]</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy">[https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ “Burned for Sodomy”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313074812/https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ |date=2016-03-13 }}</ref>

====8th century====
* '''726''' – Emperor Leo III the Isaurian issues ''Ecloga'' (17.39) for the Byzantine Empire, which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.<ref>[http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-12-47.html M. T. G. Humphreys, ''Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850'']. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. {{ISBN|9780198701576}}.</ref>

===2nd millennium===
====13th century====

* '''c. 1,250–1,281''' – The Younger Westrogothic law (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the Kingdom of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland, enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by pilgrimage to Rome as penance, along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.<ref>It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is [[pecuniary]]; the crime usually led to capital punishment.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law" />

====13th century – 14th century====
* '''c. 1,250–1,350''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.<ref>In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law">{{cite book |author-last=Ekholst |author-first=Christine |title=A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law |date=2014 |pages=187–188 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zYaOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9789004271623}}</ref>
* '''c. 1,272''' – The Establishments of Saint Louis is enacted in the Kingdom of France, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France">[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/004724418001004001 Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France]</ref>

====14th century====
* '''1,350''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0226732572}}</ref>

====15th century====
* '''1,442''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Christopher (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />

====16th century====
* '''1510''' – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0812245813}}</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy" />
* '''1507''' – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook">{{cite book |author-last=Rabinbach |author-first=Anson |author2-last=Gilman |author2-first=Sander |title=The Third Reich Sourcebook |date=2013 |pages=378 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0520276833}}</ref>
* '''1516''' – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1532''' – The 1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Homophobia: A History">{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0313343759}}</ref><ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /><ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1533''' – An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie is enacted in the Kingdom of England, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
* '''1563''' – The Kingdom of Sweden makes bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://gayinsacramento.com/Chron-44-page.wps.htm GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II ]</ref>

====17th century====
* '''1620''' – The Duchy of Prussia makes sodomy a capital punishment.<ref name="Homophobia: A History" />
* '''1683''' – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in Kingdom of Denmark a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=978-9052602455}}</ref>
*'''1687''' – The Norwegian Code (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in Kingdom of Norway a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1692''' – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris Parlement in the Kingdom of France.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />

====18th century====
* '''1711''' – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''March 1724''' – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of blasphemy and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
* '''23 January 1736''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1768''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy punishable with capital punishment by burning.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/austria_S.pdf Austria]</ref><ref name="Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison">{{cite book |editor-last=West |editor-first=Donald |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Richard |title=Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony |date=2002 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=37HdBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0306455322}}</ref>
[[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships">{{cite book |author-last=Benemann |author-first=William |title=Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships |date=2006 |pages=133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Isi3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1560233459}}</ref>]]
* '''1779''' – Thomas Jefferson wrote a law in Commonwealth of Virginia which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.<ref name="Male-Male [[Intimacy]] in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the |url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/usa/virginia/virginia.htm |title=Virginia |publisher=Glapn.org |date= |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendVIIIs10.html |title=Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=March 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''1787''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.<ref name="Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ...">{{cite book |author-last= Wintemute |author-first=Robert |author2-last= Andenas |author2-first= Mads |title=Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ... |date=2001 |pages=549 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eMzbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1841131382}}</ref>
* '''25 September''' – '''6 October 1791''' – The French Penal Code of 1791 is adopted in the Kingdom of France, legalizing bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Aldrich |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last= Wotherspoon |editor2-first=Garry |title=Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1) |date=2001 |pages=80 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkYkutHlyAC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415159821}}</ref>
*'''1 June 1792''' – The Commonwealth of Kentucky becomes a U.S. state and receives all laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, making bestiality a capital punishment in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1792–1798''' – The French Republic adopts the Penal Code of 1791 and applies it to other territories annexed by France:
**'''27 November 1792''' – Savoy.
** '''31 January 1793''' – County of Nice.
** '''14 February 1793''' – Principality of Monaco.
** '''2 March 1793''' – Principality of Salm-Salm.
** '''11 October 1793''' – County of Montbéliard.
**'''1793''' – County of Dagsburg, County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, County of Kriechingen, County of La Petite-Pierre, and the County of Sarrewerden.
**'''18 September 1794''' Austrian Netherlands.
**'''1795''' – Left Bank of the Rhine, the Lordship of Lixing, and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
**'''1796''' – Riquewihr and the County of Horbourg.
** '''28 January 1798''' – Republic of Mulhouse.
**'''1798''' – Republic of Geneva.

====19th century====
* '''June 1802''' - The Mississippi Territory enacts a new code that recognizes common-law crimes, thus making bestiality a capital offense.<ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/alabama.htm The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers Alabama]</ref>
*'''1810–1811''' – The French Penal Code of 1810 reaffirms the legalisation of bestiality and is incorporated into laws of the French Empire, including territories such as:
** the former Kingdom of Holland.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/netherlands_S.pdf The Netherlands] by [[Gert Hekma]]</ref>
*'''27 June 1828''' – A new law in England determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1829''' – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Johnson |author-first=Paul |author2-last=Vanderbeck |author2-first=Robert |title=Law, Religion and Homosexuality |date=2014 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QyLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415832687}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1835''' – The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (excluding the Duchy of Finland) criminalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0801499586}}</ref>
* '''1838''' – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''20 August 1848''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''14 April 1851''' – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the Kingdom of Prussia makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the [[further]] punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref>{{cite book |author-last= Carr |author-first= Jamie |title=Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity |date=2006 |pages=157 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5afcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415978415}}</ref><ref>[http://www.well.com/~aquarius/benkert-143.htm Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert) ]</ref>
*'''1852''' – The Austrian Empire enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.<ref name="[[Sexuality]] with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''1 November 1861''' – The countries of England, Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/contents/enacted Offences Against the Person Act 1861]</ref>
* '''1864''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years' hard labor.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
*'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years' hard labor, which is further reduced with one-third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''22 June 1869''' – The Dominion of Canada reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref name="Calendar for June">[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref>
*'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code (§175 StGB) of the North German Confederation takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1939594051}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1872''' – The Imperial Criminal Law (§175 StGB) takes effect in the German Empire, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" />
*'''1878''' – The Kingdom of Hungary adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT9&lpg=PT9&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&source=bl&ots=goUa6gjR1Q&sig=5uKE-tmILm9pQOCMU44pBC1oKrM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_cMVKmoO9SAsQSIy4GgDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Russia%20law%20zoophilia&f=false Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
*'''1894''' – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years' imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years' imprisonment.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />

====20th century====
*'''1903''' – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia"/>
*'''1905''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year; however, prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1922–1991''' – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics replaces Russian Empire/First Russian Republic; Soviet criminal code does not alter 1903 legalization of bestiality. In most cases, this has also remained the case in post-Soviet states (since 1991).
*'''1 January 1933''' – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1935''' – The Criminal Code of the German Empire is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">[http://www.tierimrecht.org/documents/1361/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation ]</ref>

*'''12 August 1940''' – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />

*'''1 July 1944''' – The Republic of Sweden legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /><ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/sweden LGBT Rights in Sweden]</ref>


*'''25 June 1968''' – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0875862521}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
*'''15 January 1971''' – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''16 August 1971''' – The Republic of Austria legalized bestiality.<ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/austria LGBT rights in Austria]</ref><ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''21 April 1972''' – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1 January 1974''' – The U.S. state of Texas legalizes bestiality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/texas.htm#fn116|title=The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Texas|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/lawrence/lweditorials009.htm We Are All Sodomites Now]</ref>
*'''8 June 1989''' – The U.S. state of South Carolina expands the penalty for commission of certain sexual offenses, including bestiality, to ten years in prison and/or a $10,000 fine if they occur within hundred yards of a day care facility.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''14 June 1993''' – The State of South Carolina bans foster care by persons convicted of bestiality.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''29 June 1994''' – The State of South Carolina creates a sex offender registry program and includes those convicted of bestiality.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1990''' – '''1999''' – The first zoophile rights group, called [[EqualityForAll|Equality for All (EFA),]] is created.<ref>[http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-theyre-part-of-the-next-sexual-rights-movement-6334747 Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement]</ref>

===3rd millennium===
====21st century====
* '''1 May 2004''' – The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is enacted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/contents/enacted Sexual Offences Act 2003]</ref>
* '''2 July 2005''' - [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]] was found dead in the Enumclaw Community Hospital emergency room. It was later determined he had died of acute peritonitis due to perforation of the colon when he was being filmed by James Michael Tait while a stallion nicknamed "Big Dick" mounted and anally penetrated Pinyan with his penis until achieving orgasm and pulling out. Pinyan, along with Tait, had been part of a group of men who self described themselves as "zoos". These zoos both trained, by applying a horse breeding pheromone, and later sustained stallions anally penetrating them with their penis', often being filmed by other zoos to later be viewed for sexual gratification. Over a 100 VHS videos and DVDs of bestiality porn was produced by the zoos, with one of them being Pinyan shortly before his death. This video was later distributed to the internet and become one of the first viral reaction videos.
* '''26 January 2009''' – The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Section 63) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months' imprisonment in England or six months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.<ref name="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents/enacted Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]</ref>
* '''2009''' – Zoophile Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the [[ZETA-Verein|Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA)]], a zoophile rights organization, is created in Germany.<ref>[https://www.zeta-verein.de/en/zoophilia/zeta-principles/ ZETA Principles]</ref>
* '''1 February 2013''' - ZETA and zoophiles protest in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz over the Bundesrat signing of on a package of measures that included making bestiality punishable by up to fine of up maximum of €25,000.<ref>[https://www.thelocal.de/20130201/47711 Zoophiles protest against German bestiality ban]</ref>
* '''5 March 2020''' - Bestiality becomes a felony in Wisconsin.<ref>[https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2019/proposals/sb139 Senate Bill 139]</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of zoophilia]]

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Zoophilia}}
[[Category:History]]

Zoo social movements

2024-10-16T20:09:43Z

Rauhbautz: added some info

{{Notice|More information is needed}}{{stub}}In the past, there have been efforts from the zoophile community to organize themselves in order to bring the topic into society and contribute to a normalization of the topic. Historically, unfortunately, it has to be said that these efforts have not brought any improvement, but rather, through the distortion of facts by the media, and animal protection organizations, have led to the legal and social circumstances generally deteriorating. By and large these efforts were and are exceptions, as there are a variety of reasons that prevent the scene from addressing the issue on a societal level. In particular, the social stigma and the associated risks, as well as the fragmentation of the scene.

== Timeline of zoophile social movements ==
* 2006 - [[Zoophiles]] against prejudice, push for animal abuse to become more punishable while liberating zoophiles.

* 2009 – [[ZETA-Verein|Zoophile Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness]], later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a [[zoophile]] rights organization, is created in Germany.

* 1 February 2013 - ZETA and zoophiles protest in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz over the Bundesrat signing of on a package of measures that included making [[bestiality]] punishable by up to fine of up maximum of €25,000
[[Category:History]]

THE ZOO JUDE (2007 film)

2024-10-16T14:19:30Z

Rauhbautz:

{{short description|2007 American documentary film by Robinson Devor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zoo
| image =

| caption = ''Zoo'' movie poster
| director = Robinson Devor
| producer = Peggy Case Alexis Ferris
| writer = Charles Mudede Robinson Devor
| starring = Richard Carmen Paul Eenhoorn Russell Hodgkinson John Paulsen
| music = Paul Matthew Moore
| cinematography = Sean Kirby
| editing = Joe Shapiro
| distributor = ThinkFilm{{!}}THINKFilm
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|18|Sundance Film Festival|Sundance|2007|04|25|New York City}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Zoo''''' is a 2007 American documentary film based on the life and death of [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]]. This American man died of peritonitis due to perforation of the colon after engaging in receptive anal sex with a horse. The film combines audio testimony from people involved in the case or who were familiar with Pinyan, "with speculative re-enactments that feature a mix of actors and actual subjects."<ref name="NYT" />

The film’s title refers to the subcultural term for a zoophile, a person with a sexual interest in animals. ''Zoo''’s filmmakers intended to approach the film’s subject matter from a non-sensationalized perspective and chose to forego more lurid details, focusing instead on humanizing the people involved.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007, one of 16 documentaries accepted out of 857 candidates. Following Sundance, it was selected as one of five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

== Synopsis ==
In July 2005 near the small rural town of Enumclaw, Washington, Kenneth Pinyan also known as "Mr. Hands" died from internal injuries sustained while engaging in a sexual act with a horse. The police investigation of the incident led to the discovery of a network of zoophiles who held animal orgys at a local farm to have sex with horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=When a Man Dies in a Sex Act with a Horse -- What's a Reporter to Do? |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/when-a-man-dies-in-a-sex-act-with-a-horse-whats-a-reporter-to-do,31187 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}}</ref> At the farm, the police seized videotapes and DVDs that showed several men engaging in sexual acts with the resident Arabian stallions, with one of them showing Kenneth Pinyan. At the time, Washington state had no laws concerning [[bestiality]]; in response to the case, the State Senate swiftly voted to [[Legality of bestiality in the United States|criminalize bestiality]] in 2006. Animal cruelty charges were not filed against the participants because no evidence of injury to the horses was found.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-10-18 |title=Charge filed in connection with man who died having horse sex |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/charge-filed-in-connection-with-man-who-died-having-horse-sex/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The videographer in the Pinyan incident, James Michael Tait, was charged with criminal trespassing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Mudede|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=February 23, 2006|title=The Animal in You|work=The Stranger (newspaper){{!}}The Stranger|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Two Seattle-based filmmakers, Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede, curious about the type of people involved in the underground world of zoophilia, interviewed figures close to the case, including other members of the zoophile ring. The three zoophiles interviewed by the filmmakers are identified by their names in the online zoo community—Coyote, H, and the Happy Horseman. H was the man who organized the zoo gatherings. Only one zoo, Coyote, agreed to appear in the film’s re-enactments.

Other interview subjects include Jenny Edwards, the founder of a local animal rescue organization who helped investigate potential animal abuse in the case, and legislators and local law enforcement officers.

== Production ==
On their reasoning for wanting to make a documentary about the [[Enumclaw horse sex case|Enumclaw case]], Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede said when the news story first broke in 2005, it quickly became a punch line in the media. Said Mudede, "There seemed to be two responses: repulsion or laughter. People didn’t want to have any connection or identification with these men. Early on Rob and I said to each other, 'We’re going to revive their humanity.'"<ref name="NYT" />

Mudede noted, "It was only after Pinyan died when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue [...] The prosecutor's office wanted to charge Tait with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home…the prosecutors could only charge Tait with trespassing."<ref name=":0" />

Mudede, a journalist at ''The Stranger'', had written an article about the incident and was contacted by one of the participants in the case.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2007-04-01|title=A Lyrical Approach to a Subject That Shocks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/movies/01lim.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Of the participants, called "zoos", Mudede said "there was a desperate need to talk" and to tell their side of the story.<ref name="NYT" /> Coyote, the only zoo that appears in the film, said he came to trust Devor to tell their story, saying "I felt in my gut he was not going to make an exploitive type of movie."<ref name="NYT" /> When ''Zoo''’s selection for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival was announced in December 2006, H, the farmhand who was the host of the men’s get-togethers, contacted Devor and consented to an audio interview, which Devor edited into the film.<ref name="NYT" />

Devor said the film’s biggest challenge was finding locations to shoot, as horse farms in the Seattle area did not want to be associated with the documentary. Said Devor, "Owners would say things like: 'We have Microsoft picnics here. They’re going to think it happened in my barn.'"<ref name="NYT" /> The production ended up filming in Canada.<ref name="NYT" />

The film was originally titled ''In the Forest There Is Every Kind of Bird'',<ref name="movie">{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|date=July 3, 2006|title=Infamous Enumclaw horse sex case to be made into movie|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> but this was changed to ''Zoo'' in a reference to zoophilia.

Two brief clips of bestiality is shown in the film, although only one features audio. The first clip features Kenneth Pinyan receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse. Another featured an unidentified man receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse in a barn. Out of sync audio of the first clip is played over both in a loop. The audio is the moans, grunts and gasps of Kenneth, the lubricant sounds of the sex, the ejaculation and two unidentified men making brief comments, with one engaging in erotic talk. In the DVD audio commentary for the film, according to Devor and other zoos, Devor states that sex clip of Kenneth happened five years prior and was not the video that captured Kenneth sustaining fatal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Devor |first=Robinson |title=Exclusive Interview: Robinson Devor |url=https://chud.com/10022/exclusive-interview-robinson-devor-zoo/ |website=CHUD.com |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Coyote/dp/B000Q66QFQ |website=Amazon |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sundance judges called the film a "humanizing look at the life and bizarre death of a seemingly normal Seattle family man who met his untimely end after an unusual encounter with a horse".<ref>{{cite web|last=Westneat|first=Danny|date=December 3, 2006|title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/dannywestneat/2003459228_danny03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121342/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The film was picked up for distribution by THINKFilm, whose executive said, "The film is extreme more in its formalism than in terms of graphic content."<ref name="NYT" />

''The Seattle Times'' called the film "A tough sell that gets respect at Sundance", also noting the local economic effect of landmark films which put a location "on the map".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vicchrilli |first=Sam |date=January 26, 2007 |title="Zoo" a tough sell that gets respect at Sundance |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/zoo-a-tough-sell-that-gets-respect-at-sundance/ |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> Rob Nelson of the ''OC Weekly'' said, "''Zoo'' achieves the seemingly impossible: It tells the luridly reported tale of a Pacific Northwest Boeing engineer's fatal sexual encounter with a horse in a way that's haunting rather than shocking and tender beyond reason."<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Rob|date=January 25, 2007|title=Sympathy for the Devil|newspaper=OC Weekly|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104956/https://ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Dennis Lim of ''The New York Times'' commended how the film is able to tell its story "with neither squeamishness nor prurience."<ref name="NYT" /> Similar views were expressed by Kenneth Turan of the ''Los Angeles Times'', who called it a "remarkably, an elegant, eerily lyrical film",<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news|title='Zoo' is not just 'eeew'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-22-et-zoo22-story.html|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> and Geoff Pevere of the ''Toronto Star'', who said the film is "gorgeously artful ... one of the most beautifully restrained, formally distinctive and mysterious films of the entire festival".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pevere|first=Geoff|title=In praise of real movies|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 26, 2007|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/175090}}</ref> Anthony Kaufman of ''IndieWire'' called it "one of the most beautiful films of the year" and noted that "without sensation", it steps back to a "non-traditional" viewpoint, with "Devor [making] a persuasive, provocative and deeply profound case for tolerance and understanding in the face of the seemingly most incomprehensible of acts".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Anthony|date=January 23, 2007|title=Year of the Horse: The Stunning World of "Zoo"|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/park_city_07_review_year_of_the_horse_the_stunning_world_of_zoo/|website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Other reviewers criticized the film for breaching "the last taboo", or for sinking to new depths, with Kathleen Parker of ''The Baltimore Sun'' writing, "More compelling than the depths of man's degeneracy is our cultural rationalization of 'art,' whereby pushing the envelope is confused with genius and scuttling the last taboo is seen as an expression of sophistication."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Kathleen|author-link=Kathleen Parker|date=January 26, 2007|title=Sundance films wallow in perversity, try to pass it off as 'art'|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2007/01/26/sundance-films-wallow-in-perversity-try-to-pass-it-off-as-art/|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150625/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-26/news/0701260182_1_marc-klaas-zoo-devor|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}</ref>

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60%, based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "While a marginally fascinating look at a taboo subject, ''Zoo'' is bogged down by its overly artistic presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoo|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zoo|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Zoo'' was one of 16 documentaries selected, out of 856 submitted, for screening at the Sundance Film Festival,<ref name="Westneat">{{cite news |last=Westneat |first=Danny |date=December 3, 2006 |title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html}}</ref> and played at numerous U.S. regional festivals thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dentler, Matt |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Cannes Countdown: Directors' Fortnight Lineup Impresses |url=http://blogs.indiewire.om/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |publisher=Matt Dentler's Blog}}</ref>

It was selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="ZooCont">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Zoo: Inside the Controversial Documentary |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/zoo-inside-the-controversial-documentary-about-bestiality-7/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=EmanuelLevy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CANNES">{{cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Eugene |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Slate Set for 49th Directors' Fortnight; Corbijn's "Control" Opening Section |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes_07_slate_set_for_49th_directors_fortnight_corbijns_control_opening_s/ |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2007|title=Bestiality flick shocks Cannes|work=News24 (website){{!}}News 24|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022403/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-25}}</ref>

==Aftermath ==
Charles Mudede reported in 2015 that the zoophiles featured in the film had remained in contact with the director; according to Mudede, they believed that Devor was "a real ally" to their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sokol|first1=Zach|date=July 16, 2015|title=The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse|url=https://www.vice.com/read/ten-years-ago-mr-hands-got-fucked-to-death-by-a-horse-716|access-date=1 January 2016|website=Vice (website){{!}}Vice}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]
* [[Douglas "Fausty" Spink]]
* [[Legality of bestiality in the United States]]

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874423/?language=de-de&ref_=ext_shr_lnk Zoo at IMDb]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo (Film)}}
[[index.php?title=Category:People]]
[[index.php?title=Category:History]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Media]]

THE ZOO JUDE (2007 film)

2024-10-16T14:13:11Z

Rauhbautz: updated info, removed broken links

{{short description|2007 American documentary film by Robinson Devor}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zoo
| image =

| caption = ''Zoo'' movie poster
| director = Robinson Devor
| producer = Peggy Case Alexis Ferris
| writer = Charles Mudede Robinson Devor
| starring = Richard Carmen Paul Eenhoorn Russell Hodgkinson John Paulsen
| music = Paul Matthew Moore
| cinematography = Sean Kirby
| editing = Joe Shapiro
| distributor = ThinkFilm{{!}}THINKFilm
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|18|Sundance Film Festival|Sundance|2007|04|25|New York City}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
'''''Zoo''''' is a 2007 American documentary film based on the life and death of [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]]. This American man died of peritonitis due to perforation of the colon after engaging in receptive anal sex with a horse. The film combines audio testimony from people involved in the case or who were familiar with Pinyan, "with speculative re-enactments that feature a mix of actors and actual subjects."<ref name="NYT" />

The film’s title refers to the subcultural term for a zoophile, a person with a sexual interest in animals. ''Zoo''’s filmmakers intended to approach the film’s subject matter from a non-sensationalized perspective and chose to forego more lurid details, focusing instead on humanizing the people involved.

The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2007, one of 16 documentaries accepted out of 857 candidates. Following Sundance, it was selected as one of five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

== Synopsis ==
In July 2005 near the small rural town of Enumclaw, Washington, Kenneth Pinyan also known as "Mr. Hands" died from internal injuries sustained while engaging in a sexual act with a horse. The police investigation of the incident led to the discovery of a network of zoophiles who held animal orgys at a local farm to have sex with horses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2005 |title=When a Man Dies in a Sex Act with a Horse -- What's a Reporter to Do? |url=https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/when-a-man-dies-in-a-sex-act-with-a-horse-whats-a-reporter-to-do,31187 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Editor and Publisher |language=en}}</ref> At the farm, the police seized videotapes and DVDs that showed several men engaging in sexual acts with the resident Arabian stallions, with one of them showing Kenneth Pinyan. At the time, Washington state had no laws [[Legality of bestiality in the United States|concerning bestiality]]; in response to the case, the State Senate swiftly voted to criminalize bestiality in 2006. Animal cruelty charges were not filed against the participants because no evidence of injury to the horses was found.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2005-10-18 |title=Charge filed in connection with man who died having horse sex |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/charge-filed-in-connection-with-man-who-died-having-horse-sex/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The videographer in the Pinyan incident, James Michael Tait, was charged with criminal trespassing.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Mudede|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Mudede|date=February 23, 2006|title=The Animal in You|work=The Stranger (newspaper){{!}}The Stranger|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

Two Seattle-based filmmakers, Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede, curious about the type of people involved in the underground world of zoophilia, interviewed figures close to the case, including other members of the zoophile ring. The three zoophiles interviewed by the filmmakers are identified by their names in the online zoo community—Coyote, H, and the Happy Horseman. H was the man who organized the zoo gatherings. Only one zoo, Coyote, agreed to appear in the film’s re-enactments.

Other interview subjects include Jenny Edwards, the founder of a local animal rescue organization who helped investigate potential animal abuse in the case, and legislators and local law enforcement officers.

== Production ==
On their reasoning for wanting to make a documentary about the [[Enumclaw horse sex case|Enumclaw case]], Robinson Devor and Charles Mudede said when the news story first broke in 2005, it quickly became a punch line in the media. Said Mudede, "There seemed to be two responses: repulsion or laughter. People didn’t want to have any connection or identification with these men. Early on Rob and I said to each other, 'We’re going to revive their humanity.'"<ref name="NYT" />

Mudede noted, "It was only after Pinyan died when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue [...] The prosecutor's office wanted to charge Tait with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home…the prosecutors could only charge Tait with trespassing."<ref name=":0" />

Mudede, a journalist at ''The Stranger'', had written an article about the incident and was contacted by one of the participants in the case.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Dennis|date=2007-04-01|title=A Lyrical Approach to a Subject That Shocks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/movies/01lim.html|access-date=2022-12-07|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Of the participants, called "zoos", Mudede said "there was a desperate need to talk" and to tell their side of the story.<ref name="NYT" /> Coyote, the only zoo that appears in the film, said he came to trust Devor to tell their story, saying "I felt in my gut he was not going to make an exploitive type of movie."<ref name="NYT" /> When ''Zoo''’s selection for the 2007 Sundance Film Festival was announced in December 2006, H, the farmhand who was the host of the men’s get-togethers, contacted Devor and consented to an audio interview, which Devor edited into the film.<ref name="NYT" />

Devor said the film’s biggest challenge was finding locations to shoot, as horse farms in the Seattle area did not want to be associated with the documentary. Said Devor, "Owners would say things like: 'We have Microsoft picnics here. They’re going to think it happened in my barn.'"<ref name="NYT" /> The production ended up filming in Canada.<ref name="NYT" />

The film was originally titled ''In the Forest There Is Every Kind of Bird'',<ref name="movie">{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Moira|date=July 3, 2006|title=Infamous Enumclaw horse sex case to be made into movie|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2006-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705214557/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/artsentertainment/2003097374_horse03.html|archive-date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> but this was changed to ''Zoo'' in a reference to zoophilia.

Two brief clips of bestiality is shown in the film, although only one features audio. The first clip features Kenneth Pinyan receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse. Another featured an unidentified man receiving rear-entry position anal sex from a male horse in a barn. Out of sync audio of the first clip is played over both in a loop. The audio is the moans, grunts and gasps of Kenneth, the lubricant sounds of the sex, the ejaculation and two unidentified men making brief comments, with one engaging in erotic talk. In the DVD audio commentary for the film, according to Devor and other zoos, Devor states that sex clip of Kenneth happened five years prior and was not the video that captured Kenneth sustaining fatal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Devor |first=Robinson |title=Exclusive Interview: Robinson Devor |url=https://chud.com/10022/exclusive-interview-robinson-devor-zoo/ |website=CHUD.com |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoo |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zoo-Coyote/dp/B000Q66QFQ |website=Amazon |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sundance judges called the film a "humanizing look at the life and bizarre death of a seemingly normal Seattle family man who met his untimely end after an unusual encounter with a horse".<ref>{{cite web|last=Westneat|first=Danny|date=December 3, 2006|title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/dannywestneat/2003459228_danny03.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121342/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html|archive-date=December 5, 2006|work=The Seattle Times}}</ref> The film was picked up for distribution by THINKFilm, whose executive said, "The film is extreme more in its formalism than in terms of graphic content."<ref name="NYT" />

''The Seattle Times'' called the film "A tough sell that gets respect at Sundance", also noting the local economic effect of landmark films which put a location "on the map".<ref>{{cite news |last=Vicchrilli |first=Sam |date=January 26, 2007 |title="Zoo" a tough sell that gets respect at Sundance |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/zoo-a-tough-sell-that-gets-respect-at-sundance/ |access-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> Rob Nelson of the ''OC Weekly'' said, "''Zoo'' achieves the seemingly impossible: It tells the luridly reported tale of a Pacific Northwest Boeing engineer's fatal sexual encounter with a horse in a way that's haunting rather than shocking and tender beyond reason."<ref>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Rob|date=January 25, 2007|title=Sympathy for the Devil|newspaper=OC Weekly|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011104956/https://ocweekly.com/film/film/sympathy-for-the-devil/26581/|archive-date=October 11, 2007}}</ref> Dennis Lim of ''The New York Times'' commended how the film is able to tell its story "with neither squeamishness nor prurience."<ref name="NYT" /> Similar views were expressed by Kenneth Turan of the ''Los Angeles Times'', who called it a "remarkably, an elegant, eerily lyrical film",<ref name="LAtimes">{{cite news|title='Zoo' is not just 'eeew'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jan-22-et-zoo22-story.html|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|author-link=Kenneth Turan|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 22, 2007|access-date=September 4, 2011}}</ref> and Geoff Pevere of the ''Toronto Star'', who said the film is "gorgeously artful ... one of the most beautifully restrained, formally distinctive and mysterious films of the entire festival".<ref>{{cite news|last=Pevere|first=Geoff|title=In praise of real movies|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=January 26, 2007|url=https://www.thestar.com/article/175090}}</ref> Anthony Kaufman of ''IndieWire'' called it "one of the most beautiful films of the year" and noted that "without sensation", it steps back to a "non-traditional" viewpoint, with "Devor [making] a persuasive, provocative and deeply profound case for tolerance and understanding in the face of the seemingly most incomprehensible of acts".<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Anthony|date=January 23, 2007|title=Year of the Horse: The Stunning World of "Zoo"|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/park_city_07_review_year_of_the_horse_the_stunning_world_of_zoo/|website=IndieWire}}</ref>

Other reviewers criticized the film for breaching "the last taboo", or for sinking to new depths, with Kathleen Parker of ''The Baltimore Sun'' writing, "More compelling than the depths of man's degeneracy is our cultural rationalization of 'art,' whereby pushing the envelope is confused with genius and scuttling the last taboo is seen as an expression of sophistication."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Kathleen|author-link=Kathleen Parker|date=January 26, 2007|title=Sundance films wallow in perversity, try to pass it off as 'art'|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2007/01/26/sundance-films-wallow-in-perversity-try-to-pass-it-off-as-art/|url-status=live|access-date=September 4, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150625/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-26/news/0701260182_1_marc-klaas-zoo-devor|archive-date=July 1, 2012}}</ref>

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 60%, based on 50 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "While a marginally fascinating look at a taboo subject, ''Zoo'' is bogged down by its overly artistic presentation."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoo|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/zoo|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
''Zoo'' was one of 16 documentaries selected, out of 856 submitted, for screening at the Sundance Film Festival,<ref name="Westneat">{{cite news |last=Westneat |first=Danny |date=December 3, 2006 |title=New movie is the spawn of horse sex |newspaper=The Seattle Times |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003459228_danny03.html}}</ref> and played at numerous U.S. regional festivals thereafter.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dentler, Matt |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Cannes Countdown: Directors' Fortnight Lineup Impresses |url=http://blogs.indiewire.om/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209231740/http://blogs.indiewire.com/mattdentler/archives/013464.html |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=July 13, 2011 |publisher=Matt Dentler's Blog}}</ref>

It was selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the Directors' Fortnight sidebar at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.<ref name="ZooCont">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |author-link=Emanuel Levy |date=May 4, 2007 |title=Zoo: Inside the Controversial Documentary |url=https://emanuellevy.com/review/zoo-inside-the-controversial-documentary-about-bestiality-7/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=EmanuelLevy.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CANNES">{{cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Eugene |date=May 3, 2007 |title=Slate Set for 49th Directors' Fortnight; Corbijn's "Control" Opening Section |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/cannes_07_slate_set_for_49th_directors_fortnight_corbijns_control_opening_s/ |website=IndieWire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2007|title=Bestiality flick shocks Cannes|work=News24 (website){{!}}News 24|url=http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2010-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725022403/http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Abroad/0,,2-1225-1243_2116755,00.html|archive-date=2008-07-25}}</ref>

==Aftermath ==
Charles Mudede reported in 2015 that the zoophiles featured in the film had remained in contact with the director; according to Mudede, they believed that Devor was "a real ally" to their cause.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sokol|first1=Zach|date=July 16, 2015|title=The Strange, Sad Story of the Man Named Mr. Hands Who Died from Having Sex with a Horse|url=https://www.vice.com/read/ten-years-ago-mr-hands-got-fucked-to-death-by-a-horse-716|access-date=1 January 2016|website=Vice (website){{!}}Vice}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan]]
* [[Douglas "Fausty" Spink]]
* [[Legality of bestiality in the United States]]

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874423/?language=de-de&ref_=ext_shr_lnk Zoo at IMDb]

==Reference==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zoo (Film)}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Media]]

File:Zoo Film Poster.jpg

2024-10-16T14:12:10Z

Rauhbautz:

Zoo Film Poster

Leptospirosis

2024-10-15T20:41:37Z

Rauhbautz:

{{Delete}}{{imported|Wikipedia}}


'''Leptospirosis''' is a [[blood infection]] caused by the bacteria ''[[Leptospira]]''.<ref name="Lane 2016" /> Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild ([[headache]]s, [[Myalgia|muscle pains]], and [[fever]]s) to severe ([[Pulmonary hemorrhage|bleeding in the lungs]] or [[meningitis]]).<ref name="Zoey2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soo ZM, Khan NA, Siddiqui R | title = Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries | journal = Acta Tropica | volume = 201 | pages = 105183 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31542372 | doi = 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105183 | doi-access = free }}</ref> '''Weil's disease''', the acute, severe form of leptospirosis, causes the infected individual to become [[jaundice]]d (skin and eyes become yellow), develop [[kidney failure]], and bleed.<ref name="McB2005" /> Bleeding from the lungs associated with leptospirosis is known as '''"severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome"'''.<ref name="Zoey2020" />


More than ten genetic types of ''Leptospira'' cause disease in humans.<ref name="Picardeau2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Picardeau M | title = Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita? | journal = [[Nature Reviews Microbiology|Nature Reviews. Microbiology]] | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 297–307 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28260786 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.5 | s2cid = 11626842 }}</ref> Both wild and domestic animals can spread the disease, most commonly [[rodent]]s.<ref name="Lane 2016" /> The bacteria are spread to humans through [[animal urine]], or water and soil contaminated with animal urine, coming into contact with the [[Human eye|eyes]], mouth, nose or breaks in the [[Human skin|skin]].<ref name="Lane 2016" /> In developing countries, the disease occurs most commonly in farmers and low-income people who live in areas with poor sanitation.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> In developed countries, it occurs during heavy downpours and is a risk to [[sewage]] workers<ref>{{cite journal|title=Leptospirosis Risk in Public Cleansing and Sewer Workers|date=16 October 1987|pmid=3446001|last1=Chan|first1=O. Y.|last2=Chia|first2=S. E.|last3=Nadarajah|first3=N.|last4=Sng|first4=E. H.|journal=Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore|volume=16|issue=4|pages=586–90}}</ref> and those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas.<ref name="Zoey2020" /> Diagnosis is typically by testing for [[antibodies]] against the bacteria or finding bacterial [[DNA]] in the blood.<ref name="Zoey2020" />


Efforts to prevent the disease include protective equipment to block contact when working with potentially infected animals, washing after contact, and reducing rodents in areas where people live and work.<ref name="Karpagm2020" /> The [[antibiotic]] [[doxycycline]] is effective in preventing leptospirosis infection.<ref name="Karpagm2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karpagam KB, Ganesh B | title = Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | date = January 2020 | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 835–846 | pmid = 31898795 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4 | s2cid = 209669669 }}</ref> Human vaccines are of limited usefulness;<ref name="Teixeira2019" /> vaccines for other animals are more widely available.<ref name="Ellis2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ellis WA | title = Animal leptospirosis | journal = Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | volume = 387 | pages = 99–137 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25388134 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6 | isbn = 978-3-662-45058-1 }}</ref> Treatment when infected is with antibiotics such as doxycycline, [[penicillin]], or [[ceftriaxone]].<ref name="Lane 2016" /> The overall risk of death is 5–10%.<ref name="Evangelista2010" /> However, when the lungs are involved, the risk of death increases to the range of 50–70%.<ref name="Lane 2016" />


It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur every year, causing about 58,900 deaths.<ref name="Costa2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Costa F, Hagan JE, Calcagno J, Kane M, Torgerson P, Martinez-Silveira MS, Stein C, Abela-Ridder B, Ko AI | display-authors = 6 | title = Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e0003898 | year = 2015 | pmid = 26379143 | pmc = 4574773 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003898 }}</ref> The disease is most common in [[tropical]] areas of the world but may occur anywhere.<ref name="Karpagm2020" /> [[Epidemic|Outbreaks]] may arise after heavy rainfall.<ref name="Karpagm2020" /> The disease was first described by physician [[Adolf Weil (physician)|Adolf Weil]] in 1886 in Germany.<ref name="AFP2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Slack A | title = Leptospirosis | journal = Australian Family Physician | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 495–8 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20628664 }}</ref><ref name="Weil">{{cite journal| vauthors = Weil A |title=Über eine eigenthümliche, mit Milztumor, Icterus und Nephritis einhergehende, acute Infektionskrankheit|journal=Deutsches Archiv für Klinische Medizin|date=1886|volume=39|pages=209–232|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112112319931;view=1up;seq=221|trans-title=On a strange, acute infectious disease, accompanied by swelling of the spleen, icterus, and nephritis|language=de}}</ref>
{{TOC limit}}

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Signs and symptoms of leptospirosis.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=A schematic of the human body showing the symptoms and signs of leptospirosis | Schematic depiction of the symptoms and signs of leptospirosis.]]
[[Image:Conjunctival suffusion of the eyes due to leptospirosis.jpg|thumb|alt=Human eye showing symptomatic red and yellow patches on the white of the eye | [[Conjunctival suffusion]] (red [[conjunctiva]]) together with jaundice is a specific feature of leptospirosis.]]
The symptoms of leptospirosis usually appear one to two weeks after infection,<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> but the [[incubation period]] can be as long as a month.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> The illness is [[Biphasic disease|biphasic]] in a majority of symptomatic cases. Symptoms of the first phase (acute or leptospiremic phase) last five to seven days. In the second phase (immune phase), the symptoms resolve as antibodies against the bacteria are produced.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> Additional symptoms develop in the second phase.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factsheet about leptospirosis |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/leptospirosis/factsheet |website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |access-date=5 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The phases of illness may not be distinct, especially in patients with severe illness.<ref name="Waggoner2016">{{cite journal |vauthors=Waggoner JJ, Pinsky BA |title=Molecular diagnostics for human leptospirosis |journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=440–5 |date=October 2016 |pmid=27537829 |pmc=5127924 |doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000295 }}</ref> 90% of those infected experience mild symptoms while 10% experience severe leptospirosis.<ref name="Cagliero 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cagliero J, Villanueva SY, Matsui M | title = Leptospirosis Pathophysiology: Into the Storm of Cytokines | journal = Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | volume = 8 | issue = 204 | pages = 204 | date = 20 June 2018 | pmid = 29974037 | doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00204 | pmc = 6019470 }}</ref>

Leptospiral infection in humans causes a range of [[symptom]]s, though some infected persons may have none. The disease begins suddenly with fever accompanied by chills, intense headache, severe [[Myalgia|muscle aches]] and abdominal pain.<ref name="Zoey2020"/><ref name="Haake 2015"/> A headache brought on by leptospirosis causes throbbing pain and is characteristically located at the head's bilateral [[Temple (anatomy)|temporal]] or [[Frontal bone|frontal]] regions. The person could also have pain behind the eyes and a [[Photophobia|sensitivity to light]]. Muscle pain usually involves the [[Calf (leg)|calf muscle]] and the lower back. The most characteristic feature of leptospirosis is the [[conjunctival suffusion]] ([[conjunctivitis]] without [[exudate]]) which is rarely found in other [[febrile]] illnesses. Other characteristic findings on the eye include [[subconjunctival bleeding]] and [[jaundice]]. A rash is rarely found in leptospirosis. When one is found alternative diagnoses such as [[dengue fever]] and [[chikungunya fever]] should be considered. Dry cough is observed in 20–57% of people with leptospirosis. Thus, this clinical feature can mislead a doctor to diagnose the disease as a respiratory illness. Additionally, [[gastrointestinal]] symptoms such as [[nausea]], vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea frequently occur. Vomiting and diarrhea may contribute to [[dehydration]]. The abdominal pain can be due to [[acalculous cholecystitis]] or [[Pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Rarely, the [[Lymphadenopathy|lymph nodes]], [[Hepatomegaly|liver]], and [[Splenomegaly|spleen]] may be enlarged and palpable.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

There will be a resolution of symptoms for one to three days.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> The immune phase starts after this and can last from four to 30 days and can be anything from brain to kidney complications.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=John E |last2=Raphael |first2=Dolin |last3=Martin |first3=J Blaser |last4=Bart |first4=J Currie | name-list-style = vanc |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases|chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth}}</ref> The hallmark of the second phase is [[Meningitis|inflammation of the membranes covering the brain]].<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> Signs and symptoms of meningitis include severe headache and neck stiffness.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> Kidney involvement is associated with reduced or absent urine output.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/>

The classic form of severe leptospirosis, known as Weil's disease, is characterised by liver damage (causing jaundice), [[kidney failure]], and bleeding, which happens in 5–10% of those infected.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> Lung and brain damage can also occur. For those with signs of [[Meningoencephalitis|inflammation of membranes covering the brain and the brain itself]], [[altered level of consciousness]] can happen. A variety of neurological problems such as [[Hemiplegia|paralysis of half of the body]], [[Transverse myelitis|complete inflammation of a whole horizontal section of spinal cord]], and [[Guillain-Barré syndrome|muscle weakness due to immune damage of the nerves supplying the muscles]] are the complications. Signs of bleeding such as [[Petechiae|non-traumatic bruises at {{cvt|1|mm}}]], [[Ecchymoses|non-traumatic bruises more than {{cvt|1|cm}}]], [[Epistaxis|nose bleeding]], [[Melena|blackish stools due to bleeding in the stomach]], [[Haematemesis|vomiting blood]] and [[Pulmonary haemorrhage|bleeding from the lungs]] can also be found. Prolongation of [[prothrombin time]] in [[coagulation testing]] is associated with severe bleeding manifestation. However, [[Thrombocytopenia|low platelet count]] is not associated with severe bleeding.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Pulmonary haemorrhage is alveolar haemorrhage (bleeding into the [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]] of the lungs) leading to massive [[Haemoptysis|coughing up of blood]], and causing [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], where the risk of death is more than 50%.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Rarely, [[Myocarditis|inflammation of the heart muscles]], [[Pericarditis|inflammation of membranes covering the heart]], [[Heart block|abnormalities in the heart's natural pacemaker]] and [[Arrhythmia|abnormal heart rhythms]] may occur.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

==Cause==
===Bacteria===
[[File:Leptospira scanning micrograph.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|alt=A scanning electron micrograph of several lepitospira bacteria on a filter | [[Scanning electron micrograph]] of a number of ''Leptospira'' sp. bacteria atop a 0.1 µm [[polycarbonate]] filter]]
Leptospirosis is caused by [[spirochaete]] bacteria that belong to the [[genus]] ''[[Leptospira]]'', which are [[Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration|aerobic]],<ref name="Lane 2016"/> [[Screw thread#Handedness|right-handed]] [[Helix|helical]],<ref name=Picardeau2017/> and 6 –20 [[Micrometre|micrometer]]s long.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> Like [[Gram-negative]] bacteria, ''Leptospira'' have an [[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]] studded with [[lipopolysaccharide]] (LPS) on the surface, an [[Cell membrane|inner membrane]] and a layer of [[peptidoglycan]] cell wall. However, unlike Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer in ''Leptospira'' lies closer to the inner than the outer membrane. This results in a fluid outer membrane loosely associated with the cell wall.<ref name=Cameron2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cameron CE | title = Leptospiral structure, physiology, and metabolism | journal = Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | volume = 387 | pages = 21–41 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25388131 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_3 | isbn = 978-3-662-45058-1 }}</ref> In addition, ''Leptospira'' have a [[flagellum]] located in the [[periplasm]], associated with corkscrew style movement.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> [[Chemoreceptor]]s at the poles of the bacteria sense various substrates and change the direction of its movement.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> The bacteria are traditionally visualised using [[dark-field microscopy]] without staining.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/>

A total of 66 species of ''Leptospira'' has been identified. Based on their genomic sequence, they are divided into two [[clade]]s and four subclades: P1, P2, S1, and S2.<ref name=Caimi2020>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caimi K, Ruybal P | title = Leptospira spp., a genus in the stage of diversity and genomic data expansion | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | volume = 81 | pages = 104241 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32061688 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104241 }}</ref> The 19 members of the P1 subclade include the 8 species that can cause severe disease in humans: ''[[Leptospira alexanderi|L. alexanderi]]'', ''[[Leptospira borgpetersenii|L. borgpetersenii]]'', ''[[Leptospira interrogans|L. interrogans]]'', ''[[Leptospira kirschneri|L. kirschneri]]'', ''L. mayottensis'', ''[[Leptospira noguchii|L. noguchii]]'', ''L. santarosai'', and ''[[Leptospira weilii|L. weilii]].''<ref name=Picardeau2017/><ref name=Caimi2020/> The P2 clade comprises 21 species that may cause mild disease in humans. The remaining 26 species comprise the S1 and S2 subclades, which include "saprophytes" known to consume decaying matter ([[saprotrophic nutrition]]).<ref name=Caimi2020/> Pathogenic ''Leptospira'' do not multiply in the environment. ''Leptospira'' require high humidity for survival but can remain alive in environments such as stagnant water or contaminated soil. The bacterium can be killed by temperatures of {{cvt|50|°C}} and can be inactivated by 70% [[ethanol]], 1% [[sodium hypochlorite]], [[formaldehyde]], detergents and acids.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/>

''Leptospira'' are also classified based on their [[Serotype|serovar]]. The diverse sugar composition of the lipopolysaccharide on the surface of the bacteria is responsible for the antigenic difference between serovars.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> Over 250 pathogenic serovars of ''Leptospira'' are recognised, with closely related serovars gathered into over 26 pathogenic serogroups.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> Strains of different species of ''Leptospira'' may be members of the same serogroup because of [[horizontal gene transfer]] of LPS biosynthetic genes between different species.<ref name=Picardeau2017/>

===Transmission===
The bacteria can be found in ponds, rivers, puddles, sewers, agricultural fields and moist soil.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> Pathogenic ''Leptospira'' have been found in the form of aquatic [[biofilms]], which may aid survival in the environment.<ref name=Barragan2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barragan V, Olivas S, Keim P, Pearson T | title = Critical Knowledge Gaps in Our Understanding of Environmental Cycling and Transmission of Leptospira spp | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 83 | issue = 19 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28754706 | pmc = 5601346 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.01190-17 }}</ref>

''Leptospira'' live in the kidneys of various wild and domestic animals. When animals ingest the bacteria, they circulate in the bloodstream, then lodge themselves into the kidneys through the [[Glomerulus|glomerulular]] or [[peritubular capillaries]]. The bacteria then pass into the [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumens]] of the [[renal tubules]] and colonise the [[brush border]] of the [[proximal convoluted tubule]]. This causes the continuous shedding of bacteria in the urine without the animal experiencing significant ill effects. This relationship between the animal and the bacteria is known as a [[commensal relationship]], and the animal is known as a [[Natural reservoir|reservoir host]].<ref name="Haake 2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Haake DA, Levett PN | title = Leptospirosis in humans | journal = Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | volume = 387 | issue = 387 | pages = 65–97 | date = 25 May 2015 | pmid = 25388133 | pmc = 4442676 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_5 | isbn = 978-3-662-45058-1 }}</ref>

''Leptospira'' are found mostly in mammals.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> However, reptiles and [[Poikilotherm|cold-blooded animals]] such as frogs, snakes, turtles, and toads have been shown to have the infection.<ref name="Ellis2015"/> Whether there are reservoirs of human infection is unknown.<ref name="Haake 2015"/><ref name="Ellis2015"/> Rats, mice, and moles are important [[Host (biology)#Definitive and secondary hosts|primary hosts]], but other mammals including dogs, deer, rabbits, hedgehogs, cows, sheep, swine, raccoons, opossums, and skunks can also carry the disease.<ref name="Ellis2015"/> In Africa, a number of wildlife hosts have been identified as carriers, including the [[banded mongoose]], [[Fennec fox|Egyptian fox]], [[Rusa deer]], and [[shrews]].<ref name=Allan2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Allan KJ, Biggs HM, Halliday JE, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Cleaveland S, Crump JA | title = Epidemiology of Leptospirosis in Africa: A Systematic Review of a Neglected Zoonosis and a Paradigm for 'One Health' in Africa | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 9 | pages = e0003899 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26368568 | pmc = 4569256 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003899 }}</ref> There are various mechanisms whereby animals can infect each other. Dogs may lick the urine of an infected animal off the grass or [[soil]], or drink from an infected puddle.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} House-bound domestic dogs have contracted leptospirosis, apparently from licking the urine of infected mice in the house.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} Leptospirosis can also be transmitted via the semen of infected animals.<ref name="Ellis2015"/> The duration of bacteria being consistently present in animal urine may persist for years.<ref name="Ellis2015"/>

Humans are the [[Host (biology)#Dead-end hosts|accidental host]] of ''Leptospira''.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> Humans become infected through contact with water or moist soil that contains urine from infected animals.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> The bacteria enter through cuts, abrasions,<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> ingestion of contaminated food, or contact with [[mucous membrane]] of the body (e.g. mouth, nose, and eyes).<ref name="Kin Chin 2019"/> Occupations at risk of contracting leptospirosis include farmers, fishermen, garbage collectors and sewage workers.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> The disease is also related to [[adventure tourism]] and recreational activities.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> It is common among water-sports enthusiasts in specific areas, including [[triathlon]]s, water [[rafting]], [[canoeing]] and swimming, as prolonged immersion in water promotes the entry of the bacteria.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> However, ''Leptospira'' are unlikely to penetrate intact skin.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> The disease is not known to spread between humans, and bacterial dissemination in [[Convalescence|recovery period]] is extremely rare in humans.<ref name="Lane 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lane|first1=Alison B|last2=Dore|first2=Michael M|title=Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence based diagnosis, treatment and prevention|journal=World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=6|issue=4|year=2016|pages=61|issn=2220-3176|doi=10.5495/wjcid.v6.i4.61|doi-access=free}}</ref> Once humans are infected, bacterial shedding from the kidneys usually persists for up to 60 days.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/>

Rarely, leptospirosis can be transmitted through an organ transplant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Song AT, Abas L, Andrade LC, Andraus W, D'Albuquerque LA, Abdala E | title = A first report of leptospirosis after liver transplantation | journal = Transplant Infectious Disease | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 137–40 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26671230 | doi = 10.1111/tid.12490 }}</ref> Infection through the [[placenta]] during pregnancy is also possible.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Puliyath G, Singh S | title = Leptospirosis in pregnancy | journal = European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | volume = 31 | issue = 10 | pages = 2491–6 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22549729 | doi = 10.1007/s10096-012-1625-7 | s2cid = 14033595 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carles G, Montoya E, Joly F, Peneau C | title = [Leptospirosis and pregnancy. Eleven cases in French Guyana] | journal = Journal de Gynécologie, Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 418–21 | date = 1995 | pmid = 7650320 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koe SL, Tan KT, Tan TC | title = Leptospirosis in pregnancy with pathological fetal cardiotocography changes | journal = Singapore Medical Journal | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = e20-4 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24712035 | pmc = 4291937 | doi = 10.11622/smedj.2013194 }}</ref> It can cause [[miscarriage]] and infection in [[infant]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shaked Y, Shpilberg O, Samra D, Samra Y | title = Leptospirosis in pregnancy and its effect on the fetus: case report and review | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 241–3 | date = August 1993 | pmid = 8399874 | doi = 10.1093/clinids/17.2.241 }}</ref>

==Pathogenesis==
[[File:Pathogeneis of leptospirosis.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt= Diagram showing the pathogenesis of leptospirosis | Ways of ''Leptospira'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream.]]
The pathogenesis of leptospirosis remains poorly understood despite research efforts.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/><ref name="Kin Chin 2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chin VK, Basir R, Nordin SA, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z | title = Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review | journal = International Microbiology | pages = 127–136 | date = March 2019 | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pmid = 30875033 | doi = 10.1007/s10123-019-00067-3 | s2cid = 78095369 }}</ref> The bacteria enter the human body through either breaches in the skin or the mucous membrane, then into the bloodstream. The bacteria later attach to the [[Endothelium|endothelial]] cells of the blood vessels and [[extracellular matrix]] (complex network of proteins and carbohydrates present between cells). The bacteria use their flagella for moving between cell layers. They bind to cells such as [[fibroblast]]s, [[macrophage]]s, endothelial cells, and kidney epithelial cells. They also bind to several human proteins such as complement proteins, [[thrombin]], [[fibrinogen]], and [[plasminogen]] using surface leptospiral [[Immunoglobulin superfamily|immunoglobulin-like]] (Lig) proteins such as LigB and LipL32, whose genes are found in all pathogenic species.<ref name=Picardeau2017/><ref name="Kin Chin 2019"/>

Through [[innate immune system]], endothelial cells of the capillaries in the human body are activated by the presence of these bacteria. The endothelial cells produce [[cytokines]] and [[antimicrobial peptides]] against the bacteria. These products regulate the [[Coagulation#Coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]] and movements of white blood cells.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> Macrophages presented in humans are able to [[Phagocytose|engulf]] ''Leptospira''. However, ''Leptospira'' are able to reside and proliferate in the [[Cytosol|cytoplasmic matrix]] after being ingested by macrophages.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> Those with severe leptospirosis can experience a high level of cytokines such as [[interleukin 6]], [[tumor necrosis factor alpha]] (TNF-α), and [[interleukin 10]]. The high level of cytokines causes [[sepsis]]-like symptoms which is life-threatening instead of helping to fight against the infection.<ref name="Cagliero 2018"/> Those who have a high risk of sepsis during a leptospirosis infection are found to have the [[HLA-DQ6]] [[genotype]], possibly due to [[superantigen]] activation, which damages bodily organs.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

[[Humoral immunity]] is the [[Portal:Main|main]] immune response against the ''Leptospira'' cells. Agglutinating antibodies such as [[immunoglobulin M]] and [[immunoglobulin G]] are produced against the bacteria. Such antibodies are mainly directed against the [[Lipopolysaccharide|LPS]].<ref name="Kin Chin 2019"/> ''Leptospira'' LPS only activates [[toll-like receptor 2]] (TLR2) in [[monocyte]]s in humans. The lipid A molecule of the bacteria is not recognised by human [[TLR4]] receptors. Therefore, the lack of ''Leptospira'' recognition by TLR4 receptors probably contributes to the leptospirosis disease process in humans.<ref name=Picardeau2017/>

Although there are various mechanisms in the human body to fight against the bacteria, ''Leptospira'' is well adapted to such an inflammatory condition created by it. In the bloodstream, it can activate host plasminogen to become [[plasmin]] that breaks down extracellular matrix, degrades [[fibrin]] clots and complemental proteins ([[C3b]] and [[Complement component 5|C5]]) to avoid [[opsonisation]]. It can also recruit complement regulators such as [[Factor H]], [[Complement component 4B|C4b]]-binding protein, factor H-like binding protein, and [[vitronectin]] to prevent the activation of [[Complement membrane attack complex|membrane attack complex]] on its surface. It also secretes [[protease]]s to degrade complement proteins such as [[Complement component 3|C3]]. It can bind to thrombin that decreases the fibrin formation. Reduced fibrin formation increases the risk of bleeding.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> ''Leptospira'' also secretes [[sphingomyelinase]] and [[haemolysin]] that target red blood cells.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/>

''Leptospira'' spreads rapidly to all organs through the bloodstream.<ref name=Picardeau2017/> They mainly affect the liver. They invade spaces between [[hepatocyte]]s, causing apoptosis. The damaged hepatocytes and hepatocyte intercellular junctions cause leakage of bile into the bloodstream, causing elevated levels of [[bilirubin]], resulting in jaundice. Congested [[liver sinusoid]]s and [[perisinusoidal space]]s have been reported. Meanwhile, in the lungs, petechiae or frank [[Haemorrhage|bleeding]] can be found at the [[alveolar septum]] and spaces between alveoli.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> ''Leptospira'' secretes toxins that cause mild to severe kidney failure or [[interstitial nephritis]].<ref name="Kin Chin 2019"/> The kidney failure can recover completely or lead to [[atrophy]] and [[fibrosis]].<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Inflammation of the heart muscles, coronary arteries, and [[aorta]] is rare.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/>

==Diagnosis==
[[File: Leptospirosis in kidney.jpg|thumb|alt=Kidney tissue showing leptospira bacteria | Kidney tissue, using a [[silver stain]]ing technique, revealing the presence of ''Leptospira'' bacteria]]
[[File: Diffuse pulmonary haemorrhages of the lungs infected by leptospirosis.png|thumb|alt=X-ray showing lungs bleeding due to leptospirosis infection | Diffuse lungs bleeding due to leptospirosis infection.]]

===Laboratory tests===
For those who are infected, a [[complete blood count]] may show a [[Leukocytosis|high white cell count]] and a low platelet count. When a [[Anaemia|low haemoglobin count]] is present together with a [[Leukopenia|low white cell count]] and [[thrombocytopenia]], [[bone marrow suppression]] should be considered.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] and [[C-reactive protein]] may also be elevated.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

The kidneys are commonly involved in leptospirosis. Blood [[urea]] and [[creatinine]] levels will be elevated. Leptospirosis increases potassium excretion in urine, which leads to a [[Hypokalemia|low potassium level]]<ref name="Haake 2015"/> and a [[Hyponatremia|low sodium level]] in the blood.<ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref name="Haake 2015"/> Urinalysis may reveal the [[Proteinuria|presence of protein]], [[Pyuria|white blood cells]], and microscopic [[haematuria]].<ref name="Lane 2016"/> Because the bacteria settle in the kidneys, urine cultures will be positive for leptospirosis starting after the second week of illness until 30 days of infection.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

For those with liver involvement, [[transaminase]]s and direct bilirubin are elevated in [[liver function test]]s. The Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup is associated with jaundice and elevated bilirubin levels. [[Hemolytic anemia]] contributes to jaundice. A feature of leptospirosis is acute [[haemolytic anaemia]] and [[Conjugation (biochemistry)|conjugated]] hyperbilirubinemia, especially in patients with [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]].<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Abnormal [[Serum (blood)|serum]] [[amylase]] and lipase levels (associated with pancreatitis) are found in those who are admitted to hospital due to leptospirosis. Impaired kidney function with [[creatinine clearance]] less than 50 ml/min is associated with elevated pancreatic enzymes.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

For those with severe headache who show signs of meningitis, a [[lumbar puncture]] can be attempted. If infected, [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) examination shows [[Lymphocyte|lymphocytic]] predominance with a cell count of about 500/mm3, protein between 50 and 100 mg/ml and normal glucose levels. These findings are consistent with [[aseptic meningitis]].<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

====Serological tests====
Rapid detection of ''Leptospira'' can be done by quantifying the IgM antibodies using [[ELISA]]. Typically, ''L. biflexa'' antigen is used to detect the IgM antibodies. This test can quickly determine the diagnosis and help in early treatment. However, the test specificity depends upon the type of antigen used and the presence of antibodies from previous infections. The presence of other diseases such as [[Epstein-Barr virus]] infection, viral [[hepatitis]], and [[cytomegalovirus]] infection can cause false-positive results.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Other rapid screening tests have been developed such as dipsticks, [[Latex fixation test|latex]] and slide agglutination tests.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) is the reference test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> MAT is a test where serial dilutions of patient sera are mixed with different serovars of ''Leptospira''. The mixture is then examined under a [[Dark field microscopy|dark field microscope]] to look for [[Agglutination (biology)|agglutination]]. The highest dilution where 50% agglutination occurs is the result.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> MAT [[Titer|titres]] of 1:100 to 1:800 are diagnostic of leptospirosis.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> A fourfold or greater rise in titre of two sera taken at symptoms' onset and three to 10 days of disease onset confirms the diagnosis. During the acute phase of the disease, MAT is not specific in detecting a serotype of ''Leptospira'' because of cross-reactivity between the serovars.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> In the [[convalescent]] phase, MAT is more specific in detecting the serovar types.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> MAT requires a panel of live antigens and requires laborious work.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/>

====Molecular tests====
''Leptospira'' DNA can be amplified by using [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) from serum, urine, [[aqueous humour]], CSF, and autopsy specimens.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> PCR can detect ''Leptospira'' DNA in blood even before the antibody response develops. As PCR detects the presence of ''Leptospira'' DNA, it is useful even after antibiotic treatment has started.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

===Imaging===
In those who have lung involvement, a chest X-ray may demonstrate diffuse alveolar opacities.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

===Diagnostic criteria===
In 1982, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) proposed the Faine's criteria for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. It consists of three parts: A (clinical findings), B (epidemiological factors), and C (lab findings and bacteriological data). Since the original Faine's criteria only included culture and MAT in part C, which is difficult and complex to perform, the modified Faine's criteria was proposed in 2004 to include ELISA and slide agglutination tests which are easier to perform. In 2012, modified Faine's criteria (with amendment) was proposed to include [[Dyspnea|shortness of breath]] and coughing up blood in the diagnosis. In 2013, India recommended modified Faine's criteria in the diagnosis of leptospirosis.<ref name="Kumar India">{{cite book | vauthors = Kumar SS |title=Indian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Human Leptospirosis |date=2013 |location=India |pages=23–29 |chapter-url=http://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap07.pdf |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225181953/http://www.apiindia.org/medicine_update_2013/chap07.pdf |archive-date=25 December 2016 |chapter=7}}</ref>

==Prevention==
[[File:A Leptospirosis warning notice board.jpg|thumb|alt=A sign warning against swimming in a lake with pathogenic Leptospira in Sarawak, Malaysia. | A notice board by a lakeside in [[Sarawak]], Malaysia that warns against swimming in the lake as it has tested positive for pathogenic ''Leptospira''.]]
[[File:Capture.png|thumb|alt=Blood samples being taken from several men| Blood samples being taken from a group of residents in [[Boyolali Regency]], Indonesia for leptospirosis screening tests.]]
Rates of leptospirosis can be reduced by improving housing, infrastructure, and sanitation standards. Rodent abatement efforts and flood mitigation projects can also help to prevent it.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Proper use of [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) by people who have a high risk of occupational exposure can prevent leptospirosis infections in most cases.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

There is no human vaccine suitable for worldwide use.<ref name="Teixeira2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Teixeira AF, Fernandes LG, Cavenague MF, Takahashi MB, Santos JC, Passalia FJ, Daroz BB, Kochi LT, Vieira ML, Nascimento AL | display-authors = 6 | title = Adjuvanted leptospiral vaccines: Challenges and future development of new leptospirosis vaccines | journal = Vaccine | volume = 37 | issue = 30 | pages = 3961–3973 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31186193 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.087 }}</ref> Only Cuba, Japan, France, and China have approved the use of leptospirosis vaccines, and they are administered only to those in high-risk occupations and in response to floods and epidemics.<ref name="Haake 2015"/><ref name="Teixeira2019"/><ref name="YingHua2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu Y, Ye Q | title = Human leptospirosis vaccines in China | journal = Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 984–993 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29148958 | pmc = 5893195 | doi = 10.1080/21645515.2017.1405884 }}</ref> The vaccines are composed of killed ''Leptospira'', and they confer immunity only to the serovar contained in the vaccine.<ref name="YingHua2018"/> Side effects such as nausea, [[Erythema|injection site redness]] and swelling have been reported after the vaccine was injected. Since the immunity induced by one ''Leptospira'' serovar is only protective against that specific one, [[trivalent]] vaccines have been developed.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Immunity following vaccination lasts for about a year.<ref name="YingHua2018"/>

[[Doxycycline]] is given once a week as a [[prophylaxis]] and is effective in reducing the rate of leptospirosis infections amongst high-risk individuals in flood-prone areas.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abd Rahim MA, Zaki AM, Atil A, Azme MH, Him NA, Rahim SS, Jeffree MS, Ahmad N, Hassan MR |title=Effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Leptospirosis among Adults: A Systematic Review |journal=Malaysian Journal of Applied Sciences |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=46–56 |url= https://journal.unisza.edu.my/myjas/index.php/myjas/article/view/144 |access-date=1 March 2020 }}</ref> In one study, it reduced the number of leptospirosis cases in military personnel undergoing exercises in the jungles. In another study, it reduced the number of symptomatic cases after exposure to leptospirosis under heavy rainfall in [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

==Treatment==
Most leptospiral cases resolve spontaneously. Early initiation of antibiotics may prevent the progression to severe disease. Therefore, in resource-limited settings, antibiotics can be started once leptospirosis is suspected after [[history]] taking and examination.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

For mild leptospirosis, antibiotic recommendations such as doxycycline, [[azithromycin]], [[ampicillin]] and [[amoxicillin]] were based solely on ''in vitro'' testing.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> In 2001, the WHO recommended oral doxycycline (2 mg/kg up to 100 mg every 12 hours) for five to seven days for those with mild leptospirosis. [[Tetracycline]], ampicillin, and amoxicillin can also be used in such cases.<ref name="WHO"/> However, in areas where [[rickettsia]] and leptospirosis are both endemic, azithromycin and doxycycline are the drugs of choice.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

Based on a 1988 study, [[intravenous]] (IV) [[benzylpenicillin]] (also known as penicillin G) is recommended for the treatment of severe leptospirosis.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> Intravenous benzylpenicillin (30 mg/kg up to 1.2 g every six hours) is used for five to seven days. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin may also be used for severe cases.<ref name="WHO">{{cite book |title=WHO recommended strategies for the prevention and control of communicable diseases |date=2001 |publisher=World Health Organization – Department of Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication |page=104 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67088/WHO_CDS_CPE_SMT_2001.13.pdf;jsessionid=8D354664DCE5C486C49F55D4C3F64378?sequence=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505060537/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67088/WHO_CDS_CPE_SMT_2001.13.pdf;jsessionid=8D354664DCE5C486C49F55D4C3F64378?sequence=1 |archive-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> [[Ceftriaxone]] (1 g IV every 24 hours for seven days) is also effective for severe leptospirosis.<ref name="Haake 2015"/><ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Panaphut T, Domrongkitchaiporn S, Vibhagool A, Thinkamrop B, Susaengrat W | title = Ceftriaxone compared with sodium penicillin g for treatment of severe leptospirosis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 36 | issue = 12 | pages = 1507–13 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12802748 | doi = 10.1086/375226 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Cefotaxime]] (1 g IV every six hours for seven days) and doxycycline (200 mg initially followed by 100 mg IV every 12 hours for seven days) are equally effective as benzylpenicillin (1.5 million units IV every six hours for seven days).<ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suputtamongkol Y, Niwattayakul K, Suttinont C, Losuwanaluk K, Limpaiboon R, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Triengrim S, Chenchittikul M, White NJ | display-authors = 6 | title = An open, randomized, controlled trial of penicillin, doxycycline, and cefotaxime for patients with severe leptospirosis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 39 | issue = 10 | pages = 1417–24 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15546074 | doi = 10.1086/425001 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Therefore, there is no evidence on differences in death reduction when benzylpenicillin is compared with ceftriaxone or cefotaxime.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> Another study conducted in 2007 also showed no difference in efficacy between doxycycline (200 mg initially followed by 100 mg orally every 12 hours for seven days) or azithromycin (2 g on day one followed by 1 g daily for two more days) for suspected leptospirosis. There was no difference in the resolution of fever and azithromycin is better tolerated than doxycycline.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Phimda K, Hoontrakul S, Suttinont C, Chareonwat S, Losuwanaluk K, Chueasuwanchai S, Chierakul W, Suwancharoen D, Silpasakorn S, Saisongkorh W, Peacock SJ, Day NP, Suputtamongkol Y | display-authors = 6 | title = Doxycycline versus azithromycin for treatment of leptospirosis and scrub typhus | journal = Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 3259–63 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17638700 | pmc = 2043199 | doi = 10.1128/AAC.00508-07 }}</ref><ref name=Fret2012/><ref name="Jaykaran 2013"/>

Outpatients are given doxycycline or azithromycin. Doxycycline can shorten the duration of leptospirosis by two days, improve symptoms, and prevent the shedding of organisms in their urine. Azithromycin and amoxicillin are given to pregnant women and children.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Rarely, a [[Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction]] can develop in the first few hours after antibiotic administration.<ref name="Lane 2016"/> However, according to a [[meta-analysis]] done in 2012, the benefit of antibiotics in the treatment of leptospirosis was unclear although the use of antibiotics may reduce the duration of illness by two to four days.<ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref name=Fret2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Brett-Major DM, Coldren R | title = Antibiotics for leptospirosis | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 2 | pages = CD008264 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22336839 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008264.pub2 }}</ref> Another meta-analysis done in 2013 reached a similar conclusion.<ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref name="Jaykaran 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Charan J, Saxena D, Mulla S, Yadav P | title = Antibiotics for the treatment of leptospirosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials | journal = International Journal of Preventive Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 5 | pages = 501–10 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23930159 | pmc = 3733179 }}</ref>

For those with severe leptospirosis, including potassium wasting with high kidney output dysfunction, intravenous hydration and potassium supplements can prevent dehydration and [[hypokalemia]]. When [[acute kidney failure]] occurs, early initiation of [[haemodialysis]] or [[peritoneal dialysis]] can help to improve survival. For those with respiratory failure, [[tracheal intubation]] with low [[tidal volume]] improves survival rates.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

[[Corticosteroids]] have been proposed to suppress inflammation in leptospirosis because ''Leptospira'' infection can induce the release of [[Cytokine|chemical signals]] which promote [[inflammation]] of blood vessels in the lungs. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether the use of corticosteroids is beneficial.<ref name="Lane 2016"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodrigo C, Lakshitha de Silva N, Goonaratne R, Samarasekara K, Wijesinghe I, Parththipan B, Rajapakse S | title = High dose corticosteroids in severe leptospirosis: a systematic review | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 108 | issue = 12 | pages = 743–50 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25266477 | doi = 10.1093/trstmh/tru148 }}</ref>

==Prognosis==
The overall risk of death for leptospirosis is 5–10%.<ref name="Evangelista2010"/> For those with jaundice, the case fatality can increase up to 15%.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/> For those infected who present with confusion and neurological signs, there is a high risk of death.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Other factors that increase the risk of death include reduced urine output, age more than 36 years, and respiratory failure.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> With proper care, most of those infected will recover completely. Those with acute kidney failure may suffer persistent mild kidney impairment after they recover.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> In those with severe lung involvement, the risk of death is 50–70%.<ref name="Lane 2016"/>

In one study, 30% of patients who recovered from acute leptospirosis complained of long-lasting fatigue, malaise, weakness, muscle pain, and headaches. In 21% of these patients, these symptoms lasted for more than 2 years.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Eye problems occur in 10% of those who recovered from leptospirosis.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/> These complications range from mild [[anterior uveitis]] to severe panuveitis (which involves all three vascular layers of the eye) post-recovery. In up to 80% of those infected, ''Leptospira'' DNA is detected in the aqueous humour of the eye.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Eye problems usually have a good prognosis following treatment or they are self-limiting.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/>

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Global burden of leptospirosis in DALY per 100,000 per year.png|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Disability-adjusted life year world map | Global burden of leptospirosis calculated as [[Disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) lost per 100,000 people per year.]]
It is estimated that one million severe cases of leptospirosis occur annually, with 58,900 deaths. Severe cases account for 5-15% of all leptospirosis cases.<ref name=Costa2015/> Leptospirosis is found in both urban and rural areas in [[tropical]], [[subtropical]], and [[temperate]] regions.<ref name="Evangelista2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evangelista KV, Coburn J | title = Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses | journal = Future Microbiology | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = 1413–25 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20860485 | pmc = 3037011 | doi = 10.2217/fmb.10.102 }}</ref> The global health burden for leptospirosis can be measured by [[disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY). The score is 42 per 100,000 people per year, which is more than other diseases such as [[rabies]] and [[filariasis]].<ref name="Karpagm2020"/>

The disease is observed persistently in parts of Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/> [[Antarctica]] is the only place not affected by leptospirosis.<ref name="Spickler 2013">{{cite web | vauthors = Spickler AR, Leedom Larson KR |title=Leptospirosis (Fact sheet) |date=October 2013 |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=The Center for Food Security and Public Health |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/leptospirosis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124082710/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/leptospirosis.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the United States, there were 100 to 150 leptospirosis cases annually.<ref name="CDC 2017">{{cite web |title=Healthcare Workers – Technical Information for Leptospirosis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/health_care_workers/index.html |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111230629/https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/health_care_workers/index.html |archive-date=11 January 2019 |date=9 November 2017}}</ref> In 1994, leptospirosis ceased to be a notifiable disease in the United States except in 36 states/territories where it is prevalent such as Hawaii, Texas, California, and Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guerra MA | title = Leptospirosis: public health perspectives | journal = Biologicals | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 295–7 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23850378 | pmc = 4629849 | doi = 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.06.010 }}</ref> About 50% of the reported cases occurred in Puerto Rico. In January 2013, leptosprirosis was reinstated as a nationally notifiable disease in the United States.<ref name="CDC 2017"/>

The global rates of leptospirosis have been underestimated because most affected countries lack notification or notification is not mandatory.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> Distinguishing clinical signs of leptospirosis from other diseases and lack of laboratory diagnostic services are other problems.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/lerg/en/index2.html|title=WHO {{!}} Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG)|website=www.who.int|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117150425/http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/lerg/en/index2.html|archive-date=17 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The socioeconomic status of many of the world's population is closely tied to malnutrition; subsequent lack of [[micronutrients]] may lead to increased risk of infection and death due to leptospirosis infection.<ref name=":1" /> Micronutrients such as [[iron]], [[calcium]], and [[magnesium]] represent important areas for future research.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Herman HS, Mehta S, Cárdenas WB, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Finkelstein JL | title = Micronutrients and Leptospirosis: A Review of the Current Evidence | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 10 | issue = 7 | pages = e0004652 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27387046 | pmc = 4936698 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004652 }}</ref>

[[File:Working at aaddy rice field without a footwear, is a risk factor for leptospirosis.png|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Workers in a rice paddy field | Working in a paddy field barefoot is a risk factor for leptospirosis.]]
The number of cases of leptospirosis is directly related to the amount of rainfall, making the disease seasonal in temperate climates and year-round in tropical climates.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/> The risk of contracting leptospirosis depends upon the risk of disease carriage in the community and the frequency of exposure.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> In rural areas, farming and animal husbandry are the major risk factors for contracting leptospirosis.<ref name="Zoey2020"/> Poor housing and inadequate sanitation also increase the risk of infection.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> In tropical and semi-tropical areas, the disease often becomes [[Epidemic|widespread]] after heavy rains or after flooding.<ref name="Karpagm2020"/>

==History==
The disease was first described by [[Adolf Weil (physician)|Adolf Weil]] in 1886 when he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice, and [[nephritis]]."<ref name="Weil" /> Before Weil's description, the disease was known as "rice field [[jaundice]]" in ancient Chinese text, "autumn fever", "seven-day fever",<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> and "''nanukayami'' fever"<ref name="Elsevier/Saunders">{{cite book|title=Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary|year=2012|publisher=[[Elsevier/Saunders]]|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455709854|page=1231|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1231|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221631/https://books.google.com/books?id=mNACisYwbZoC&pg=PA1231|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> in Japan; in Europe and Australia, the disease was associated with certain occupations and given names such as "cane-cutter's disease", "swine-herd's disease", and "''Schlammfieber''" (mud fever).<ref name="Ben Adler 2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler B | title = History of leptospirosis and leptospira | journal = Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology | volume = 387 | pages = 1–9 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25388129 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_1 | isbn = 978-3-662-45058-1 }}</ref> It has been known historically as "black jaundice",<ref>{{cite book|title=Small Water Supplies: A Practical Guide|year=2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134457496|page=125|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1uBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125| first = David | last = Clapham | name-list-style = vanc |access-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221631/https://books.google.com/books?id=N1uBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> or "dairy farm fever" in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christmas BW, Tennent RB, Lindsay PG | title = Dairy farm fever in New Zealand: a local outbreak of human leptospirosis | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 79 | issue = 514 | pages = 901–4 | date = May 1974 | pmid = 4527727 }}</ref> Leptospirosis was postulated as the cause of an epidemic among [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] along the coast of what is now [[New England]] during 1616–19. The disease was most likely brought to the [[New World]] by Europeans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marr JS, Cathey JT | title = New hypothesis for cause of epidemic among native Americans, New England, 1616-1619 | journal = [[Emerging Infectious Diseases (journal)|Emerging Infectious Diseases]] | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–6 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20113559 | pmc = 2957993 | doi = 10.3201/eid1602.090276 }}</ref>

''Leptospira'' was first observed in 1907 in a [[post mortem]] kidney tissue slice by Arthur Stimson using [[Silver staining|silver deposition staining]] technique. He called the organism ''Spirocheta interrogans'' because the bacteria resembled a question mark.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/><ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Stimson AM | year = 1907 | title = Note on an organism found in yellow-fever tissue | journal = [[Public Health Reports]] | volume = 22 | page = 541 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002763205f;view=1up;seq=551| doi = 10.2307/4559008 | issue = 18 | jstor = 4559008 }}</ref> In 1908, a Japanese research group led by Ryokichi Inada and Yutaka Ito first identified this bacterium as the causative agent of leptospirosis<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Inada R, Ito Y |title=A report of the discovery of the causal organism (a new species of spirocheta) of Weil's disease |journal=Tokyo Ijishinshi |volume=1915 |pages=351–60 |year=1908 }}</ref> and noted its presence in rats in 1916.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Inada R, Ido Y, Hoki R, Kaneko R, Ito H | title = The Etiology, Mode of Infection, and Specific Therapy of Weil's Disease (Spirochætosis Icterohæmorrhagica) | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–402 | date = March 1916 | pmid = 19867994 | pmc = 2125418 | doi = 10.1084/jem.23.3.377 }}</ref> Japanese coal mine workers frequently contracted leptospirosis. In Japan, the organism was named ''Spirocheta icterohaemorrhagiae''. The Japanese group also experimented with the first leptospiral immunisation studies in guinea pigs. They demonstrated that by injecting the infected [[guinea pig]]s with sera from convalescent humans or goats, [[passive immunity]] could be provided to the guinea pigs. In 1917, the Japanese group discovered rats as the carriers of leptospirosis.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> Unaware of the Japanese group's work, two German groups independently and almost simultaneously published their first demonstration of transmitting leptospiral infection in guinea pigs in October 1915. They named the organism ''Spirochaeta nodosa'' and ''Spirochaeta Icterogenes'' respectively.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/>

Leptospirosis was subsequently recognised as a disease of all mammalian species. In 1933, Dutch workers reported the isolation of ''Leptospira canicola'' which specifically infects dogs. In 1940, the strain that specifically infects cattle was first reported in Russia.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> In 1942, soldiers at [[Fort Bragg]], [[North Carolina]], were recorded to have an infectious disease which caused a rash over their [[shinbone]]s. This disease was later known to be caused by leptospirosis.<ref name="Haake 2015"/> By the 1950s, the number of serovars that infected various mammals had expanded significantly. In the 1980s, leptospirosis was recognised as a veterinary disease of major economic importance.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/>

In 1982, there were about 200 serovars of ''Leptospira'' available for classification. The [[International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology]]'s subcommittee on taxonomy of ''Leptospira'' proposed classifying these serovars into two big groups: ''L. interrogans'' containing pathogenic serovars and ''L. biflexa'' containing saprophytic serovars.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> In 1979, the leptospiral family of ''Leptospiraceae'' was proposed. In the same year, ''Leptospira illini'' was reclassified as the new genus ''Leptonema''.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> In 2002, "Lepthangamushi syndrome" was coined to describe a series of overlapping symptoms of leptospirosis with [[Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome]], and [[scrub typhus]] caused by ''[[Orientia tsutsugamushi]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Blohm G, Marquez M, Villamil-Gomez WE | title = ChikDenMaZika Syndrome: the challenge of diagnosing arboviral infections in the midst of concurrent epidemics | journal = Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 42 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27449770 | pmc = 4957883 | doi = 10.1186/s12941-016-0157-x }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=284184004: Lepthangamushi syndrome (disorder) |url=http://tx.fhir.org/r3/snomed/32506021000036107/?type=snomed&id=284184004 |access-date=18 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118153525/http://tx.fhir.org/r3/snomed/32506021000036107/?type=snomed&id=284184004 |archive-date=18 November 2019}}</ref> In 2005, ''Leptospira parva'' was classified as ''Turneriella''.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> With [[DNA-DNA hybridisation]] technology, ''L. interrogans'' was divided into seven species. More ''Leptospira'' species have been discovered since then.<ref name="Ben Adler 2015"/> The WHO established the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (LERG) to review the latest disease epidemiological data of leptospirosis, formulate a disease transmission model, and identify gaps in knowledge and research. The first meeting was convened in 2009. In 2011, LERG estimated that the global yearly rate of leptospirosis is five to 14 cases per 100,000 population.<ref name="Haake 2015"/>

==Other animals==
[[File:Liver of an unknown animal infected with leptospirosis.png|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Unknown animal liver showing blackish necrotic patches from leptospirosis infection | Liver of an unknown animal with multiple blackish [[Necrosis|necrotic patches]] secondary to leptospirosis infection.]]
[[File:Mediastinum and two lungs of a diseased canine infected with leptospirosis.png|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Canine lungs with multiple bleeding spots due to leptospirosis | Lungs of a canine with multiple bleeding spots due to leptospirosis.]]
Infected animals can have no, mild, or severe symptoms;<ref name="Center2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/leptospirosis.pdf|title=Leptospirosis|date=October 2013|work=The Center for Food Security and Public Health|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124082710/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/leptospirosis.pdf|archive-date=24 November 2014|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> the presenting symptoms may vary by the type of animal.<ref name="Ellis2015" /><ref name="Center2013" /> In some animals the bacteria live in the reproductive tract, leading to transmission during mating.<ref name="Ellis2015" />

Animals also present with similar clinical features when compared to humans. Clinical signs can appear in 5–15 days in dogs. The incubation period can be prolonged in cats. Leptospirosis can cause abortions after 2–12 weeks in cattle, and 1–4 weeks of infection in pigs. The illness tends to be milder in reservoir hosts. The most commonly affected organs are the kidneys, liver, and reproductive system, but other organs can be affected.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/> In dogs, the acute clinical signs include fever, [[loss of appetite]], shivering, muscle pain, weakness, and urinary symptoms. Vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may also present. Petechiae and ecchymoses may be seen on mucous membranes. Bleeding from the lungs may also be seen in dogs. In chronic presentations, the affected dog may have no symptoms. In animals that have died of leptospirosis, their kidneys may be swollen with grey and white spots, [[Mottle|mottling]], or scarring. Their liver may be enlarged with areas of [[Necrosis|cell death]]. Petechiae and ecchymoses may be found in various organs.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/><ref name=Klopfleisch11>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klopfleisch R, Kohn B, Plog S, Weingart C, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A, Gruber AD | title = An emerging pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dogs: similar to the human leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome? | journal = Veterinary Medicine International | volume = 2010 | pages = 928541 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21274452 | pmc = 3025382 | doi = 10.4061/2010/928541 }}</ref> [[Vasculitis|Inflammation of the blood vessels]], inflammation of the heart, meningeal layers covering the brain and spinal cord, and [[uveitis]] are also possible.<ref name="Ellis2015"/> [[Equine recurrent uveitis]] (ERU) is the most common disease associated with ''Leptospira'' infection in horses in North America and may lead to blindness.<ref name="Zuerner2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zuerner RL |title=Host response to ''Leptospira'' infection |journal=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |volume=387 |pages=223–50 |date=2015 |pmid=25388137 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_9 |isbn=978-3-662-45058-1 }}</ref><ref name="Divers2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Divers TJ, Chang YF, Irby NL, Smith JL, Carter CN |title=Leptospirosis: An important infectious disease in North American horses |journal=Equine Veterinary Journal |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=287–292 |date=May 2019 |pmid=30629756 |doi=10.1111/evj.13069 |s2cid=58578433 }}</ref> ERU is an autoimmune disease involving antibodies against ''Leptospira'' proteins LruA and LruB cross-reacting with eye proteins.<ref name="Zuerner2015"/> Live ''Leptospira'' can be recovered from the aqueous or vitreous fluid of many horses with ''Leptospira''-associated ERU.<ref name="Divers2019"/> Risk of death or disability in infected animals varies depending upon the species and age of the animals. In adult pigs and cattle, reproductive signs are the most common signs of leptospirosis. Up to 40% of cows may have a spontaneous abortion. Younger animals usually develop more severe disease. About 80% of dogs can survive with treatment, but the survival rate is reduced if the lungs are involved.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/>

ELISA and microscopic agglutination tests are most commonly used to diagnose leptospirosis in animals. The bacteria can be detected in blood, urine, and milk or liver, kidney, or other tissue samples by using [[immunofluorescence]] or [[Immunohistochemistry|immunohistochemical]] or polymerase chain reaction techniques. Silver staining or immunogold silver staining is used to detect ''Leptospira'' in tissue sections. The organisms stain poorly with [[Gram stain]]. Dark-field microscopy can be used to detect ''Leptospira'' in body fluids, but it is neither sensitive nor specific in detecting the organism. A positive culture for leptospirosis is definitive, but the availability is limited, and culture results can take 13–26 weeks for a result, limiting its utility. Paired acute and convalescent samples are preferred for serological diagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. A positive serological sample from an aborted fetus is also diagnostic of leptospirosis.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/>

Various antibiotics such as doxycycline, penicillins, [[dihydrostreptomycin]], and [[streptomycin]] have been used to treat leptospirosis in animals. Fluid therapy, blood transfusion, and respiratory support may be required in severe disease. For horses with ERU, the primary treatment is with anti-inflammatory drugs.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/><ref name="Ellis2015"/>

Leptospirosis vaccines are available for animals such as pigs, dogs, cattle, sheep, and goats. Vaccines for cattle usually contain ''Leptospira'' serovar Hardjo and Pomona, for dogs, the vaccines usually contain serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola. Vaccines containing multiple serovars do not work for cattle as well as vaccines containing a single serovar, yet the multivalent vaccines continue to be sold.<ref name="Ellis2015"/> Isolation of infected animals and prophylactic antibiotics are also effective in preventing leptospirosis transmission between animals. Environmental control and sanitation also reduce transmission rates.<ref name="Spickler 2013"/><ref name="Ellis2015"/>
{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Animal Zoo France

2024-10-15T20:40:46Z

Rauhbautz:

{{Delete}}{{stub}}
A French wiki moderated by [[User:BojackFR]]. See [[AnimalZooFrance]]

[https://animalzoofrance.net animalzoofrance.net]
[[index.php?title=Category:Websites]]

Talk:Stewart Murray Wilson

2024-10-15T20:37:52Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "I agree, should be deleted, no informational value regarding the topic of zoophilia."

I agree, should be deleted, no informational value regarding the topic of zoophilia.

Talk:Lieblingminne und Freundesliebe in der Weltliteratur

2024-10-15T20:35:57Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "I propose it's deletion, this article is about gay culture and has nothing to do with zoophilia,"

I propose it's deletion, this article is about gay culture and has nothing to do with zoophilia,

Talk:Eric Gill

2024-10-15T20:33:37Z

Rauhbautz: Created page with "I propose the deletion of this article, don't see why it's related with our wiki or what's the purpose on keeping it here."

I propose the deletion of this article, don't see why it's related with our wiki or what's the purpose on keeping it here.

Zoolibre.com

2024-10-15T20:30:53Z

Rauhbautz:

{{stub}}'''Zoolibre.com''' was a french-speaking zoophile forum.

Its content was reset at the end of 2021, after legal troubles. Classified ads for sexual purposes were banned. After several months of questioning, the team preferred to close this forum rather than put its users at risk, inviting them to participate in the French section of ZooVille.<ref>https://www.animalzoofrance.com/wiki/Forums</ref>[[File:Zoolibre_logo.jpg|thumb|240px|Zoolibre logo]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:History]]

Zoolibre.com

2024-10-15T20:30:06Z

Rauhbautz: updated info

{{stub}}'''Zoolibre.com''' was a french-speaking zoophile forum.

Its content was reset at the end of 2021, after legal troubles. Classified ads for sexual purposes were banned. After several months of questioning, the team preferred to close this forum rather than put its users at risk, inviting them to participate in the French section of ZooVille.<ref>https://www.animalzoofrance.com/wiki/Forums</ref>[[File:Zoolibre_logo.jpg|thumb|240px|Zoolibre logo]]
[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:History]]

NIGGER!!!!!!! swedishwin.com

2024-10-15T20:22:22Z

Rauhbautz:

[[File:Bestia amore.png|thumb|240px|Bestia Amore's Logo]]

Informational dialogue that seeks to help us all understand what animals are capable of, and what it would mean to give our partners more autonomy.

== Origins==

Bestia Amore was a [[zoophile]] Podcast created by [[Wintergreenwolf]] and his co-host Ellie.

== Episodes ==
=== Episode list===
{| class="mw-collapsible wikitable"
! Episode !! Name !! Release Date
|-
| S01E01 || '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4_iPrZeuXw The Journey Begins]''' || Sep 8, 2020
|-
| S01E02 || '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrj-JXBg6DE A slice of Zoo Life!]''' || Sep 18, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P1||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AVOutpKp4E The Mammalities: an introduction and Domestic Rehabilitation.]''' || Oct 8, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P2||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXX7dg8VA0w Intelligence and Personhood, the redefinition and a brighter perspective.]''' || Oct 24, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P3||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Chkniam00G4 Food, sex, and culture: oh my! Not as 'humanly' novel as you think...]''' || Dec 8, 2020
|-
| S01E04||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CiMV6p3W9s From the outside, an interview with a Zoo Ally.]'''|| Dec 14, 2020
|-
| S01E05||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g73TR3k6yU The Other Side, an opposing viewpoint to Zoophilia.]'''|| Jan 15, 2021
|-
| S01E06||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIbt-QXohXo Spay, Neuter, Dock, and Crop: cases of veterinary butchery.]'''|| Jan 30, 2021
|-
| S01E07||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GO9K0R-qA6Y A dark past, how Therapy REALLY works, and how it can help you!]'''|| Feb 14, 2021
|-
| S01E08||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKEPhFjg60s The Zoo Community, what's right, what's wrong, and improvements]'''|| Jun 9, 2021
|-
| S01E09||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMfPLdBBjiA Zoophilia, Sexuality, and some (re) definitions]'''|| Sep 20, 2021
|-
| S01E10||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oo-F7BQ8Tjw Bestia Amore EP10, Coming out, and the positives and hardships]'''|| Oct 11, 2021
|-
| S01E11||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fRs5hQ6sPM Bestia Amore EP 11: Let's talk Veganism (and a couple other things)]'''|| Dec 20, 2021
|-
| S01E12||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7f7XA9EZOyo Bestia Amore EP 12: Zoo Inclusive, Zoo Exclusive, and balance.]'''|| Mar 16, 2022
|-
| S01E13||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFRroYjw8ls Bestia Amore EP-13: New controversy, changing of values, and community boundaries.]'''|| Mar 29, 2022
|-
| S01E14||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mr-BSFO3B2o Bestia Amore EP14: Realizations, repression, and acceptance!]'''|| Apr 25, 2022
|-
| S01E15||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddpVI0jZC6U Bestia Amore EP15: Our partners, and their (not so big) differences to us.]'''|| Jul 18, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z09bzkpF6QA SPECIAL State of Affairs: Bestia Amore, the Zoo community, and a project idea.]'''|| Jun 25, 2022
|-
| S01E16||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue076UQ5hxk Bestia Amore EP16: The Zoo Stories, a look in to Zoophilic discovery
]'''|| Jul 29, 2022
|-
| S01E17||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwuzjUf6SDc Bestia Amore: Ep 17: A horse is a horse of course...]'''|| Aug 18, 2022
|-
| S01E18||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6fdw5QZBQ0 Bestia Amore EP18: The Zoo Stories, Equi]'''|| Jul 18, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtUyEfZ304E SPECIAL Shooting the shit with Winter and Red, nerd shit, and a question.
]'''|| Aug 8, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTeQDXEmi4A SPECIAL EP3 WG's ramblings, and a bigger plan for the future of Zoo.]'''|| Aug 23, 2022
|}
[[Category:Podcasts]]
[[Category:Culture]]

Hani Miletski

2024-10-15T20:21:16Z

Rauhbautz:

'''Hani Miletski''', Ph.D., M.S.W., (born 1962) is a [[Wikipedia:sexology|sexologist]], and [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|sex therapist]] living in [[Wikipedia:Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda, Maryland]], United States. She specializes as a trainer and supervisor in the field, in [[Wikipedia:Sex addiction|sex addiction]], and also works within the [[Wikipedia:Criminal justice|criminal justice]] system. She is a certified Clinical Social Worker with a Master's degree in Social Work from the Catholic University of America, National School of Social Service, in Washington, DC. She studied at The Catholic University of America and gained her doctorate at the Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality

==Early life==
Miletski was born in Israel, and according to her website, moved to the United States as part of the Israeli embassy staff as Assistant Senior Representative of the Defense Mission to the U.S. for [[Wikipedia:Strategic Defense Initiative|Strategic Defense Initiative]] (SDI) Programs.

Hani came to the United States from her native Israel in 1987 at the age of 25. She worked at the Israeli Embassy in Washington, DC as Assistant Senior Representative of the Israeli Mission for the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). When she later completed her training, she continued to work in the press office there. During her graduate studies, she was employed as a sex therapist at the Fogel Foundation, Human Sexuality Institute, in Washington, DC. She then became a training consultant there and later director of the Human Sexuality Institute. In 2003, she left the Fogel Foundation to focus on her own practice in Bethesa, MD.

Hani was the first scientist to study zoophiles directly. Thanks to the newly emerged Internet, she was able to come into contact with “normal” zoophiles. Previous researchers only had access to legally or psychologically conspicuous people with zoosexual tendencies, which represented a negative selection that inevitably had a negative influence on the research results.

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia

==Published academic work==
Miletski published the first brief overview of mother-son [[Wikipedia:incest|incest]] research. She shows that mother-son incest is more common than is thought and that most mothers who commit incest are [[Wikipedia:insanity|sane]].

Miletski is notable for her self-published 1999 book on [[zoophilia]], [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]], based mostly on her doctoral dissertation. Miletski successfully defended her dissertation, though it has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.
The book compiles all discussion about sex with animals from academic sources throughout the 20th century, along with an historical overview of [[bestiality]] through the ages and in different cultures.

Miletski is notable for her 1999 book on [[zoophilia]],<ref>Review by [[Vern Bullough]] published in ''Journal of Sex Research,'' May 2003: ([http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 Online version])</ref> a comprehensive reference work and analysis combined with further research, which formally established whether a genuine [[Sexual orientation|orientation]] might exist (as opposed to a mere [[sexual fetish]]), and whether previous research in the field had erred in not fully recognizing this. Prior to her studies, the field was highly fragmented and reliable information for psychological purposes unclear.<ref name="cite1">Miletski states (p. 1) that there was information was sparse, often contradictory and not easily located, and no solid body of research or consensus in psychology, when she looked for information regarding a patient of hers who reported zoophilic interest. She described how:
<blockquote>
"Throughout the literature review, it is very obvious that authors perceive sexual relations with animals in very different ways. Definitions of various behaviors and attitudes are often conflicting, leaving the reader confused. Terms such as 'sodomy,' 'zoorasty,' 'zoosexuality,' as well as 'bestiality' and 'zoophilia' are often used, each having a different meaning depending on the author."
</blockquote>
The [http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 book review] states that
<blockquote>
"It seems clear from Miletski's summary of the existing literature that very little is actually known about bestiality and there is not anything approaching a consensus as to why animal-human sexual contacts occur... many of the existing reports and studies should be classified more as pseudo-science than serious research."</ref>

Miletski's study has never been published in any peer-reviewed journal. She once published a two-page abstract of her findings in the ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''.<ref>Miletski, H. (2000) ''Bestiality and Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study.'' ''Scandinavian Journal of Sexology''. Vol. 3 (4), pp 149–150: – Miletski's book "Understanding bestiality and zoophilia" (2002) was an expansion of her initial dissertation "Bestiality and Zoophilia: An exploratory study" (1999). An abstract of the latter was published in the Scandinavian Journal of Sexology (now discontinued), the official journal of the Nordic Association for Clinical Sexology (NACS). Peer review evidence according to Kinsey Institute of Sexology [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/journals.html#S] "...an international, peer-reviewed, quarterly journal in English..." The paper was cited by a UK government report into [[extreme pornography]] in 2007, ''Ministry of Justice Research Series 11/07'' [http://www.justice.gov.uk/docs/280907.pdf]</ref>

Her voluminous dissertation "Bestiality - Zoophilia: an exploratory study" resulted in the book [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia By Hani Miletski Ph.D - 2002|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia]]

She describes the genesis of this study in her article series The secret life of the zoophiles; Also known as The Hidden life of Zoophiles (Translated from a German Zoo Wiki)<ref>Zeta Pin Zoo wiki https://web.archive.org/web/20070519033738/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Hani_Miletski</ref>

==Books==
* ''Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia'' (pub. 2002) {{ISBN|0-9716917-0-3}} ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813759 book review])

* ''Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo'' (a brief overview of findings, pub. 1999) {{ISBN|1-884444-31-8}}

==Articles==
* ''Zoophilia: Another Sexual Orientation?'' ''Archives of sexual behavior.'' 46.2017,1 Pages 39-42 Published online: 10 November 2016, [[doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0891-3]]
* ''A [[history]] of bestiality'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 1-22 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Is zoophilia a [[sexual orientation]]? A study'' In: ''Bestiality And Zoophilia: Sexual Relations With Animals (Anthrozoos)'' Pages. 82-97 (2005) {{ISBN|978-1-55753-412-5}}
* ''Zoophilia-Implications for Therapy'' ''Journal of Sex Education and Therapy'' 26.2001,2 Pages 85-89 [[doi:10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387]]
* Hani Miletski: [[Understanding Bestiality and Zoophilia|Understanding Bestiality and Zoophili]]<nowiki/>a, East-West Publishing, LLC, ISBN 0971691703
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality – Zoophilia: An exploratory study, Diss., The Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. - San Francisco, CA, October, 1999
* Hani Miletski: Bestiality/Zoophilia: An Exploratory Study. (2000, December). In: Scandinavian Journal of Sexology. (4). 149-150.
* Hani Miletski: Mother-Son Incest: The Unthinkable Broken Taboo, Brandon, Vt: The Safer Society Foundation, Inc., 1995. 2nd ed. ISBN 1-884444-31-8

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sex therapy|Sex therapy]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sexology|Sexology]]
* [[Zoophilia]]

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.drmiletski.com Dr. Milteskis Website]
* [http://www.drmiletski.com/about_hani.html Biography page on her own Website]

{{People}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Research]]

File:Hani miletksi.png

2024-10-15T20:12:02Z

Rauhbautz:

Hani Miletski

Vegetarianism

2024-10-14T20:46:10Z

Rauhbautz:

{{stub}}

[[Zoophiles]] may lean towards the vegetarian lifestyle because of their inclination.

When assessed the reactions, proportionally more Zoophiles are vegetarians in relation to the general population average. But certainly not all of them. Like other people, Zoophiles are carnivores too, although some of them are pure herbivores.

==Resources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113140040/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Zoophile_Vegetarier%3F Zoophile Vegeterianism on the Zetapin Wiki]
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Research]]

NIGGER!!!!!!! swedishwin.com

2024-10-13T20:32:07Z

Rauhbautz:

[[index.php?title=Category:Podcasts]]
[[File:Bestia amore.png|thumb|240px|Bestia Amore's Logo]]

Informational dialogue that seeks to help us all understand what animals are capable of, and what it would mean to give our partners more autonomy.

== Origins==

Bestia Amore was a [[zoophile]] Podcast created by [[Wintergreenwolf]] and his co-host Ellie.

== Episodes ==
=== Episode list===
{| class="mw-collapsible wikitable"
! Episode !! Name !! Release Date
|-
| S01E01 || '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P4_iPrZeuXw The Journey Begins]''' || Sep 8, 2020
|-
| S01E02 || '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrj-JXBg6DE A slice of Zoo Life!]''' || Sep 18, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P1||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AVOutpKp4E The Mammalities: an introduction and Domestic Rehabilitation.]''' || Oct 8, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P2||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sXX7dg8VA0w Intelligence and Personhood, the redefinition and a brighter perspective.]''' || Oct 24, 2020
|-
| S01E03-P3||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Chkniam00G4 Food, sex, and culture: oh my! Not as 'humanly' novel as you think...]''' || Dec 8, 2020
|-
| S01E04||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CiMV6p3W9s From the outside, an interview with a Zoo Ally.]'''|| Dec 14, 2020
|-
| S01E05||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g73TR3k6yU The Other Side, an opposing viewpoint to Zoophilia.]'''|| Jan 15, 2021
|-
| S01E06||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIbt-QXohXo Spay, Neuter, Dock, and Crop: cases of veterinary butchery.]'''|| Jan 30, 2021
|-
| S01E07||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GO9K0R-qA6Y A dark past, how Therapy REALLY works, and how it can help you!]'''|| Feb 14, 2021
|-
| S01E08||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKEPhFjg60s The Zoo Community, what's right, what's wrong, and improvements]'''|| Jun 9, 2021
|-
| S01E09||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMfPLdBBjiA Zoophilia, Sexuality, and some (re) definitions]'''|| Sep 20, 2021
|-
| S01E10||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oo-F7BQ8Tjw Bestia Amore EP10, Coming out, and the positives and hardships]'''|| Oct 11, 2021
|-
| S01E11||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fRs5hQ6sPM Bestia Amore EP 11: Let's talk Veganism (and a couple other things)]'''|| Dec 20, 2021
|-
| S01E12||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7f7XA9EZOyo Bestia Amore EP 12: Zoo Inclusive, Zoo Exclusive, and balance.]'''|| Mar 16, 2022
|-
| S01E13||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFRroYjw8ls Bestia Amore EP-13: New controversy, changing of values, and community boundaries.]'''|| Mar 29, 2022
|-
| S01E14||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mr-BSFO3B2o Bestia Amore EP14: Realizations, repression, and acceptance!]'''|| Apr 25, 2022
|-
| S01E15||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddpVI0jZC6U Bestia Amore EP15: Our partners, and their (not so big) differences to us.]'''|| Jul 18, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z09bzkpF6QA SPECIAL State of Affairs: Bestia Amore, the Zoo community, and a project idea.]'''|| Jun 25, 2022
|-
| S01E16||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue076UQ5hxk Bestia Amore EP16: The Zoo Stories, a look in to Zoophilic discovery
]'''|| Jul 29, 2022
|-
| S01E17||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwuzjUf6SDc Bestia Amore: Ep 17: A horse is a horse of course...]'''|| Aug 18, 2022
|-
| S01E18||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6fdw5QZBQ0 Bestia Amore EP18: The Zoo Stories, Equi]'''|| Jul 18, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtUyEfZ304E SPECIAL Shooting the shit with Winter and Red, nerd shit, and a question.
]'''|| Aug 8, 2022
|-
| S01-Bonus||'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OTeQDXEmi4A SPECIAL EP3 WG's ramblings, and a bigger plan for the future of Zoo.]'''|| Aug 23, 2022
|}

Andrea Beetz

2024-10-13T20:03:55Z

Rauhbautz:

'''Prof. Dr. Andrea Martina Beetz''' (born July 22, 1975 in Erlangen) is a qualified psychologist and focuses on the interaction between humans and animals.

1994-1999 she studied psychology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University in Erlangen, with semesters abroad 1997-1998 in the USA at the University of California. In March 1999 she received her diploma in psychology from the University of Erlangen.

From May to November 1999 she studied psychogerontology at the University of Erlangen, where she also worked on her dissertation from November 1999, which she was able to complete in 2002 . Her dissertation " [[Love]], Violence, and [[Sexuality]] in Relationships between Humans and Animals " ( 2002 ) is one of the very few recent studies on the subject of [[zoophilia]].
[[File:Andrea beetz.jpg|thumb|Prof. Dr. Andrea Beetz]]
Currently she holds the professorship for the Bachelor's degree program in Special Education by Distance Learning at IU International University, where she serves as the program director. Her teaching and research focus on socio-emotional development, attachment theory, attachment-based interventions in schools and child and youth services, as well as early intervention.

In addition to training educators in attachment-based practices, another focus of Beetz’s research and teaching is on the human-animal relationship and animal-assisted interventions. In the field of animal-assisted pedagogy, she is one of the few nationally and internationally renowned experts. She also works independently in psychotherapy with children, adolescents, and adults, specializing in hypnotherapy.

== Publications regarding Zoophilia ==

* Andrea Beetz: [[Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals]] , Shaker Verlag GmbH Aachen, ISBN 3832200207

== External Links ==

* [https://www.iu.de/hochschule/lehrende/beetz-andrea/ Presence at the IU International University]
* [https://hypnotherapie-erlangen.de/ Website of her psychological practice]
{{People}}
[[index.php?title=Category:People]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Research]]

Andrea Beetz

2024-10-13T20:03:34Z

Rauhbautz: updated the info, added a picture of her and her websites, regarding heir work/research

'''Prof. Dr. Andrea Martina Beetz''' (born July 22, 1975 in Erlangen) is a qualified psychologist and focuses on the interaction between humans and animals.

1994-1999 she studied psychology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University in Erlangen, with semesters abroad 1997-1998 in the USA at the University of California. In March 1999 she received her diploma in psychology from the University of Erlangen.

From May to November 1999 she studied psychogerontology at the University of Erlangen, where she also worked on her dissertation from November 1999, which she was able to complete in 2002 . Her dissertation " [[Love]], Violence, and [[Sexuality]] in Relationships between Humans and Animals " ( 2002 ) is one of the very few recent studies on the subject of [[zoophilia]].
[[File:Andrea beetz.jpg|thumb|Prof. Dr. Andrea Beetz]]
Currently she holds the professorship for the Bachelor's degree program in Special Education by Distance Learning at IU International University, where she serves as the program director. Her teaching and research focus on socio-emotional development, attachment theory, attachment-based interventions in schools and child and youth services, as well as early intervention.

In addition to training educators in attachment-based practices, another focus of Beetz’s research and teaching is on the human-animal relationship and animal-assisted interventions. In the field of animal-assisted pedagogy, she is one of the few nationally and internationally renowned experts. She also works independently in psychotherapy with children, adolescents, and adults, specializing in hypnotherapy.

== Publications regarding Zoophilia ==
Andrea Beetz: [[Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals]] , Shaker Verlag GmbH Aachen, ISBN 3832200207

== External Links ==

* [https://www.iu.de/hochschule/lehrende/beetz-andrea/ Presence at the IU International University]
* [https://hypnotherapie-erlangen.de/ Website of her psychological practice]
{{People}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Research]]

File:Andrea beetz.jpg

2024-10-13T19:53:12Z

Rauhbautz:

Prof. Dr. Andrea Beetz

Poll as Per Preference for Animal Mate

2024-10-13T19:39:08Z

Rauhbautz:

{{stub}}{{Refimprove section|find=Extra information needed}}
In a survey as of Sep 27, 2019 Zoos were polled as per preference on animal type and the results might seem unusual however there are articles and relations that make sense that align with these results. This survey is reproduced below.

==Results==

In a poll of 824 [[Zoophiles]], the results were as follows.

* 339 people preferred Dogs
* 171 people preferred Horses
* 49 people preferred Sheep
* 47 people preferred Cows
* 40 people preferred Pigs
* 86 people preferred Goats
* 53 people preferred Ponies

Due to a separation in recent [[society]] from animals and the availability of dogs as human-animal companions as well as close quarters it statistically makes sense that preference would lean towards dogs.

In a separate poll that asks whether or not the individual has engaged in acts these results also might be found interesting in comparison.

In a poll that asks the opinion of Zoos as to sexual preference with animals or humans 1,120 Zoos answered, the results were as follows.

* I am a female, and sex with animals was more pleasurable. 107
* I am a male, and sex with humans was more pleasurable. 115
* I am a female, and sex with humans was more pleasurable. 19
* I've never had sex with an animal. 324
* I've never had sex with a human. 52
* I've never had sex. 135

==Reference==
https://www.zoovilleforum.net/threads/poll-on-what-you-prefer-to-have-as-a-mate.63/
https://www.zoovilleforum.net/threads/bestiality-vs-human-sex.770/page-6#post-577589
[[Category:Research]]

Jacques Ferron (bestiality)

2024-10-13T19:37:33Z

Rauhbautz: removed dead links and wrong categories

'''Jacques Ferron''' was a Frenchman who was tried and hanged in 1750 for copulation with a jenny (female donkey).<ref name=EPA>{{cite book|last=Evans|first=Edward Payson|title=The criminal prosecution and capital punishment of animals|year=1987|isbn=978-0-571-14893-6|pages=150–151}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ever since Adam and Eve: the evolution of human sexuality|last1=Potts|first1=Malcolm|last2=Short|first2=Roger Valentine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|page=110|isbn=978-0-521-64404-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoDv0JiIqF4C}}</ref>

The trial took place in the commune of Vanves and Ferron was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ford, Beach|first=C.S, F.A|title=Patterns of Sexual Behaviour|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=153}}</ref> In cases such as these it was usual that the animal would also be sentenced to death,<ref>{{cite book|last=Costlow, Nelson|first=Jane, Amy|title=Other Animals: Beyond the Human in Russian Culture and History|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8229-6063-8|page=38}}</ref> but in this case the she-ass was acquitted. The court decided that the animal was a victim and had not participated of her own free will. A document, dated 19 September 1750, was submitted to the court on behalf of the she-ass that attested to the virtuous nature of the animal. Signed by the parish priest and other principal residents of the commune it proclaimed that "they were willing to bear witness that she is in word and deed and in all her habits of life a most honest creature."<ref name=EPA/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferron, Jacques}}

{{France-law-bio-stub}}
{{sexuality-stub}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:People]]

Douglas "Fausty" Spink

2024-10-13T18:05:16Z

Rauhbautz:

'''Douglas "Fausty" Spink''' (March 17, 1971(p63) - 2020) was a famous [[Zoophilia|zoophile]] and a central character in the book [[Uniquely Dangerous]]. He cofounded the podcast [[Zooier Than Thou]] in 2019, and died of cancer in January of 2020.
{{Infobox person
| name = Douglas Spink
| image =
| alt = Douglas Spink’s Mugshot
| caption = Spink’s mugshot
| other_names = {{hlist|Fausty|Cross Species Alliance}}
| birth_name = Douglas Bryan LeConte-Spink
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|3|17}}
| birth_place = Harmony, Pennsylvania
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|1|23|1971|3|17}}
| death_place = Harmony, Pennsylvania
| education = {{plainlist|
*Reed College (Bachelor of Arts|BA)
*University of Chicago (Master of Business Administration|MBA)
}}
| occupation = Former entrepreneur / Zoophile Advocate
| years_active = 2002–2020
}}

= Early Life =
Raised in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, Spink spent his early years (2-4) pony riding and fox hunting(p67). At 11-12, he had won 2 young pony hunter championships(p67). During the summer of 1993, he worked for a dog breeder(p71), it was here he had his first sexual experience with a canine(pg67).

After high school he attended Reed College in Portland - he often brought his Golden Retriever ''Gifford'' to class with him(p70).

In 1993 Spink earned a degree in Cultural Anthropology, and quickly moved to Chicago the following year(p71). After the move, he went on to earn a Masters in Business Administration at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business, and get married(p71). He worked his way to a well-paying job at Boston Consulting group(p71) in the same year, eventually ending up as the Financial Director of Safecard Services(p71).

In 1996 Spink founded Timberline Direct(p73), a company he sold two years later for $5.4M(p73). He used a portion of this money to purchase Capone, a race [[horse]], for $27,000(p73), and found Timberline Farms in Beaverton, Portland, an organisation that imported and bred Grand Prix show jumping horses(p75) and that eventually required $30,000 a month in operating fees(p76). He also, along with his wife, ran a Golden Retriever rescue and breeding organisation(p75). The white star Capone donned on his forehead was the inspiration for the identical tattoo on Spink's arm(p73).

At some point in the late 90s, he was [[Outing|outed]] by another zoo(p81). This perhaps led to the separation of him and his wife from the same year up to 2001, though they were still partners. However, in 2003, Spink ended his marriage when he took custody of his Golden Retriever ''Rion''(p87).

= Family =

Spink had one sister, Joy, who was born three years prior to him(p63).

== Career ==
Spink began his career as analyst with Boston Consulting Group, where he consulted with Fortune 100 companies.

In the mid- to late-1990s, he helped found and support several early Internet and technology companies in Oregon. Through the sale of several small businesses, he became a multimillionaire. Despite this, he declared bankruptcy in 2002.

== Criminal history ==

After declaring bankruptcy in 2002, Spink began smuggling cocaine and marijuana in and out of Canada for Robert Kesling,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Mike |date=2014-05-20 |title=Man who promotes sex with animals is back in prison |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/man-who-promotes-sex-with-animals-is-back-in-prison/ |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531033328/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/man-who-promotes-sex-with-animals-is-back-in-prison/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a regional drug lord.<ref name=":0" /> In 2005, he was apprehended when law enforcement stopped him while he was transporting nearly 375 pounds of cocaine, estimated at a value of $34 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press {{!}} |first=Associated |date=2010-04-19 |title=Coke kingpin Douglas Spink busted for running bestiality farm in Washington state |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2010/04/19/coke-kingpin-douglas-spink-busted-for-running-bestiality-farm-in-washington-state/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027090325/https://www.nydailynews.com/2010/04/19/coke-kingpin-douglas-spink-busted-for-running-bestiality-farm-in-washington-state/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of his cooperation with investigators, he received a three-year prison sentence. After release, he was placed on parole.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />

During the 2005 traffic stop, investigators got the first hint that Spink was practicing bestiality. They noted “Spink was strangely protective of a female German shepherd that was with him”, Cmdr. Steve Clopp also clarified they “didn't bother” with the odd behavior due to their “more pressing concerns.”Most important of which was the 372 pounds of cocaine in the car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police saw signs smuggler liked bestiality {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.spokesman.com/blogs/sirens/2010/apr/20/police-saw-signs-smuggler-liked-bestiality/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=www.spokesman.com}}</ref>

The same year, the [[Enumclaw horse sex case]], in which Kenneth Pinyan died as a result of having filmed sex with a horse, occurred on Spink's farm. Spink is reported to have dropped Pinyan off at the hospital; cameras caught his license plate as he fled the scene, leading back to Spink’s ranch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudede |first=Charles |date=2015-07-22 |title=Revisiting the Town of the Most Famous Horse Sex Death in Recorded History |url=https://www.thestranger.com/features/2015/07/22/22580444/ten-years-later-the-town-of-enumclaw-still-doesnt-want-to-talk-about-you-know-what |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=The Stranger |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816184638/https://www.thestranger.com/features/2015/07/22/22580444/ten-years-later-the-town-of-enumclaw-still-doesnt-want-to-talk-about-you-know-what |url-status=live }}</ref> Spink kept tabs on the case until his arrest, actively supporting James Michael Tait, who was jailed for filming Pinyan.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Brodeur |first=Nicole |date=2010-07-19 |title=This guy really needs supervision |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/this-guy-really-needs-supervision/ |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629095519/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/this-guy-really-needs-supervision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Pinyan's death rapidly prompted the enactment of a bill by the Washington State Legislature that prohibits both sex with animals and the videotaping of such an act. Under current Washington law, bestiality is now a Class C felony punishable by up to five years in prison.<ref>{{cite web |last=State of Washington |first=Fifty-Ninth Legislature |date=March 8, 2006 |title=Animal cruelty in the first degree |url=http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=16.52.205 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110003423/http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=16.52.205 |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |access-date=January 17, 2015 |work=RCW 16.52.205}}</ref>

In April 2010, investigators in Tennessee contacted Spink's probation officer to inform him that Spink had become involved in the criminal proceedings against Tait,<ref name=":6" /> who had been convicted of trespassing in the Enumclaw horse sex case and was currently charged with bestiality.<ref name=":4" /> On April 14, a 19-member SWAT team raided Spink’s compound for violating the parole of his 2005 arrest.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Clarridge |first=Christine |date=2010-07-16 |title=Man who ran animal-sex operation sentenced for probation violation |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/man-who-ran-animal-sex-operation-sentenced-for-probation-violation/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130092706/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/man-who-ran-animal-sex-operation-sentenced-for-probation-violation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While there, they arrested a man who was on the property and ultimately plead guilty to animal cruelty charges.<ref name=":4" /> Spink received a sentence of three years in federal prison and two years of probation under the condition that "he shut down his websites promoting zoophilia and bestiality; and that he not possess, produce or distribute any bestiality videos or photos".<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, following Spink's prison sentence, he was placed on parole with several conditions, including agreeing to regular checks of any hard drives for inappropriate pornographic material and refraining from voluntary contact with animals. Additionally, courts ordered him to "shut down all websites owned, operated, or under his control that promote or contain zoophilia, bestiality or any sexual act with animal[s]". Further, the hard drives that were taken during the 2010 investigation were not returned due to Spink's skill and knowledge regarding technology under the assumption that he may be able to recover deleted inappropriate files and/or encrypted data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USA V. DOUGLAS SPINK, No. 12-30068 (9th Cir. 2013) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/12-30068/12-30068-2013-05-09.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=Justia Law |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027090343/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/12-30068/12-30068-2013-05-09.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Almost immediately, Spink returned to bestiality websites, obtained a dog, and boarded horses at a nearby farm. In 2014, he was sentenced to nine months in prison for violating parole, "the longest sentence U.S. District Court Judge Ricardo Martinez could impose".<ref name=":6" /> In an 2014 interview, Spink stated of his public crimes, "A core precedent was set: No longer can zoophobes in this country batter and coerce people like me into silence with threats of violence."<ref name=":7" />

After his release from prison, Spink crossed the border into Canada and was arrested and jailed at least twice for entering the country and obtaining dogs, actions disallowed by his parole.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sims |first=Jane |date=2016-02-23 |title=Douglas Spink ordered returned to United States where he is wanted for animal cruelty |work=[[The London Free Press]] |url=https://lfpress.com/2016/02/23/douglas-spink-ordered-returned-to-united-states-where-he-is-wanted-for-animal-cruelty |access-date=2023-10-27 |archive-date=2021-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611170046/https://lfpress.com/2016/02/23/douglas-spink-ordered-returned-to-united-states-where-he-is-wanted-for-animal-cruelty |url-status=live }}</ref>

Spink ignored this and continued owning dogs, starting an [[Zooier Than Thou|Zoophilia podcast]], and taking part in activism until his death.

== Zoophilia advocacy ==

Spink was outspoken about his beliefs that animals can consent to sexual activity with humans.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Hay |first=Mark |date=2014-07-11 |title=Animals Can Consent to Sex with Humans, Claims Human Accused of Running Animal Brothel |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nnqdpx/apparently-animals-consent-to-sex-in-the-beastiality-brothel |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=[[Vice Media|Vice]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722020158/https://www.vice.com/en/article/nnqdpx/apparently-animals-consent-to-sex-in-the-beastiality-brothel |url-status=live }}</ref> During a 2010 court case, Spink's attorney explained, "He believes it’s a sexual orientation and that the arguments against it are the same ones once made against homosexuality or miscegenation”.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, in a YouTube video, Spink discussed his 10-year romantic relationship with one of the horses on his farm.<ref name=":4" />

In addition to his personal actions and advocacy, Spink worked on projects against “zoophobic bigots” to raise legal funds for defending his fellow “[[Zoophilia|zoosexuals]]”.<ref name=":1">{{cite thesis |last1=Brown |first1=Meghan Ann |title=Animal people |date=2015 |doi=10.31274/etd-180810-4199 |doi-access=free |oclc=940589744 }}{{pn|date=November 2023}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2023|reason=I couldn't find any mention of Spink in this thesis, but it's possible I don't have full access to it.}} He also worked to develop a darknet [[VPN]] that offered zoophiles a way to traffic pornography with complete anonymity.{{Cn|date=October 2023}}
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spink |first=Douglas |title=https://twitter.com/CrossSpecies/status/1056753347791855617 |url=https://twitter.com/CrossSpecies/status/1056753347791855617 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.is/hWZV1 |archive-date=2018-11-12 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Origin of Zooier Than Thou |url=https://zoo.wtf/s2e10-bonus-the-origin-of-zooier-than-thou/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=zoo.wtf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/zemendepo/status/1299586956729483267 |url=https://twitter.com/zemendepo/status/1299586956729483267 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/zemendepo/status/1220895385419440133 |url=https://twitter.com/zemendepo/status/1220895385419440133 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal Life ==
Spink was at one time married and had relationships with men and women.

In an interview, he indicated that he had been diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. He also indicated that he was "a lifelong (if imperfect) vegetarian" and animal rights activist.

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Maloney |first=Carreen |title=Uniquely Dangerous |publisher=Carreen Maloney |year=2018 |isbn=9781732065406}}

== References ==
<references />{{People}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]