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Legality of bestiality in the United States

2023-06-19T17:50:04Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add imported template

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[[Legality of bestiality in the United States]] looks at the laws prohibiting bestiality in the United States of America. The legality of sex with animals has been steadily decreasing over the past 20 years. As of February 10, 2018, 45 states and 2 territories ban sex with animals, while 5 states and the District of Columbia have decriminalized it (due to repeal of sodomy laws). In 2017, five states (Texas, Kentucky, West Virginia, Vermont and Nevada) introduced legislation to ban bestiality, with Nevada, Vermont, and Texas enacting laws banning it in 2017. New Hampshire and Ohio also banned sex with animals in 2017 (they had 2016 bills which went into effect in 2017).

In late 2017, a bill was introduced in Wisconsin which intends to make sex with animals a felony there. In 2018, five bills were introduced to ban sex with animals: in California (the California bill would make sex with animals a felony), Louisiana (criminalizes promoting or encouraging it), Hawaii, Kentucky, and West Virginia.

Several states, including Oregon, Washington, Tennessee, Illinois, Florida, Alaska and Ohio, criminalize free speech related to sex with animals (such as promoting or encouraging it). These laws have all been recently enacted.

Ohio has the most lenient prison sentences among states with misdemeanor penalties prohibiting bestiality among any state, with a maximum of 90 days in prison and a $750 dollar fine. Michigan has the most lenient prison sentences among states with minimum felony penalties prohibiting bestiality among any state, with a minimum of 1 day in prison. Maryland has the harshest maximum prison sentences among states with misdemeanor penalties prohibiting bestiality among any state, with a maximum of 10 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $1,000 dollar fine. Rhode Island has the harshest minimum prison sentence among states with felony penalties prohibiting bestiality, with a minimum of 7 years in prison. Idaho and Michigan both have the harshest maximum prison sentences among states with felony penalties prohibiting bestiality among any state, with a maximum of life in prison.
[[File:1024px-Legality of Zoophilia in the United States.svg.png|thumb|'''Legality of bestiality in the United States:'''

'''Green''' Bestiality is legal

'''Yellow''' Bestiality is a misdemeanor

'''Orange''' Bestiality is a misdemeanor or a felony

'''Red''' Bestiality is a felony]]

== Legality of bestiality in the United States of America ==

===== '''Federal Law''' =====
Laws against bestiality in the United States are largely a matter of state rather than federal jurisdiction, except for laws governing the District of Columbia and the U.S. Armed Forces. There is no federal law which explicitly prohibits sex between humans and animals.

The only federal law prohibiting zoophilic pornography, is 18 USC 2256, which prohibits distribution in interstate commerce and on federal property of child pornography of a minor under 18 years old engaging in "sexually explicit conduct" of bestiality.

[[File:Legality of sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography in the United States- .png|thumb|'''GREEN''' Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography is legal

'''YELLOW''' Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography is a misdemeanor

'''ORANGE''' Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography is a misdemeanor or a felony

'''RED''' Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography is a felony

'''BROWN''' Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography is illegal; unknown punishment

'''GRAY''' Unknown]]The Constitutional definition of obscenity was narrowed by the US Supreme Court in the 1985 case '''''Brockett v. Spokane Arcades, Inc'''.'', which the court endorsed the Model Penal Code of obscenity. The Model Penal Code prohibition against deviate sexual intercourse includes "sexual intercourse ''per os'' or ''per anum'' between human beings who are not husband and wife, and any form of sexual intercourse with an animal." Federal law does not ban obscenity outright; it leaves this to state and local law. Federal statutes prohibit, among other things, the transmission of obscene matter as defined by state law, in interstate commerce and on federal land.

Private Internet connections in the United States are not subject to censorship imposed by the government. However, private businesses, schools, libraries, and government offices may use filtering software at their discretion, and in such cases courts have ruled the use of such software does not violate the First Amendment.

==== '''District of Columbia''' ====

* In 1801, Congress enacted the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 that continued all criminal laws of Maryland and Virginia in the now formally structured District, with those of Maryland applying to that portion of the District ceded from Maryland, and those of Virginia applying to that portion ceded from Virginia. At the time, Maryland had a sodomy law applicable only to free males with a punishment of "labor for any time, in their discretion, not exceeding seven years for the same crime, on the public roads of the said county, or in making, repairing or cleaning the streets or bason [sic] of Baltimore-town" and the death penalty for slaves committing sodomy, while Virginia had a penalty of 1–10 years for free persons committing sodomy, but had the death penalty for slaves committing sodomy. The law went into effect on February 27, 1801.
* In 1831, Congress established penalties in the District of Columbia for a number of crimes, but not for sodomy. It specified that "every other felony, misdemeanor, or offence not provided for by this act, may and shall be punished as heretofore[.]" At the time, Maryland and Virginia had a penalty of 1–10 years for committing sodomy. It went into effect on March 2, 1831.
* In 1892, Congress passed a law for the District of Columbia that states that "for the preservation of the public peace and the protection of property within the District of Columbia." Labeled in the law as vagrants were "all public prostitutes, and all such persons who lead a notoriously lewd or lascivious course of life[.]" All offenders had to post bond of up to $200 for good behavior for a period of six months. The law went into effect on July 29, 1892.
* In 1898, Congress deleted the word "notoriously" from the provision concerning a lewd or lascivious course of life, thereby allowing prosecution of those without notoriety. The bond for good behavior was raised to $500, and the law was made clearly gender-neutral. The law went into effect on July 8, 1898.
* In 1901, Congress adopting a new code for the District of Columbia that expressly recognized common-law crimes, with a penalty for them of up to five years and/or a $1,000 fine. The law went into effect on March 3, 1901.
* In 1935, Congress passed a law for the District of Columbia that made it a crime for "any person to invite, entice, persuade, or to address for the purpose of inviting, enticing, or persuading any person or persons...to accompany, to go with, to follow him or her to his or her residence, or to any other house or building, inclosure, or other place, for the purpose of prostitution, or any other immoral or lewd purpose." It imposed a fine of up to $100, up to 90 days in jail, and courts were permitted to "impose conditions" on anyone convicted under this law, including "medical and mental examination, diagnosis and treatment by proper public health and welfare authorities, and such other terms and conditions as the court may deem best for the protection of the community and the punishment, control, and rehabilitation of the defendant." The law went into effect on August 14, 1935.
* In 1948, Congress enacted the first sodomy law in the District of Columbia, which established a penalty of up to 10 years in prison or a fine of up to $1,000 for sodomy. Also included with this sodomy law was a psychopathic offender law and a law "to provide for the treatment of sexual psychopaths in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes." The law went into effect on June 9, 1948.
* In 1981, after the District of Columbia regained home rule from Congress, it enacted a law that repealed the sodomy law, as well as other consensual acts, and made the sexual assault laws gender-neutral. However, the U.S. House exercised the power that it retained to veto laws passed by the District of Columbia Council. On October 1, 1981, the House voted 281-119 to disallow the new law. In 1983, one of the House vetoes by Congress were declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of ''Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha'', but the law was repealed by an act of Congress in a revision to the home-rule law required by the Supreme Court decision.

===== '''United States Armed Forces''' =====
On March 1, 1917, the Articles of War of 1916 are implemented. This included a revision of the Articles of War of 1806, the new regulations detail statutes governing U.S. military discipline and justice. Under the category Miscellaneous Crimes and Offences, Article 93 states that any person subject to military law who commits "assault with intent to commit sodomy" shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.
On June 4, 1920, Congress modified Article 93 of the Articles of War of 1916. It was changed to make the act of sodomy itself a crime, separate from the offense of assault with intent to commit sodomy. It went into effect on February 4, 1921.

On May 5, 1950, the UCMJ was passed by Congress and was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman, and became effective on May 31, 1951. Article 125 forbids sodomy among all military personnel, defining it as "any person subject to this chapter who engages in unnatural carnal copulation with another person of the same or opposite sex or with an animal is guilty of sodomy. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete the offence."

On December 1, 2011, the US Senate voted 93-7 in favor of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, which contained in it a provision repealing Article 125 of the UCMJ. The bill died in Congress.

On December 26, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 into law. The law repealed the ban on consensual sodomy found in Article 125 and added a specific provision in Article 125 of the UCMJ that specifically bans bestiality:<blockquote>(b) Bestiality.— Any person subject to this chapter who engages in unnatural carnal copulation with an animal is guilty of bestiality and shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (c) Scope of Offenses.— Penetration, however slight, is sufficient to complete an offense under subsection (a) or (b).

— </blockquote>On September 16, 2016, President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13740, which included a new provision under the UCMJ to apply anywhere on Earth where the United States Armed Forces military is stationed and will be on a par with states’ animal cruelty statutes. Violations will be separated by “abuse, neglect, or abandonment of an animal” and “bestiality.”

=== '''Current status''' ===
'''NOTICE''': Information here may not always be accurate. If you have any doubts, we recommend looking up any current laws for your state of residence. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"><tr>
<th>Federal government, federal district, or state
</th>
<th>[[Bestiality]]
</th>
<th>Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
</th>
<th>Ownership of zoophilic pornography
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>Legal
<hr/>
Illegal for armed service members since February 4, 1921

<hr/>
Penalty: Dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 5 years.

</td>
<td>N/A
</td>
<td>N/A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alabama
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2014
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and/or a maximum of a $6,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2014
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and/or a maximum of a $6,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alaska
</td>
<td>Illegal since September 13, 2010
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison; additionally a court may require forfeiture of any animal affected to the state or to a custodian that supplies shelter, care, or medical treatment for the animal, require the defendant to reimburse the state or a custodian for all reasonable costs incurred in providing necessary shelter, care, veterinary attention, or medical treatment for any animal affected, or prohibit or limit the defendant's ownership, possession, or custody of animals for up to 10 years, or all of the above (first offense) Maximum of 5 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $50,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may require forfeiture of any animal affected to the state or to a custodian that supplies shelter, care, or medical treatment for the animal, require the defendant to reimburse the state or a custodian for all reasonable costs incurred in providing necessary shelter, care, veterinary attention, or medical treatment for any animal affected, or prohibit or limit the defendant's ownership, possession, or custody of animals for up to 10 years, or all of the above (previously convicted on one or more separate occasions within 10 years of the date of the present offense)

</td>
<td>Illegal since September 13, 2010
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison; additionally a court may require forfeiture of any animal affected to the state or to a custodian that supplies shelter, care, or medical treatment for the animal, or require the defendant to reimburse the state or a custodian for all reasonable costs incurred in providing necessary shelter, care, veterinary attention, or medical treatment for any animal affected, or prohibit or limit the defendant's ownership, possession, or custody of animals for up to 10 years, or all of the above (first offense) Maximum of 5 years in prison and/or a maximum of a maximum of a $50,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may require forfeiture of any animal affected to the state or to a custodian that supplies shelter, care, or medical treatment for the animal, require the defendant to reimburse the state or a custodian for all reasonable costs incurred in providing necessary shelter, care, veterinary attention, or medical treatment for any animal affected, or prohibit or limit the defendant's ownership, possession, or custody of animals for up to 10 years, or all of the above (previously convicted on one or more separate occasions within 10 years of the date of the present offense)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arizona
</td>
<td>Illegal since September 21, 2006
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and/or a maximum of a $15,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may require undergoing a psychological assessment and participate in appropriate counseling at the convicted person's own expense, or reimburse an animal shelter for reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of any animal that was taken to the animal shelter as a result of conduct proscribed by subsection A of this section, or all of the above (presumptive term) Maximum of 2 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $15,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may require undergoing a psychological assessment and participate in appropriate counseling at the convicted person's own expense, or reimburse an animal shelter for reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of any animal that was taken to the animal shelter as a result of conduct proscribed by subsection A of this section, or all of the above (aggravated term)

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $15,000 dollar fine (presumptive term) Maximum of 2 years and 6 months in prison and/or a maximum of a $15,000 dollar fine (aggravated term)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas
</td>
<td>Illegal since March 2, 1819
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a maximum of a $2,500 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 90 days in prison and a maximum of a $1,000 dollar fine (publicly displaying obscene material for advertising purposes if, for advertising purposes, he or she knowingly displays publicly or causes to be displayed publicly obscene material or permits any display of obscene material on premises owned, rented, or operated by him or her) Maximum of 6 years in prison and a maximum of a $10,000 dollar fine (promoting obscene materials if he or she knowingly promotes, or has in his or her possession with intent to promote, any obscene material)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>California
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and/or a maximum of a $5,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Colorado
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2007
<hr/>
Penalty: Minimum of 6 months in prison to a maximum of 1 and a half years in prison and/or a minimum of a $500 dollar fine to a maximum of a $5,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may order an evaluation, which requires the convicted to pay the cost of the evaluation, unless the person qualifies for a public defender, to be conducted prior to sentencing to assist the court in determining an appropriate sentence and if the evaluation results in a recommendation of treatment and if the court so finds, the person shall be ordered to complete an anger management treatment program or any other treatment program that the court may deem appropriate.

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Minimum of 6 months in prison to a maximum of 1 and a half years in prison and/or a minimum of a $500 dollar fine to a maximum of a $5,000 dollar fine (promotes or possesses with intent to wholesale promote any obscene material) 
Minimum of 3 months in prison to a maximum of 1 year in prison and/or a minimum of a $250 dollar fine to a maximum of a $1,000 dollar fine (promotion of obscenity)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Connecticut
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a maximum of a $2,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Delaware
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 6, 1993
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 8 years in prison

</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>District of Columbia
</td>
<td>Legal since May 23, 1995
</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Florida
</td>
<td>Illegal since October 1, 2011
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a $1,000 dollar fine


* Penalties increased for repeat offendersIf an animal dies as a direct or indirect result of having had sexual contact with a human being, that person will face additional sex crime charges

</td>
<td>Illegalsince October 1, 2011
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a $1,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>
847.001 (18) “Sexually oriented material<ref>[https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2021/Chapter847/All Sexually oriented material]</ref>” means any book, article, magazine, publication, or written matter of any kind or any drawing, etching, painting, photograph, motion picture film, or sound recording that depicts sexual activity, actual or simulated, involving human beings or human beings and animals, that exhibits uncovered human genitals or the pubic region in a lewd or lascivious manner, or that exhibits human male genitals in a discernibly turgid state, even if completely and opaquely covered.

</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia
</td>
<td>Illegal since June 1, 1834
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a maximum of a $5,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hawaii
</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Idaho
</td>
<td>Illegalsince April 1, 1972
<hr/>
Penalty: Minimum of 5 years in prison to a maximum of life in prison

</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Illinois
</td>
<td>Illegal since January 1, 2003
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 3 years in prison and a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may order the defendant not to harbor animals or reside in any household where animals are present for a reasonable period of time or permanently, relinquish and permanently forfeit all animals residing in the household to a recognized or duly organized animal shelter or humane [[society]], undergo a psychological evaluation and counseling at defendant's expense, reimburse the animal shelter or humane society for any reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of the animal involved in the sexual conduct or sexual contact in addition to any animals relinquished to the animal shelter or humane society, order the seizure of all animals involved in the alleged violation as a condition of bond of a person charged with a violation of this Section, or all of the above Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may order the defendant not to harbor animals or reside in any household where animals are present for a reasonable period of time or permanently, relinquish and permanently forfeit all animals residing in the household to a recognized or duly organized animal shelter or humane society, undergo a psychological evaluation and counseling at defendant's expense, reimburse the animal shelter or humane society for any reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of the animal involved in the sexual conduct or sexual contact in addition to any animals relinquished to the animal shelter or humane society, order the seizure of all animals involved in the alleged violation as a condition of bond of a person charged with a violation of this Section, or all of the above (if committed in the presence of a person under 18 years of age or causes the animal serious physical injury or death)

</td>
<td>Illegal since January 1, 2003
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 3 years in prison and a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may order the defendant not to harbor animals or reside in any household where animals are present for a reasonable period of time or permanently, relinquish and permanently forfeit all animals residing in the household to a recognized or duly organized animal shelter or humane society, undergo a psychological evaluation and counseling at defendant's expense, reimburse the animal shelter or humane society for any reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of the animal involved in the sexual conduct or sexual contact in addition to any animals relinquished to the animal shelter or humane society, order the seizure of all animals involved in the alleged violation as a condition of bond of a person charged with a violation of this Section, or all of the above Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may order the defendant not to harbor animals or reside in any household where animals are present for a reasonable period of time or permanently, relinquish and permanently forfeit all animals residing in the household to a recognized or duly organized animal shelter or humane society, undergo a psychological evaluation and counseling at defendant's expense, reimburse the animal shelter or humane society for any reasonable costs incurred for the care and maintenance of the animal involved in the sexual conduct or sexual contact in addition to any animals relinquished to the animal shelter or humane society, order the seizure of all animals involved in the alleged violation as a condition of bond of a person charged with a violation of this Section, or all of the above (if committed in the presence of a person under 18 years of age or causes the animal serious physical injury or death)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Indiana
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2007
<hr/>
Penalty: Minimum of 6 months to a maximum of 2 and a half years in prison and a minimum of a $5,000 dollar fine to a maximum of a $10,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>> Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Iowa
</td>
<td>Illegal since May 16, 2001
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and a minimum of a $625 dollar fine to a maximum of a $6,250 dollar fine; additionally the court shall require the person to submit to a psychological evaluation and treatment at the person’s expense.

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and a minimum of a $625 dollar fine to a maximum of a $6,250 dollar fine Maximum of 5 years in prison and a minimum of a $750 dollar fine to a maximum of a $7,500 dollar fine (second and subsequent violations of this section by a person who has been previously convicted of violating this section)

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kansas
</td>
<td>Illegal since 1850s
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a maximum of a $1,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kentucky
</td>
<td>Illegal since June 27, 2019
<hr/>
Penalty:
Maximum of 5 years in prison, a maximum of a $10,000 dollar fine, relinquish custody of all animals under the person's control, unless the person convicted of violating this section is not the owner of the animal that was the subject of the violation, then the animal shall be returned to the owner of the animal, an animal returned to an owner under this section shall not be spayed or neutered prior to being returned, not harbor, own, possess, or exercise control over any animal, reside in any household where animals are present, or work or volunteer in a place where the person has unsupervised access to animals for a minimum of five years after completion of the imposed sentence, attend an appropriate treatment program or obtain psychiatric or psychological counseling, at the person's expense, and reimburse the agency caring for the animal for reasonable costs incurred for the care and treatment of the animal from the date of impoundment until the disposition of the criminal proceeding.

</td>
<td>Illegal since June 27, 2019
<hr/>
Penalty:
Maximum of 5 years in prison, a maximum of a $10,000 dollar fine, relinquish custody of all animals under the person's control, unless the person convicted of violating this section is not the owner of the animal that was the subject of the violation, then the animal shall be returned to the owner of the animal, an animal returned to an owner under this section shall not be spayed or neutered prior to being returned, not harbor, own, possess, or exercise control over any animal, reside in any household where animals are present, or work or volunteer in a place where the person has unsupervised access to animals for a minimum of five years after completion of the imposed sentence, attend an appropriate treatment program or obtain psychiatric or psychological counseling, at the person's expense, and reimburse the agency caring for the animal for reasonable costs incurred for the care and treatment of the animal from the date of impoundment until the disposition of the criminal proceeding

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Louisiana
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $2,000 dollar; additionally a court may relinquish custody of all animals, prohibited from owning or processing any animal for a period of time as deemed appropriate by the court, but not less than five years, not reside in any household where an animal is present, undergo a psychological evaluation for sex offenders and participate in any recommended psychological treatment, reimburse the owner of the animal for expenses incurred for medical treatment or rehabilitation of the victimized animal if the convicted person is not the owner of the animal, required to participate in a sex offender program, law enforcement officer investigating a violation of this Section may lawfully take possession of an animal that he has reason to believe has been victimized under this Section in order to protect the health or safety of the animal or the health or safety of others, and to obtain evidence of the offense, or all of the above (first offense) Maximum of 10 years in prison and/or a minimum of a $5,000 dollar fine to a maximum of a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may relinquish custody of all animals, prohibited from owning or processing any animal for a period of time as deemed appropriate by the court, but not less than five years, not reside in any household where an animal is present, undergo a psychological evaluation for sex offenders and participate in any recommended psychological treatment, reimburse the owner of the animal for expenses incurred for medical treatment or rehabilitation of the victimized animal if the convicted person is not the owner of the animal, required to participate in a sex offender program, law enforcement officer investigating a violation of this Section may lawfully take possession of an animal that he has reason to believe has been victimized under this Section in order to protect the health or safety of the animal or the health or safety of others, and to obtain evidence of the offense, or all of the above (second offense or second offense and next offenses)

</td>
<td>Illegal since May 25, 2018
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $2,000 dollar; additionally a court may relinquish custody of all animals, prohibited from owning or processing any animal for a period of time as deemed appropriate by the court, but not less than five years, not reside in any household where an animal is present, undergo a psychological evaluation for sex offenders and participate in any recommended psychological treatment, reimburse the owner of the animal for expenses incurred for medical treatment or rehabilitation of the victimized animal if the convicted person is not the owner of the animal, required to participate in a sex offender program, law enforcement officer investigating a violation of this Section may lawfully take possession of an animal that he has reason to believe has been victimized under this Section in order to protect the health or safety of the animal or the health or safety of others, and to obtain evidence of the offense, or all of the above (first offense) Maximum of 10 years in prison and/or a minimum of a $5,000 dollar fine to a maximum of a $25,000 dollar fine; additionally a court may relinquish custody of all animals, prohibited from owning or processing any animal for a period of time as deemed appropriate by the court, but not less than five years, not reside in any household where an animal is present, undergo a psychological evaluation for sex offenders and participate in any recommended psychological treatment, reimburse the owner of the animal for expenses incurred for medical treatment or rehabilitation of the victimized animal if the convicted person is not the owner of the animal, required to participate in a sex offender program, law enforcement officer investigating a violation of this Section may lawfully take possession of an animal that he has reason to believe has been victimized under this Section in order to protect the health or safety of the animal or the health or safety of others, and to obtain evidence of the offense, or all of the above (second offense or second offense and next offenses)<

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Maine
</td>
<td>Illegalsince September 21, 2001
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and a maximum of a $2,000 dollar fine Maximum of 5 years in prison and a maximum of a $5,000 dollar fine (has 2 or more prior convictions for violations of section 1032 or essentially similar crimes in other jurisdictions)

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Maryland
</td>
<td>Illegal since June 20, 1632
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison and/or a maximum of a $1,000 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Massachusetts
</td>
<td>since November 15, 1636 as part of the <a href="/web/20200910091758/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony 
Illegal since November 1641 as part of the <Massachusetts Bay Colony

<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 20 years in prison

</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Michigan
</td>
<td>Illegal since November 4, 1816
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 15 years in prison Minimum of 1 day in prison to a maximum of life in prison (if such person was at the time of the said offense a sexually delinquent person)

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Minnesota
</td>
<td>Illegalsince March 3, 1849
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and $3,000 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mississippi
</td>
<td>Illegal since June 1802
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Missouri
</td>
<td>Illegal since August 28, 2002
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and $1,000 fine<

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Montana
</td>
<td>Illegal since January 1865
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison and a $50,000 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Nebraska
</td>
<td>Illegal since March 16, 1855
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 3 months in prison and $500 fine

</td>
<td>> Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Nevada
</td>
<td>Illegal since October 1, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison, a $2,000 dollar fine, or both<

</td>
<td>Illegal since October 1, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison, a $2,000 dollar fine, or both<

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>New Hampshire
</td>
<td>> Illegal since January 1, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 12 months in prison, a $2,000 fine, and goes on the New Hampshire <a href="/web/20200910091758/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">sex offender registry</a> (first offense) 
Maximum of 7 years imprisonment and a fine of no less than $4000 (second offense)

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 12 months in prison, a $2,000 fine, and goes on the New Hampshire sex offender registry (first offense) 
Maximum of 7 years imprisonment and a fine of no less than $4000 (second offense)<a hr

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>New Jersey
</td>
<td>> Illegal since November 9, 2015
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 18 months imprisonment, fine up to $10,000, or both>

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>New Mexico
</td>
<td>Legal<
</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>New York
</td>
<td>Illegal since the 1600s
<hr/>
Penalty:

<ul><li>Maximum of 1 year in jail and $1,000 fine<</li>
<li>Mandatory sex offender registration<</li></ul>
</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North Carolina
</td>
<td>Illegal since the time from November 17, 1715 to January 19, 1716
<hr/>
Penalty: Minimum of 3 months in prison to a maximum of 1 year in prison<

</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Unknown<

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North Dakota
</td>
<td>Illegal since April 28, 1862
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of one year in prison and $2,000 fine>

</td>
<td>> Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Ohio
</td>
<td>Illegal statewide since March 19, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of up to 90 days in prison and $750 dollar fine

<hr/>
<a > Illegal in <a href="/web/20200910091758/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren, Ohio</a> since June 22, 2016

<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of up to 180 days in prison and $1,000 dollar fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Oklahoma
</td>
<td>Illegal since May 2, 1890
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison<

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Oregon
</td>
<td>Illegal since 2001
<hr/>
Penalty: 167.300 <ref>[https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2015R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB2693/Enrolled 167.300]</ref>

<ul><li>Class C Felony - May not posses an animal or any animal of the same genus for a period of 5 years following the entry of conviction</li>
<li>(b) In addition to any other penalty imposed by law, a person convicted of violating ORS 167.322,
167.333, 167.365 or 167.428 or of a felony under ORS 167.320, may not possess a domestic animal or

any animal of the same genus against which the crime was committed for a period of 15 years fol-

lowing entry of the conviction.

(2) A person who possesses an animal in violation of this section commits a Class C

misdemeanor
</li><li>Mandatory sex offender registration
</li><li>Maximum of 5 years in prison and a maximum $125,000 fine
</li></ul>
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of one 1 year in prison and a $6,250 fine>

</td>
<td>Illegal since January 1, 2016
<hr/>
'''167.341'''<ref>[https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2015R1/Downloads/MeasureDocument/HB2693/Enrolled 167.341]</ref>'''. Encouraging sexual assault of an animal'''

Penalty: Encouraging sexual assault of an animal is a Class A misdemeanor.

Maximum of one 1 year in prison and a $6,250 fine

</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Pennsylvania
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and a $5,000 fine<

</td>
<td>tetsetestsetestet
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of seven years in prison and up to $15,000 fine.

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Rhode Island
</td>
<td>> Illegal since May 1647
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 20 years in prison

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>South Carolina
</td>
<td>Illegal since December 12, 1712
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $500 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>South Dakota
</td>
<td>Illegal since 2003
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and a $4,000 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tennessee
</td>
<td>Illegal since 2007
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 6 years in prison and a $3,000 fine

</td>
<td>Illegal since 2007
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 6 years in prison and a $3,000 fine

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas
</td>
<td>Illegal statewide since September 1, 2017 
V. T. C. A., Penal Code § 21.09<ref>[https://www.animallaw.info/statute/tx-assault-sexual-animal-%C2%A7-2109-bestiality V. T. C. A., Penal Code § 21.09]</ref>

<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison

An offense under this section is '''a state jail felony''',
If conduct falls under

* subsection (a)(9) (engages in conduct '''in presence of child younger than 18''')
* or '''results in serious bodily injury or death of the animal'''

offense is a '''felony of the second degree.'''

Also becomes a '''"reportable conviction or adjudication" for sexual offender registration program''' under Article 62.001(5), Code of Criminal Procedure.

Vernon's Ann. Texas C. C. P. Art. 62.001
</td>
<td>Illegal
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of a 1 year in prison and/or a fine of not more than $4,000

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Utah
</td>
<td>Illegal since May 3, 1993
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a $1,000 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Vermont
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison, $2,000 fine, or both

</td>
<td>Illegal since July 1, 2017
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison, $2,000 fine, or both

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Virginia
</td>
<td>Illegal since March 23, 1661
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $2,500 fine

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Washington
</td>
<td>Illegal since June 7, 2006
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $10,000 fine

</td>
<td>Illegal since June 7, 2006
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison and a $10,000 fine

</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>West Virginia
</td>
<td>Legal; 2017 bill & 2018 bill would've banned it
</td>
<td>Legal
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wisconsin
</td>
<td>Illegal since July 3, 1836; 2017/2018 bill would make it a felony
<hr/>
Penalty: Maximum of 9 months in prison and a $10,000 fine $10,000; for a repeat offender, maximum of two years in prison

</td>
<td>Unknown
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wyoming
</td>
<td>Illegal
----'''Penalty''': Misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for not more than one (1) year, a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or both.
</td>
<td>Illegal - 6-4-302 Promoting Obscenity<ref>[https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title06.pdf 6-4-302 Promoting Obscenity]</ref>
b) Promoting obscenity is a misdemeanor punishable upon conviction as follows:

(i) If to an adult, by a fine not to exceed one

thousand dollars ($1,000.00) or by imprisonment for not to

exceed one (1) year, or both;

(ii) If to a minor, for each violation, by a fine not

to exceed six thousand dollars ($6,000.00) or by imprisonment

for not to exceed one (1) year, or both.

(c) This section shall not apply to any person who may

produce, reproduce, possess or disseminate obscene material:
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></table>

Knot-Pullout

2023-06-19T17:47:35Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add category, fix wiki formatting

{{stub}}

There are three basic types of [[knot]]-pullouts.

In the first, the dog’s knot is small and it doesn’t become stuck and so moves freely into or out of the orifice it is currently inserted in.

In the second, the knot has shrunken down from an enlarged size and easily slips out without causing a problem (while still creating an impressive mess!).

In the third, the knot is pulled out ‘early’, which can cause pain to the receiver as well as being very uncomfortable for the dog as well. It is best to prevent this from happening by either not taking his knot, stretching yourself to accommodate his knot comfortably, or have a handler present to prevent an early knot pullout.

When taking the knot anally, there is a greater risk of injury than when attempting to do so vaginally; this is because the tissue is thinner and more easily damaged. Even vaginal sex is not without its risks as there was reportedly one woman who died of hemorrhage after a particularly bad knot pullout by her mastiff. It should be noted that those dogs are about as large as Great Danes and have a much heavier bone structure. In all likelihood, the dog’s penis and knot may have been even larger than that of the famous Hector!

Thankfully such dramatic results are incredibly rare and that is in fact the only person known to have died due to a knot-pullout, though mild injuries are reported occasionally. When a woman seeks medical treatment due to injuries sustained during sex with animals, it is nearly always in the form of lacerations to the vaginal tissue due to attempting to separate from a dog before the swelling of his knot went down. These injuries may be accompanied by heavy discharge.

Generally the tissue is very flexible and the dogs being knotted with tend to be smaller as well. Some owners of particularly well-endowed Danes do not take the knot and allow penetration by the shaft only, using their hand for prevention against tying by grasping the dog’s penis.

==References==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/

[[Category:Terms]]

Zoophile Vegetarianism

2023-05-14T16:43:24Z

SkunkyMidnight: SkunkyMidnight moved page Zoophile Vegetarianism to Vegetarianism

#REDIRECT [[Vegetarianism]]

Vegetarianism

2023-05-14T16:43:24Z

SkunkyMidnight: SkunkyMidnight moved page Zoophile Vegetarianism to Vegetarianism

{{stub}}

[[zoophiles]] may lean towards the vegetarian lifestyle because of their inclination.

When assessed the reactions, proportionally more Zoophiles are vegetarians in relation to the general population average. But certainly not all of them. Like other people, Zoophiles are carnivores too, although some of them are pure herbivores.

==Resources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113140040/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Zoophile_Vegetarier%3F Zoophile Vegeterianism on the Zetapin Wiki]

Vegetarianism

2023-05-14T16:42:58Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix formatting

Rabies

2023-05-06T19:34:52Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add imported template

{{Imported}}
{{short description|Deadly viral disease}}
{{about|rabies in humans|rabies in animals|Rabies in animals|other uses|Rabies (disambiguation)}}{{redirect|Rabid}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Rabies
| image = Manwithrabies4.png
| caption = A man with rabies, 1958
| field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms = [[Fever]], [[Aquaphobia|fear of water]], [[confusion]], [[Hypersalivation|excessive salivation]], [[hallucinations]], [[Insomnia|trouble sleeping]], [[paralysis]], [[coma]]<ref name=WHO2013/><ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821|website=Mayo Clinic|access-date=9 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| causes = [[Rabies virus]], [[Australian bat lyssavirus]]<ref name=Au2014/>
| risks =
| diagnosis =
| differential =
| prevention = [[Rabies vaccine]], animal control, [[rabies immunoglobulin]]<ref name=WHO2013/>
| treatment = [[Supportive care]]
| medication =
| prognosis = Nearly always death after onset of symptoms<ref name=WHO2013/>
| frequency =
| deaths = 56,000 per year<ref name="CDC01">{{cite web|title=Rabies|url= https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/world/index.html|website=CDC|date= 29 July 2020|access-date=31 January 2021|language=en}}</ref>
| alt =
}}

'''Rabies''' is a [[viral disease]] that causes [[encephalitis|inflammation of the brain]] in humans and other [[mammals]].<ref name="WHO2013" /> Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure.<ref name="WHO2013" /> These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, [[Aquaphobia|fear of water]], an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and [[loss of consciousness]].<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980 |work=Medical News Today |date=15 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies, Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821 |work=Mayo Clinic |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Animal bites and rabies |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/animal-bites-and-rabies |work=Johns Hopkins Medicine |url-status=live }}</ref> Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death.<ref name="WHO2013" /> The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year.<ref name="WHO2013" /> The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along [[Peripheral nervous system|peripheral nerves]] to reach the [[central nervous system]].<ref name="Robbins">{{cite book | vauthors = Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8 }}</ref>

Rabies is caused by [[lyssavirus]]es, including the [[rabies virus]] and [[Australian bat lyssavirus]].<ref name="Au2014">{{cite web|title=Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |work=The Department of Health |access-date=1 March 2014 |date=Dec 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304235230/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-rabies-consumer-info.htm |archive-date=4 March 2014 }}</ref> It is spread when an infected animal bites or scratches a human or other animal.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Globally, [[dog]]s are the most common animal involved.<ref name="WHO2013" /> In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases are the direct result of [[dog bites]].<ref name="Tint2010">{{cite book | last = Tintinalli | first = Judith E. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=978-0-07-148480-0}}</ref> In the [[Americas]], [[bat]] bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs.<ref name="WHO2013" /><ref name="Tint2010" /> [[Rodent]]s are very rarely infected with rabies.<ref name="Tint2010" /> The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms.<ref name="WHO2013" />

Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common.<ref name="WHO2013" /> In people who have been exposed to rabies, the [[rabies vaccine]] and sometimes [[rabies immunoglobulin]] are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms.<ref name="WHO2013" /> Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, [[povidone-iodine]], or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission.<ref name="WHO2013">{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |work=World Health Organization |access-date=28 February 2014 |date=July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075427/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |archive-date=1 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = William H. | last = Wunner | name-list-style = vanc |title=Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management |date=2010 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780080550091 |page=556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-U1LFK5zagC&pg=PA556 }}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 | s2cid = 1798889 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UC Davis Children's Hospital patient becomes third person in U.S. to survive rabies |url=http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/medicalcenter/features/2010-2011/06/20110616_rabies-survivor.html |publisher=UC Davis Medical Center |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521165713/http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/medicalcenter/features/2010-2011/06/20110616_rabies-survivor.html |archive-date=21 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ManojMukherjee2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manoj S, Mukherjee A, Johri S, Kumar KV | title = Recovery from rabies, a universally fatal disease | journal = Military Medical Research | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 21 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27429788 | pmc = 4947331 | doi = 10.1186/s40779-016-0089-y }}</ref>

Rabies causes about 56,000 deaths worldwide per year.<ref name="CDC01"/> More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].<ref name="WHO2013" /> About 40% of deaths occur in children under the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies: The Facts |url=https://www.who.int/rabies/rabies_Infographic_updated_Global_International_meeting.pdf?ua=1 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=24 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224220204/http://www.who.int/rabies/rabies_Infographic_updated_Global_International_meeting.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica.<ref name="WHO2013" /> More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs.<ref name="WHO2013" /> A number of countries in the Asia-Pacific such as Australia, Japan and Singapore, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs.<ref>{{cite book|title=WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies : second report. |date=2013 |publisher=WHO |location=Geneva |isbn=9789241209823 |page=3 |edition=2 |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020024015/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85346/1/9789240690943_eng.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="CDCRFC">{{cite web |title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units |url=https://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |work=CDC |access-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010256/http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 }}</ref> Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all.<ref name="CDCRFC" /> It is classified as a [[neglected tropical disease]].<ref name="NTD2017">{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |website=cdc.gov |access-date=28 November 2014 |date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 }}</ref>

== Signs and symptoms ==
[[file:Hydrophobia in rabies.webm|thumb|A typical rabies patient displaying hydrophobia]]
[[file:Dog with rabies.jpg|thumb|Animals with "dumb" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated]]

The [[Incubation period|period]] between infection and the first [[Influenza-like illness|symptoms]] (incubation period) is typically 1–3 months in humans.<ref name="Giesen2015" /> This period may be as short as four days or longer than six years, depending on the location and severity of the wound and the amount of virus introduced.<ref name="Giesen2015" /> Initial symptoms of rabies are often nonspecific such as fever and headache.<ref name="Giesen2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Giesen A, Gniel D, Malerczyk C | title = 30 Years of rabies vaccination with Rabipur: a summary of clinical data and global experience | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 351–67 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25683583 | doi = 10.1586/14760584.2015.1011134 | type = Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> As rabies progresses and causes [[meningoencephalitis|inflammation of the brain and meninges]], symptoms can include slight or partial [[paralysis]], [[anxiety]], [[insomnia]], [[confusion]], [[psychomotor agitation|agitation]], abnormal behavior, [[paranoia]], terror, and [[hallucination]]s.<ref name="Robbins" /><ref name="Giesen2015" /> The person may also have fear of water.<ref name="WHO2013" />

The symptoms eventually progress to [[delirium]], and [[coma]].<ref name="Robbins" /><ref name="Giesen2015" /> Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after first symptoms. Survival is almost unknown once symptoms have presented, even with intensive care.<ref name="Giesen2015" /><ref name="Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rupprecht CE, Willoughby R, Slate D | title = Current and future trends in the prevention, treatment and control of rabies | journal = Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 1021–38 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17181418 | doi = 10.1586/14787210.4.6.1021 | s2cid = 36979186 }}</ref>

Rabies has also occasionally been referred to as hydrophobia ("fear of water") throughout its [[history]].<ref>{{cite book| first1 = A D | last1 = Cliff | first2 = Peter | last2 = Haggett | first3 = Matthew | last3 = Smallman-Raynor | name-list-style = vanc |title=World atlas of epidemic diseases|date=2004|publisher=Arnold|location=London|isbn=9780340761717|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNVCiNnGVvsC&pg=PA51}}</ref> It refers to a set of symptoms in the later stages of an infection in which the person has difficulty swallowing, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink, and cannot quench their thirst. Any mammal infected with the virus may demonstrate hydrophobia.<ref name="NHS" /> Saliva production is greatly increased, and attempts to drink, or even the intention or suggestion of drinking, may cause excruciatingly painful spasms of the muscles in the throat and [[larynx]]. Since the infected individual cannot swallow saliva and water, the virus has a much higher chance of being transmitted, since it multiplies and accumulates in the [[salivary gland]]s and is transmitted through biting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.animalswecare.com/home_section/rabies/ |website=AnimalsWeCare.com |title=Rabies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903193928/http://www.animalswecare.com/home_section/rabies/ |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> Hydrophobia is commonly associated with furious rabies, which affects 80% of rabies-infected people. The remaining 20% may experience a paralytic form of rabies that is marked by muscle weakness, loss of sensation, and paralysis; this form of rabies does not usually cause fear of water.<ref name="NHS">{{cite web|title=Symptoms of rabies |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rabies/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |website=NHS.uk |access-date=3 September 2014 |date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914174652/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Rabies/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |archive-date=14 September 2014 }}</ref>

==Cause==
[[File:Rabies Virus.jpg|thumb|Rendering of the rabies virus]]
[[File:Rabies Virus EM PHIL 1876.JPG|thumb|[[Transmission electron microscopy|TEM]] [[micrograph]] with numerous rabies [[virion]]s (small, dark grey, rodlike particles) and [[Negri bodies]] (the larger [[pathognomonic]] cellular inclusions of rabies infection)]]
[[File:Dr. Joseph Pawan.isolated rabies virus. Commemorative stamp.jpg|thumb|alt=postage stamp with man's head looking to the right|Commemorative stamp for Dr. [[Joseph Lennox Pawan]], who isolated the rabies virus]]
Rabies is caused by a number of [[lyssavirus]]es including the [[rabies virus]] and [[Australian bat lyssavirus]].<ref name="Au2014" /> [[Duvenhage lyssavirus]] may cause a rabies-like infection.<ref name="Thiel2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = van Thiel PP, de Bie RM, Eftimov F, Tepaske R, Zaaijer HL, van Doornum GJ, Schutten M, Osterhaus AD, Majoie CB, Aronica E, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Wandeler AI, Kager PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Fatal human rabies due to Duvenhage virus from a bat in Kenya: failure of treatment with coma-induction, ketamine, and antiviral drugs | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e428 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19636367 | pmc = 2710506 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000428 }}</ref>

The rabies virus is the [[type species]] of the ''[[Lyssavirus]]'' [[genus]], in the family'' [[Rhabdoviridae]]'', order ''[[Mononegavirales]]''. Lyssavirions have helical symmetry, with a length of about 180 [[nanometre|nm]] and a cross-section of about 75 nm.<ref name="Sherris">{{cite book | vauthors = Drew WL | chapter= Chapter 41: Rabies |editor= Ryan KJ |editor2=Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages=597–600 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}</ref> These virions are [[Viral envelope|enveloped]] and have a single-stranded [[RNA]] genome with [[negative-sense#Negative-sense|negative sense]]. The genetic information is packed as a [[ribonucleoprotein]] complex in which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein. The [[RNA genome]] of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly conserved: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G), and the viral RNA polymerase (L).<ref name="pmid15885837">{{cite journal | vauthors = Finke S, Conzelmann KK | title = Replication strategies of rabies virus | journal = Virus Research | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 120–31 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15885837 | doi = 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.004 }}</ref>

To enter cells, trimeric spikes on the exterior of the membrane of the virus interact with a specific cell receptor, the most likely one being the [[acetylcholine]] receptor. The cellular membrane pinches in a procession known as [[pinocytosis]] and allows entry of the virus into the cell by way of an [[endosome]]. The virus then uses the acidic environment, which is necessary, of that endosome and binds to its membrane simultaneously, releasing its five proteins and single-strand RNA into the cytoplasm.<ref name="CDC_Rabies_PEP" />

Once within a muscle or nerve cell, the virus undergoes replication. The L protein then transcribes five mRNA strands and a positive strand of RNA all from the original negative strand RNA using free nucleotides in the cytoplasm. These five mRNA strands are then translated into their corresponding proteins (P, L, N, G and M proteins) at free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some proteins require post-translative modifications. For example, the G protein travels through the rough [[endoplasmic reticulum]], where it undergoes [[further]] folding, and is then transported to the [[Golgi apparatus]], where a sugar group is added to it ([[glycosylation]]).<ref name="CDC_Rabies_PEP" />

When there are enough viral proteins, the viral polymerase will begin to synthesize new negative strands of RNA from the template of the positive-strand RNA. These negative strands will then form complexes with the N, P, L and M proteins and then travel to the inner membrane of the cell, where a G protein has embedded itself in the membrane. The G protein then coils around the N-P-L-M complex of proteins taking some of the host cell membrane with it, which will form the new outer envelope of the virus particle. The virus then buds from the cell.<ref name="CDC_Rabies_PEP" />

From the point of entry, the virus is [[neurotropic virus|neurotropic]], traveling along the neural pathways into the [[central nervous system]]. The virus usually first infects muscle cells close to the site of infection, where they are able to replicate without being 'noticed' by the host's immune system. Once enough virus has been replicated, they begin to bind to [[acetylcholine receptor]]s at the neuromuscular junction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gluska S, Zahavi EE, Chein M, Gradus T, Bauer A, Finke S, Perlson E | title = Rabies Virus Hijacks and accelerates the p75NTR retrograde axonal transport machinery | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = e1004348 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25165859 | pmc = 4148448 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004348 }}</ref> The virus then travels through the nerve cell axon via [[Axonal transport#Retrograde transport|retrograde transport]], as its P protein interacts with [[dynein]], a protein present in the cytoplasm of nerve cells. Once the virus reaches the cell body it travels rapidly to the central nervous system (CNS), replicating in motor neurons and eventually reaching the brain.<ref name="Robbins" /> After the brain is infected, the virus travels centrifugally to the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems, eventually migrating to the salivary glands, where it is ready to be transmitted to the next host.<ref name="Baer1991" />{{rp|317}}
[[File:PHIL 2184.png|thumb|Two dogs with the paralytic, or dumb, form of rabies]]

== Transmission ==
{{Main|Rabies transmission}}

All [[warm-blooded]] species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and develop symptoms. [[Bird]]s were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely, if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover.<ref name="serological">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shannon LM, Poulton JL, Emmons RW, Woodie JD, Fowler ME | title = Serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from California | journal = Journal of Wildlife Diseases | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 264–7 | date = April 1988 | pmid = 3286906 | doi = 10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.264 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Other bird species have been known to develop rabies [[antibody|antibodies]], a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.<ref name="pmid16498885">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gough PM, Jorgenson RD | title = Rabies antibodies in sera of wild birds | journal = Journal of Wildlife Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 392–5 | date = July 1976 | pmid = 16498885 | doi = 10.7589/0090-3558-12.3.392 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Owls">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jorgenson RD, Gough PM, Graham DL | title = Experimental rabies in a great horned owl | journal = Journal of Wildlife Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 444–7 | date = July 1976 | pmid = 16498892 | doi = 10.7589/0090-3558-12.3.444 | s2cid = 11374356 | url = https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/224b35832b9cace98ad3035260cfed2f894f9228 }}</ref>

The virus has also adapted to grow in cells of [[poikilotherm|cold-blooded]] vertebrates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://virology-online.com/viruses/Rhabdoviruses.htm |title=Rabies |last=Wong |first=Derek | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Wong's Virology |access-date=19 March 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203053955/http://virology-online.com/viruses/Rhabdoviruses.htm |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Developments in Veterinary Virology: Rabies|last1=Campbell |first1=James B. |last2=Charlton |first2=K.M. | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Springer|year=1988|page=48|isbn=978-0-89838-390-4}}</ref> Most animals can be infected by the virus and can transmit the disease to humans. Worldwide, about 99% of human rabies cases come from domestic dogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies| title=Rabies| website=World Health Organization| date=21 April 2020| access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref> Other sources of rabies in humans include [[bat]]s,<ref name="pmid13858519">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawan JL | title = The transmission of paralytic rabies in Trinidad by the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner | journal = Caribbean Medical Journal | volume = 21 | pages = 110–36 | year = 1959 | pmid = 13858519 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14431118">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pawan JL | title = Rabies in the vampire bat of Trinidad, with special reference to the clinical course and the latency of infection | journal = Caribbean Medical Journal | volume = 21 | pages = 137–56 | year = 1959 | pmid = 14431118 }}</ref> [[monkey]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[fox]]es, [[skunk]]s, [[cattle]], [[wolf|wolves]], [[coyotes]], [[cat]]s, and [[mongoose]]s (normally either the small Asian mongoose or the yellow mongoose).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Taylor PJ | title = A systematic and population genetic approach to the rabies problem in the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata) | journal = The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 379–87 | date = December 1993 | pmid = 7777324 }}</ref>

Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected [[bears]], [[livestock|domestic farm animals]], [[groundhog]]s, [[weasel]]s, and other [[Carnivora|wild carnivorans]]. However, [[lagomorphs]], such as [[hare]]s and [[rabbit]]s, and small [[rodent]]s such as [[chipmunk]]s, [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]s, [[guinea pig]]s, [[hamster]]s, [[mice]], [[rat]]s, and [[squirrel]]s, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/animals/other.html |title=Rabies. Other Wild Animals: Terrestrial carnivores: raccoons, skunks and foxes. |access-date=2010-12-23 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]](CDC) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220085305/http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/animals/other.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 }}</ref> Bites from mice, rats, or squirrels rarely require rabies prevention because these rodents are typically killed by any encounter with a larger, rabid animal, and would, therefore, not be carriers.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Anderson | first1 = Janet | last2 = Frey | first2 = Rebecca | chapter = Rabies | veditors = Fundukian LJ | title = Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine|edition= 3rd |date= 2006}}</ref> The [[Virginia opossum]] has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant but not immune to rabies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McRuer DL, Jones KD | title = Behavioral and nutritional aspects of the Virginian opossum (Didelphis virginiana) | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–36, viii | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19341950 | doi = 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.007 }}</ref>

The virus is usually present in the nerves and [[saliva]] of a symptomatic rabid animal.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Merck Manual|edition= 11th |date=1983|page= 183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Merck manual of Medical Information|edition= Second Home|date=2003|page= 484}}</ref> The route of [[infection]] is usually, but not always, by a bite. In many cases, the infected animal is exceptionally aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits otherwise uncharacteristic behavior.<ref>{{cite web|last=Turton |first=Jenny | name-list-style = vanc |title=Rabies: a killer disease |publisher=National Department of Agriculture |year=2000 |url=http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/rabies/rabies.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923103559/http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/rabies/rabies.htm |archive-date=23 September 2006 }}</ref> This is an example of a viral pathogen [[Behavior-altering parasites and parasitoids|modifying the behavior of its host]] to facilitate its transmission to other hosts. After a typical human infection by bite, the virus enters the [[peripheral nervous system]]. It then travels along the [[Afferent nerve fiber|afferent nerve]]s toward the [[central nervous system]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Jackson | first1 = Alan C. | last2 = Wunner | first2 = William H. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Rabies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8rMezRaD4oC&pg=PA290 |year=2002 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-379077-4 |page=290 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108014518/http://books.google.com/books?id=p8rMezRaD4oC&pg=PA290 |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref> During this phase, the virus cannot be easily detected within the host, and vaccination may still confer cell-mediated immunity to prevent symptomatic rabies. When the virus reaches the [[brain]], it rapidly causes [[encephalitis]], the prodromal phase, which is the beginning of the symptoms. Once the patient becomes symptomatic, treatment is almost never effective and mortality is over 99%. Rabies may also inflame the [[spinal cord]], producing [[transverse myelitis]].<ref name="LynnNewton2012">{{cite book|vauthors=Lynn DJ, Newton HB, Rae-Grant AD|title=The 5-Minute Neurology Consult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTzlC4UbFdcC&pg=PA414|year=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-0012-9 |pages=414–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis |first1= Larry Ernest |last2=King |first2= Molly K.|last3=Schultz|first3=Jessica L. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Fundamentals of neurologic disease |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moRp2jWZp0QC&pg=PA73 |date=15 June 2005 |publisher=Demos Medical Publishing |isbn=978-1-888799-84-2 |page=73 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108015452/http://books.google.com/books?id=moRp2jWZp0QC&pg=PA73 |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref>

Although it is theoretically possible for rabies-infected humans to transmit it to others by biting or otherwise, no such cases have ever been documented, since infected humans are usually hospitalized and necessary precautions taken. Casual contact, such as touching a person with rabies or contact with non-infectious fluid or tissue (urine, blood, feces) does not constitute an exposure and does not require post-exposure prophylaxis. But as the virus is present in sperm and vaginal secretions, it might be possible for rabies to spread through sex.<ref>[https://rabiesalliance.org/rabies/what-is-rabies-and-frequently-asked-questions/exposure-prevention-treatment RabiesAlliance.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924072630/https://rabiesalliance.org/rabies/what-is-rabies-and-frequently-asked-questions/exposure-prevention-treatment |date=24 September 2016 }}</ref> There are only a handful of recorded cases of human-to-human transmission of rabies, and all occurred through [[organ transplant]]s from infected donors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, Rupprecht C, Sutker WL, Ksiazek TG, Paddock CD, Guarner J, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith C, Hanlon CA, Zoretic J, Fischbach B, Niezgoda M, El-Feky WH, Orciari L, Sanchez EQ, Likos A, Klintmalm GB, Cardo D, LeDuc J, Chamberland ME, Jernigan DB, Zaki SR | display-authors = 6 | title = Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 352 | issue = 11 | pages = 1103–11 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15784663 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa043018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Human Rabies Prevention --- United States, 2008 Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices | website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date=2008-05-23 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5703a1.htm | access-date=2020-02-11}}</ref>

== Diagnosis ==

Rabies can be difficult to diagnose because, in the early stages, it is easily confused with other diseases or with aggressiveness.<ref name="Merck">{{cite book|title=The Merck Veterinary Manual|year=2010|publisher=Courier Kendallville, Inc|location=Kendallville, Indiana|isbn=978-0-911910-93-3|page=1193|edition=10th| veditors = Kahn CM, Line S }}</ref> The [[Gold standard (test)|reference method]] for diagnosing rabies is the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), an [[immunohistochemistry]] procedure, which is recommended by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Dean DJ, Abelseth MK |chapter=Ch. 6: The fluorescent antibody test | veditors = Kaplan MM, Koprowski H |title=Laboratory techniques in rabies |publisher=World Health Organization |series=Monograph series |volume=23 |year=1973 |page=73 |isbn=9789241400237 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jciAQAAIAAJ |edition=3rd}}</ref> The FAT relies on the ability of a detector molecule (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a rabies-specific antibody, forming a conjugate, to bind to and allow the visualisation of rabies antigen using fluorescent microscopy techniques. Microscopic analysis of samples is the only direct method that allows for the identification of rabies virus-specific antigen in a short time and at a reduced cost, irrespective of geographical origin and status of the host. It has to be regarded as the first step in diagnostic procedures for all laboratories. Autolysed samples can, however, reduce the sensitivity and specificity of the FAT.<ref name="Fooks AR 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fooks AR, Johnson N, Freuling CM, Wakeley PR, Banyard AC, McElhinney LM, Marston DA, Dastjerdi A, Wright E, Weiss RA, Müller T | display-authors = 6 | title = Emerging technologies for the detection of rabies virus: challenges and hopes in the 21st century | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = e530 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19787037 | pmc = 2745658 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000530 }}</ref> The [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT PCR]] assays proved to be a sensitive and specific tool for routine diagnostic purposes,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tordo N, Bourhy H, Sacramento D |chapter=Ch. 10: PCR technology for lyssavirus diagnosis | veditors = Clewley JP |title=The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Human Viral Diagnosis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4vTacTbViQC&pg=PA125 |year=1994 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-4833-4 |pages=125–145}}</ref> particularly in decomposed samples<ref name="pmid12034539">{{cite journal | vauthors = David D, Yakobson B, Rotenberg D, Dveres N, Davidson I, Stram Y | title = Rabies virus detection by RT-PCR in decomposed naturally infected brains | journal = Veterinary Microbiology | volume = 87 | issue = 2 | pages = 111–8 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12034539 | doi = 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00041-x }}</ref> or archival specimens.<ref name="pmid17881871">{{cite journal | vauthors = Biswal M, Ratho R, Mishra B | title = Usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies RNA in archival samples | journal = Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 60 | issue = 5 | pages = 298–9 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17881871 }}</ref> The diagnosis can be reliably made from brain samples taken after death. The diagnosis can also be made from saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples, but this is not as [[Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]] or reliable as brain samples.<ref name="Fooks AR 2009" /> Cerebral inclusion bodies called [[Negri bodies]] are 100% diagnostic for rabies infection but are found in only about 80% of cases.<ref name="Sherris" /> If possible, the animal from which the bite was received should also be examined for rabies.<ref name="Ly2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ly S, Buchy P, Heng NY, Ong S, Chhor N, Bourhy H, Vong S | title = Rabies situation in Cambodia | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | pages = e511 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19907631 | pmc = 2731168 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000511 | editor1-last = Carabin | id = e511 | editor1-first = Hélène }}</ref>

Some [[Light microscopy#Optical microscopy|light microscopy]] techniques may also be used to diagnose rabies at a tenth of the cost of traditional fluorescence microscopy techniques, allowing identification of the disease in less-developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dürr S, Naïssengar S, Mindekem R, Diguimbye C, Niezgoda M, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE, Zinsstag J | display-authors = 6 | title = Rabies diagnosis for developing countries | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = e206 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18365035 | pmc = 2268742 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000206 | editor1-last = Cleaveland | id = e206 | editor1-first = Sarah }}</ref> A test for rabies, known as LN34, is easier to run on a dead animal's brain and might help determine who does and does not need post-exposure prevention.<ref name="CDC2018New" /> The test was developed by the CDC in 2018.<ref name="CDC2018New">{{cite web|title=New Rapid Rabies Test Could Revolutionize Testing and Treatment {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0516-rapid-rabies-test.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en-us|date=16 May 2018}}</ref>

The [[differential diagnosis]] in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of [[encephalitis]], in particular infection with viruses such as [[herpesviridae|herpesviruses]], [[enterovirus]]es, and [[arboviruses]] such as [[West Nile virus]]. The most important viruses to rule out are [[herpes simplex virus]] type one, [[varicella zoster virus]], and (less commonly) enteroviruses, including [[coxsackie virus|coxsackievirus]]es, [[echovirus]]es, [[poliovirus]]es, and human enteroviruses 68 to 71.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-diagnosis |title=Rabies: Differential Diagnoses & Workup |work=eMedicine Infectious Diseases |date=3 October 2008 |access-date=2010-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128074240/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/220967-diagnosis |archive-date=28 November 2010 }}</ref>

New causes of viral encephalitis are also possible, as was evidenced by the 1999 outbreak in Malaysia of 300 cases of encephalitis with a mortality rate of 40% caused by [[Nipah virus]], a newly recognized [[Paramyxoviridae|paramyxovirus]].<ref name="refDiseasesOfSwine">{{cite book |vauthors=Taylor DH, Straw BE, Zimmerman JL, D'Allaire S |title=Diseases of swine |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=2006 |pages=463–5 |isbn=978-0-8138-1703-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o9l77HdZkgC&q=diseases%20of%20swine&pg=PA463 |access-date=2010-01-30}}</ref> Likewise, well-known viruses may be introduced into new locales, as is illustrated by the outbreak of encephalitis due to West Nile virus in the eastern United States.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inflammatory Disorders Of The Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Clinical Management |last1=Minagar |first1=Alireza | first2 = J. Steven | last2 = Alexander | name-list-style = vanc |year=2005 |publisher=Humana Press |isbn=978-1-58829-424-1 }}</ref> Epidemiologic factors, such as season, geographic location, and the patient's age, travel history, and possible exposure to bites, rodents, and ticks, may help direct the diagnosis.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

== Prevention ==
{{See|Dog bite prevention}}

Almost all human exposure to rabies was fatal until a vaccine was developed in 1885 by [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Émile Roux]]. Their original vaccine was harvested from infected rabbits, from which the virus in the nerve tissue was weakened by allowing it to dry for five to ten days.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Geison GL | title = Pasteur's work on rabies: reexamining the ethical issues | journal = The Hastings Center Report | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 26–33 | date = April 1978 | pmid = 348641 | doi = 10.2307/3560403 | jstor = 3560403 }}</ref> Similar nerve tissue-derived vaccines are still used in some countries, as they are much cheaper than modern cell culture vaccines.<ref name="pmid15069272">{{cite journal | vauthors = Srivastava AK, Sardana V, Prasad K, Behari M | title = Diagnostic dilemma in flaccid paralysis following anti-rabies vaccine | journal = Neurology India | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 132–3 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15069272 | url = http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886;year=2004;volume=52;issue=1;spage=132;epage=133;aulast=Srivastava | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090802195908/http://www.neurologyindia.com/article.asp?issn=0028-3886%3Byear%3D2004%3Bvolume%3D52%3Bissue%3D1%3Bspage%3D132%3Bepage%3D133%3Baulast%3DSrivastava | archive-date = 2 August 2009 }}</ref>

The human diploid cell rabies vaccine was started in 1967. Less expensive purified chicken embryo cell vaccine and purified [[vero cell]] rabies vaccine are now available.<ref name="Ly2009" /> A [[recombinant vaccine]] called V-RG has been used in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States to prevent outbreaks of rabies in undomesticated animals.<ref name="Reece_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reece JF, Chawla SK | title = Control of rabies in Jaipur, India, by the sterilisation and vaccination of neighbourhood dogs | journal = The Veterinary Record | volume = 159 | issue = 12 | pages = 379–83 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16980523 | doi = 10.1136/vr.159.12.379 | s2cid = 5959305 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e34f27f501782639d29ed8a0d2e351f2fa3f1d7a }}</ref> Immunization before exposure has been used in both human and nonhuman populations, where, as in many jurisdictions, domesticated animals are required to be vaccinated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control |date=31 December 2007 |access-date=2010-01-03 |publisher=National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians |url=http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/RabiesCompendium.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712235752/http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/RabiesCompendium.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2010 }}</ref>[[File:Rabiesvaccination.png|thumb|A female child about to receive PEP after being bitten by an animal thought to be rabid]]The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services Communicable Disease Surveillance 2007 Annual Report states the following can help reduce the risk of contracting rabies:<ref>{{cite report|date=2007|title=2007 Annual Report|url=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/communicabledisease/annual07/Annual07.pdf|publisher=Bureau of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref>
* Vaccinating dogs, cats, and ferrets against rabies
* Keeping pets under supervision
* Not handling wild animals or strays
* Contacting an animal control officer upon observing a wild animal or a stray, especially if the animal is acting strangely
* If bitten by an animal, washing the wound with soap and water for 10 to 15 minutes and contacting a healthcare provider to determine if post-exposure prophylaxis is required

28 September is [[World Rabies Day]], which promotes the information, prevention, and elimination of the disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_rabies_day/en/ |title=World Rabies Day |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231020108/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_rabies_day/en/ |archive-date=31 December 2011 }}</ref>

In Asia and in parts of the Americas and Africa, dogs remain the principal host. Mandatory vaccination of animals is less effective in rural areas. Especially in developing countries, pets may not be privately kept and their destruction may be unacceptable. Oral vaccines can be safely distributed in baits, a practice that has successfully reduced rabies in rural areas of [[Canada]], [[France]], and the [[United States]]. In [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada, baits are successfully used on raccoons in the Mount-Royal Park area. Vaccination campaigns may be expensive, and cost-benefit analysis suggests baits may be a cost-effective method of control.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meltzer MI | title = Assessing the costs and benefits of an oral vaccine for raccoon rabies: a possible model | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 343–9 | date = October–December 1996 | pmid = 8969251 | pmc = 2639934 | doi = 10.3201/eid0204.960411 }}</ref> In [[Ontario]], a dramatic drop in rabies was recorded when an aerial bait-vaccination campaign was launched.<ref name=Grambo>{{cite book|last=Grambo|first=Rebecca L | name-list-style = vanc |title=The World of the Fox|year=1995|publisher=Greystone Books|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-0-87156-377-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldoffox00gram/page/94 94–5]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldoffox00gram/page/94}}</ref>

The number of recorded human deaths from rabies in the United States has dropped from 100 or more annually in the early 20th century to one or two per year due to widespread vaccination of domestic dogs and cats and the development of human vaccines and immunoglobulin treatments. Most deaths now result from bat bites, which may go unnoticed by the victim and hence untreated.<ref name="CDC_Rabies_Epi">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/index.html |title=Rabies in the U.S. |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |date=22 April 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231023841/http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/index.html |archive-date=31 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Treatment==
===After exposure===
[[postexposure prophylaxis|Treatment after exposure]] can prevent the disease if given within 10 days. The rabies vaccine is 100% effective if given early, and still has a chance of success if delivery is delayed.<ref name=Sherris/><ref name="CDC_Rabies_PEP"/><ref name="Lite2009">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=jeanna-giese-rabies-survivor |title=Medical Mystery: Only One Person Has Survived Rabies without Vaccine—But How? |magazine=[[Scientific American]] | first = Jordan | last = Lite | name-list-style = vanc |date=8 October 2008 |access-date=2010-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091105091606/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=jeanna-giese-rabies-survivor |archive-date=5 November 2009 }}</ref> Every year, more than 15 million people get vaccinated after potential exposure. While this works well, the cost is significant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/human_rabies_better_coordination_and_emerging_technology/en/ |title=Human rabies: better coordination and emerging technology to improve access to vaccines |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131644/http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/human_rabies_better_coordination_and_emerging_technology/en/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> In the US it is recommended people receive one dose of human rabies [[immunoglobulin]] (HRIG) and four doses of rabies vaccine over a 14-day period.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5902.pdf "Use of a Reduced (4-Dose) Vaccine Schedule for Postexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Human Rabies"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725112251/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5902.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC).</ref> HRIG is expensive and makes up most of the cost of post exposure treatment, ranging as high as several thousand dollars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/cost.html |title=Cost of Rabies Prevention |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329143011/http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/cost.html |archive-date=29 March 2016 |date=11 June 2019 }}</ref> As much as possible of this dose should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at a site distant from the vaccination site.<ref name="CDC_Rabies_PEP">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/postexposure.html |title=Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) |date=23 December 2009 |access-date=2010-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201085054/http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/exposure/postexposure.html |archive-date=1 February 2010 }}</ref>

People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin, only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3.<ref>Park's textbook of Community medicine, 22nd edition, 2013, p 254.</ref> The side effects of modern [[cell-based vaccine]]s are similar to the side effects of flu shots. The old nerve-tissue-based vaccination required multiple injections into the abdomen with a large needle but is inexpensive.<ref name="Ly2009"/> It is being phased out and replaced by affordable World Health Organization intradermal-vaccination regimens.<ref name="Ly2009"/> Intramuscular vaccination should be given into the [[deltoid muscle|deltoid]], not the [[gluteal muscles|gluteal area]], which has been associated with vaccination failure{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} due to injection into fat rather than muscle. In children less than a year old, the lateral thigh is recommended.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/rabies/en/ |title=Rabies |website=www.who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=1 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215014809/http://www.who.int/ith/vaccines/rabies/en/ |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> Thoroughly washing the wound as soon as possible with soap and water for approximately five minutes is effective in reducing the number of viral particles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/bluebook/rabies_info |title=Rabies & Australian bat lyssavirus information sheet |publisher=Health.vic.gov.au |access-date=2012-01-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818081218/http://www.health.vic.gov.au/ideas/bluebook/rabies_info |archive-date=18 August 2011 }}</ref> [[Povidone-iodine]] or alcohol is then recommended to reduce the virus further.<ref>{{cite web |author1=National Center for Disease Control |title=National Guidelines on Rabies Prophylaxis |url=http://nicd.nic.in/Rabies_guidelines2014.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014 |year=2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905235321/http://nicd.nic.in/Rabies_guidelines2014.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref>

Awakening to find a bat in the room, or finding a bat in the room of a previously unattended child or mentally disabled or intoxicated person, is an indication for [[post-exposure prophylaxis]] (PEP). The recommendation for the precautionary use of PEP in bat encounters where no contact is recognized has been questioned in the medical [[literature]], based on a [[cost–benefit analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = De Serres G, Skowronski DM, Mimault P, Ouakki M, Maranda-Aubut R, Duval B | title = Bats in the bedroom, bats in the belfry: reanalysis of the rationale for rabies postexposure prophylaxis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1493–9 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19400689 | doi = 10.1086/598998 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, a 2002 study has supported the protocol of precautionary administering of PEP where a child or mentally compromised individual has been alone with a bat, especially in sleep areas, where a bite or exposure may occur with the victim being unaware.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Despond O, Tucci M, Decaluwe H, Grégoire MC, S Teitelbaum J, Turgeon N | title = Rabies in a nine-year-old child: The myth of the bite | journal = The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–5 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 18159381 | pmc = 2094861 | doi = 10.1155/2002/475909 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Jeanna Giese}}

==={{anchor|Jeanna Giese}}After onset===

At least two treatment schemes have been proposed to treat rabies after the onset of disease, namely the Milwaukee Protocol and the Recife Protocol. The Milwaukee Protocol initially came into use in 2003, when it was tested on Jeanna Giese. Subsequently, the teenager from Wisconsin became the first person known to have survived rabies without preventive treatments before symptom onset. The basic idea is to put a person into a chemically induced coma and to use antiviral medications to prevent fatal [[dysautonomia]]. However, the overall protocol is complex. The sixth version of the protocol last updated in 2018 consists of 17 pages with 22 steps of treatment, detailed monitoring and a timeline of expected complications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milwaukee Protocol, version 6 (updated November 2018) |url=https://www.mcw.edu/-/media/MCW/Departments/Pediatrics/Infectious-Diseases/Milwaukee_protocol.pdf?la=en}}</ref> The Recife Protocol follows the same principle but differs in details like termination of sedation and supplementary medication.<ref name="ncbi">{{Cite journal |title=Comparing clinical protocols for the treatment of human rabies: the Milwaukee protocol and the Brazilian protocol (Recife) |year=2020|pmc=7670764|last1=Ledesma|first1=L. A.|last2=Lemos|first2=E. R.|last3=Horta|first3=M. A.|journal=Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical|volume=53|pages=e20200352|doi=10.1590/0037-8682-0352-2020|pmid=33174958}}</ref> Some experts assessed the Milwaukee Protocol as an ineffective treatment with concerns related to the costs and ethics. Yet a study published in 2020 found 38 case reports for the Milwaukee Protocol and only one for the Recife Protocol with a total of 11 known survivors with varying sequelae.<ref name="ncbi" />

==Prognosis==
[[Vaccination]] after exposure, PEP, is highly successful in preventing the disease.<ref name="Lite2009"/> In unvaccinated humans, rabies is almost always fatal after [[neurological]] symptoms have developed.<ref name="WHO factsheet">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=Rabies |date=September 2011 |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231021303/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |archive-date=31 December 2011 }}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
{{Main|Prevalence of rabies}}
[[File:Rabies world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths from rabies per million persons in 2012 {{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0}}{{legend|#ff9a20|1}}{{legend|#f08015|2–4}}{{legend|#e06815|5–9}}{{legend|#d85010|10–17}}{{legend|#d02010|18–69}}{{refend}}]]
[[File:Rabies Free Countries and Territories.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Map of rabies-free countries and territories]]

In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, etal | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 | s2cid = 1541253 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The majority of the deaths occurred in Asia and Africa.<ref name="WHO factsheet" /> {{As of|2015}}, India, followed by China (approximately 6,000), and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5,600) had the most cases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S, Costa P, Freuling CM, Hiby E, Knopf L, Leanes F, Meslin FX, Metlin A, Miranda ME, Müller T, Nel LH, Recuenco S, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Taylor L, Vigilato MA, Zinsstag J, Dushoff J | display-authors = 6 | title = Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = e0003709 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25881058 | pmc = 4400070 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709 }}</ref> A 2015 collaboration between the World Health Organization, World Organization of Animal Health (OIE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), and Global Alliance for Rabies Control has a goal of eliminating deaths from rabies by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |title=Rabies |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-02-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215062245/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/ |archive-date=15 February 2017 }}</ref>

===India===
[[India]] has the highest rate of human rabies in the world, primarily because of stray dogs,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dead-as-a-dodo-why-scientists-fear-for-the-future-of-of-the-asian-vulture-818059.html |title=Dead as a dodo? Why scientists fear for the future of the Asian vulture |access-date=2008-10-11 |last=Dugan |first=Emily | name-list-style = vanc |date=30 April 2008 |newspaper=The Independent |quote=India now has the highest rate of human rabies in the world. |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517100919/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/dead-as-a-dodo-why-scientists-fear-for-the-future-of-of-the-asian-vulture-818059.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 }}</ref> whose number has greatly increased since a 2001 law forbade the killing of dogs.<ref name="harris">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/world/asia/india-stray-dogs-are-a-menace.html |title=Where Streets Are Thronged With Strays Baring Fangs |newspaper=New York Times | last = Harris | first = Gardiner | name-list-style = vanc |date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808125223/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/08/07/world/asia/india-stray-dogs-are-a-menace.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 }}</ref> Effective control and treatment of rabies in India is hindered by a form of [[mass hysteria]] known as [[puppy pregnancy syndrome]] (PPS). Dog bite victims with PPS, male as well as female, become convinced that puppies are growing inside them, and often seek help from [[faith healer]]s rather than medical services.<ref>[http://www.dw.de/medicine-challenges-indian-superstition/a-16489334 Medicine challenges Indian superstition | Asia | DW.DE | 31.12.2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131194746/http://www.dw.de/medicine-challenges-indian-superstition/a-16489334 |date=31 January 2013 }}</ref> An estimated 20,000 people die every year from rabies in India, more than a third of the global total.<ref name="harris"/>

===Australia===
The rabies virus survives in widespread, varied, rural animal reservoirs. Despite Australia's official rabies free status,<ref>[https://www.who.int/rabies/rabies_maps/en/index.html "Essential rabies maps"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217210150/http://www.who.int/rabies/rabies_maps/en/index.html |date=17 February 2010 }}. World Health Organization (WHO).</ref> [[Australian bat lyssavirus]] (ABLV), discovered in 1996, is a strain of rabies prevalent in native bat populations. There have been three human cases of ABLV in Australia, all of them fatal.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

===Singapore===
Singapore has been completely rabies free for decades, with its last reported case in 1953. This has been attributed to strict quarantine laws including stringent checks on dogs, cats and wild animals imported into the country, as well as intensive control of [[feral]] animal populations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabies - National Centre for Infectious Diseases|url=https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-Conditions/Pages/Rabies.aspx|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.ncid.sg}}</ref> Such measures are regulated by the [[Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore]], a [[Government of Singapore|government]] [[Statutory boards of the Singapore Government|statutory board]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabies|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/avs/animals/animal-health-and-veterinarians/animal-diseases-and-antimicrobial-resistance/rabies|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.nparks.gov.sg}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Mm6823e1-F1.gif|thumb|upright=1.5|Rabies cases in humans and domestic animals — United States, 1938–2018]]

Canine-specific rabies has been eradicated in the United States. But rabies is common among wild animals in the United States, and an average of 100 dogs become infected from other wildlife each year.<ref>{{cite web|title=CDC – Rabies Surveillance in the U.S.: Human Rabies – Rabies |url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=10 April 2017 |language=en-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118072742/https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/location/usa/surveillance/human_rabies.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rabies-usa-idUSN0741162020070907 |title=U.S. free of canine rabies virus |last=Fox |first=Maggie | name-list-style = vanc |date=7 September 2007 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |access-date=11 April 2017 |quote="We don't want to misconstrue that rabies has been eliminated – dog rabies virus has been," CDC rabies expert Dr. Charles Rupprecht told Reuters in a telephone interview. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517072630/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rabies-usa-idUSN0741162020070907 |archive-date=17 May 2017 }}</ref> [[Bat]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[skunk]]s and [[fox]]es account for almost all reported cases (98% in 2009). Rabid bats are found in all 48 contiguous states. Other reservoirs are more limited geographically; for example, the raccoon rabies virus variant is only found in a relatively narrow band along the East Coast.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

Due to a high public awareness of the virus, efforts at vaccination of domestic animals and curtailment of feral populations, and availability of [[postexposure prophylaxis]], incidence of rabies in humans is very rare in the United States. From 1960 to 2018, a total of 125 human rabies cases were reported in the United States; 36 (28%) were attributed to dog bites during international travel.<ref name=MMWR2019/> Among the 89 infections acquired in the United States, 62 (70%) were attributed to bats.<ref name=MMWR2019>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pieracci EG, Pearson CM, Wallace RM, Blanton JD, Whitehouse ER, Ma X, Stauffer K, Chipman RB, Olson V | display-authors = 6 | title = Vital Signs: Trends in Human Rabies Deaths and Exposures - United States, 1938-2018 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 68 | issue = 23 | pages = 524–528 | date = June 2019 | pmid = 31194721 | pmc = 6613553 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm6823e1 }}</ref> No Americans have died from rabies since 2018, when a 55-year-old Utah man who had "extensive contact with bats" died from the disease.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lorenz |first1=Jonna |title=Human Rabies Case in Utah Underscores Importance of Public Health Efforts |url=https://www.contagionlive.com/news/human-rabies-case-in-utah-underscores-importance-of-public-health-efforts |website=ContagionLive |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

===Europe===

Either no or very few cases of rabies are reported each year in Europe; cases are contracted both during travel and in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/documents/AER_for_2015-rabies.pdf|title=SURVEILLANCE REPORT - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015 - Rabies, ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control)| access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

In Switzerland the disease was virtually eliminated after scientists placed chicken heads laced with live [[attenuated vaccine]] in the [[Swiss Alps]].<ref name="Grambo"/> The foxes of Switzerland, proven to be the [[Portal:Main|main]] source of rabies in the country, ate the chicken heads and immunized themselves.<ref name="Grambo"/><ref name="thefactsource.com">{{cite web |url=https://thefactsource.com/switzerland-rabies-epidemic-air-dropping-chicken-heads/ |title=Switzerland ended rabies epidemic by air dropping vaccinated chicken heads from helicopters / thefactsource.com |access-date=2019-12-10|date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>

Italy, after being declared rabies-free from 1997 to 2008, has witnessed a reemergence of the disease in wild animals in the [[Triveneto]] regions ([[Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol]], [[Veneto]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]), due to the spreading of an epidemic in the [[Balkans]] that also affected Austria. An extensive wild animal vaccination campaign eliminated the virus from Italy again, and it regained the rabies-free country status in 2013, the last reported case of rabies being reported in a red fox in early 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.izsvenezie.com/rabies-in-africa-the-resolab-network/ |title=Rabies in Africa: The RESOLAB network |date=29 June 2015 |access-date=2016-04-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803081821/http://www.izsvenezie.com/rabies-in-africa-the-resolab-network/ |archive-date=3 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quotidianosanita.it/governo-e-parlamento/articolo.php?articolo_id=13650 |title=Ministero della Salute: "Italia è indenne dalla rabbia". l'Ultimo caso nel 2011 - Quotidiano Sanità |access-date=2016-04-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603183359/http://www.quotidianosanita.it/governo-e-parlamento/articolo.php?articolo_id=13650 |archive-date=3 June 2016 }}</ref>

The United Kingdom has been free of rabies since the early 20th century except for a rabies-like virus in a few [[Daubenton's bat]]s. There has been one fatal case of transmission to a human. There have been four deaths from rabies, transmitted abroad by dog bites, since 2000. The last infection in the UK occurred in 1922, and the last death from indigenous rabies was in 1902.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/rabies/ |title=Rabies|website=NHS |date=23 February 2017 |access-date= 30 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-18188682 |title=Q&A: Rabies|website=BBC News |date=17 April 2015 |access-date= 30 August 2018}}</ref> Unlike many of the other countries of Europe it is protected by being an island, and by strict quarantine procedures.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

=== Mexico ===
Mexico was certified by the [[World Health Organization]] as free of dog-transmitted rabies in 2019 since no case of dog-human transmission has been recorded in two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-50390407|title=Cómo México se convirtió en el primer país del mundo libre de rabia transmitida por perros|website =BBC News|date=12 November 2019|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cantigas de Santa Maria-275-5.jpg|thumb|Miniature of the [[Cantigas de Santa Maria|''Cantiga'']] #275 depicting two [[Knights Hospitaller|monks hospitaller]] with rabies being carried before St. Mary of Terena.<ref>{{Cite book|pages=172–173|year=2002|title=La asistencia a los enfermos en Castilla en la Baja Edad Media|first=Magdalena|last=Santo Tomás Pérez|isbn=84-688-3906-X|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/la-asistencia-a-los-enfermos-en-castilla-en-la-baja-edad-media--0/|publisher=[[University of Valladolid|Universidad de Valladolid]]|via=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]]}}</ref>]]
[[File:Middle Ages rabid dog.jpg|thumb|A [[woodcut]] from the [[Middle Ages]] showing a rabid dog]]

[[File:Sauvages de la Croix, François Boissier de – Dissertation sur la nature et la cause de la Rage, 1777 – BEIC 3001126.jpg|thumb|[[François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix]], ''Della natura e causa della rabbia'' (''Dissertation sur la nature et la cause de la Rage''), 1777]]

Rabies has been known since around 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adamson PB | title = The spread of rabies into Europe and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | volume = 109 | issue = 2 | pages = 140–4 | year = 1977 | pmid = 11632333 | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00133829 | jstor = 25210880 }}</ref> The first written record of rabies is in the Mesopotamian [[Laws of Eshnunna|Codex of Eshnunna]] (circa 1930 BC), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measure against bites. If another person were bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was heavily fined.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Dunlop | first1 = Robert H | last2 = Williams | first2 = David J | name-list-style = vanc | title = Veterinary Medicine: An Illustrated History | publisher = Mosby | year= 1996 | isbn=978-0-8016-3209-9 }}</ref>

In Ancient Greece, rabies was supposed to be caused by [[Lyssa]], the spirit of mad rage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabies: an ancient disease|url=https://www.gob.mx/salud/articulos/56248}}</ref>

Ineffective folk remedies abounded in the medical literature of the ancient world. The physician [[Scribonius Largus]] prescribed a poultice of cloth and hyena skin; [[Antaeus (physician)|Antaeus]] recommended a preparation made from the skull of a hanged man.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barrett |first1=Alan D.T. |last2=Stanberry |first2=Lawrence R. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |date=2009 |page=612 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC |isbn=9780080919027 |access-date=2016-01-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428020308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC |archive-date=28 April 2016 }}</ref>

Rabies appears to have originated in the Old World, the first [[epizootic]] in the New World occurring in Boston in 1768.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dw8qW6jcfWUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=history+of+rabies&ots=CmyU5g3ZlE&sig=Vm4Mlc37hmzTzpYalg95Ft1Len0#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20rabies&f=false The Natural History of Rabies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302162818/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dw8qW6jcfWUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=history+of+rabies&ots=CmyU5g3ZlE&sig=Vm4Mlc37hmzTzpYalg95Ft1Len0 |date=2 March 2016 }} The first major epizootic in North America was reported in 1768, continuing until 1771 when foxes and dogs carried the disease to swine and domestic animals. The malady was so unusual that it was reported as a new disease</ref> It spread from there, over the next few years, to various other states, as well as to the French West Indies, eventually becoming common all across North America.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

Rabies was considered a scourge for its prevalence in the 19th century. In France and Belgium, where [[Hubertus|Saint Hubert]] was venerated, the "[[St Hubert's Key]]" was heated and applied to cauterize the wound. By an application of [[magical thinking]], dogs were branded with the key in hopes of protecting them from rabies. The fear of rabies was almost irrational, due to the number of vectors (mostly rabid dogs) and the absence of any efficacious treatment. It was not uncommon for a person bitten by a dog merely suspected of being rabid to commit suicide or to be killed by others.<ref name="Rotivel"/>

In ancient times the attachment of the tongue (the [[lingual frenulum]], a mucous membrane) was cut and removed as this was where rabies was thought to originate. This practice ceased with the discovery of the actual cause of rabies.<ref name="Baer1991">{{cite book|last=Baer|first=George | name-list-style = vanc |title=The Natural History of Rabies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw8qW6jcfWUC&q=rabies+history&pg=PA1|publisher=CRC Press|access-date=31 October 2011|isbn=9780849367601|year=1991}}</ref> Louis Pasteur's 1885 nerve tissue vaccine was successful, and was progressively improved to reduce often severe side-effects.<ref name=Giesen2015/>

In modern times, the fear of rabies has not diminished, and the disease and its symptoms, particularly agitation, have served as an [[Rabies in popular culture|inspiration for several works]] of [[zombie]] or similarly themed fiction, often portraying rabies as having mutated into a stronger virus which fills humans with murderous rage or incurable illness, bringing about a devastating, widespread pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Than |first1=Ker | name-list-style = vanc |title="Zombie Virus" Possible via Rabies-Flu Hybrid? |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/1001027-rabies-influenza-zombie-virus-science/ |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913232030/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/1001027-rabies-influenza-zombie-virus-science/ |archive-date=13 September 2015 |date=27 October 2010 }}</ref>

===Etymology===
The term is derived from the [[Latin]] ''rabies'', "madness".<ref name="SimpsonDP1979">{{cite book | vauthors = Simpson DP | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell | year = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | page = 883 | isbn = 978-0-304-52257-6 }}</ref> This, in turn, may be related to the Sanskrit ''rabhas'', "to rage".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dalfardi B, Esnaashary MH, Yarmohammadi H | title = Rabies in medieval Persian literature - the Canon of Avicenna (980-1037 AD) | journal = Infectious Diseases of Poverty | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 7 | date = February 2014 | pmid = 24533686 | pmc = 3933285 | doi = 10.1186/2049-9957-3-7 }}</ref> The Greeks derived the word ''lyssa'', from ''lud'' or "violent"; this root is used in the genus name of the rabies virus, ''Lyssavirus''.<ref name="Rotivel">{{cite web |first=Yolande |last=Rotivel | name-list-style = vanc |title=Introduction |url=https://fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=2009-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426031557/http://www.fas.org/ahead/docs/rabies.htm |archive-date=26 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Other animals==
{{Main|Rabies in animals}}
Rabies is infectious to [[mammal]]s; three stages of central nervous system infection are recognized. The first stage is a one- to three-day period characterized by behavioral changes and is known as the [[Prodrome|prodromal stage]]. The second is the excitative stage, which lasts three to four days. This stage is often known as "furious rabies" for the tendency of the affected animal to be hyper-reactive to external stimuli and bite at anything near. The third is the paralytic stage and is caused by damage to [[motor neuron]]s. Incoordination is seen, owing to rear limb [[paralysis]], and drooling and difficulty swallowing is caused by paralysis of facial and throat muscles. Death is usually caused by [[respiratory arrest]].<ref name=Ettinger_1995>{{cite book| last1 = Ettinger | first1 = Stephen J | last2 = Feldman | first2 = Edward C | name-list-style = vanc |title=Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine|edition=4th|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7216-6795-9}}</ref>

==Research==
The outer shell of the rabies virus, stripped of its RNA contents and thus unable to cause disease, may be used as a [[Viral vector|vector]] for the delivery of unrelated genetic material in a research setting. It has the advantage over other [[pseudotyping]] methods for gene delivery that the cell targeting ([[tissue tropism]]) is more specific for the [[central nervous system]], a difficult-to-reach site, obviating the need for invasive delivery methods. It is also capable of infecting neighboring "upstream" cells, moving from one cell to [[axon]]s of the next at [[synapses]], and is thus used for [[retrograde tracing]] in neuronal circuits.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carpentier DC, Vevis K, Trabalza A, Georgiadis C, Ellison SM, Asfahani RI, Mazarakis ND | title = Enhanced pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 lentiviral vectors by a rabies/vesicular stomatitis virus chimeric envelope glycoprotein | journal = Gene Therapy | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 761–74 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 21900965 | doi = 10.1038/gt.2011.124 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Evidence indicates artificially increasing the permeability of the [[blood–brain barrier]], which normally does not allow most immune cells across, promotes viral clearance.<ref name="Roy_2007b">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy A, Hooper DC | title = Lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 81 | issue = 15 | pages = 7993–8 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17507463 | pmc = 1951307 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00710-07 }}</ref><ref name="Roy_2007a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roy A, Phares TW, Koprowski H, Hooper DC | title = Failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 1110–8 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17108029 | pmc = 1797506 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.01964-06 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Viruses}}
* [[Global Alliance for Rabies Control]]
* [[Rabies in Haiti]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{offline|med}}
{{Commons category|Rabies}}
{{Wiktionary}}

* {{Curlie|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Infectious_Diseases/Viral/Rabies/}}
* {{cite web|title=Rabies|url=https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/index.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=12 August 2012}}
* [https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/search_landing.spg?decorator=rhabdo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Rhabdoviridae]
* [http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/rabies-portal/ OIE's Rabies Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160402053228/http://www.doctorshangout.com/forum/topics/videos-of-aerophobia-and Aerophobia and Hydrophobia in Rabies Videos]
* {{cite web |title=''Rabies virus'' |work=NCBI Taxonomy Browser |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11292 |id=11292}}
{{Medical condition classification and resources
| DiseasesDB = 11148
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|071}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 001334
| eMedicineSubj = med
| eMedicineTopic = 1374
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}}
| MeshID = D011818
|Orphanet=770
}}
{{Viral diseases}}
{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}
{{Domestic cat}}
{{Domestic dog}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rabies| ]]
[[Category:Cat diseases]]
[[Category:Dog diseases]]
[[Category:Neglected tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Tropical diseases]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Rodent-carried diseases]]
[[Category:Viral encephalitis]]
[[Category:Viral infections of the central nervous system]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Slow virus diseases]]
[[Category:RTTID]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Bat diseases]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

QUOTE IS A PEDOPHILE

2023-04-29T21:09:34Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add essay template

{{Essay}}

''Understanding the Difference Between [[Interspecies]] Relationships and a Fetish''

'''This page is a work in progress. There will be missing sections'''
== Introduction ==
As our title says, we are providing a resource that many people can view to help show the difference between interspecies relationships and fetishes. The first part of this section will detail the terms of [[Zoophilia]], [[Bestiality]], and Zoosexual.

== Terminology ==
=== Zoophilia ===
The term ''zoophilia'' was introduced into the field of research on [[sexuality]] in ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' (1886) by [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Krafft-Ebing]], who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing: [[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]], p. 561.</ref> as well as "zoophilia erotica",<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing: [[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]], p. 281.</ref> which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur. The term ''zoophilia'' derives from the combination of two nouns in [[Greek language|Greek]]: '''''ζῷον''''' (''zṓion'', meaning "animal") and '''''φιλία''''' (''[[wiktionary:-philia|philia]]'', meaning "(fraternal) [[love]]"). In general contemporary usage, the term ''zoophilia'' may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific [[paraphilia]] (''i.e.,'' the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for non-human animals over humans as sexual partners. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term ''[[zooerasty]]'' for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,<ref name="deviance 391">D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+paraphilia Books.Google.co.uk], Sexual Deviance, page 391. [[Guilford Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59385-605-2}}.</ref> that term has fallen out of general use.

=== Zoosexuality ===
[[File:Tako to ama retouched.jpg|thumb|right|[[Katsushika Hokusai|Hokusai]]'s (1760–1849) ''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]''.]]

The term ''[[zoosexual]]'' was proposed by [[Hani Miletski]] in 2002 as a value-neutral term. Usage of ''zoosexual'' as a noun (in reference to a person) is synonymous with [[zoophile]], while the adjectival form of the word – as, for instance, in the phrase "zoosexual act" – may indicate sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derivative noun "[[zoosexuality]]" is sometimes used by self-identified [[zoophiles]] in both support groups and on internet-based discussion forums to designate [[sexual orientation]] manifesting as romantic or emotional involvement with, or sexual attraction to, non-human animals.<ref name="Handbookth"/>

=== Bestiality ===
The legal term ''bestiality'' has three common pronunciations: {{IPA|[ˌbestʃiˈæləti]}} or {{IPA|[ˌbistʃiˈæləti]}} in the United States, and {{IPA|[ˌbestiˈæləti]}} in the United Kingdom. Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between ''zoophilia'' and ''bestiality'', using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.
Confusing the matter yet [[further]], writing in 1962, Masters used the term ''bestialist'' specifically in his discussion of zoosadism.

Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|ASPCA]], writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals. [[Colin J. Williams]] and [[Martin Weinberg]] studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and reported them as understanding the term ''zoophilia'' to involve concern for the animal's welfare, pleasure, and [[Sexual consent|consent]], as distinct from the self-labelled zoophiles' concept of "bestialists", whom the zoophiles in their study defined as focused on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that ''zoophilia'' is a term used by "apologists" for ''bestiality''.

==The history==
===The size of Zoophilia===
You may be thinking. ''There's no possible way Zoophilia has been around for so long as we claim.'' Well, I can tell you. It certainly has. While there has not been an influx of surveys throughout mankind. Many long term zoos may be aware of certain surveys from the early 2000s. Quoting from [[Zoophilia_in_Society_-_A_2000_Survey]] "'''This version of the document was compiled on the 27th May 2000, at which point the total number of respondents stood at 49. This small sample size means only a brief analysis.'''" However, during the 12th week of May, 2000, there has been a total of 186 respondents. This was from the [[Causes_of_Zoophilia_-_A_2000_Survey]] survey.

To explain in a summary of these two surveys. We will start with the age range.

A graph showing the approximate age of respondents by gender. Here again, it is no surprise to find that the majority (51.61%) of 'net users are under 30. This fits in with other surveys, which show the figure to be around 51% (Survey.net, 2000). This portion has fallen significantly from the survey as it stood 16 months ago, at which time 57.14% of respondents were under 30. Also the portion of respondents over 50 has risen from 1.9% to 4.3%.
[[File:Approxage.gif|right]]
These changes over time aside, the only really notable fact illustrated by these figures is the difference between the two genders. For some reason the average age of male respondents was 32.1, while for females the age was 28.7, a difference of 3.4 years. As predicted this figure has fallen from the previous survey 14 months ago, when it was 5 years. But still there's the possibility that females are more pressured to be 'normal' at a young age, and so may develop zoophilia or bestiality at a later stage of life.
[[File:Agesgr.png|left]]
From [[Causes_of_Zoophilia_-_A_2000_Survey]]

----
'''You may be asking. Well, what about their upbringing with their family?'''

===Upbringing===
The only open question, this question looking at a person's upbringing is one of the most difficult to analyze. The reasons for this are twofold; because it is a qualitative question (not quantitative, as is for example age) and because it is difficult to make comparisons to any normal. So I've taken a look at the responses and tried to broadly categorize some of these. The results of this categorization are shown in the following table.
----
[[File:Upbringing.png|center]]
The above table shows a summary of the relationships respondents have had with their parents. An interesting point here is quite how positive people seem to be with regards to their upbringing, over 90% rating their upbringing okay, good or very good while an expected statistical mean would be 60%. This is a question that I am particularly interested in finding some 'model' data to compare it to. However, I suspect that this positive attitude will be mirrored through the whole 'net population.

Unfortunately, the data collected here isn't really sufficient in volume for much comment to be made on the differences between males and females. It does seem that males report worse upbringings than females, with 71.4% of females having a good or very good upbringing, the figure for males being only 65.8%. These figures have converged slightly since the last analysis though, when they were 73.7% and 65.8%.

----

==A 2020 survey==
'''Measurement and Correlates of Zoophilic Interest in an Online Community Sample By Alexandra M. Zidenberg.'''
The central aim of the present study was to examine the measurement and correlates of sexual attraction to nonhuman animals through the development and refinement of psychometric and visual stimulus measures of animal sexual interest. Participants included 1,228 respondents (72% zoophilic and 35% furries; 67% men and 22.9% women) recruited from the online community. The results indicated that a Sexual Interest in Animals-Self-Report (SIA-SR) scale had four distinct subscales with excellent discrimination for self-reported zoophilia.

The Sexual Interest in Animals-Self-Report (SIA-SR) is a
psychometric paper and pencil measure of sexual interest in
nonhuman animals. Participants were asked to provide infor-
mation to a series of questions about their interest in animals
on a 7-point scale anchored at disagree and strongly agree.
<ref name="SIA-SR">Measurement and Correlates of Zoophilic Interest in an Online
Community Sample - Alexandra M. Zidenberg. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02429-x], Measures [[Alexandra M. Zidenberg]], 2021.</ref>

'''Appendix D: Demographics for Participants from [[Zooville]]'''
There were approximately 796 participants from across the [[ZooVille|Zooville]] links that provided
demographic information. Some totals may not add up to 796 as some individuals may have
chosen not to answer certain questions.
<ref name="Appendix D">Toward a Greater Understanding of the Assessment - Alexandra M. Zidenberg. [https://www.zoovilleforum.net/resources/2020-zooville-org-study-measurement-and-correlates-of-zoophilic-interest-online-outdated.70/], Demographics for Participants [[Alexandra M. Zidenberg]], 2020.</ref>
[[File:Screenshot_2023-04-10_at_20-56-06_Full_Demographics.docx_-_Zooville.org_Demographics.pdf.png|500px]]
[[File:Asfurry.png|500px]]
[[File:Age2021.png|500px]]
[[File:Orientationgraph.png|600px]]
[[File:Religious.png|600px]]

----

===What are you thinking?===

Zoophilia Wiki:AAAAAACK

2023-04-29T21:05:20Z

SkunkyMidnight: /* Genesis 2:18-20 */ fix typo, add ittalics

{{Essay}}

If you are a Christian [[zoophile]], I know how challenging it can be to discover your [[zoophilia]] and mend these two things. I am not going to trample on your Christian faith. I know very well the reasons why you keep your faith. It is a wholesome, simple life and one that allows endurance, unlike any other religion I’ve seen.

What I’d like to do, is to strengthen your Christian faith while possibly mending your peace with God and zoophilia, or start you on the track to finding that peace. There are many interpretations of the bible, and perhaps you as a Christian have not known the more hidden, obscure interpretations. Even one possibly that may condone a zoophilic lifestyle albeit with the traditional Christian restraint.

==Genesis==

===Genesis 2:23===
For a better understanding of this very foreign and very controversial concept in Christianity, let's examine the position Judaism takes towards Genesis 2:23. The following is taken from the Jewish Bible with Rashi's commentary.

{{Blockquote|text=And man said, "This time, it is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh. This one shall be called Isiah (woman) because this one was taken from ish (man).|title=''Genesis 2:23''}}

{{blockquote|text=This teaches us that Adam came to all the animals and the beasts'' ''[in search of a [[mate]]], but he was not satisfied until he found Eve.||author=''Rashi''|title=''Commentary for Gen 2:23''|source=''from Yev. 63A''}}

Rashi further references from the Jewish Talmud, Yebamoth 63a:

{{blockquote|text=Yebamoth 63a states “What is meant by the Scriptural text, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh? This teaches that Adam had intercourse with every beast and animal but found no satisfaction until he cohabited with Eve.|source=''ibid''}}

So there, we have something quite significant for [[zoophiles]]. The Jewish faith and interpretation clearly show that the LORD brought Adam to have sexual relations with all the beasts of the field but was not satisfied until he eve was made. I’m sure this is shocking to some of you listening, but please, the Jewish rabbis are very shrewd in their interpretations, and why did they choose this very uncommon commentary? There must be a biblical reason why they interpreted Genesis 2:23 that way, and there is. Now grab your King James Bible, and let us look at why the rabbi interpreted Adam's [[bestiality]] as so. Let's read Genesis 2:18-20

===Genesis 2:18-20===
{{blockquote|text=And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|title=''Genesis 2:18-20''}}

The Jewish words for help meet are ''Ezer Kenegdo'', which literally means "A Help corresponding to him". That is established correctly? The LORD brought all the beasts before Adam to find Help corresponding to him. The MEAT of the question is what kind of help was the LORD looking for Adam? I’ll emphasize this again, what kind of ''EZER KENEGDO'' did the LORD intend?

===Genesis 2:24===
{{blockquote|text=Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.|title=''Genesis 2:24''}}

Now this verse above, clearly could not have been Adam’s words, as we know that Adam had no physical father nor mother. Who penned these words with interpretation? Obviously Moses who wrote genesis and what was the purpose that was declared for eve being made? He says it right there, “They shall be one flesh”.

So Moses admits in genesis 2:24 that the help meet (the Ezer kenegdo) of genesis
2:18-20 was the search for a physical sexual compatibility. The LORD brought Adam the beasts of the field to become one flesh with or said more clearly.

==Adams Search for Sexual Compatability==
Adam committed bestiality with the animals the LORD GOD brought him, in searchof the physical sexual compatibility or his (ezer Kenegdo). He then used his free
will and said animals were not his Ezer Kenegdo, and eve was made and then Moses declared that they had become “One Flesh” thus showing their sexual compatibility.

I'll summarize this once more, Adam looked for sexual compatibility (ezer kenegdo) amoung the animals, he declared he didn’t find any, and eve was made. Eve was his ezer kenegdo, and his sexual compatibility was declared by Moses as “Shall be one flesh”

Now I understand this interpretation is very very unknown to the masses, but it is a VALID interpretation and has an accurate scriptural basis for it being a source of faith for zoophile Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Now lastly, I feel you Christian zoophiles out there. Please ponder and meditate on these other things that were involved with Adam then.
Also, consider that the tree of knowledge had already been created by the time this event with Adams bestiality occurred, which means he had the framework to rebel, which had free will. I want you to ponder the consideration to if Adam DID say that the animals were his Ezer Kenegdo? What if Adam DID choose the beasts of the field? It would NOT have been a sin to choose the beasts at that time. Sin didn’t exist. Don’t you feel you would like the same choice?

The LORD did not see bestiality as a sin in Adam’s case, nor was it prohibited by law until Moses received the Levitical law from the LORD. So why was bestiality prohibited for the nation of Israel? Perhaps it was likely to do with false worship and the physical uncleanness/health concerns it may have caused. On the other hand, maybe it was due to the nation’s population and why polygamy was allowed during Israel’s time.

Is the Levitical law applicable to Christians? Or did christ supersede the law and returned us back to what it was like in Adam's time? Like the children of God under grace? You must ask the right questions now that you have a snippet of truth. I do believe that the LORD is not against bestiality and never was for the reasons people believe.

==Animals are Gods Gifts==
Bestiality might have been a tool to teach Adam or perhaps honestly give Adam the free choice of sexual partners or his help meet. Judaeo-Christian values, when understood, will accept the bible for what it says, and the persecution of zoophiles is incredibly unfounded in the name of those religions. It is also greatly un-founded that zoophile Christians be persecuted by fellow Christians when they choose to lay down with the same animals the LORD GOD brought forth to Adam. The same beasts that the LORD deemed worthy for Adam.

So, where does this leave us? What practical use is this for the morality of zoophile Christians? And I believe I could not fully answer that beyond the example Adam set for zoo Christians.

# Adam laid with many animals and married none.
# Adam did not have children until after the fall of mankind.
# Adam’s purpose was to tend to the garden and animals.

My loose interpretation would be a zoo Christian is not obligated to marry animals. One may have as many animal partners as he wishes so long as one can tend them as Adam did. One should attempt to aid the Christian congregation as one is able. However, I cannot tell you where your faith and moral choices should rest.

==References==
* ''Christian Apologetics and Zoophilia.'' By [mailto:libbypaw@protonmail.com Libbypaw]

Cyberbullying

2023-04-29T21:01:11Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add imported template

{{imported}}

{{short description|Type of bullying occurs within electronic communication networking, the Internet and computer technology}}
{{redirect|Cyberbully}}
{{for|the Wikipedia guidance essay|Wikipedia:Cyberbullying|selfref=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Discrimination sidebar |expanded=Manifestations}}

'''Cyberbullying''' or '''cyberharassment''' is a form of [[bullying]] or [[harassment]] using [[Electronic communication network|electronic]] means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also known as '''online bullying'''. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils|journal=The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x|pmid=18363945 |volume=49|issue=4|pages=376–385|year=2008|last1=Smith|first1=Peter K.|last2=Mahdavi|first2=Jess|last3=Carvalho|first3=Manuel|last4=Fisher|first4=Sonja|last5=Russell|first5=Shanette|last6=Tippett|first6=Neil|doi-access=free}}</ref> Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the [[internet]] and other digital spaces, particularly on [[Social media|social media site]]s. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, [[threats]], sexual remarks, a [[Doxing|victims' personal information]], or pejorative labels (i.e. [[hate speech]]).<ref name="definitions.uslegal.com" /> Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm.<ref name=":3" /> Victims of cyberbullying may experience lower self-esteem, increased [[suicidal ideation]], and various negative emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, or depressed.<ref name="patchin3" />

Awareness in the United States has risen in the [[2010s]], due in part to high-profile cases.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hu|first=Winnie|others=Nate Schweber|date=October 1, 2010|title=Legal Debate Swirls Over Charges in a Student's Suicide|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/nyregion/02suicide.html?_r=0|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Chapin |first1=John |title=Adolescents and Cyber Bullying: The Precaution Adoption Process Model |journal=Education and Information Technologies |date=July 2016 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=719–728 |doi=10.1007/s10639-014-9349-1 |s2cid=17263766 }}</ref> Several US states and other countries have passed laws to combat cyberbullying.<ref name=":5" /> Some are designed to specifically target teen cyberbullying, while others extend from the scope of physical harassment.<ref name=":6" /> In cases of adult cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed beginning with local police.<ref name=":7" /> The laws differ by area or state.

Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying [[victimisation]].<ref name="patchin1" /> Specific statistics on the negative effects of cyberbullying differ by country and other demographics. Some researchers point out there could be some way to use modern computer techniques to determine and stopping cyberbullying.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshi |last2=Sachdeva |first2=Nitin |title=Cyberbullying detection on social multimedia using soft computing techniques: a meta-analysis |journal=Multimedia Tools and Applications |date=September 2019 |volume=78 |issue=17 |pages=23973–24010 |doi=10.1007/s11042-019-7234-z |s2cid=59159655 }}</ref>

[[Internet troll]]ing is a common form of bullying that takes place in an [[online community]] (such as [[Online game|online gaming]] or social media) in order to elicit a reaction or disruption, or simply just for someone's own personal amusement.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="pewFiveFacts" /> [[Cyberstalking]] is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to [[Stalking|stalk]] a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim.<ref name=":2" />

Not all negative interaction online or on social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research suggests that there are also interactions online that result in [[peer pressure]], which can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on those involved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Keeffe |first1=G. S. |last2=Clarke-Pearson |first2=K. |last3=Council on Communications and |first3=Media. |title=The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families |journal=Pediatrics |date=1 April 2011 |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=800–804 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-0054 |pmid=21444588 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/suren-ramasubbu/influence-of-social-media-on-teenagers_b_7427740.html|title=Influence of Social Media on Teenagers|last=Ramasubbu|first=Suren|date=May 26, 2015|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/the-teenage-brain-on-social-media|title=The teenage brain on social media|last=Wolpert|first=Stuart|website=UCLA Newsroom|language=en|access-date=November 30, 2017}}</ref>

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== Definitions ==
A frequently used definition of cyberbullying is "an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Megan A. |title=Cyberbullying |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=1 May 2014 |volume=168 |issue=5 |pages=500 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3343 |pmid=24791741 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There are many variations of the definition, such as the [[National Crime Prevention Council]]'s more specific definition: "the process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person."<ref name=":1" />

Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional bullying, with some notable distinctions. Victims of cyberbullying may not know the identity of their bully, or why the bully is targeting them, based on the online nature of the interaction. The harassment can have wide-reaching effects on the victim, as the content used to harass the victim can be spread and shared easily among many people and often remains accessible long after the initial incident.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pettalia|first1=Jennifer L.|last2=Levin|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Dickinson|first3=Joël|date=November 1, 2013|title=Cyberbullying: Eliciting harm without consequence|journal=Computers in Human Behavior|volume=29|issue=6|pages=2758–2765|doi=10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.020}}</ref>

The terms "[[cyberharassment]]" and "cyberbullying" are sometimes used synonymously, though some people use the latter to refer specifically to harassment among minors or in a school setting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite report|url=https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=735549|title=Protection of Children Online: Federal and State Laws Addressing Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment, and Cyberbullying|last=Smith|first=Alison M.|date=September 5, 2008}}</ref>

=== Cyberstalking===
{{further|Cyberstalking}}
Cyberstalking is a form of online harassment in which the perpetrator uses electronic communications to [[Stalking|stalk]] a victim. This is considered more dangerous than other forms of cyberbullying because it generally involves a credible threat to the victim's safety. Cyberstalkers may send repeated messages intended to threaten or harass, and they may encourage others to do the same, either explicitly or by impersonating their victim and asking others to contact them.<ref name=":2" />

=== Trolling ===
{{Further|Internet troll}}
Internet trolls intentionally try to provoke or offend others in order to elicit a reaction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Diaz|first=Fernando L.|year=2016|title=Trolling & the First Amendment: Protecting Internet Speech in the Era of Cyberbullies & Internet Defamation|journal=University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy|pages=135–160}}</ref> Trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goals: while some trolls engage in cyberbullying, others may be engaged in comparatively harmless mischief. A troll may be disruptive either for their own amusement or because they are genuinely a combative person.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/what-an-academic-who-wrote-her-dissertation-on-trolls-thinks-of-violentacrez/263631/|title = What an Academic Who Wrote Her Dissertation on Trolls Thinks of Violentacrez|date = October 15, 2012|website = The Atlantic|last = Phillips|first = Whitney}}</ref>

== Methods used ==
[[File:Where Cyberbullying Is Occuring.jpg|thumb|Where cyberbullying is occurring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/cyber-bullying-statistics/|title=Cyberbullying / Bullying Statistics|date=February 19, 2016}}</ref>]]

Manuals intended to educate the public about cyberbullying summarize that cyberbullying is inclusive of acts of intended cruelty to others in the form of posting or sending material using an internet capable device.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irimia |first1=Ramona-Elena |last2=Gottschling |first2=Marc |title=Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |date=8 June 2016 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e7720 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720 |pmid=27346952 |pmc=4910500 }}</ref> Research, legislation and education in the field are ongoing. Research has identified basic definitions and guidelines to help recognize and cope with what is regarded as abuse of electronic communications.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cforks.org/Downloads/cyber_bullying.pdf|title=Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats Effectively Managing Internet Use Risks in Schools|last=Willard|first=Nancy|date=2007|website=Center for Safe and Responsible Use of the Internet}}</ref>

* Cyberbullying involves repeated behavior with intent to harm.
* Cyberbullying is perpetrated through [[harassment]], [[cyberstalking]], denigration (sending or posting cruel rumors and falsehoods to damage reputation and friendships), [[impersonation]], and exclusion (intentionally and cruelly excluding someone from an online group)<ref name=":3">''[http://csriu.org/cyberbully/docs/cbcteducator.pdf An Educator's Guide to Cyberbullying]'' Brown Senate.gov, archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410181159/http://csriu.org/cyberbully/docs/cbcteducator.pdf the original] on April 10, 2011</ref>
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage = [[File:Ashley Judd ioc cropped.jpg|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSf6nij-SdA How online abuse of women has spiraled out of control], Ashley Judd, [[TED (conference)|TED Talks]], 16:10<ref name="ted">{{cite web | title =How online abuse of women has spiraled out of control | publisher =[[TED (conference)]] | date = January 18, 2017 | url =http://www.ted.com/talks/ashley_judd_how_online_abuse_of_women_has_spiraled_out_of_control | access-date =January 18, 2017 }}</ref> }}
Cyberbullying can be as simple as continuing to send emails or text messages harassing someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender. It may also include public actions such as repeated [[threat]]s, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e. [[hate speech]]) or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false statements as fact aimed a discrediting or humiliating a targeted person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining a Cyberbully|url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=121847|publisher=The National Science Foundation|access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> Cyberbullying could be limited to posting rumors about a person on the internet with the intention of bringing about hatred in others' minds or convincing others to dislike or participate in online denigration of a target. It may go to the extent of personally identifying victims of crime and publishing materials defaming or humiliating them.<ref name="definitions.uslegal.com">[http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/cyber-bullying/ Cyberbullying – Law and Legal Definitions] US Legal</ref>

Cyberbullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, home address, or workplace/schools) on websites or forums—called [[doxing]], or may use [[impersonation]], creating fake accounts, comments or sites posing as their target for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames, discredits or ridicules them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Mengtong|last2=Cheung|first2=Anne Shann Yue|last3=Chan|first3=Ko Ling|date=January 2019|title=Doxing: What Adolescents Look for and Their Intentions|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=218|doi=10.3390/ijerph16020218|pmc=6352099|pmid=30646551}}</ref> This can leave the cyberbully anonymous, which can make it difficult for them to be caught or punished for their behavior, although not all cyberbullies maintain their anonymity. Users of semi-anonymous chat websites are at high risk for cyberbullying, as it is also easy in this outlet for a cyberbully to remain anonymous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hosseinmardi|first1=H.|last2=Ghasemianlangroodi|first2=A.|last3=Han|first3=R.|last4=Lv|first4=Q.|last5=Mishra|first5=S.|date=August 2014|title=Towards understanding cyberbullying behavior in a semi-anonymous social network|journal=2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2014)|pages=244–252|doi=10.1109/ASONAM.2014.6921591|isbn=978-1-4799-5877-1|bibcode=2014arXiv1404.3839H|arxiv=1404.3839|s2cid=14481506}}</ref> Text or instant messages and emails between friends can also constitute cyberbullying if what is said is hurtful.

[[File:Email final.jpg|thumb|Cyberbullying by [[email]] from a fictional friend@[[hotmail.com]]]]
The recent rise of smartphones and mobile apps have yielded a more accessible form of cyberbullying. It is expected that cyberbullying via these platforms will occur more often than through more stationary internet platforms because of constant access to the internet. In addition, the combination of cameras and Internet access and the instant availability of these modern smartphone technologies yield specific types of cyberbullying not found in other platforms. It is likely that those cyberbullied via mobile devices will experience a wider range of cyberbullying methods than those who are exclusively bullied elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Görzig|first=Anke|author2=Lara A. Frumkin|title=Cyberbullying experiences on-the-go: When social media can become distressing|journal=Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace|volume=7|issue=1|year=2013|doi=10.5817/CP2013-1-4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some teens argue that some events categorized as cyberbullying are simply drama. Danah Boyd writes, "teens regularly used that word [drama] to describe various forms of interpersonal conflict that ranged from insignificant joking around to serious jealousy-driven relational aggression. Whereas adults might have labeled many of these practices as bullying, teens saw them as drama."<ref>Boyd, D. (2014). Bullying is social media amplifying meanness and cruelty? In It's Complicated the social lives of networked teens (p. 137). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</ref>

=== In social media ===
Cyberbullying can take place on social media sites such as [[Facebook]], [[Myspace]], and [[Twitter]]. "By 2008, 93% of young people between the ages of 12 and 17 were online. In fact, youth spend more time with media than any single other activity besides sleeping."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/millennials/teen-internet-use-graphic/ |title=Teen and Young Adult Internet Use |work=Pew Internet Project |access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> The last decade has witnessed a surge of cyberbullying, which is categorized as bullying that occurs through the use of electronic communication technologies, such as e-mail, instant messaging, social media, online gaming, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalski |first1=Robin M. |last2=Giumetti |first2=Gary W. |last3=Schroeder |first3=Amber N. |last4=Lattanner |first4=Micah R. |title=Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=July 2014 |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=1073–1137 |doi=10.1037/a0035618 |pmid=24512111 }}</ref>

There are many risks attached to social media sites, and cyberbullying is one of the larger risks.<ref name=":12"/> One million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyberbullying on Facebook during the past year,{{when|date=December 2017}} while 90 percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed online cruelty say they have ignored mean behavior on social media, and 35 percent have done so frequently. Ninety-five percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignoring the mean behavior, and 55 percent have witnessed this frequently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetsafety101.org/cyberbullyingstatistics.htm |title=Cyberbullying Statistics |work=Internet Safety 101 |access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> Terms like "Facebook depression" have been coined specifically in regard to the result of extended social media use, with cyberbullying playing a large part in this.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Submit The Documentary,March 2013.jpg|thumb|Submit The Documentary. An award-winning documentary about the effects of cyberbullying that is shown in schools across the globe.]]

Cyberbullying has become more common nowadays because of all the technology that children have access to. The most common apps that teenagers use to cyberbully are [[Instagram]], Twitter, and [[Snapchat]].<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Vessey |first2=Judith A. |last3=Pfeifer |first3=Lauren |title=Cyberbullying and Social Media: Information and Interventions for School Nurses Working With Victims, Students, and Families |journal=The Journal of School Nursing |date=February 2018 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1177/1059840517740191 |pmid=29103352 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cyberbullying has become harder to stop because parents and teachers are unaware of when and where it is happening.<ref name=":12" /> Teens will say awful things to one another online and what they do not realize is that once it is said and published online it will not go away. Home used to be a safe place for teens, but now a child is still within reach of becoming a victim of cyberbullying- whether it is through [[YouTube]], [[Ask.fm]], or a [[Text messaging|text message]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" />

According to a 2013 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] study, eight out of ten teens who use social media now share more information about themselves than they have in the past. This includes their location, images, and contact information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/ |title=Teens, Social Media, and Privacy |access-date=November 15, 2015|date=May 21, 2013 }}</ref> In order to protect children, it is important that personal information such as age, birthday, school/church, phone number, etc. be kept confidential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highya.com/articles-guides/stranger-danger-protecting-your-children-from-cyber-bullying-sexting-and-social-media |title=Stranger Danger: Protecting Your Children from Cyber Bullying, Sexting, & Social Media |access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref>

Two studies from 2014 found that 80% of body-shaming [[Twitter|tweets]] are sent by women, while they also accounted for 50% of [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] tweets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36380247|title=Twitter abuse - '50% of misogynistic tweets from women'|date=May 26, 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=September 7, 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demos.co.uk/press-release/staggering-scale-of-social-media-misogyny-mapped-in-new-demos-study/|title=New Demos study reveals scale of social media misogyny - Demos|website=www.demos.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>

Cyberbullying can also take place through the use of websites belonging to certain groups to effectively request the targeting of another individual or group. An example of this is the [[#Bullying of climate scientists and activists|bullying of climate scientists and activists]].<ref name=scientificamerican-climate>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-cyber-bullying|title=Cyber Bullying Intensifies as Climate Data Questioned|author1=Douglas Fischer |author2=The Daily Climate |work=scientificamerican.com}}</ref><ref name=timemag-climate>{{cite magazine|url=http://ideas.time.com/2012/04/10/when-grownups-bully-climate-scientists/|title=Dominique Browning: When Grownups Bully Climate Scientists – TIME.com|magazine=TIME.com}}</ref><ref name=latrobe-climate>{{cite web|url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2011/opinion/bullying-climate-change-scientists|title=Bullying climate change scientists|work=latrobe.edu.au}}</ref>

=== In gaming ===
{{See also|Gamergate controversy|2017 Wichita swatting}}
[[File:Gamers Playin expo.jpg|thumb|Harassment in [[gaming culture]] can occur in [[Online game|online gaming]].]]
Of those who reported having experienced online harassment in a Pew Research poll, 16% said the most recent incident had occurred in an online game.<ref name="pewFiveFacts">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/30/5-facts-about-online-harassment/|last=Duggan|first=Maeve|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=5 facts about online harassment}}</ref> A study from National Sun Yat-sen University observed that children who enjoyed violent video games were significantly more likely to both experience and perpetrate cyberbullying.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paths to Bullying in Online Gaming: The Effects of Gender, Preference for Playing Violent Games, Hostility, and Aggressive Behavior on Bullying|journal=Journal of Educational Computing Research|volume=47|issue=3|pages=235–249|doi=10.2190/ec.47.3.a|year=2013|last1=Yang|first1=Shu Ching|s2cid=145419778}}</ref>

Another study that discusses the direct correlation between exposure to violent video games and cyber bullying also took into account personal factors such as "duration of playing online games, alcohol consumption in the last 3 months, parents drunk in the last 3 months, anger, hostility, ADHD, and a sense of belonging"<ref>Lam L, Cheng Z and Liu X, 'Violent Online Games Exposure And Cyberbullying/Victimization Among Adolescents' (2013) 16 Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</ref> as potential contributing factors of cyberbullying.

Gaming was a more common venue for men in which to experience harassment, whereas women's harassment tended to occur more via social media.<ref name="washpoPewGamergate">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/23/gamergate-and-how-internet-users-think-about-gaming-and-harassment/|last=Rosenberg|first=Alyssa|work=The Washington Post|title=Gamergate and how Internet users think about gaming and harassment}}</ref> Most respondents considered [[gaming culture]] to be equally welcoming to both genders, though 44% thought it favored men.<ref name="nprPewLeastWelcoming">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/10/22/357826882/pew-gaming-is-least-welcoming-online-space-for-women|last=Hu|first=Elise|publisher=NPR|work=All Tech Considered|title=Pew: Gaming Is Least Welcoming Online Space For Women}}</ref> Sexual harassment in gaming generally involves slurs directed towards women, sex role stereotyping, and overaggressive language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norris|first1=Kamala O.|year=2004|title=Gender Stereotypes, Aggression, and Computer Games: An Online Survey of Women|journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior|volume=7|issue=6|pages=714–27|doi=10.1089/cpb.2004.7.714|pmid=15687807}}</ref> Keza MacDonald writes in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that [[sexism in gaming|sexism exists in gaming culture]], but is not mainstream within it.<ref name="guardianReallySexist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2012/mar/06/are-gamers-really-sexist|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=MacDonald|first=Keza|title=Are gamers really sexist?|date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] made reference to the harassment of women gamers during his remarks in honor of Women's History Month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/16/remarks-president-reception-honor-womens-history-month|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Remarks by the President at Reception in Honor of Women's History Month|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|date=March 16, 2016}}</ref>

Competitive gaming scenes have been less welcoming of women than has broader gaming culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/02/women-are-gamers-but-largely-absent-from-e-sports/|work=Ars Technica|last=Johnston|first=Casey|title=Women are gamers, but largely absent from "e-sports"|date=February 19, 2014}}</ref> In an internet-streamed fighting game competition, one female gamer forfeited a match after the coach of her team, Aris Bakhtanians, stated, "The sexual harassment is part of the culture. If you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community."<ref name="nytimesOnlineGaming" /> The comments were widely condemned by gamers, with comments in support of sexual harassment "drowned out by a vocal majority of people expressing outrage, disappointment and sympathy."<ref name="guardianReallySexist" /> The incident built momentum for action to counter sexual harassment in gaming.<ref name="nytimesOnlineGaming">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/02/us/sexual-harassment-in-online-gaming-stirs-anger.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=O'Leary|first=Amy|title=In Virtual Play, Sex Harassment Is All Too Real}}</ref>

Some game developers have been subjected to harassment and death threats by players upset by changes to a game or by a developer's online policies.<ref name="polygonPlague">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/8/15/4622252/plague-of-game-dev-harassment-erodes-industry-spurs-support-groups|last=Crecente|first=Brian|work=Polygon|title=Plague of game dev harassment erodes industry, spurs support groups|date=August 15, 2013}}</ref> Harassment also occurs in reaction to critics such as [[Jack Thompson (activist)|Jack Thompson]] or [[Anita Sarkeesian]], whom some fans see as threats to the medium.<ref name="guardianCriticismCensorship">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/30/gamers-criticism-censorship|last=Jenkins|first=Ria|journal=The Guardian|title=When will gamers understand that criticism isn't censorship?|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="psmagGamerProblem" /> Various people have been harassed in connection with the [[Gamergate controversy]].<ref name="observerBlameGamergate">{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2015/10/blame-gamergates-bad-rep-on-smears-and-shoddy-journalism/|last=Young|first=Cathy|work=New York Observer|title=Blame GamerGate's Bad Rep on Smears and Shoddy Journalism|date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Harassment related to gaming is not of a notably different severity or tenor compared to online harassment motivated by other subcultures or advocacy issues.<ref name="psmagGamerProblem">{{cite web|url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/online-harassment-women-isnt-just-gamer-problem-90518|last=Berlatsky|first=Noah|work=Pacific Standard|title=Online Harassment of Women Isn't Just a Gamer Problem}}</ref>

Sabotage among rival [[crowdfunding]] campaigns is a recurring problem for projects related to gaming.<ref name="lifehackerCrowdfunding">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2014/08/crowdsourcing-tends-to-attract-the-worst-kind-of-people/|last=Jager|first=Chris|work=Lifehacker|publisher=Gawker Media|title=Crowdsourcing Tends To Attract The Worst Kind Of People|date=August 25, 2014}}</ref>

Some instances of [[swatting]] in games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]'' and ''[[League of Legends]]'' have resulted in law enforcement [[SWAT]] units called on individuals' homes as a prank. On December 28, 2017, [[Wichita, Kansas]] police officers killed Andrew Finch at his Kansas home in a reported swatting prank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article192111974.html|title=Call of Duty gaming community points to 'swatting' in deadly Wichita police shooting|last=Manna|first=Nicole|date=December 29, 2017|work=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=December 29, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In search engines ===
[[Information cascade]]s happen when users start passing along information they assume to be true, but cannot know to be true, based on information on what other users are doing. This can be accelerated by search engines' ranking technologies and their [[personalized search|tendency to return results relevant to a user's previous interests]]. This type of information spreading is hard to stop. Information cascades over social media and the Internet may also be harmless, and may contain truthful information.<ref name=citron-hatecrimes />

Bullies use [[Google bomb]]s (a term applicable to any search engine)<ref name="Marziah Karch">{{cite web|author=Marziah Karch|date=November 5, 2018|title=What Is a Google Bomb: Google bombs explained|url=https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-google-bomb-1616351|access-date=December 17, 2018|website=Lifewire}}</ref> to increase the prominence of favored posts sorted by the most popular searches, done by linking to those posts from as many other web pages as possible. Examples include the [[campaign for the neologism "santorum"]] organized by the [[LGBT]] lobby. Google bombs can manipulate the Internet's search engines regardless of how authentic the pages are, but there is a way to counteract this type of manipulation as well.<ref name=citron-hatecrimes>{{Cite book|title = Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|last = Citron|first = Danielle|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2014 |location = Cambridge, Mass., USA & London, UK|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wmiABAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-674-36829-3 }}</ref>

== Law enforcement ==
A majority of states have laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication within stalking or harassment laws.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=http://www.victimsofcrime.org/docs/src/cyberstalking---dangers-on-the-information-superhighway.pdf?sfvrsn=2|title=Cyberstalking: dangers on the information superhighway|last1=Gregorie|first1=Trudy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328084720/http://www.victimsofcrime.org/docs/src/cyberstalking---dangers-on-the-information-superhighway.pdf?sfvrsn=2|archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cyberstalking, cyberharassment and cyberbullying|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/cyberbullying.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906024827/http://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/cyberstalking-and-cyberharassment-laws.aspx|archive-date=September 6, 2015|website=NCSL National Conference of State Legislatures}}</ref><ref>[http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9.61.260 Cyberstalking] Washington State Legislature</ref> Most law enforcement agencies have cyber-crime units, and Internet stalking is often treated with more seriousness than reports of physical stalking.<ref>{{cite web|title = Back Off, Bully!|last = Bailey|first = Melissa|date = May 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What Is Cyberstalking?|url=http://www.cla.purdue.edu/people/engl/blackmon/101cresources/cyberstalking.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227054307/http://www.cla.purdue.edu/people/engl/blackmon/101cresources/cyberstalking.htm|archive-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref> Help and resources can be searched by state or area.

=== Schools ===
The safety of online privacy issues in schools is increasingly becoming a focus of state legislative action. There was an increase in cyberbullying enacted legislation between 2006 and 2010.<ref>[http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/cyberbullying.aspx Cyberbullying Enacted Legislation: 2006–2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609000529/http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/educ/cyberbullying.aspx |date=June 9, 2013 }} Legislation by State, NCSL</ref> Initiatives and curriclulum requirements also exist in the UK (the ''Ofsted eSafety guidance'') and Australia (''Overarching Learning Outcome 13'').

In 2012, a group of teenagers in a design class [[New Haven, Connecticut]] developed an application to help fight bullying, "Back Off Bully" (BOB). This is an anonymous resource for computer, smart phone or iPad, designed so when someone witnesses or is the victim of bullying, they can immediately report the incident. The app asks questions about time, location and how the bullying is happening, as well as provides positive action and empowerment regarding the incident. The reported information goes to a database, where it may be studied by administrators. Common threads are spotted so others can intervene and break the bully's pattern.<ref>[http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/south/12007792580056/ct-teens-develop-bullying-app-to-protect-peers/ CT teens develop bullying app to protect peers] 7 News; June 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622100810/http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/south/12007792580056/ct-teens-develop-bullying-app-to-protect-peers/ |date=June 22, 2012 }}</ref> "Back Off Bully" is being considered as standard operating procedure at schools across Connecticut, while recent studies carried out among 66 high school teachers have concluded that prevention programs have proved ineffective to date.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/pits.21603 | volume=49| issue=4|year=2012|journal=Psychology in the Schools|pages=352–367 | last1 = Stauffer | first1 = Sterling |title = High school teachers' perceptions of cyberbullying prevention and intervention strategies| last2 = Allen Heath | first2 = Melissa | last3 = Marie Coyne | first3 = Sarah | last4 = Ferrin | first4 = Scott| url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3777&context=etd}}</ref>

Teachers can also be cyberbullied by pupils,<ref name=durangoherald20151029/><ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/> as well as by parents and other school staff.<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/>

=== Protection ===
There are laws that only address online harassment of children or focus on child predators, as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. Currently, there are 45 cyberstalking (and related) laws on the books. While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource containing a list of current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws.<ref>[http://www.haltabuse.org/resources/laws/index.shtml Current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws] WHOA</ref> It also lists those states that do not yet have laws, and related laws from other countries. The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.<ref>[http://www.cyberlawdb.com/main/ The Global Cyber Law Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620182226/http://www.cyberlawdb.com/main/ |date=June 20, 2012 }} GCLD</ref>

Several states, including Florida, California,<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Your Student Rights |url=https://www.sandiegounified.org/know-your-student-rights |website=San Diego Unified School District |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref> and Missouri have passed laws against cyberbullying. California prohibits the use of an electronic device to cause someone to fear for their life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Penal Code, Sec. 653.2 |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=653.2 |website=California Legislative Information |publisher=California State Legislature |access-date=May 25, 2020}}</ref> In Florida, the "Jeffrey Johnson Stand Up for All Students Act" prohibits any type of bullying including cyberbullying. In Missouri, anyone who violently threatens someone over social media can be convicted with a Class A misdemeanor, but if the victim is seventeen years or younger, they can be convicted with a Class D felony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Missouri Anti-Bullying Laws & Policies |url=https://www.stopbullying.gov/resources/laws/missouri |website=stopbullying.gov |access-date=May 25, 2020 |date=September 26, 2017}}</ref>

=== Age ===
Children report negative online behaviors occurring from the second grade. According to research, boys initiate negative online activity earlier than girls. However, by middle school, girls are more likely to engage in cyberbullying than boys.<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Gregg|date=September 1, 2010|title=Cyber-bullying defies traditional stereotype: Girls are more likely than boys to engage in this new trend, research suggests|work=Fairfax Times|url=http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/cms/story.php?id=2078|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526084157/http://ww2.fairfaxtimes.com/cms/story.php?id=2078|archive-date=May 26, 2013}}</ref> Whether the bully is male or female, the purpose of childhood bullying is to intentionally embarrass, harass, intimidate, or make threats online.

Studies on the psycho-social effects of cyberspace have begun to monitor the effects cyberbullying may have on the victims. Consequences of cyberbullying are multi-faceted, and affect both online and offline behavior. Research on adolescents reported that changes in the victims' behavior as a result of cyberbullying could potentially be positive. Victims "created a cognitive pattern of bullies, which consequently helped them to recognize aggressive people."<ref name="cyberpsychology.eu">[http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011121901&article=4 Cyberbullying in Adolescent Victims: Perception and Coping] Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</ref>

However, the ''Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace'' abstract reports critical impacts in almost all of the respondents, taking the form of lower self-esteem, loneliness, disillusionment, and distrust of people. The more extreme effects included [[self-harm]]. Children have killed each other and committed [[suicide]] after cyberbullying incidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stopcyberbullying.org/what_is_cyberbullying_exactly.html |title=Stop Cyberbullying |publisher=Stop Cyberbullying |date=June 27, 2005 |access-date=October 8, 2013}}</ref> Some cases of digital self-harm have been reported in which an individual engages in cyberbullying against themselves, or purposefully and knowingly exposes themselves to cyberbullying.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Topping|first=Alexandra|title=Cyberbullying on social networks spawning form of self-harm|journal=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/aug/06/cyberbullying-social-networks-self-harm|access-date=August 6, 2013|date=August 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Englander|first=Elizabeth|title=Digital Self-Harm: Frequency, Type, Motivations, and Outcomes|journal=MARC Research Reports|date=June 2012|volume=5|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/marc_reports/5}}</ref>

=== Adults ===
Cyberstalking may be an extension of physical stalking,<ref name=":6">https://docs.education.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/australian_covert_bullying_prevalence_study_chapter_1.pdf</ref> and may have criminal consequences. A target's understanding of why cyberstalking is happening is helpful to remedy and take protective action. Among factors that motivate stalkers are [[envy]], pathological obsession (professional or sexual), unemployment or failure with own job or life, or the desire to intimidate and cause others to feel inferior. The stalker may be [[delusional]] and believe he/she "knows" the target. The stalker wants to instill fear in a person to justify his/her status, or may believe they can get away with these actions due to online anonymity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/cyberstalking/3.html |author=Wayne Petherick |title=Cyber-Stalking:Obsessional Pursuit and the Digital Criminal |date=2009 |work=TrueTV |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209045152/http://trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/psychology/cyberstalking/3.html |archive-date=February 9, 2009 }}</ref>

The US federal cyberstalking law is designed to prosecute people for using electronic means to repeatedly harass or threaten someone online. There are resources dedicated to helping adult victims deal with cyberbullies legally and effectively. One of the steps recommended is to record everything and contact police.<ref>[http://wiredsafety.org/subjects/cyberbullying.php Cyberbullying] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524084352/https://www.wiredsafety.org/subjects/cyberbullying.php |date=May 24, 2015 }} Stalking and Harassment</ref><ref name=":7">[http://voices.yahoo.com/what-cyberbullies-adults-11081994.html What to Do About Cyberbullies: For Adults] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729033508/http://voices.yahoo.com/what-cyberbullies-adults-11081994.html |date=July 29, 2014 }}, by Rena Sherwood; YAHOO Contributor network</ref>

== Research ==

=== Australia ===
The nationwide Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Survey (Cross et al., 2009)<ref name="ACBPS">[http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NationalSafeSchools/Pages/research.aspx Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. 2009. Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study (ACBPS). Child Health Promotion Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, Perth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611013517/http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NationalSafeSchools/Pages/research.aspx |date=June 11, 2012 }}. Deewr.gov.au. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.</ref> assessed cyberbullying experiences among 7,418 students. The results indicated that rates of cyberbullying increased with age, with 4.9% of students in Year 4 reporting cyberbullying compared to 7.9% in year nine. Cross et al., (2009) reported that rates of bullying and harassing others were lower, but also increased with age. Only 1.2% of Year 4 students reported cyberbullying others compared to 5.6% of Year 9 students.

=== China ===
In [[mainland China]], cyberbullying has yet to receive adequate scholarly attention. A study investigating the risk factors of cyberbullying sampled 1,438 high school students from central China. Data showed that 34.84% had participated in bullying and 56.88% had been bullied online.<ref name=":14">Zhou, Zongkui. "Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students". School Psychology International. December 2013 34: 630–647, first published on May 8, 2013.</ref>

A study on cyberbullying in [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fung | first1 = Annis L. C. | year = 2010 | title = The Phenomenon Of Cyberbullying: Its Aetiology And Intervention | journal = Journal of Youth Studies | volume = 13 | issue = 2| pages = 31–42 }}</ref> chose 48 out of 7,654 students from elementary school to high school who were classified as potential aggressors related to cyberbullying. 31 out of 48 students declared they barely participated in cyber-attacks. It is common among high school students (28 out of 36 students) to participate in social media platforms; 58% admitted to changing a nickname for others, 56.3% to humiliation, 54.2% to making fun of someone, and 54.2% to spreading rumors. The [[Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups]] interviewed 1,820 teenagers, 17.5% of whom indicated having experienced cyberbullying. This included insults, abuse, and the publishing of personal private pictures on social media without permission.<ref name=":14" />

=== European Union ===
In a study published in 2011, across 25 [[European Union|EU]] member states studied, an average 6% of children (9–16 years old) had been bullied and only 3% of them confessed to having been a bully.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasebrink|first=U|date=2011|title=Patterns of risk and safety online. In-depth analyses from the EU Kids Online survey of 9- to 16-year-olds and their parents in 25 European countries|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20II%20(2009-11)/EUKidsOnlineIIReports/D5%20Patterns%20of%20risk.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504140537/http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20II%20(2009-11)/EUKidsOnlineIIReports/D5%20Patterns%20of%20risk.pdf|archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref> However, in an earlier publication by Hasenbrink et al. (2009), reporting on the results from a meta analysis from European Union countries, the authors estimated (via median results) that approximately 18% of European young people had been "bullied/harassed/stalked" via the internet and mobile phones.<ref name="Hasebrink">Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. and Ólafsson, K.(2009) Comparing children's online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. LSE, London: EU Kids Online (Deliverable D3.2, 2nd edition), {{ISBN|978-0-85328-406-2}} [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/EUKidsOnline/Reports/D3.2, secondedition.pdf lse.ac.uk]</ref> Cyberharassment rates for young people across the EU member states ranged from 10% to 52%. 

=== Finland ===
Sourander et al. (2010) conducted a population-based cross-sectional study that took place in [[Finland]]. The authors of this study took the self-reports of 2,215 Finish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 about cyberbullying and cybervictimization during the previous six months. It was found that, amongst the total sample, 4.8% were victims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully-victims.

The authors of this study were able to conclude that cyberbullying, as well as cybervictimization, is associated not only with psychiatric issues, but with psychosomatic issues as well. Many adolescents in the study reported headaches or difficulty sleeping. The authors believe that their results indicate a greater need for new ideas on how to prevent cyberbullying and what to do when it occurs. It is clearly a worldwide problem that needs to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sourander, A. |author2=Klomek, A.B. |author3=Ikonen, M. |author4=Lindroos, J. |author5=Luntamo, T. |author6=Koskeiainen, M. |author7=Helenius, H. |title=Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study|year=2010|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=7|pages=720–728|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79 |pmid=20603453 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) pilot survey was carried out in eight post-primary schools across [[Ireland]], including 318 students aged 15–18. 59% were boys and 41% were girls. Participation in this survey was voluntary for students, and consent had to be obtained from parents, students and the school itself. This survey was anonymous and confidential, and it took 40 minutes to complete. It asked questions on traditional forms of bullying, as well as cyberbullying, risk behaviors and self-reported health and [[life satisfaction]].

66% of the students said that they had never been bullied, 14% had been victims of traditional forms of bullying, 10% had been victims of cyberbullying, and the remaining 10% had been victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. Boys mostly said they were victims of traditional forms of bullying, and girls mostly were victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. 20% of the students in this survey said that they had been cyberbullied, showing that cyberbullying is on the rise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=Kelly|first2=Colette|last3=Molcho|first3=Michal|year=2014|title=360 Link|journal=International Journal of Public Health|volume=60|issue=2|pages=199–206|doi=10.1007/s00038-014-0638-7|pmid=25540816|last1=Callaghan|first1=Mary|s2cid=5060717}}</ref>

Arrow DIT claims that 23% of 9–16 year olds in Ireland have been bullied online or offline, compared to 19% in Europe.<ref name="O'Neill 2016">{{cite web|url=http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=cserrep|title=Cyberbullying among 9–16 year olds in Ireland|last1=O'Neill|first1=Brian|last2=Dinh|first2=Thuy|date=2016|publisher=Dublin Institute of Technology}}</ref> Although online bullying in Ireland stands at 4% according to Arrow DIT, this is lower than the European average, which stands at 6%, and half that of the UK where 8% reported being cyberbullied.<ref name="O'Neill 2016" /> Traditional forms of bullying in Ireland occur more often than in Europe.

A 2018 study by [[Dublin City University|Dublin City University (DCU)]]'s [[National Anti-Bullying Centre|National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre (ABC)]] found that almost 10% of [[Secondary education|post-primary]] teachers were victims of cyberbullying, and 15% knew of a colleague who had experienced it in the previous 12 months.<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a>{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2018/1108/1009482-cyberbullying-teachers/|title=Teachers report high levels of anxiety and stress due to cyberbullying by pupils|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|access-date=November 8, 2018 |date=November 8, 2018}}</ref> 59% of the bullying was by pupils, mainly on social media, with the rest perpetrated by parents and other school staff.<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/> Various effects on bullied teachers included increased stress and [[anxiety]], "negative impacts on their working environment, and a reluctance to report the issue and seek help from management".<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/>

=== Japan ===
According to recent{{when|date=December 2017}} research, in Japan, 17 percent (compared with a 25-country average of 37 percent) of youth between the ages of 8 and 17 have been victims of online bullying. The number shows that online bullying is a serious concern in Japan. Teenagers who spend more than 10 hours a week on the Internet are more likely to become the targets of online bullying, though only 28 percent of the survey participants understood what cyberbullying is. However, they do know the severity of the issue; 63 percent of the surveyed students worried about being targeted as victims of cyberbullying.<ref>Cross-Tab Marketing Services & Telecommunications Research Group for Microsoft Corporation</ref>

Since teenagers find themselves congregating socially on the internet via social media, they become easy targets for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying may occur via email, text, chat rooms, and social media websites. Some cyberbullies set up websites or blogs to post the target's images, publicize their personal information, gossip about the target, express why they hate the target, request people to agree with the bully's view, and send links to the target to make sure they are watching the activity.<ref>Campbell, Marilyn A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise?</ref>

Much cyberbullying is an act of [[relational aggression]], which involves alienating the victim from peers through gossip or ostracism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sugimori Shinkichi |year=2012 |url=http://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00054/|title=Anatomy of Japanese Bullying|work=nippon.com|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> This kind of attack can be easily launched via texting or other online activities. One 19-year-old Japanese student was targeted by classmates who posted his photo online, insulted him constantly, and asked him to die. Because of the constant harassment, he did attempt suicide twice. Even when he quit school, the attacks did not stop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Cyber-bullying-bedevils-Japan/2007/11/12/1194766557213.html|title=Cyber bullying bedevils Japan|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=January 5, 2015|date=November 12, 2007}}</ref>

Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological impact to the victims. They often feel anxious, nervous, tired, and depressed. Other examples of negative psychological trauma include losing confidence as a result of being socially isolated from their schoolmates or friends. Psychological problems can also show up in the form of headaches, skin problems, abdominal pain, sleep problems, bed-wetting, and crying. It may also lead victims to commit suicide to end the bullying.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221857/http://www.psusd.us/CyberBullying-StudentAwareness Cyber Bullying: Student Awareness] Palm Springs Unified School District Retrieved January 5, 2015</ref>

=== United States ===
[[File:Cyberbullying By Year.jpg|thumb|Percentage of victims of cyberbullying by year across the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyberbullying.org/summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research|title=Summary of Our Cyberbullying Research (2004-2016)|date=July 10, 2019}}</ref>]]

==== 2000 ====
A 2000 survey by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] found that 6% of the young people who completed the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% had suffered distressing harassment.<ref name=ccrc>Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K.J., & Wolak, J. (2000). Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref>

==== 2004 ====
The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=2425023 |title=What Parents Need to Know About Cyberbullying |date=September 12, 2006 |website=[[ABC News]] Primetime |publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>
* 42% of children had been bullied online. One in four had experienced it more than once.
* 35% had been threatened online. Nearly one in five had experienced it more than once.
* 21% had received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages.
* 58% admitted that someone had said hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten said this had happened more than once.
* 58% had not told their parents or an adult about something hurtful that had happened to them online.

==== 2005 ====
The Youth Internet Safety Survey-2, conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] in 2005, found that 9% of the young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment.<ref name=ccrc2>Wolak, J., Mitchell, K.J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online Victimization of Youth: Five Years Later. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref> The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth 10–17 years old. One-third reported feeling distressed by the incident, with distress being more likely for younger respondents and those who were the victims of aggressive harassment (including being telephoned, sent gifts, or visited at home by the harasser).<ref name=ybarra>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | last3 = Wolak | first3 = J. | last4 = Finkelhor | first4 = D. | date = Oct 2006 | title = Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 4| pages = e1169–77 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0815| pmid = 17015505 | s2cid = 10952620 }}</ref> Compared to youth not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with rule breaking and aggression.<ref name=ybarra2>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | date = Aug 2007 | title = Prevalence and frequency of Internet harassment instigation: implications for adolescent health | journal = J Adolesc Health | volume = 41 | issue = 2| pages = 189–95 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.005| pmid = 17659224 }}</ref>

Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of approximately 1,500 Internet-using adolescents and found that over one-third of youth reported being victimized online, and over 16% of respondents admitted to cyberbullying others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics on Bullying |url=http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224632/http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> While most of the instances of cyberbullying involved relatively minor behavior (41% were disrespected, 19% were called names), over 12% were physically threatened and about 5% were scared for their safety. Notably, fewer than 15% of victims told an adult about the incident.<ref name="patchin1" /> Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007<ref name="patchin2">Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200237/http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?ID=101357 Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency.] [[Journal of School Violence]], 6(3), 89–112.</ref> found that youth who report being victims of cyberbullying also experience stress or strain that is related to offline problem behaviors such as running away from home, cheating on a test, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that both of these studies provide only preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with an online survey.

According to a 2005 survey by the [[Action for Children|National Children's Home]] charity and [[Tesco Mobile]],<ref name=survey>National Children's Home. (2005).[http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf Putting U in the picture. Mobile Bullying Survey 2005.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028120204/http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf |date=October 28, 2005 }}(pdf)</ref> of 770 youth between the ages of 11 and 19, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied via electronic means. Almost three-quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of responders indicated that another person had taken a picture and/or video of them via a [[camera phone|cellular phone camera]], consequently making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many youths are not comfortable telling an authority figure about their cyberbullying [[victimization]] for fear their access to technology will be taken from them; while 24% and 14% told a parent or teacher respectively, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend.<ref name=survey />

==== 2006 ====
According to the 2006 ''Harris Interactive Cyberbullying Research Report'', commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that "affects almost half of all American teens".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |title=Cyberbullying FAQ For Teens |date=2015 |website=National Crime Prevention Council |access-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195845/http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 2007 ====
[[File:Youth and Electronic aggression.gif|thumb|Distribution of cyberbullying venues<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=9|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|archive-date=April 22, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> used by young people in the US, according to the [[Centers for Disease Control]]<ref name="ybarra200710">{{cite journal |last1=Ybarra |first1=Michele L. |last2=Diener-West |first2=Marie |last3=Leaf |first3=Philip J. |date=December 2007 |title=Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S42–S50 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004|pmid=18047944 }}</ref>]]

Studies published in 2007 in the ''[[Journal of Adolescent Health]]'' indicated young people reporting being victims of electronic aggression in a range of 9%<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalski |first1=Robin M. |last2=Limber |first2=Susan P. |date=December 2007 |title=Electronic bullying among middle school students |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S22–S30 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017|pmid=18047942 }}</ref> to 35%.<ref name="ybarra200710" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a [[Stanford University]] master's student, created ''[[Adina's Deck]]'', a film based on Stanford-accredited research. She worked in focus groups for ten weeks in three schools to learn about the problem of cyberbullying in northern California. The findings determined that over 60% of students had been cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying. The film is now being used in classrooms nationwide as it was designed around learning goals pertaining to problems that students had understanding the topic. The middle school of [[Suicide of Megan Meier|Megan Meier]] is reportedly using the film as a solution to the crisis in their town.

==== 2008 ====
In 2008, researchers Sameer Hinduja ([[Florida Atlantic University]]) and Justin Patchin ([[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire]]) published a book on cyberbullying that summarized the current state of cyberbullying research (''Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying'').<ref name=patchin3>{{cite book | last= Hinduja | first = S. |author2=Patchin, J. W. | title = Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying | publisher=Corwin Press | year = 2009| location = Thousand Oaks, CA | isbn = 978-1-4129-6689-4}}</ref> Their research documented that cyberbullying instances had been increasing over the preceding several years. They also reported findings from a then-recent study of cyberbullying. In a random sample of approximately 2000 middle-school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported being cyberbullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported having been cyberbullied at least once in their lifetime.<ref name="patchin3" /> While these rates are slightly lower than some of the findings from their previous research, Hinduja and Patchin pointed out that the earlier studies were predominantly conducted among older adolescents and Internet samples; that is, older youth use the Internet more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying than younger children.<ref name=patchin1>{{cite journal | last1 = Hinduja | first1 = S. | last2 = Patchin | first2 = J. W. | year = 2008 | title = Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization | journal = Deviant Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 129–156 | doi=10.1080/01639620701457816| s2cid = 144024729 }}</ref><ref name="patchin2" /><ref name="patchin">{{cite journal|last2=Hinduja|first2=S.|year=2006|title=Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying|journal=[[Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice]]|volume=4|issue=2|pages=148–169|doi=10.1177/1541204006286288|last1=Patchin|first1=J. W.|s2cid=145357837}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
[[File:Indicators of School Crime and Safety 2013 Figure 11.3.gif|thumb|Students aged 12–18 who reported being cyberbullied anywhere during the school year 2011<ref name="crimeindicators">{{cite book|author = Snyder, Thomas D.|author2 = Robers, Simone|author3 = Kemp, Jana|author4 = Rathbun, Amy|author5 = Morgan, Rachel|chapter = Indicator 11: Bullying at School and Cyber-Bullying Anywhere|chapter-url = http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/iscs11.pdf|title = Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013|url = http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2013/index.asp|access-date = February 3, 2015|format = Compendium|id = NCES 2014042|publisher = Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences (ies)|date = June 10, 2014}}</ref>]]

According to the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], School Crime Supplement (SCS), 9% of students age 12–18 admitted to having experienced cyberbullying during that school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%).<ref name="crimeindicators" />

==== 2013 ====
In the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2013, the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] published results of its survey as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in June 2014, indicating the percentage of school children being bullied through e-mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, websites, or texting ("electronically bullied") during the course of 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Laura |last1=Kann |first2=Steve |last2=Kinchen |first3=Shari L. |last3=Shanklin |first4=Katherine H. |last4=Flint |first5=Joseph |last5=Hawkins |first6=William A. |last6=Harris |first7=Richard |last7=Lowry |first8=Emily O'Malley |last8=Olsen |first9=Tim |last9=McManus |first10=David |last10=Chyen |first11=Lisa |last11=Whittle |first12=Eboni |last12=Taylor |first13=Zewditu |last13=Demissie |first14=Nancy |last14=Brener |first15=Jemekia |last15=Thornton |first16=John |last16=Moore |first17=Stephanie |last17=Zaza |date=June 13, 2014 |title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=63 |issue=4 |page=66 |pmid=24918634 |access-date=February 16, 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By race/ethnicity and sex
! Race/ethnicity !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! White, non-Hispanic
| 25.2% || 22.6%–28.0% || 8.7% || 7.5%–10.1% || 16.9% || 15.3%–18.7%
|-
! Black, non-Hispanic
| 10.5% || 8.7%–12.6% || 6.9% || 5.2%–9.0% || 8.7% || 7.3%–10.4%
|-
! Hispanic
| 17.1% || 14.5%–20.15 || 8.3% || 6.9%–10.0% || 12.8% || 10.9%–14.9%
|-
! Total
| 21.0% || 19.2%–22.9% || 8.5% || 7.7%–9.5% || 14.8% || 13.7%–15.9%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By grade and sex
! Grade !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! 9
| 22.8% || 19.5%–26.6% || 9.4% || 7.9%–11.1% || 16.1% || 14.1%–18.2%
|-
! 10
| 21.9% || 18.7%–25.5% || 7.2% || 5.4%–9.6% || 14.5% || 12.6%–16.6%
|-
! 11
| 20.6% || 17.4%–24.3% || 8.9% || 7.3%–10.7% || 14.9% || 13.0%–16.9%
|-
! 12
| 18.3% || 16.3%–20.5% || 8.6% || 7.0%–10.5% || 13.5% || 12.2%–14.9%
|}

==== 2014 ====
In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study that focused on the literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. They found that researchers have generally assumed that cyberbullying is distinct from aggression perpetrated in person. Mehari et al. suggest that the media through which aggression is perpetrated may be best conceptualized as a new classification of aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as a distinct counterpart to existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying be considered within the context of theoretical and empirical knowledge of aggression in adolescence.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/psyc_pubs/15/|title = Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct|last1 = Mehari|first1 = Krista|date = 2014|journal = Psychology of Violence|doi = 10.1037/a0037521|access-date = March 24, 2015|last2 = Farrell|first2 = Albert|last3 = Le|first3 = Anh-Thuy|volume=4|issue = 4|pages=399–415}}</ref>

Mary Howlett-Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on the cyberbullying victimization of Black and White students in specific conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3470/|title = CYBERBULLYING: AN EXAMINATION OF GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FROM THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY: STUDENT CRIME SUPPLEMENT, 2009|date = 2014|access-date = March 30, 2015|journal = Theses and Dissertations|last = Howlett-Brandon|first = Mary}}</ref>

====2015====
[[WalletHub]]'s 2015's ''Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying'' report measured the relative levels of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. have the most attempted suicides by high school students. The five states with highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana.<ref>{{cite web|title = 2015's Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying|url = https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-states-at-controlling-bullying/9920/|website = WalletHub|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>

Cyberbullying on social media has usually been student-to-student, but recently, students have been cyberbullying their teachers. High school students in Colorado created a Twitter site that bullies teachers. This ranges from obscenities to false accusations of inappropriate actions with students.<ref name=durangoherald20151029>{{cite web|title = 9-R students create teacher-bashing tweets|url = http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20151029/NEWS01/151029500/-1/news01&source=RSS|website = The Durango Herald|date=October 29, 2015|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>

=== Gender ===
Research conducted to try to determine differences in cyberbullying patterns comparing male to female and ages of each are relatively inconclusive. There are some factors that lean towards males being more involved in cyberbullying behaviors due to males tending to have more aggressive behaviors than females.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griezel |first1=Lucy |last2=Finger |first2=Linda R. |last3=Bodkin-Andrews |first3=Gawaian H. |last4=Craven |first4=Rhonda G. |last5=Yeung |first5=Alexander Seeshing |title=Uncovering the Structure of and Gender and Developmental Differences in Cyber Bullying |journal=The Journal of Educational Research |date=September 2012 |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=442–455 |doi=10.1080/00220671.2011.629692 |s2cid=145680391 }}</ref> This is not proven, but speculated based on literature reviews of research indicating that significant data is self-reported. Comparatively, the review of articles indicates that age differences have some indicators of cyberbullying; increasing age indicates increasing bullying behaviors. Gender differences have mixed results, but one finding indicated that younger females (10 or 11) and older males (13+) tend to engage in cyber bullying behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barlett |first1=Christopher |last2=Coyne |first2=Sarah M. |title=A meta-analysis of sex differences in cyber-bullying behavior: The moderating role of age: Sex Differences in Cyber-Bullying |journal=Aggressive Behavior |date=September 2014 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=474–488 |doi=10.1002/ab.21555 |pmid=25098968 }}</ref>

Cyberbullies mostly have at least one common trait.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Devience|last=Marcum|first=Catherine|year=2014|page=165}}</ref> Cyberbullies generally get angry and discouraged easily and usually have strong personalities.<ref name=":9" /> They connect with others belligerently and do not care for the feelings of their victims.<ref name=":9" /> Both males and females engage in cyberbullying.<ref name=":9" /> Females are involved in cyberbullying just as much as men,<ref name=":9" /> and females are sometimes even found more involved in cyberbullying than men are.<ref name=":9" /> The reason behind this is because of the way they respond;<ref name=":9" /> men will usually respond with physical retaliation, while women will use “indirect forms such as gossiping.”<ref name=":9" /> As cyberbullying is a more indirect form, females are more likely to be involved.<ref name=":9" />

Also, women tend to have less face-to-face confrontations than men, and since cyberbullying occurs online, this allows women to have a greater chance to be attacked.<ref name=":9" /> According to a 2017 Pew Research study on online harassment, 14% of Americans have been harassed because of their political views. Such harassment affects men and women differently; men are approximately twice as likely as women to have experienced online harassment because of their political views.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Maeve |title=Online Harassment 2017 |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/ |access-date=March 24, 2019 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> However, women politicians are disproportionately more likely to be sexually harassed online. Women lawmakers are three times more likely than their male counterparts to receive sexually abusive comments, including threats of rape, beatings, death, or abduction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lehr |first1=Amy |last2=Bechrakis |first2=Mariefaye |title=Against The Odds: Overcoming Online Harassment of Women in Politics |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/against-odds-overcoming-online-harassment-women-politics |access-date=March 24, 2019 |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |date=November 8, 2018}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
{{Main|Cyberstalking legislation}}

=== United States ===
Legislation geared at penalizing cyberbullying has been introduced in a number of U.S. states including New York, Missouri, Rhode Island and Maryland. At least 45 states have passed laws against digital harassment.<ref>{{cite news|last=PÉREZ-PEÑA|first=RICHARD|title=Christie Signs Tougher Law on Bullying in Schools|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/07/nyregion/07bully.html?_r=0|access-date=January 6, 2011}}</ref> Dardenne Prairie of Springfield, Missouri, passed a city ordinance making online harassment a misdemeanor. The city of St. Charles, Missouri passed a similar ordinance. Missouri is among the states where lawmakers are pursuing state legislation, with task forces expected to have cyberbullying laws drafted and implemented.<ref>[http://www.pantagraph.com/news/bill-targets-adults-who-cyberbully/article_6ade6d44-a162-54d1-9be0-88bebf181f6d.html Bill targets adults who cyberbully] Pantagraph, by Kevin Mcdermott, December 20, 2007</ref> In June 2008, Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) and Rep. Kenny Hulshof (R-Mo.) proposed a federal law that would criminalize acts of cyberbullying.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090730051248/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9962375-7.html A rallying cry against cyberbullying]. CNET News, by Stefanie Olsen, June 7, 2008</ref>

Lawmakers are seeking to address cyberbullying with new legislation because there is currently no specific law on the books that deals with it. A fairly new federal cyberstalking law might address such acts, according to [[Parry Aftab]], but no one has been prosecuted under it yet. The proposed federal law would make it illegal to use electronic means to "coerce, intimidate, harass or cause other substantial emotional distress."

In August 2008, the California state legislature passed one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyberbullying. Assembly Bill 86 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fbusd.us/vnews/display.v/ART/4cd41cda558da%3C|title=Fort Bragg USD|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113152021/http://www.fbusd.us/vnews/display.v/ART/4cd41cda558da%3C|archive-date=January 13, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying, offline or online.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centerdigitaled.com/edtech/Education-Legislation-Cyber-Bullying.html |title=Education Legislation: Cyber-Bullying |publisher=Centerdigitaled.com |date=March 16, 2009 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110941/http://www.centerdigitaled.com/edtech/Education-Legislation-Cyber-Bullying.html |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This law took effect on January 1, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/31/AR2008123103067.html|title=States Passing Laws to Combat Cyber-Bullying — washingtonpost.com|work=The Washington Post |access-date=January 2, 2009|last=Surdin|first=Ashley | date=January 1, 2009}}</ref>

A law in New York's Albany County that criminalized cyberbullying was struck down as unconstitutional by the [[New York Court of Appeals]] in ''[[People v. Marquan M.]]''

A recent{{when|date=December 2017}} ruling first seen in the UK determined that it is possible for an [[Internet service provider]] (ISP) to be liable for the content of the sites it hosts, setting a precedent that any ISP should treat a notice of complaint seriously and investigate it immediately.<ref>[http://www.out-law.com/page-5624 International IT and e-commerce legal info]. Out-law.com. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.</ref>

{{uscsub|18|875|c}} criminalizes the making of threats via the Internet.

While some states have laws that require schools to mediate cyberbullying conflicts, several states have been sued on First Amendment grounds for doing so. By examining the decisions of three such lawsuits heard in lower courts, Alvin J. Primack and Kevin A. Johnson argued that current First Amendment doctrine, particularly the case of ''Morse v. Frederick'' (2007), may offer interpretive resources for justifying administrative reach to some online digital speech. They concluded, "[w]ithout clearer standards, school administrators are likely to feel constrained and err on the side of inaction."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Primack|first1=Alvin J.|last2=Johnson|first2=Kevin A.|date=Spring 2017|title=Student cyberbullying inside the digital schoolhouse gate: Toward a standard for determining where a "School" is|journal=First Amendment Studies|volume=51|issue=1|pages=30–48|doi=10.1080/21689725.2016.1278177|s2cid=151924347}}</ref>

=== European Union ===

Since the 1990s, the United Kingdom and other European countries have been working to solve [[workplace bullying]] since there is no legislation regulating cyberbullying. The pervasive nature of technology has made the act of bullying online much easier.<ref name=european-perspective>{{cite web|title=Bullying, Harassment and Stress in the Workplace — A European Perspective|url=http://www.internationallaborlaw.com/files/2013/01/Bullying-Harassment-and-Stress-in-the-workplace-A-European-Perspective.pdf|publisher= Proskauer|access-date=November 18, 2015}}</ref> A 24-hour internet connection gives bullies a neverending opportunity to find and bully victims. Employers in the European Union have more legal responsibility to their employees than do those in other countries. Since employers do not have the ability to fire or hire an employee at will like in the United States, employers in Europe are held to a high standard in how their employees are treated.

In 2007, the European Union developed the Framework Agreement on Harassment and Violence at Work, a law that prevents bullying occurring in the workplace and holds employers accountable for providing fair working conditions.<ref name=european-perspective /> The law defines the responsibilities of an employer such as protecting his or her employees from bullies in a work environment and the psychological pain a victim faces from bullies during business hours. Lawyers pursuing cyberbullying cases use the Ordinance on Victimization at Work law, since there are not any laws specifically condemning cyberbullying.<ref name=european-perspective />

In 1993, Sweden was the first European Union country to have a law against cyberbullying. The Ordinance on Victimization at Work protected victims from "recurrent reprehensible or distinctly negative actions which are directed which are directed against individual employees in an offensive manner and can result in those employees being placed outside the workplace community".<ref name=european-perspective />

In 2002, France passed the Social Modernization Law, which added consequences to the French Labor Code for cyberbullying such as holding employers accountable for their involvement in harassment.<ref name="Viola Lloyd">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehrdirector.com/business-news/diversity_and_equality/french-law-prohibiting-bullying-in-the-workplace/ | title=FRENCH LAW PROHIBITING BULLYING IN THE WORKPLACE |date=November 15, 2013 |access-date=December 17, 2018 | author= Viola Lloyd}}</ref> The legislation defines "moral harassment" as "repeated acts leading to a
deterioration of the working conditions and that are likely to harm the dignity, the physical or psychological heath of the victim or his professional career."<ref name=european-perspective />

The United Kingdom does not have anti-bullying legislation. However, it does have the Protection From Harassment Act, an anti-stalking law.<ref name=european-perspective /> U.K. courts have used this legislation in bullying cases.

[[File:Take A Stand Against Cyberbullying.png|thumb|This image portrays the support and awareness that many anti-cyberbullying campaigns have in some countries around the world.]]
The United States and some other countries have more extensive legislation on cyberbullying than the European Union. Cyberbullying incidents on social media are widespread and have increased drastically in number.<ref name=european-perspective /> However, the process of getting a claim against a bully is not an easy one because of the victim's need to provide sufficient evidence to prove the existence of bullying.

As of mid-2015, countries in the European Union like the United Kingdom are in the process of creating laws specially related to cyberbullying. Since the process takes time, the government is supporting school programs to promote internet safety with the help of teachers and parents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutory guidance – Keeping children safe in education|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/keeping-children-safe-in-education--2|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Department for Education|access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> This will allow the government to take the time it needs to create the cyberbullying laws while helping safeguard students from cyberbullying as much as possible.<ref>{{cite web|title=New guidelines to help industry promote internet safety|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-guidelines-to-help-industry-promote-internet-safety|website=GOV.UK|publisher=Department for Education & Tim Loughton|access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

=== Research on preventive legislation ===
{{Original research section|date=May 2018}}

Researchers suggest that programs be put in place for prevention of cyberbullying. These programs would be incorporated into school curricula and would include online safety and instruction on how to use the Internet properly.<ref name= von>{{cite journal | last1 = Von Marees | first1 = N. | last2 = Petermann | first2 = F. | year = 2012 | title = Cyberbullying: An increasing challenge for schools | journal = School Psychology International | volume = 33 | issue = 5| page = 476 }}</ref> This could teach the victim proper methods of potentially avoiding the cyberbully, such as blocking messages or increasing the security of their computer.<ref name= von />

Even in a perfect world, no crime can be stopped fully. That is why it is suggested that within this prevention method, effective coping strategies should be introduced and adopted.<ref name=":11" /> People can adopt coping strategies to combat future cyberbullying. Coping strategies may include social support groups composed of victims of cyberbullying,<ref name= von /> which could allow students to share their stories, and remove the feeling of being alone.

Teachers should be involved in all prevention educational models, as they are essentially the "police" of the classroom.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=International Human and Private Rights Protection Association|url=http://ihprpa.org/bullying.php|website=ihprpa.org|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> Most cyberbullying often goes unreported as the victim feels nothing can be done to help in their current situation.<ref name= von /> However, if given the proper tools with preventive measures and more power in the classroom, teachers can be of assistance; if the parent, teacher, and victim can work together, solutions may be found.<ref name= von />

There have been many legislative attempts to facilitate the control of bullying and cyberbullying. Some existing legislation is incorrectly thought to be tied to bullying and cyberbullying (including terms such as "[[libel]]" and "[[slander]]").<ref name=":11" /> The problem is that the existing legislation does not directly apply to bullying, nor define it as its own criminal behavior.<ref>Smyth, S. M. (2010). Cybercrime in Canadian criminal law. (pp. 105–122). Toronto, ON: Carswell.</ref> Anti-cyberbullying advocates have even expressed concern about the broad scope of some of the bills attempted to be passed.<ref name= walt>{{cite journal | last1 = Walther | first1 = B | year = 2012 | title = Cyberbullying: Holding grownups liable for negligent entrustment | journal = Houston Law Review | volume = 49 | issue = 2| pages = 531–562 }}</ref>

In the United States, attempts have been made to pass legislation against cyberbullying. Few states attempted to pass broad sanctions in an effort to prohibit cyberbullying. Problems include how to define cyberbullying and cyberstalking, and, if charges are pressed, whether this violates the bully's freedom of speech.<ref name= walt /> B. Walther said that "Illinois is the only state to criminalize 'electronic communication(s) sent for the purpose of harassing another person' when the activity takes place outside a public school setting." This was criticized for infringement on freedom of speech.<ref name= walt />

Preventing a child from being cyberbullied is hard, but now they are working to form programs and laws to help stop the issue from getting worse than it already is. They have created movies such as ''[[Cyberbully (2011 film)|Cyberbully]]'' by Charles Biname and ''[[The DUFF|The Duff]]'' by Ari Sandel for teenagers to watch and see how cyberbullying can affect an individual. Children that are victims of this problem feel they can not go to an adult for help because they may feel embarrassed by the situation.<ref name=":10" /> Bullying online will not only hurt the teenager emotionally, but there is also a risk of the child hurting themselves physically as well; in 2017, suicide was the tenth leading cause of death among persons in the United States.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml|title=NIMH » Suicide|website=www.nimh.nih.gov|access-date=February 24, 2020}}</ref>

Being able to tell if a child is being hurt from this issue can be tough, but there are certain things that a child will do that should give a red flag that they are being bullied.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helping Kids Deal With Bullies (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth|url=https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/bullies.html|website=kidshealth.org|access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> A cyberbully could have said nasty words to that child and the victim could be looking for compliments. If the victim is always online wondering when the bully will strike next that could also be a sign. Being an active parent in their children's lives will make a difference on whether their child is experiencing online bullying or not.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oostdam |first1=Ron |last2=Hooge |first2=Edith |title=Making the difference with active parenting; forming educational partnerships between parents and schools |journal=European Journal of Psychology of Education |date=June 2013 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=337–351 |doi=10.1007/s10212-012-0117-6 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Also bringing police involved in the case will be a problem solver too.

== Harmful effects ==
Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying victimization.<ref name="patchin1" /><ref name="patchin2" /><ref name="patchin3" /><ref name="patchin" /> Victims may have lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed.<ref name="patchin3" /> Cyberbullying may be more harmful than traditional bullying, because there is no escaping it.<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://demetrioskritikos.com/cyber-bullying/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 25, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813032718/http://demetrioskritikos.com/cyber-bullying/ |archive-date=August 13, 2015 }}</ref> One of the most damaging effects is that a victim begins to avoid friends and activities, which is often the very intention of the bully.

Cyberbullying campaigns are sometimes so damaging that victims have committed suicide. There are at least four examples in the United States in which cyberbullying has been linked to the suicide of a teenager.<ref name="patchin3" /> The [[suicide of Megan Meier]] is an example that led to the conviction of the adult perpetrator of the attacks. Holly Grogan committed suicide by jumping off a 30-foot bridge near Gloucester in the UK. It was reported that a number of her schoolmates had posted a number of hateful messages on her Facebook page.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=High school teachers' perceptions of cyberbullying prevention and intervention strategies|journal=Psychology in the Schools|volume=49|issue=4|page=352|doi=10.1002/pits.21603|year=2012|last1=Stauffer|first1=Sterling|last2=Heath|first2=Melissa Allen|last3=Coyne|first3=Sarah Marie|last4=Ferrin|first4=Scott|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3777&context=etd}}</ref>

According to Lucie Russell, director of campaigns, policy and participation at youth mental health charity Young Minds, young people who suffer from [[mental disorder]]s are vulnerable to cyberbullying as they are sometimes unable to shrug it off:

<blockquote>When someone says nasty things healthy people can filter that out, they're able to put a block between that and their self-esteem. But mentally unwell people don't have the strength and the self-esteem to do that, to separate it, and so it gets compiled with everything else. To them, it becomes the absolute truth – there's no filter, there's no block. That person will take that on, take it as fact.<ref name="Guardian8813">{{cite news|title = Cyberbullying websites should be boycotted, says Cameron: Prime minister calls for website operators to 'step up to the plate', following death of 14-year-old Hannah Smith|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 8 August 2013|author = Alexandra Topping|author2 = Ellen Coyne and agencies}}</ref></blockquote>

Social media has allowed bullies to disconnect from the impact they may be having on others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carlyleobserver.com/article/20120427/CARLYLE0101/304279977/-1/carlyle/cyber-bullying-and-popular-culture|title=Cyber-bullying and popular culture|author=Kelly Running|work=Carlyle Observer|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Intimidation, emotional damage, and suicide ===
According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, "there have been several high‐profile cases involving teenagers taking their own lives in part because of being harassed and mistreated over the Internet, a phenomenon we have termed cyberbullicide – suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experiences with online aggression."

Cyberbullying is an intense form of psychological abuse, whose victims are more than twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders compared to traditional bullying.<ref name="cyberthreat">{{cite journal | journal=[[Ideas and Discoveries (magazine)|Ideas and Discoveries]] |title=Cyberthreat: How to protect yourself from online bullying | year=2011 | page=76}}</ref>

The reluctance youth have in telling an authority figure about instances of cyberbullying has led to fatal outcomes. At least three children between the ages of 12 and 13 have committed suicide due to depression brought on by cyberbullying, according to reports by ''USA Today'' and the ''Baltimore Examiner''. These include the [[suicide of Ryan Halligan]] and the [[suicide of Megan Meier]], the latter of which resulted in ''[[United States v. Lori Drew]]''. Teen suicides tied to cyberbullying have recently become more prevalent. Rebecca Ann Sedwick committed suicide after being terrorized through mobile applications such as [[Ask.fm]], [[Kik Messenger]] and [[Voxer]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Alvarez|first=Lizette|title=Girl's Suicide Points to Rise in Apps Used by Cyberbullies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/us/suicide-of-girl-after-bullying-raises-worries-on-web-sites.html?_r=0|access-date=November 20, 2013}}</ref>

=== On youth and teenagers ===
The effects of cyberbullying vary, but research illustrates that cyberbullying adversely affects youth to a higher degree than adolescents and adults. Youth are more likely to suffer since they are still growing mentally and physically.<ref name="Effects of Bullying">{{cite web|title=Effects of Bullying|url=http://www.stopbullying.gov/at-risk/effects/|website=StopBullying.gov|publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services|access-date=November 18, 2015|date=February 29, 2012 }}</ref> Jennifer N. Caudle, a certified family physician, says, "Kids that are bullied are likely to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyber-Bullying and its Effect on our Youth|url=http://www.osteopathic.org/osteopathic-health/about-your-health/health-conditions-library/general-health/Pages/cyber-bullying.aspx|website=American Osteopathic Association|publisher=American Osteopathic Association|access-date=November 21, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Against Cyberbullying.png|thumb|This image shows different aspects of cyberbullying that can take place on the internet which puts more emotional strain on the younger children and teenage who experience cyberbullying.]]

Most of the time cyberbullying goes unnoticed; the younger generation hides their bullying from anyone that can help to prevent the bullying from occurring and from getting worse. Between 20% and 40% of adolescents are victims of cyberbullying worldwide.<ref name="Effects of Bullying" /><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Deniz|first1=Metin|title=A Study on Primary School Students' Being Cyber Bullies and Victims According to Gender, Grade, and Socioeconomic Status|journal=Croatian Journal of Education|date=July 7, 2015|volume=17|issue=3|pages=659–680|doi=10.15516/cje.v17i3.835}}</ref> The youth slowly change their behaviors and actions so they become more withdrawn and quiet, but this may go unnoticed since the change is subtle.<ref name="Effects of Bullying" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Metin Deniz believes cyberbullying will "become a serious problem in the future with an increase in the Internet and mobile phone usage among young people".<ref name="ReferenceA" />

If preventive actions are not taken against cyberbullying, younger children in addition to teenagers will feel more lonely and depressed along with having significant changes in their eating and sleeping patterns as well as loss of interest in their normal activities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nixon |first1=Charisse |title=Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health |journal=Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics |date=August 2014 |volume=5 |pages=143–58 |doi=10.2147/AHMT.S36456 |pmid=25177157 |pmc=4126576 }}</ref> These changes will affect their growth and development into adulthood.<ref name="Effects of Bullying" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> Younger children and teenagers are 76.2% less likely to display suicidal behaviors and thoughts, but are still at risk depending on other factors such as mental health status, home care, and relationships with others.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The risk of suicide increases by 35% to 45% when victims do not have any support from anyone in their life, and cyberbullying amplifies the situation.<ref name="Effects of Bullying" />

Young people seem particularly vulnerable to the effects of cyberbullying through [[anonymous social media]], perhaps because adolescents are attracted to these platforms as a means of seeking validation from their peers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Odd Girl Out|last=Simmons|first=Rachel|publisher=Mariner Books|year=2011}}</ref> Abuse on these platforms, such as [[ASKfm]], [[Yik Yak]] and [[Sarahah]], can be particularly keenly felt by young people, leading to issues of loss of confidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Binns|first=Amy|date=2013|title=Facebook's Ugly Sisters: Anonymity and abuse on Formspring and Ask.fm|url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/8378/|journal=Media Education Research Journal|volume=4 | issue = 1 |page=27}}</ref> There have been a number of suicides related to bullying on these platforms in the US<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/suffolk/family-friends-shocked-at-cyberposts-after-teen-s-death-1.1827393|title=Family and Friends shocked at cyberposts after teen's death|last=Polsky|first=Carol|date=March 23, 2010|website=Newsday}}</ref> and Britain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/social-media/8653867/Teenager-in-rail-suicide-was-sent-abusive-message-on-social-networking-site.html|title=Teenager in rail suicide was sent abusive message on social networking site|date=July 22, 2011|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

===Suppression of speech===

By at least 2018, some doctors have been targets of online harassment from [[anti-vaccine]] activists responding to their social media posts, including hundreds of negative false reviews on doctor ratings sites. This made some of the doctors more reluctant to share information about vaccines, but others formed groups to spread factual information about vaccine safety on social media in response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/05/11/vaccine-opponents-target-doctors-social-media-and-ratings-websites/Y8RQie1xJdr1RtKvbdR9mI/story.html|title=This doctor posted online in favor of immunization. Then vaccine opponents targeted her - The Boston Globe|website=BostonGlobe.com}}</ref>

== Awareness ==

=== Campaigns ===

==== International ====
The [[The Cybersmile Foundation|Cybersmile Foundation]] is a cyberbullying charity committed to tackling all forms of [[online bullying]], abuse, and hate campaigns. It was founded in 2010 in response to the increasing number of cyberbullying related incidents of [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[eating disorder]]s, social isolation, [[self-harm]] and suicides devastating lives around the world. Cybersmile provides support to victims and their friends and families through social media interaction, email and helpline support. They also run an annual event, [[Stop Cyberbullying Day]], to draw attention to the issue.

==== Spain ====
Multiple non-profit organizations fight cyberbullying and cyberstalking. They advise victims, provide awareness campaigns, and report offenses to the police. These NGOs include the ''Protégeles'', ''PantallasAmigas'', ''[[Foundation Alia2]]'', the non-profit initiative ''Actúa Contra el Ciberacoso'', the National Communications Technology Institute (INTECO), the Agency of Internet quality, the ''Agencia Española de Protección de Datos'', the ''Oficina de Seguridad del Internauta'', the Spanish Internet users' Association, the Internauts' Association, and the Spanish Association of Mothers and Parents Internauts. The government of [[Castile and León]] has also created a ''Plan de Prevención del Ciberacoso y Promoción de la Navegación Segura en Centro Escolares'', and the government of the [[Canary Islands]] has created a portal on the phenomenon called ''Viveinternet''.

==== United States ====
In March 2007, the Advertising Council in the United States, in partnership with the [[National Crime Prevention Council]], U.S. Department of Justice, and Crime Prevention Coalition of America, joined to announce the launch of a new [[public service advertising]] campaign designed to educate preteens and teens about how they can play a role in ending cyberbullying.

As of 2008, the [[Boy Scouts of America]]'s 2008 edition of ''[[Boy Scout Handbook|The Boy Scout Handbook]]'' addresses how to deal with online bullying. A new [[Ranks in the Boy Scouts of America#First Class|First Class]] rank requirements adds: "Describe the three things you should avoid doing related to use of the Internet. Describe a cyberbully and how you should respond to one."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.usscouts.org/advance/boyscout/changes/bsrank4-08.asp|publisher=US Scout Service Project|title=First Class Rank Requirements|access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22576610/ns/health-childrens_health/t/always-be-prepared-battle-bullies/#.VlVoUcovPO0|work = NBC News|title = Always be prepared to battle bullies|date = January 9, 2008}}</ref>

In 2008, [[KTTV]] Fox 11 News in Los Angeles put out a report about organized cyberbullying on sites like [[Stickam]] by people who call themselves "[[Anonymous (group)|/b/rothas]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Leelila Strogov – Fox 11 LA – Cyber Bullies|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ai09cWlyPrQ|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Fox 11}}</ref> The site had put out a report on July 26, 2007, about a subject that partly featured cyberbullying, titled "Hackers on Steroids".<ref>{{cite web|title=FOX 11 Investigates: 'Anonymous'|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNO6G4ApJQY|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Fox Television Stations, Inc.}}</ref>

On June 2, 2008, parents, teens, teachers, and Internet executives came together at Wired Safety's International Stop Cyberbullying Conference, a two-day gathering in White Plains, New York and New York City. Executives from Facebook, [[Verizon]], MySpace, [[Microsoft]], and many others talked with hundreds about how to better protect themselves and their personal reputations, children and businesses from online harassment. Sponsors of the conference included [[McAfee]], [[AOL]], [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Girl Scouts of the USA]], WiredTrust, Children's Safety Research and Innovation Centre, and KidZui.com. Cyberharassment versus cyberbullying was a forefront topic, where age makes a difference; abusive internet behavior by adults with the repeated clear intent to harm, ridicule or damage a person or business was classified as [[stalking]] harassment, versus bullying by teens and young adults.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Skylar|date=October 26, 2009|title=2 dead after head-on collision with CSUF student|url=http://www.dailytitan.com/2009/10/cal-state-fullerton-student-causes-crash/comment-page-46/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125191052/http://www.dailytitan.com/2009/10/cal-state-fullerton-student-causes-crash/comment-page-46/|archive-date=November 25, 2015|access-date=June 5, 2016|publisher=Dailytitan.com}}</ref>

An organized movement to make [[revenge porn]] illegal began in August 2012: End Revenge Porn.<ref name="endrevengeporn.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cybercivilrights.org/|title=Cyber Civil Rights Initiative}}</ref> Currently revenge porn is only illegal in two states, but the demand for its criminalization is on the rise as digital technology has increased in the past few generations. The organization seeks to provide support for victims, educate the public, and gain activist support to bring new legislation before the United States Government.<ref name="endrevengeporn.org" />

In 2006, PACER.org created a week-long event that was held once a year in October. Today, the campaign is a month-long event and is now known as the National Bullying Prevention Awareness Month.<ref>[http://www.stopbullying.gov/blog/2015/10/05/october-national-bullying-prevention-awareness-month Hertzog, J. (2015, October 5). October is National Bullying Prevention Awareness Month. Retrieved November 3, 2015, from stopbullying.gov]</ref>

==== Canada ====
Originating in Canada, [[Anti-Bullying Day]] is a day of celebration for those who choose to participate wearing a symbol of colors (pink, blue or purple) as a stance against bullying. A British Columbia teacher founded the Stop A Bully movement, which uses pink wristbands to represent the wearer's stance to stop bullying.

Pink Shirt Day was inspired by David Shepherd and Travis Price. Their high school friends organized a protest in sympathy for a Grade 9 boy who was bullied for wearing a pink shirt. Their stance from wearing pink has been a huge inspiration in the Great Vancouver Mainland. "We know that victims of bullying, witnesses of bullying and bullies themselves all experience the very real and long term negative impacts of bullying regardless of its forms – physical, verbal, written, or on-line (cyberbullying)".{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

ERASE (Expect Respect and A Safe Education) is an initiative started by the province of British Columbia to foster safe schools and prevent bullying. It builds on already-effective programs set up by the provincial government to ensure consistent policies and practices regarding the prevention of bullying.

=== Community support ===
A number of organizations are in coalition to provide awareness, protection and recourse for this escalating problem. Some aim to inform and provide measures to avoid as well as effectively terminate cyberbullying and cyberharassment. Anti-bullying charity [[Act Against Bullying]] launched the CyberKind campaign in August 2009 to promote positive internet usage.

In 2007, YouTube introduced the first Anti-Bullying Channel for youth (BeatBullying), using the assistance of celebrities to tackle the problem.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7098978.stm YouTube tackles bullying online] BBC News, November 19, 2007</ref>

In March 2010, a 17-year-old girl named Alexis Skye Pilkington was found dead in her room by her parents. Her parents claimed that after repeated cyberbullying, she was driven to suicide. Shortly after her death, attacks resumed. Members of [[eBaums World]] began to [[Troll (Internet)|troll]] teens' memorial pages on [[Facebook]], with the comments including expressions of pleasure over the death, with pictures of what seemed to be a banana as their profile pictures. Family and friends of the deceased teen responded by creating Facebook groups denouncing cyberbullying and trolling, with logos of bananas behind a red circle with a diagonal line through it.<ref>{{cite news|last=Salazar|first=Cristian|title=Alexis Pilkington Facebook Horror: Cyber Bullies Harass Teen Even After Suicide|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/24/alexis-pilkington-faceboo_n_512482.html|access-date=October 22, 2012|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=May 24, 2010}}</ref>

In response and partnership to the 2011 film ''[[Bully (2011 film)|Bully]]'', a grassroots effort to stop cyberbullying called the Bully Project was created. Their goal is to start "a national movement to stop bullying that is transforming children's lives and changing a culture of bullying into one of empathy and action."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebullyproject.com/|title=The BULLY Project|website=The BULLY Project}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Best Enemies]]
* [[Character assassination]]
* [[Cyber defamation law]]
* [[Dogpiling (Internet)|Dogpiling]]
* [[Digital safety]]
* [[Digital media use and mental health]]
* [[Gamergate controversy]]
* [[Jessi Slaughter cyberbullying case]]
* [[Mobbing]]
* [[Online shaming]]
* [[Sexting]]
* [[Whataboutism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Berson | first1 = I. R. | last2 = Berson | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Ferron | first3 = J. M. | year = 2002 | title = Emerging risks of violence in the digital age: Lessons for educators from an online study of adolescent girls in the United States | journal = [[Journal of School Violence]] | volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 51–71 | doi=10.1300/j202v01n02_04| s2cid = 144349494 }}
* Burgess-Proctor, A., Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2009). Cyberbullying and online harassment: Reconceptualizing the victimization of adolescent girls. In V. Garcia and J. Clifford [Eds.]. ''Female crime victims: Reality reconsidered''. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. In Print.
* Keith, S. & Martin, M. E. (2005). ''Cyber-bullying: Creating a Culture of Respect in a Cyber World. Reclaiming Children & Youth'', 13(4), 224–228.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hinduja | first1 = S. | last2 = Patchin | first2 = J. W. | year = 2007 | title = Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency | journal = [[Journal of School Violence]] | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 89–112 | doi=10.1300/j202v06n03_06| s2cid = 143016237 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hinduja | first1 = S. | last2 = Patchin | first2 = J. W. | year = 2008 | title = Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization | journal = Deviant Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 129–156 | doi=10.1080/01639620701457816| s2cid = 144024729 }}
* Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2009). ''Bullying beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying''. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
* Patchin, J. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. ''Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice', 4(2), 148–169.
* Tettegah, S. Y., Betout, D., & Taylor, K. R. (2006). Cyber-bullying and schools in an electronic era. In S. Tettegah & R. Hunter (Eds.) Technology and Education: Issues in administration, policy and applications in k12 school. PP. 17–28. London: Elsevier.
* Wolak, J. Mitchell, K.J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). ''Online victimization of youth: 5 years later''. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Available at [http://www.unh.edu/ccrc unh.edu]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M. L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = J. K. | year = 2004 | title = Online aggressor/targets, aggressors and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics | journal = Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry | volume = 45 | issue = 7| pages = 1308–1316 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x| pmid = 15335350 }}
* Ybarra ML (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. ''Cyberpsychol and Behavior''. Apr;7(2):247-57.
* Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. ''Journal of Adolescence''. Jun;27(3):319-36.
* Frederick S. Lane (Chicago: NTI Upstream, 2011)

== External links ==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=yes
|lcheading=Cyberbullying}}
{{Commons category|Cyberbullying}}
{{Wiktionary|cyberbully}}
* [http://www.cyberbullying.us/ Cyberbullying Research Center]
* [http://www.stopbullying.gov/topics/cyberbullying/ Cyberbullying] at Stopbullying.gov
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100821230808/http://site.ebrary.com/lib/cyberbullying/home.action Cyberbullying Searchable Information Center], [[ebrary]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050949/http://www.cyberbullying.org.nz/ Cyberbullying.org.nz] – cyberbullying information, support, and teaching resources from the New Zealand non-profit [[netsafe|NetSafe]], including the short film [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426051133/http://www.cyberbullying.org.nz/at-a-distance-film/ ''At a Distance'']
* [http://cyberhelp.eu/en Cyberhelp.eu] – practical advice for teachers and guardians
* [http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/cyberbullying_teenagers.html Cyberbullying in Australia] – resource for teenagers
* [http://www.commonsensemedia.org/cyberbullying Cyberbullying] – Cyberbullying, Haters, and Trolls
* [http://mediasmarts.ca/cyberbullying%20 Media Smarts – Cyberbullying]

{{abuse}}
{{Bullying}}
{{internet slang}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cyberbullying| ]]
[[Category:Abuse]]
[[Category:Bullying]]
[[Category:Cybercrime]]
[[Category:Digital media use and mental health]]

Flurb

2023-04-29T20:58:06Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix page, add stub

{{stub}}

Flurb is a toy-maker that creates animal related items as well as adult toys.

==External links==
* [https://flurb.me/ Official Website]

[[Category:Websites]]

ZetaList

2023-04-08T18:40:14Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add to category Websites, add stub template, fix wiki formatting

{{History}}
{{stub}}

The Zetaliste was a mailing list for [[zoophiles]] and those interested in [[zoophilia]]. There were different versions:

Angelo's forerunner. Angelo made the first attempt at a mailing list. It was more of an email distribution list operated with the Crosspoint program. Every incoming mail had to be put on the mailing list by hand. Participants were mainly participants from the X * Net. That was around 1995 .
The XereniaX mailing list was a list to which a number of participants were already attached. Great strategic planning was carried out, [[outing]] letters, FAQs, including a Fencehopper FAQ , which provided plenty of fuel. Vehement opponents (with [[horse]] ), who used to be fence hoppers themselves (without horse), against defenders of [[Fence Hopping|fence hopping]] (without horse), because somehow one would have to and what concerns the owner of the sexual self-determination of his animal ... They fought like them Tinker. All of a sudden and for reasons not known to me until today, XereniaX threw everything down, stopped the list and disappeared.
After a while, KMB continued the list because the technology was already there. With Waffle and Wildcat (?), DOS-based on his private computer. Everything via modem and every list mail to each participant individually in and out, so that no one could see the email address of the other. In retrospect, we were pretty paranoid back then (around 1998 ?).

==Reference==
http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Zetaliste
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Websites]]

Zoophilia Wiki:AAAAAACK

2023-04-08T18:38:37Z

SkunkyMidnight: /* Genesis 2:23 */ clean up wiki formatting

{{Essay}}

If you are a Christian [[zoophile]], I know how challenging it can be to discover your [[zoophilia]] and mend these two things. I am not going to trample on your Christian faith. I know very well the reasons why you keep your faith. It is a wholesome, simple life and one that allows endurance, unlike any other religion I’ve seen.

What I’d like to do, is to strengthen your Christian faith while possibly mending your peace with God and zoophilia, or start you on the track to finding that peace. There are many interpretations of the bible, and perhaps you as a Christian have not known the more hidden, obscure interpretations. Even one possibly that may condone a zoophilic lifestyle albeit with the traditional Christian restraint.

==Genesis==

===Genesis 2:23===
For a better understanding of this very foreign and very controversial concept in Christianity, let's examine the position Judaism takes towards Genesis 2:23. The following is taken from the Jewish Bible with Rashi's commentary.

{{Blockquote|text=And man said, "This time, it is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh. This one shall be called Isiah (woman) because this one was taken from ish (man).|title=''Genesis 2:23''}}

{{blockquote|text=This teaches us that Adam came to all the animals and the beasts'' ''[in search of a [[mate]]], but he was not satisfied until he found Eve.||author=''Rashi''|title=''Commentary for Gen 2:23''|source=''from Yev. 63A''}}

Rashi further references from the Jewish Talmud, Yebamoth 63a:

{{blockquote|text=Yebamoth 63a states “What is meant by the Scriptural text, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh? This teaches that Adam had intercourse with every beast and animal but found no satisfaction until he cohabited with Eve.|source=''ibid''}}

So there, we have something quite significant for [[zoophiles]]. The Jewish faith and interpretation clearly show that the LORD brought Adam to have sexual relations with all the beasts of the field but was not satisfied until he eve was made. I’m sure this is shocking to some of you listening, but please, the Jewish rabbis are very shrewd in their interpretations, and why did they choose this very uncommon commentary? There must be a biblical reason why they interpreted Genesis 2:23 that way, and there is. Now grab your King James Bible, and let us look at why the rabbi interpreted Adam's [[bestiality]] as so. Let's read Genesis 2:18-20

===Genesis 2:18-20===
{{blokquote|text=And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|title=''Genesis 2:18-20''}}

The Jewish words for help meet are Ezer Kenegdo, which literally means "A Help corresponding to him". That is established correctly? The LORD brought all the beasts before Adam to find Help corresponding to him. The MEAT of the question is what kind of help was the LORD looking for Adam? I’ll emphasize this again, what kind of EZER KENEGDO did the LORD intend?

===Genesis 2:24===
{{blockquote|text=Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.|title=''Genesis 2:24''}}

Now this verse above, clearly could not have been Adam’s words, as we know that Adam had no physical father nor mother. Who penned these words with interpretation? Obviously Moses who wrote genesis and what was the purpose that was declared for eve being made? He says it right there, “They shall be one flesh”.

So Moses admits in genesis 2:24 that the help meet (the Ezer kenegdo) of genesis
2:18-20 was the search for a physical sexual compatibility. The LORD brought Adam the beasts of the field to become one flesh with or said more clearly.

==Adams Search for Sexual Compatability==
Adam committed bestiality with the animals the LORD GOD brought him, in searchof the physical sexual compatibility or his (ezer Kenegdo). He then used his free
will and said animals were not his Ezer Kenegdo, and eve was made and then Moses declared that they had become “One Flesh” thus showing their sexual compatibility.

I'll summarize this once more, Adam looked for sexual compatibility (ezer kenegdo) amoung the animals, he declared he didn’t find any, and eve was made. Eve was his ezer kenegdo, and his sexual compatibility was declared by Moses as “Shall be one flesh”

Now I understand this interpretation is very very unknown to the masses, but it is a VALID interpretation and has an accurate scriptural basis for it being a source of faith for zoophile Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Now lastly, I feel you Christian zoophiles out there. Please ponder and meditate on these other things that were involved with Adam then.
Also, consider that the tree of knowledge had already been created by the time this event with Adams bestiality occurred, which means he had the framework to rebel, which had free will. I want you to ponder the consideration to if Adam DID say that the animals were his Ezer Kenegdo? What if Adam DID choose the beasts of the field? It would NOT have been a sin to choose the beasts at that time. Sin didn’t exist. Don’t you feel you would like the same choice?

The LORD did not see bestiality as a sin in Adam’s case, nor was it prohibited by law until Moses received the Levitical law from the LORD. So why was bestiality prohibited for the nation of Israel? Perhaps it was likely to do with false worship and the physical uncleanness/health concerns it may have caused. On the other hand, maybe it was due to the nation’s population and why polygamy was allowed during Israel’s time.

Is the Levitical law applicable to Christians? Or did christ supersede the law and returned us back to what it was like in Adam's time? Like the children of God under grace? You must ask the right questions now that you have a snippet of truth. I do believe that the LORD is not against bestiality and never was for the reasons people believe.

==Animals are Gods Gifts==
Bestiality might have been a tool to teach Adam or perhaps honestly give Adam the free choice of sexual partners or his help meet. Judaeo-Christian values, when understood, will accept the bible for what it says, and the persecution of zoophiles is incredibly unfounded in the name of those religions. It is also greatly un-founded that zoophile Christians be persecuted by fellow Christians when they choose to lay down with the same animals the LORD GOD brought forth to Adam. The same beasts that the LORD deemed worthy for Adam.

So, where does this leave us? What practical use is this for the morality of zoophile Christians? And I believe I could not fully answer that beyond the example Adam set for zoo Christians.

# Adam laid with many animals and married none.
# Adam did not have children until after the fall of mankind.
# Adam’s purpose was to tend to the garden and animals.

My loose interpretation would be a zoo Christian is not obligated to marry animals. One may have as many animal partners as he wishes so long as one can tend them as Adam did. One should attempt to aid the Christian congregation as one is able. However, I cannot tell you where your faith and moral choices should rest.

==References==
* ''Christian Apologetics and Zoophilia.'' By [mailto:libbypaw@protonmail.com Libbypaw]

Zoophilia Wiki:AAAAAACK

2023-04-08T18:37:55Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added Essay template, imported cleaned up wiki formatting

{{Essay}}

If you are a Christian [[zoophile]], I know how challenging it can be to discover your [[zoophilia]] and mend these two things. I am not going to trample on your Christian faith. I know very well the reasons why you keep your faith. It is a wholesome, simple life and one that allows endurance, unlike any other religion I’ve seen.

What I’d like to do, is to strengthen your Christian faith while possibly mending your peace with God and zoophilia, or start you on the track to finding that peace. There are many interpretations of the bible, and perhaps you as a Christian have not known the more hidden, obscure interpretations. Even one possibly that may condone a zoophilic lifestyle albeit with the traditional Christian restraint.

==Genesis==

===Genesis 2:23===
For a better understanding of this very foreign and very controversial concept in Christianity, let's examine the position Judaism takes towards Genesis 2:23. The following is taken from the Jewish Bible with Rashi's commentary.

{{Blockquote|text=And man said, "This time, it is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh. This one shall be called Isiah (woman) because this one was taken from ish (man).|title=''Genesis 2:23''}}

{{blockquote|text=This teaches us that Adam came to all the animals and the beasts'' ''[in search of a [[mate]]], but he was not satisfied until he found Eve.||author=''Rashi''|title=''Commentary for Gen 2:23''|source=''from Yev. 63A''}}

* Rashi references from the Jewish Talmud, Yebamoth 63a.

{{blockquote|text=Yebamoth 63a states “What is meant by the Scriptural text, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh? This teaches that Adam had intercourse with every beast and animal but found no satisfaction until he cohabited with Eve.|source=''ibid''}}

So there, we have something quite significant for [[zoophiles]]. The Jewish faith and interpretation clearly show that the LORD brought Adam to have sexual relations with all the beasts of the field but was not satisfied until he eve was made. I’m sure this is shocking to some of you listening, but please, the Jewish rabbis are very shrewd in their interpretations, and why did they choose this very uncommon commentary? There must be a biblical reason why they interpreted Genesis 2:23 that way, and there is. Now grab your King James Bible, and let us look at why the rabbi interpreted Adam's [[bestiality]] as so. Let's read Genesis 2:18-20

===Genesis 2:18-20===
{{blokquote|text=And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.|title=''Genesis 2:18-20''}}

The Jewish words for help meet are Ezer Kenegdo, which literally means "A Help corresponding to him". That is established correctly? The LORD brought all the beasts before Adam to find Help corresponding to him. The MEAT of the question is what kind of help was the LORD looking for Adam? I’ll emphasize this again, what kind of EZER KENEGDO did the LORD intend?

===Genesis 2:24===
{{blockquote|text=Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.|title=''Genesis 2:24''}}

Now this verse above, clearly could not have been Adam’s words, as we know that Adam had no physical father nor mother. Who penned these words with interpretation? Obviously Moses who wrote genesis and what was the purpose that was declared for eve being made? He says it right there, “They shall be one flesh”.

So Moses admits in genesis 2:24 that the help meet (the Ezer kenegdo) of genesis
2:18-20 was the search for a physical sexual compatibility. The LORD brought Adam the beasts of the field to become one flesh with or said more clearly.

==Adams Search for Sexual Compatability==
Adam committed bestiality with the animals the LORD GOD brought him, in searchof the physical sexual compatibility or his (ezer Kenegdo). He then used his free
will and said animals were not his Ezer Kenegdo, and eve was made and then Moses declared that they had become “One Flesh” thus showing their sexual compatibility.

I'll summarize this once more, Adam looked for sexual compatibility (ezer kenegdo) amoung the animals, he declared he didn’t find any, and eve was made. Eve was his ezer kenegdo, and his sexual compatibility was declared by Moses as “Shall be one flesh”

Now I understand this interpretation is very very unknown to the masses, but it is a VALID interpretation and has an accurate scriptural basis for it being a source of faith for zoophile Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Now lastly, I feel you Christian zoophiles out there. Please ponder and meditate on these other things that were involved with Adam then.
Also, consider that the tree of knowledge had already been created by the time this event with Adams bestiality occurred, which means he had the framework to rebel, which had free will. I want you to ponder the consideration to if Adam DID say that the animals were his Ezer Kenegdo? What if Adam DID choose the beasts of the field? It would NOT have been a sin to choose the beasts at that time. Sin didn’t exist. Don’t you feel you would like the same choice?

The LORD did not see bestiality as a sin in Adam’s case, nor was it prohibited by law until Moses received the Levitical law from the LORD. So why was bestiality prohibited for the nation of Israel? Perhaps it was likely to do with false worship and the physical uncleanness/health concerns it may have caused. On the other hand, maybe it was due to the nation’s population and why polygamy was allowed during Israel’s time.

Is the Levitical law applicable to Christians? Or did christ supersede the law and returned us back to what it was like in Adam's time? Like the children of God under grace? You must ask the right questions now that you have a snippet of truth. I do believe that the LORD is not against bestiality and never was for the reasons people believe.

==Animals are Gods Gifts==
Bestiality might have been a tool to teach Adam or perhaps honestly give Adam the free choice of sexual partners or his help meet. Judaeo-Christian values, when understood, will accept the bible for what it says, and the persecution of zoophiles is incredibly unfounded in the name of those religions. It is also greatly un-founded that zoophile Christians be persecuted by fellow Christians when they choose to lay down with the same animals the LORD GOD brought forth to Adam. The same beasts that the LORD deemed worthy for Adam.

So, where does this leave us? What practical use is this for the morality of zoophile Christians? And I believe I could not fully answer that beyond the example Adam set for zoo Christians.

# Adam laid with many animals and married none.
# Adam did not have children until after the fall of mankind.
# Adam’s purpose was to tend to the garden and animals.

My loose interpretation would be a zoo Christian is not obligated to marry animals. One may have as many animal partners as he wishes so long as one can tend them as Adam did. One should attempt to aid the Christian congregation as one is able. However, I cannot tell you where your faith and moral choices should rest.

==References==
* ''Christian Apologetics and Zoophilia.'' By [mailto:libbypaw@protonmail.com Libbypaw]

Docking

2023-04-08T18:27:22Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added to category Terms, clean up article

{{sex}}
{{Sources needed}}

Docking is a sex act involving the insertion of a Penis into another's foreskin. In the act of docking with a dog, this is the insertion of the Penis into the sheath, which is the animal equivalent of the human foreskin. This practice is more for the sexual satisfaction of humans since the dog's penis is not stimulated enough.

Docking may also refer to the process of cropping a dog’s tail into a little nub, such as with the Rottweilers, Dobermans, Boxers, and others (in countries where the practice is still legal).

Supposedly this can also be done with equines and other ungulates, however potential problems may arise which would have less to do with size accommodation and rather would be more related to the animal’s size and strength. If attempting this with their animal lover, zoos would be advised to go slowly and use large amounts of lubricant.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114032749/http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/index.php?title=Docking Docking article on Zetapin.de]
* [http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/ The Encyclopedia of Zoophillia by Beastiality.club]

[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Terms]]

American Meat

2023-04-08T18:22:55Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add stub, clean up page, fix wiki formatting

{{stub}}

American Meat is a sex toy company dedicated to making realistic animal related adult toys. for [[Zoophiles]]. It has been the primary sponsor for [[ZooVille]] for several years.

==External links==
* [https://www.american-meat.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Websites]]

Circle of Joining

2023-04-08T18:21:15Z

SkunkyMidnight: Clean up article

{{Culture}}

A Circle of Joining was a Zoo Marriage ritual that was popular in the days of [[Zetacon]]. It is an event where a marital ceremony performed by zoos, for zoos and their non-human lovers.

A circle is drawn in the dirt and guests would arrange themselves in a circle around the happy couple. If the animal and human both remain in the circle, they are said to be joined as spouses. Witnesses and ordained officials would be present at these marriage events.

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Terms]]

First Church of Zoophilia

2023-04-08T18:19:52Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix wiki formatting, fix stray sentence, add to category history

{{Culture}}
{{stub}}

The First Church of [[Zoophilia]] was a religious organization which married [[zoophile]] humans to their animal lovers, uniting them in holy matrimony.

They demanded the right to marry their sacred animals by saying that it was constitutionally allowed them due to being related to freedom of religion, however polygamy is also a marital institution called for by proponents’ religion, yet it has not been legally accepted in the United States and many other nations.

The First Church of Zoophilia was founded in the mid-90s.

==References==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/
[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:History]]

Circle of Joining

2023-04-08T18:19:03Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix wiki formatting, added to category Terms

{{Culture}}

A zoo marriage that was popular in the days of [[Zetacon]] it is an event where there is a marital ceremony performed by zoos, for zoos and their non-human lovers.

A circle is drawn in the dirt and guests would arrange themselves in a circle around the happy couple. If the animal and human both remain in the circle, they are said to be joined as spouses. Witnesses and ordained officials would be present at these marriage events.

[[Category:Culture]]
[[Category:Terms]]

Cinematography

2023-04-08T18:17:24Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fixed wiki formatting, added cleanup template

{{Culture}}
{{cleanup|Article needs to be separated into subsections, and needs to be generally rewritten for a Wiki format. Unsure if this was a copy-and-paste from an Essay}}

Relatively few mainstream (read: nonpornographic) films have directly centered around [[bestiality]], perhaps due to the taboo nature of the act throughout recent [[history]] – that being any time since the invention of the video camera in 1918. Even in places where it was not explicitly outlawed, it generally was not practiced openly by this time simply due to social repercussions. Remember, it was considered impolite simply to speak of sex openly back in those days.

Perhaps the oldest film on the list is Max My [[Love]] (1986), a movie about a woman having an affair with a chimpanzee.

Sleeping Dogs Lie (2006), also known as Stay, is a film about a girl who once performed oral sex on her pet dog, and the ethical dilemma of whether she should admit this to her lover or keep it secret forever. The film has a lot of drama in it!

A very recent film depicting a relationship between a human and non-human creature is Shape of Water (2017), a film about a mute woman who falls in love with a fish-man. She has a very high libido and can be seen masturbating throughout the film, eventually giving in and releasing her passion with her aquatic suitor.

Avatar (2009) deserves a mention because it tells the tale of a human who goes to another planet, attempts to blend in with the locals while inhabiting a body similar to theirs, and even ends up having their version of ‘sex’ with a N’avi (the name of their species).

Some documentary-type films are Hidden Love: Animal Passions (1999), Zoo (2007), and Coming Soon (2006), which is in the style of a documentary but which is actually fictional for the most part.

While not involving [[zoophilia]], Porndogs: The Adventures of Sadie (2009) is a very explicit and sexual film about animals, canines in particular, and thus was worthy of mention as many zoos enjoyed the film quite a bit.

Ladyhawke (1985) is another one without explicit zoophilia, but it is a love story that takes place between two individuals who each have a curse put on them: by day, the woman is a hawk and the man is a human, by night, the woman is a human and the man is a wolf!

Ted (2012) deserves special mention, being about a plush bear who has sex with human beings, something which really comes to light in Ted 2 (2015), a film all about the bestiality/plushophilia romance between one man’s stuffed bear and a human woman. The lady marries Ted only to find out that man-and-wife relationships between women and their plushie beaus are not legally recognized. Not only that, but Ted is also unable to father children with her due to the fact that he doesn’t technically have sperm.

Most films are about another subject entirely and mention zoophilia only in passing, such as the scene in Clerks 2 (2006) where Dante, the manager of a convenience store, is going away and his friends decide to throw him a party, complete with a show known as “Kinky Kelly and the Sexy Stud”, which they are expecting to be a stereotypical Mexican dog-and-pony show with a donkey as the animal star.

Initially the men are confused when they see a man in a mask leading a donkey through shimmery curtains and into the midst of the room. They wait, but no woman appears. Frustrated, they demand to know where Kelly is and the man insists that the donkey is Kelly, despite the fact that it is a male.

Obviously they’ve been tricked and likely swindled out of money as well, but for a moment they sit and watch, despite appearing disturbed by the spectacle. Suddenly a woman arrives, and she announces that she is disgusted but cannot look away. Dante, who is engaged but nevertheless is attracted to this lady, decides to drag her outside, trying to calm her down by telling her that the sex show is just ‘[[interspecies]] erotica’ – a term the men came to agreement about earlier, when deciding what term to use for sex between humans and non-human animals.

The [[Portal:Main|main]] character tries to confess his love for that woman before he leaves and loses the opportunity forever, but she is still hung up on the impressive size of the donkey’s penis. There is a long scene showing what is occurring indoors and then Jay rushes out to announce that “the Sexy Stud” is about to penetrate Kelly. The woman rushes back inside, apparently eager to view more of the ‘interspecies erotica’ she had witnessed when she first burst into the scene.

While not directly zoophilic, there are other movies which simply depict animals in a sexual manner, such as during the sequel to Crank, Crank 2: High Voltage (2009). The [[Portal:Main|main]] character has a surgically-replaced heart which will only function for a short period of time, and then only as long as he can maintain consciousness and keep his system running in high gear.

He starts losing power and advises his girlfriend that friction would help solve the problem. She is more than happy to oblige and begins dry-humping him in front of a crowd of people at a racetrack. One thing leads to another and soon they are getting hot and heavy right on the track!

The horses are coming, racing along, and then suddenly the woman sees a [[horse]] leaping over her, his massive penis extended but not flared. He doesn’t achieve orgasm but it certainly looks like he enjoyed the show!

National Lampoon’s Van Wilder (2002) has a scene where the crew bakes cream-filled pastries and then takes them to a dog, which is then seen bucking and humping and the pastries are held out-of-view. It is unclear whether the dog is supposed to have been ejaculating into the center of each one or was merely jerked-off overtop of them but at any rate, his previously-enormous balls shrink down to normal proportions once the baked goods are ‘finished’. At the bottom of the basket, revealed only when the targets were well into their meal, there were pictures depicting how the cream-filled treats were prepared.

Not to be outdone, the popular American Pie series, no less than two films contain jokes about men having sexual contact with dogs, although typically it is depicted as accidental or more due to circumstantial evidence rather than overt contact.

For example: in American Wedding (2003), Stiffler is lying on the ground with a dog eating what appears to be whipped cream on the crotch of his boxers. His face is likewise covered in the gooey substance and he is making sounds of pleasure.

Distressed, the main character Jim attempts to pull the large dog (which appears to be a Briard) off of Stiffler, but only manages to get into an awkward doggystyle position relative to the animal, and then a Pomeranian approaches and begins humping his leg while he continues pulling on the dog licking his friend’s groin.

In Book of Love (2009) one dog, which appears to be either a mixed breed or Wheaton Terrier, eats a peanut butter sandwich that someone had been masturbating into, reminiscent of the famous pie scene the series was named for.

In Airplane (1980) the Captain’s wife is in bed when she receives a phone call that there was a problem with her husband’s flight. She turns on the light and a horse is seen lying in bed next to her. She tells him to let himself out the back and makes small talk, letting him know what’s what and being very businesslike. The horse, for his part, is very horse-like and he just whinnies and begins sitting up.

In Trading Places (1983) there is a scene where a man is dressed in a gorilla costume and closed in a cage with an amorous male gorilla. Two men observe that one of them is getting rather [[horny]], and they wonder if they ought to sedate him with a tranquilizer gun? In the end they decide to “Let them have their fun”, and the man in the ape costume widens his eyes dramatically when the real ape begins grabbing him and the men comment that “The black one must be the female”.

Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995) also has a gorilla bestiality reference, again with the bad guy presumably acting as the passive partner in sexual activity. The trees can be seen shaking, hinting that they are likely making love already.

Not only comedies but sometimes horror movies will also involve human-animal contact.

In The Howling 3: The Marsupials (1987) an Australian scientist falls in love with a female named Jerboa, who belongs to a species of human-like marsupial werewolves. After the two saw a werewolf movie on a date, she confessed to the scientist (named Harry) that she is a werewolf and the transformations do not take place as depicted in films. Interestingly, this franchise has werewolf transformations which are induced by strobe lighting and other visual effects.

Things take a sinister and disturbing turn in The Cabin in the Woods (2011), when an intoxicated woman is dared to ‘make out’ with a taxidermy wolf mounted on the wall. She does this in the most dramatic and attention-seeking way possible, attempting to interact with it as though they are having a conversation and then [[kissing]] in a truly over-the-top fashion.

Even cartoons are not free of zoophilic jokes, most notably the Family Guy television franchise. The main character, Peter Griffin, owns a dog named Brian who regularly picks up human women, whom he is sexually intimate with.

On BoJack Horseman, an animated Netflix series about a talking anthropomorphic horse, relationships between humans and animals are the norm. BoJack himself is famous for having been a star on a sitcom which is by the time of this series defunct, and he is struggling with loads of personal problems. Nevertheless, he still manages to bed plenty of human women, but then again the other animals in the show have no problem with interspecies relationships either, and some even reproduce with humans.

Finally on Mike Tyson Mysteries, there is an episode known as “Unholy Matrimony” where a father is set against the prospective husband his daughter has picked out. The man has a nose like a pig – remember that, because it will be important later. When the wedding is set to begin, everyone gathers at the beach. Everyone is looking for the groom but he appears to be a no-show. Suddenly shouting is heard as he is dragged into the jungle. There is a pigeon there and he jokes that he will at least attempt to make the best of the situation by trying to sleep with a bridesmaid.

Inside the midst of the foliage, surrounded by various human-animal hybrids, the bride’s father confesses that he enjoys bestiality with countless types of animals and that the beasts which dragged the groom-to-be here were in fact his children, as was the groom himself. The man is shocked and disturbed by this revelation but when the bride arrives and learns the truth she decides that she loves him, half-pig or not, and the two proceed with their wedding.

The pigeon does end up sleeping with a woman, confessing that he has never had sex with a bridesmaid before. She tells him that she’s actually never slept with an animal before, to which the pigeon replies something about him believing it is relatively common.

Perhaps what will be most surprising is the fact that even Disney – generally considered appropriate for everyone – sometimes alludes to bestiality. In the live-action 101 Dalmatians (1996) Anita and her husband Roger are announcing to his boss, Cruella De Vil, that Anita is pregnant, the rude boss responds by saying “What can I say? Accidents will happen”. When Roger adds in that they are expecting puppies as well, Cruella replies “Puppies! You have been a busy boy,” implying that Roger had gotten the dog pregnant as well.

Of course it is no secret that with Beast from Beauty and the Beast (1991 animated and 2017 live-action) being transformed into a monstrous animal, he is still able to make Belle fall in love with him. Likewise Ariel from The Little Mermaid (1989 animated and 2018 live-action) was fish from the waist down, but when she manages to get enchanted and develop legs rather than a tail, she spends the rest of her life with a prince.

[[Category:Culture]]

Encyclopedia Dramatica

2023-04-08T18:14:34Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added Imported template, added to Category Internet, removed Wikipedia categories

{{Imported}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{short description|Parody-themed wiki website}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
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| url = <nowiki>https://encyclopediadramatica.wiki</nowiki> <nowiki>https://encyclopediadramatica.online</nowiki>
| current_status = Online
| commercial = No
| type = Wiki, forums and parody
| registration = Optional (required to edit pages: need to be promoted to EDitor status manually)
| language = English
| owner = .com: Sherrod DeGrippo & [[weev|Andrew Auernheimer]]<ref name=JNS /> 
.ch: Ryan Cleary 
.se: Garrett Moore & Brian Zaiger<ref>[https://www.linkedin.com/in/brian-zaiger-63902554 LinkedIn profile] - [https://www.scamexposure.com/scam-report/brian-richard-zaiger-srsvps-aka-encyclopedia-dramatica-c136387.html Article 1] - [https://www.dailydot.com/debug/encyclopedia-dramatica-copyright-lawsuit/ Article 2]</ref> 
.rs: Conrad Rockenhaus & Brian Zaiger 
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.online: Unknown 
| creator = Sherrod DeGrippo<ref name="ed:about" /> & Andrew Auernheimer<ref name=JNS/> 
| revenue = Advertising and donations
| launch_date = .com: {{Start date and age|2004|12|10}}<ref name="ed:about">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://edpublic.rockenhaus.com/ED:About |title=About Encyclopedia Dramatica |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Dramatica |access-date=January 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106065038/https://edpublic.rockenhaus.com/ED:About |archive-date=January 6, 2018 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all |quote=Encyclopædia Dramatica was created December 8-10th 2004 while girlvinyl was impatiently awaiting the delivery of her new [[iBook|ibook]] {{sic}}}}</ref><ref name="EDdotComWhois">{{cite web |website=[[DomainTools.com]] |url=http://whois.domaintools.com/encyclopediadramatica.com |title=EncyclopediaDramatica.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools |access-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106142104/http://whois.domaintools.com/encyclopediadramatica.com |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |url-status=dead |quote=Creation Date: 2004-12-08T18:01:34+00:00}} using [[WHOIS]] function</ref> 
.ch: April 2011 
.se: March 2012 
.es: September 2013 
.rs: March 2017 
'''.wiki: January 2020''' 
.fyi: April 2020 
.xyz: September 2020 
'''.online: December 2020''' 
}}
'''Encyclopedia Dramatica''' ('''ED''';<ref name="mar09_2010_ninemsn_article">{{cite news |last=Paget |first=Henri |title=Interview: Encyclopedia Dramatica moderator | url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/1025127/interview-with-top-encyclopedia-dramatica-moderator |work= ninemsn |date = March 9, 2010 |access-date=March 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001175054/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/1025127/interview-with-top-encyclopedia-dramatica-moderator |archive-date=October 1, 2012 }}</ref> also spelled '''Encyclopædia Dramatica'''; or referred to otherwise by the standalone [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]] '''[[æ]]'''<ref group="note">In e.g. [[Danish language|Danish]], ''æ'' is a letter, but in archaic English spellings of words it is a ligature of "ae".</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jardin|first=Xeni|author-link=Xeni Jardin|date=2012-06-02|title=Canadian politician: My internet spying bill would help us catch serial killers like Luka Magnotta|url=https://boingboing.net/2012/06/02/canadian-politician-my-intern.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-16|website=[[Boing Boing]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Merrill|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/23562|title=Tradition in the Twenty-First Century: Locating the Role of the Past in the Present|date=2013|publisher=Utah State University Press|isbn=978-0-87421-900-5|editor-last=Howard|editor-first=Robert Glenn|location=Logan|pages=143–144, 148|chapter=Curation and Tradition on Web 2.0|oclc=851156855|quote=æ: Encyclopedia Dramatica.|chapter-url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/41687270/Curation_and_Tradition.pdf}}</ref> prominently featured in its logo) is an [[online community]] centered around a [[wiki]]<ref name="West">{{cite journal|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1731&context=cis_papers|date=January 2012|title=Trust in collaborative web applications|volume=28|issue=8|journal=Future Generation Computer Systems|last1=West|first1=Andrew G|last2=Chang|first2=Jian|last3=Venkatasubramanian|first3=Krishna|last4=Lee|first4=Insup|page=1245 (7)|doi=10.1016/j.future.2011.02.007}}</ref> that acts as a "troll archive".<ref name="schwartz"/> It first opened under the [[domain name]] '''encyclopediadramatica.com''' on December 10, 2004.<ref name="EDdotComWhois"/>

Its articles [[Parody|lampoon]] topics and [[current events]] related or relevant to contemporary [[internet culture]] in an encyclopedic fashion. It often serves as a repository of information and a means of discussion for the internet [[subculture]] known as [[Anonymous (group)|Anonymous]].<ref name=9news/> Encyclopedia Dramatica celebrates a [[Counterculture|subversive]] "[[Not safe for work|NSFW]]" "[[Troll (Internet)|trolling]] [[Internet culture|culture]]"<ref name="assclown" /><ref name="Citron2014">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hatecri_cit_2014_00_5746|url-access=registration|title=Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|author=Danielle Keats Citron|date=22 September 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-36829-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hatecri_cit_2014_00_5746/page/54 54]-55|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> and documents [[internet memes]], events such as mass organized pranks—trolling events called "raids", large-scale failures of [[internet security]], and criticism by those within its subculture of other [[internet communities]] which are accused of [[self-censorship]] in order to (in their view cynically) garner positive coverage from traditional and [[Old media|established media outlets]]. The site also hosts numerous [[pornographic]] images, along with content that is "[[Misogyny|misogynistic]], [[racist]], and [[homophobic]]".<ref name="Click2019">{{cite book|author=Melissa Click|title=Anti-Fandom: Dislike and Hate in the Digital Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Er11DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=8 January 2019|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-4798-5104-1|pages=49–50|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

[[Julian Dibbell]], in ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', described Encyclopedia Dramatica as the site "where the vast parallel universe of Anonymous in-jokes, catchphrases, and obsessions is lovingly annotated, and you will discover an elaborate trolling culture: [[Flaming (Internet)|flamingly]] [[Racism|racist]], [[homophobia|homophobic]] and [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] content lurks throughout, all of it calculated to offend."<ref name="assclown">{{citation
|last = Dibbell
|first = Julian
|title = The Assclown Offensive: How to Enrage the Church of Scientology
|url = https://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-10/mf_chanology?currentPage=all
|publisher = Wired Magazine
|access-date = November 27, 2009
|date = September 21, 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091207205117/http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-10/mf_chanology?currentPage=all
|archive-date = December 7, 2009
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> The site is also known for its pervasive [[clickbait]] advertisements, in addition to its having almost none of the [[Netiquete|rules]] expected on other similar communities. [[Ninemsn]] described Encyclopedia Dramatica as:

<blockquote>[[Wikipedia]]'s evil twin. It's a site where almost every article is biased, offensive, unsourced, and without the faintest trace of [[political correctness]]. A search through its archives will reveal animated images of people committing suicide, articles glorifying extreme racism and sexism, and a seemingly endless supply of twisted, shocking views on just about every major human tragedy in [[history]].<ref name="mar09_2010_ninemsn_article" /></blockquote>

On April 14, 2011, the original URL of the site was redirected to a new website named "'''Oh Internet'''" that bore little resemblance to Encyclopedia Dramatica. Parts of the ED community harshly criticized the changes.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite news|last=Popkin|first=Helen A.S.|title=Notorious NSFW website cleans up its act|url=http://digitallife.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/18/6489864-notorious-nsfw-website-cleans-up-its-act|newspaper=Digital Life on MSNBC|date=April 18, 2011|access-date=April 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101152109/http://digitallife.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/18/6489864-notorious-nsfw-website-cleans-up-its-act|archive-date=November 1, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On the night of the Encyclopedia Dramatica shutdown, regular ED visitors bombarded the 'Oh Internet' [[Facebook]] wall with hate messages.<ref name="gos">{{cite web | url=http://www.geekosystem.com/encyclopedia-dramatica-ohinternet/ | first=Robert | last=Quigley | title=Encyclopedia Dramatica Becomes OhInternet | work=Geekosystem | date=April 15, 2011 | access-date=April 15, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417011425/http://www.geekosystem.com/encyclopedia-dramatica-ohinternet/ | archive-date=April 17, 2011 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all}}</ref> The Web Ecology Project published a downloadable archive of Encyclopedia Dramatica content's the next day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webecologyproject.org/2011/04/archiving-internet-subculture-encyclopedia-dramatica/ |title=Archiving Internet Subculture: Encyclopedia Dramatica |first=Alex |last=Leavitt |date=April 15, 2011 |work=Web Ecology Project |access-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020124102/http://www.webecologyproject.org/2011/04/archiving-internet-subculture-encyclopedia-dramatica/ |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=155}} Besides this archive, [[Fan (person)|fan]]-made [[torrent file|torrents]] and several [[mirror website|mirrors]] of the original site were subsequently generated.<ref name="digitaltrends">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/encyclopedia-dramatica-evolving/|title=What? Encyclopedia Dramatica is evolving!|first=Jeff|last=Hughes|publisher=Digital Trends|date=April 19, 2011|access-date=April 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426135924/http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/encyclopedia-dramatica-evolving/|archive-date=April 26, 2011|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Based on these archives, the site has repeatedly gone offline and come back under new domain names. As of April 2021, versions of the website are hosted at both '''encyclopediadramatica.online''' and '''encyclopediadramatica.wiki'''. Between 2013 and 2019, the website was hosted under various [[top level domains]]: [[.rs]], [[.ch]], [[.es]], and [[.se]],<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Mitchell|first=Liam|title="Because none of us are as cruel as all of us": Anonymity and Subjectivation|date=24 April 2013|url=https://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ctheory/article/download/14794/5668?inline=1#_edn1|work=[[CTheory]]|volume=Theory Beyond the Codes|editor-last=Kroker|editor-first=Arthur|type=eJournal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701234006/http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=720|publisher=Pacific Centre for Technology and Culture|id=tbc051|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=1 July 2013|editor2-last=Kroker|editor2-first=Marilouise}}</ref> with each domain bearing the [[second-level domain]] "encyclopediadramatica".<ref name="thedailydot1" /><ref name="gawkerinterview" />

==History==
===DeGrippo (.com)===
[[File:Encyclopedia Dramatica historical logo (2005–2010).png|thumb|right|Encyclopedia Dramatica's historical logo (2005–2010))]]
Encyclopedia Dramatica was founded in 2004 by Sherrod DeGrippo, also known by the online [[pseudonym]] "Girlvinyl".<ref name="ed:about" /><ref name="schwartz">{{cite news |last= Schwartz |first= Mattathias |title= Malwebolence |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03trolls-t.html?pagewanted=all |work= The New York Times Magazine |date= August 3, 2008 |access-date= August 1, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090418133749/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03trolls-t.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= April 18, 2009 |url-status= live |df= mdy-all }}</ref> DeGrippo joined [[LiveJournal]] in 2000 and became enthralled by the behavior of some of its members:

<blockquote>People were accessible and it was bidirectional. Voyeurs and exhibitionists were able to interact in a way that was normalized. That’s why I started ED. It was mostly just personalities that were just so nuts and fascinating.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=137–139}}</blockquote>

She became involved in the LJdrama community, which covered stories on LiveJournal gossip. When the community was banned from LiveJournal, they created their own website. In 2002, two LiveJournal users, Joshua Williams (aka mediacrat) and Andrewpants, became intimately involved with each other. After they broke off their relationship, LJdrama decided to document the resulting drama. Unflattering photographs of Williams were spread on the web, and Williams considered this to be harassment. He threatened legal action, traveled to Portland, Oregon, in order to speak to LiveJournal's abuse team, and reported the alleged harassment to a local TV news station.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=137-139}} DeGrippo created Encyclopedia Dramatica in order to "house some information from livejournal and some drama about hackers [[Theo de Raadt|Theo DeRaadt]] and Darren Reed."<ref name="gawkerinterview">{{cite web |last=Read |first=Max |title=What Happened to Encyclopedia Dramatica? |url=http://gawker.com/5792738/what-happened-to-encyclopedia-dramatica |publisher=Gawker |date=April 16, 2011 |access-date=April 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514145854/http://gawker.com/5792738/what-happened-to-encyclopedia-dramatica |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>

Encyclopedia Dramatica characterized itself as being "In the spirit of [[Ambrose Bierce]]'s ''[[The Devil's Dictionary]]''."<ref name="ed:about" /> ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' recognized the wiki as "an online compendium of troll humor and troll lore"<ref name="schwartz" /> that it labeled a "troll archive".<ref name="schwartz" /> ''[[C't]]'', a European magazine for [[Information technology|IT]] professionals, noted the site's role in introducing newcomers to the culture of [[4chan#/b/ imageboard|4chan's /b/]], a notorious Internet imageboard.<ref name="himmelein" /> Encyclopedia Dramatica defines trolling in terms of doing things "for the ''[[lulz]]''" (for laughs),<ref name="tsosis" /> a phrase that it qualifies as "a catchall explanation for any trolling you do."<ref name="tsosis">{{citation
|last = Tsotsis
|first = Alexia
|title = My Date With Anonymous: A Rare Interview With the Elusive Internet Troublemakers
|url = http://www.laweekly.com/2009-02-05/columns/my-date-with-anonymous-a-rare-interview-with-the-illusive-internet-troublemakers/
|periodical = LA Weekly
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|date = February 4, 2009
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090612031524/http://www.laweekly.com/2009-02-05/columns/my-date-with-anonymous-a-rare-interview-with-the-illusive-internet-troublemakers/
|archive-date = June 12, 2009
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref>

The targets of this trolling come from "every pocket of the Web",<ref name="dibbell">{{citation
|last = Dibbell
|first = Julian
|date = January 18, 2008
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|title = Mutilated Furries, Flying Phalluses: Put the Blame on Griefers, the Sociopaths of the Virtual World
|periodical = Wired
|volume = 16
|issue = 2
|url = https://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/16-02/mf_goons?currentPage=all
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090512194229/http://www.wired.com/gaming/virtualworlds/magazine/16-02/mf_goons?currentPage=all
|archive-date = May 12, 2009
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> to include not only the non-[[wikt:corporeal|corporeal]] aspects of [[List of Internet phenomena|Internet phenomena]], (e.g. online catchphrases, fan pages, forums, and [[Viral phenomenon|viral phenomena]]), but also real people (e.g. amateur celebrities, identifiable [[internet drama]] participants and even Encyclopedia Dramatica's own forum members).<ref name="dibbell" /><ref name="dee" /> These are derided in a manner described variously as "coarse", "offensive", "obscene",<ref name="mitchell" /><ref>{{citation
| author = Staff Writer
| title = 2 Do: Monday, December 26
| periodical = Chicago Tribune RedEye Edition
| page = 2
| date = December 16, 2005}}.</ref> "irreverent, obtuse, [[political correctness|politically incorrect]]",<ref name="davies" /> "crude but hilarious",<ref name="dibbell" /> and "crude and abusive".<ref name="peckham">{{citation
|first = Charles H.
|last = Peckham
|title = Encyclopedia Dramatica
|url = http://www.newsreview.com/chico/encyclopedia-dramatica/content?oid=620760
|periodical = Chico News & Review
|date = February 7, 2008
|access-date = May 16, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141206010824/http://www.newsreview.com/chico/encyclopedia-dramatica/content?oid=620760
|archive-date = December 6, 2014
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> The material is presented to appear comprehensive, with extensive use of [[shock value|shock-value]] prose, drawings, photographs, and the like. The emotional responses are then added to the articles, often in similarly derogatory or inflammatory manner, with the purpose of provoking [[further]] emotional response. Adherents of the practice assert that visitors to the website "shouldn't take anything said on Dramatica seriously."<ref name="davies" />

Articles at Encyclopedia Dramatica are particularly critical of [[MySpace]]<ref name="mitchell">{{citation
| last = Mitchell | first = John
| title = Megabits and Pieces: The Latest Teen Hangout
| periodical = North Adams Transcript
| date = May 20, 2006}}.</ref> as well as users on [[YouTube]], LiveJournal, [[DeviantART]], [[Tumblr]], and Wikipedia. In ''The New York Times Magazine'', journalist Jonathan Dee described it as a "[[wikt:snarky|snarky]] Wikipedia anti-fansite".<ref name="dee">{{citation
|first = Jonathan
|last = Dee
|title = All the News That's Fit to Print Out
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html?pagewanted=5
|periodical = The New York Times Magazine
|page = 5
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|date = July 1, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141206011023/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html?pagewanted=5
|archive-date = December 6, 2014
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> Shaun Davies of Australia's ''[[Nine Network]]'' called it "Wikipedia's bastard child, a compendium of internet trends and culture which lampoons every subject it touches."<ref name="davies">{{citation
|url = http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/459249/critics-point-finger-at-satirical-website
|title = Critics point finger at satirical website
|periodical = 9-News
|last = Davies
|first = Shaun
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|date = May 8, 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605124923/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/459249/critics-point-finger-at-satirical-website
|archive-date = June 5, 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> The site "is run like Wikipedia, but its style is the opposite; most of its information is biased and opinionated, not to mention racist, homophobic, and spiteful, but on the upside its snide attitude makes it spot-on about most Internet memes it covers."<ref name="douglas">{{citation
|url=http://gawker.com/346385/what-the-hell-are-4chan-ed-something-awful-and-b
|title=What The Hell Are 4chan, ED, Something Awful, And 'b'?
|periodical=ValleyWag
|access-date=August 25, 2008
|last=Douglas
|first=Nick
|date=January 18, 2008
|publisher=gawker.com
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724081826/http://gawker.com/346385/what-the-hell-are-4chan-ed-something-awful-and-b
|archive-date=July 24, 2008
|df=mdy
}}.</ref> This coverage of [[Internet jargon]] and memes had been acknowledged in the ''[[New Statesman]]'',<ref>{{citation
|url = http://www.newstatesman.com/scitech/2008/06/cat-pidgin-language-hai
|title = A lesson in hai culture
|last = Hogge
|first = Betty
|date = June 5, 2008
|access-date = June 11, 2008
|periodical = The New Statesman
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612165551/http://www.newstatesman.com/scitech/2008/06/cat-pidgin-language-hai
|archive-date = June 12, 2008
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> on [[Language Log]],<ref>{{citation
|url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004508.html
|contribution = Lol-lexicography
|title = Language Log
|access-date = August 25, 2008
|last = Zimmer
|first = Benjamin
|date = May 18, 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080610060846/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004508.html
|archive-date = June 10, 2008
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> in ''[[C't]]'' magazine,<ref name="himmelein">{{citation
| last = Himmelein
| first = Gerald
| title = Das Trollparadies
| periodical = C't
| pages = 100–101
| date = February 28, 2008}} [http://epicwins.blogspot.com/2008/03/trolls-paradise.html online copy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529152810/http://epicwins.blogspot.com/2008/03/trolls-paradise.html |date=May 29, 2010 }}.</ref> and in [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] magazine.<ref name="dibbell" />

According to Sherrod DeGrippo,

<blockquote>As long as something wasn’t submitted as illegal or an abuse complaint, I didn’t even see it. Wikis are something that you either closely, closely monitor and manage, or you just let it go.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=140}}</blockquote>

Predating sites like the former [[Cheezburger Network]] (now known as [[Know Your Meme]]) by several years, Encyclopedia Dramatica was the first encyclopedia dedicated to the memes and "mean-spirited trolling"{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=¶12.30}} of 4chan culture.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=¶12.11|ps=For several years, Encyclopedia Dramatica was the only place to go to read about 4chan culture.}}

===2010 ownership by Evers===
In March 2010, a "Joseph Evers" was recognized as the owner by ABC News, reporting on the site being blacklisted by the [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]].<ref>{{cite news |work=ABC |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-03-18/dramatica-owner-refuses-to-remove-racist-content/370030 |date=18 March 2010 |title=Dramatica owner refuses to remove 'racist' content |quote=The site's owner, Joseph Evers, has blogged that Encyclopedia Dramatica will "never be censored in any way". Mr Evers says the site's owners "laughed" when they discovered they were on the Australian Communications and Media Authority's list of websites to be banned under the Government's planned internet filter.}}</ref>

The [[Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission]] (aka [[HREOC]]) contacted Evers threatening him with charges under Australian law.<ref name=9news>
{{cite news |work=[[9news]] |url=https://www.9news.com.au/technology/dramatica-owner-could-face-charges/f62bc3d3-cfa2-4a4c-a856-301371817b7a |title=Dramatica owner could face charges |date=16 March 2010}} 
{{citation
| title = Dramatica owner could face charges
| publisher = ninemsn
| first = Henri
| last = Paget
| url = http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/1028037/encyclopedia-dramatica-owner-could-face-charges
| date = March 16, 2010
| access-date = March 16, 2010
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322191406/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/technology/1028037/encyclopedia-dramatica-owner-could-face-charges
| archive-date=March 22, 2010 }}.</ref>

On December 8, 2010, Encyclopedia Dramatica deleted its article on [[Operation Payback]].<ref name="gawkernoose">{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5709789/noose-closes-around-pro+wikileaks-vigilantes |title=Noose Closes Around Pro-Wikileaks Vigilantes |first=Ryan |last=Tate |date=December 8, 2010 |work=Gawker |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812065510/http://gawker.com/5709789/noose-closes-around-pro+wikileaks-vigilantes |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> On the same day, Facebook deleted its Operation Payback page, and Twitter suspended Operation Payback's account.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeisaac/2010/12/08/facebook-and-twitter-suspend-operation-payback-accounts/ |title=Facebook and Twitter Suspend Operation Payback Accounts |first=Mike |last=Isaac |date=December 8, 2010 |work=Forbes |access-date=July 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814131955/http://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeisaac/2010/12/08/facebook-and-twitter-suspend-operation-payback-accounts/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> An anonymous source told [[Gawker]] that the Encyclopedia Dramatica article was deleted as the result of court orders.<ref name="gawkernoose" />

In June 2020 it was reported by [[Canary Mission]] that [[Andrew "weev" Auernheimer]] is both the "{{Mono|weev}}" who "[[Zoombombed]]" a March 2020 chat for Jewish teens, and the "Joseph Evers" who owned and co-created the 2010 instance of ED and who has been wanted by the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] since.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=Andrew Auernheimer|url=https://canarymission.org/individual/Andrew_Auernheimer|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-16|website=[[Canary Mission]]}}</ref><ref name="JNS">{{cite news|date=8 June 2020|title=New evidence links white supremacist 'Zoombomber' to man wanted in Australia|work=Jewish News Syndicate|url=https://www.jns.org/australia-commission-aims-to-ban-white-supremacist-who-disrupted-teen-webinar/|quote=New evidence uncovered by the Canary Mission, an anti-Semitism watchdog site, has revealed that Auernhaimer has another pseudonym, “Joseph Evers,” who was listed as the owner and creator of a racist website and Wikipedia parody site called Encyclopedia Dramatica created in 2010. Since 2010, Evers has been wanted by Australia’s Human Rights Commission for violating the country’s Racial Discrimination Act in connection to his creation of the racist website.}}</ref>

===2011 establishment of Oh Internet===
{{anchor|ohinternet}}
[[File:Oh Internet homepage screenshot.png|thumb|Oh Internet main page]]

DeGrippo reportedly "came to hate" Encyclopedia Dramatica.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=142}} She had hoped that ED would return to its roots and focus on LiveJournal drama.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=141}} Furthermore, according to her, Encyclopedia Dramatica never turned a profit during the time she owned it due to its content which put off advertisers.{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=¶12.31}}

On April 14, 2011, the [[URL]] encyclopediadramatica.com was redirected to "Oh Internet",<ref name="msnbc" /> an entirely different [[safe-for-work]] website that DeGrippo had created.<ref name="msnbc" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/104161/encyclopedia-dramatica-gone-for-good/ |title=Encyclopedia Dramatica gone for good |first=Kim |last=LaCapria |date=April 15, 2011 |work=The Inquisitr |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419190246/http://www.inquisitr.com/104161/encyclopedia-dramatica-gone-for-good/ |archive-date=April 19, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The name "Oh Internet" is meant to convey "Oh, Internet, you are so crazy!"{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=142}} DeGrippo stated that "Shock for shock's sake is old at this point [...] ." Some regular users of Encyclopedia Dramatica were displeased by the change and attacked the website's official [[Facebook]] fan page<ref name="gos" /> with "hate messages and pornography".<ref name="msnbc" />

In a question and answer session at the [[ROFLCon]] summit in October 2011, DeGrippo was asked why Encyclopedia Dramatica was closed and replaced with Oh Internet. She replied: "We were unable to stop the degradation of the content. It just kept getting longer and longer and dumber and dumber and less and less coherent over time."<ref>{{cite AV media | date =November 11, 2011 | title =ROFLCon Summit – Internet Underground – Part 2 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfQBN9oGAxI | access-date = November 16, 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160504061239/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfQBN9oGAxI| time = 1:47 | archive-date =May 4, 2016 | publisher = ROFLCONsummit | via = [[YouTube]]}} {{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> She also explained why she had not released the site as an archive, saying that she "didn't want to", and suggesting that this would have made her personally responsible for any [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] and privacy violations that it contained.<ref>{{cite AV media | date =November 11, 2011 | title =ROFLCon Summit – Internet Underground – Part 3 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhjtocipcRU | access-date = November 16, 2011 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160522085723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhjtocipcRU | archive-date =May 22, 2016 | publisher = ROFLCONsummit | time =4:41 | via = [[YouTube]]}} {{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> She also stated that hosting Encyclopedia Dramatica caused her to have troubles involving the [[FBI]].<ref>{{cite AV media | date =November 11, 2011 | title =ROFLCon Summit – Internet Underground – Part 4 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R_xl2onS24 | access-date = February 18, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120811141330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R_xl2onS24 | archive-date =August 11, 2012 | publisher = ROFLCONsummit | time = 0:31 | via = [[YouTube]]}} {{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref>

===Cleary (.ch)===
Since April 2011<ref>https://archive.is/WkQrd/</ref> Ryan Cleary hosted a [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of Encyclopedia Dramatica at encyclopediadramatica.ch.<ref name="thedailydot1" /><ref name="crncomau">{{cite news |title=Anonymous DDoSed by mutineer |first=Darren |last=Pauli |url=http://www.crn.com.au/News/257022,anonymous-ddosed-by-mutineer.aspx |newspaper=[[CRN Magazine]] |date=May 10, 2011 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513083151/http://www.crn.com.au/News/257022,anonymous-ddosed-by-mutineer.aspx |archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Members of this project gathered text and images from [[Google cache|Google's web cache]] and other backups, and a script was created to upload cached information.<ref name="thedailydot1" /> On June 21, 2011, [[Scotland Yard]] arrested Ryan Cleary based on alleged connections to online attacks on [[Sony]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13859868 |title=Teenager arrested on suspicion of hacking |date=July 21, 2011 |work=BBC News |access-date=July 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726141348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13859868 |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="cnn1">{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-22/world/uk.sony.hack.arrest_1_group-tweeted-denial-of-service-attacks-hacker |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119093823/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06-22/world/uk.sony.hack.arrest_1_group-tweeted-denial-of-service-attacks-hacker |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |title=Hacker group LulzSec downplays arrest, claims Brazil attack |first=Richard Allen |last=Greene |date=June 22, 2011 |work=CNN |access-date=February 4, 2012 }}</ref> The arrest temporarily disrupted operation of the wiki, but other members were able to resume Cleary's duties.<ref name="thedailydot1" />

===Moore (.se)===
Garrett E. Moore later became the fork's owner.<ref name="thedailydot1" /> Moore reported difficulties in securing a host for the website.<ref name="thedailydot1" /><ref name="thedailydot2" />

On March 19, 2012, encyclopediadramatica.ch was shut down for a short time due to a "[[Domain Name System|DNS]] block". On March 21, 2012, the site moved to a Swedish domain name, at encyclopediadramatica.se, instead of a domain in Switzerland as before. The site's Facebook account later addressed the block, stating that it was because "we didn't keep up our end of the nic.ch user agreement contract stating that we had to keep a mailing address and phone number in Switzerland."<ref>{{cite news |title=Encyclopedia Dramatica suffers minor outage |author=Fruzsina Eördögh |url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/encyclopedia-dramatica-suffers-minor-outage/ |newspaper=[[The Daily Dot]] |date=March 21, 2012 |access-date=March 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225025001/http://www.dailydot.com/news/encyclopedia-dramatica-suffers-minor-outage/ |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Moore told an interviewer for ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' in July 2011:
<blockquote>People take themselves too seriously, they can't laugh at anything. We make fun of everything. I make fun of skinny white computer nerds, but I am one.<ref name="thedailydot1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/culture/encyclopedia-dramatica-returns/ |title=Encyclopedia Dramatica's seething satire is back |first=Fruzsina |last=Eordogh |date=July 26, 2011 |work=The Daily Dot |access-date=July 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425034336/http://www.dailydot.com/culture/encyclopedia-dramatica-returns/ |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref></blockquote>

When asked about "abusive content", Moore stated that he removes it when he sees it, then further explained:
<blockquote>I'm not going to leave a 14-year-old girl's address up on a page cause some dipshit got mad at her and made an article. But if you dress up like a fox and wear diapers and then take pictures of it? That's fair game, sir.<ref name="thedailydot1" /></blockquote>

In a September 2011interview with ''The Daily Dot'', Moore defended his community's belief in [[free speech]].<ref name="thedailydot2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/encyclopedia-dramatica-outage/ |title=Encyclopedia Dramatica is back up but still experiencing drama |first=Fruzsina |last=Eordogh |date=September 6, 2011 |work=The Daily Dot |access-date=September 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331085427/http://www.dailydot.com/news/encyclopedia-dramatica-outage/ |archive-date=March 31, 2012 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===Gizmo games===
In January 2013, a video game created by user "gizmo01942" came to the attention of the media. The game, ''Bullet to the Head of the NRA'', was controversial because the player could take aim and shoot at members of the [[National Rifle Association]].<ref name="Kotaku BTHOTNRA">{{cite web|last=Schreier|first=Jason|url=http://kotaku.com/5976372/someone-made-a-game-in-which-you-shoot-the-head-of-the-nra|title=Someone Made A Game In Which You Shoot The Head Of The NRA|website=[[Kotaku]]|date=January 16, 2013|access-date=October 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824080711/http://kotaku.com/5976372/someone-made-a-game-in-which-you-shoot-the-head-of-the-nra|archive-date=August 24, 2016|url-status=live|df=mdy-all |quote=A member of the Encyclopedia Dramatica forums has created a game called Bullet to the Head of the NRA, a rudimentary first-person shooter that lets you shoot NRA boss Wayne LaPierre. Released yesterday, Bullet to the Head of the NRA seems to have been designed just to piss people off. "Share this everywhere, especially gun-nut and anti-game websites," creator and forum user gizmo01942 writes. "Also see if you can't send it in to the NRA somehow, like through the feedback on their website or something." ED forum user gizmo01942 is also developing a game based on the Sandy Hook shooting, he says, in which you'd go into the Connecticut school and shoot kids. This NRA game is a demo, he writes. It will be a bonus level in the Sandy Hook shooter.}}</ref> In February 2015, ''Muhammad Sex Simulator 2015'', another video game by the same user, attracted further controversy because of the recent [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]].<ref name="Vice MSS2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/an-idiot-made-a-game-called-muhammad-sex-simulator|title=An Idiot Made a Game Called 'Muhammad Sex Simulator|last=Akers|first=Royce|website=vice.com|location=United Kingdom|date=February 9, 2015|access-date=April 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418054210/http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/an-idiot-made-a-game-called-muhammad-sex-simulator|archive-date=April 18, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all |quote=Is Muhammad Sex Simulator 2015 the same sort of "satire"? In a statement on internet forum Encyclopedia Dramatica, gizmo01942 took responsibility for the game}}</ref>

===2013–2020 revivals (.es, .rs, .se)===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}

* In September 2013, the site changed its domain to a [[.es|Spanish domain name]], encyclopediadramatica.es.{{fact|date=December 2020}}

* In October 2014, the site returned to the [[.se]] domain.{{fact|date=December 2020}}

* In January 2018, the site changed its domain to a [[.rs|Serbian domain name]], encyclopediadramatica.rs.{{fact|date=December 2020}}

*In October 2019,{{when|date=December 2020}} the official Twitter page{{where|date=December 2020}}{{According to whom|date=April 2021}} announced that the site had once again returned to the .se domain.{{fact|date=December 2020}}

*In December 2020, the site changed it's domain to a [[.online| generic domain name]] {{fact|date=December 2020}}
==Reception==
The website received mainstream media attention after Jason Fortuny used Encyclopedia Dramatica to post photographs, e-mails and phone numbers from 176 responses to a [[Craigslist]] advertisement he posted in 2006, in which he posed as a woman seeking sexual encounters with dominant men.<ref name="neva">{{citation
|first = Neva
|last = Chonin
|title = Sex and the City
|url = http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Sex-and-the-City-2551618.php
|periodical = San Francisco Chronicle
|page = 20
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|date = September 17, 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120918192604/http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Sex-and-the-City-2551618.php
|archive-date = September 18, 2012
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref><ref name="schwartz" /> The incident was addressed in a [[blog]] hosted at ''[[Wired News]]'', where the [[blog]]ger proposes that Encyclopedia Dramatica may be the "world's lamest wiki".<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Wired.com |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2006/09/craigslist/ |title=Craigslist |date=September 8, 2006 |access-date=January 12, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111042246/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2006/09/craigslist |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>

In 2006, "a well-known band of trolls"<ref name="schwartz" /> emailed Encyclopedia Dramatica's creator, DeGrippo, demanding edits to the protected (i.e. locked) article describing them. After she refused to do so, the trolls ordered taxis, pizzas, escort services and sent death threats and threats of rape to DeGrippo's apartment.<ref name="schwartz" />

Encyclopedia Dramatica became a "favourite target for critics, who accuse Anonymous of propagating hate,"<ref name="davies" /> for allowing alleged members of the group to sometimes use the website as a [[Platformism|platform]]. Through this association, Encyclopedia Dramatica received incidental coverage when actions by members of Anonymous led to the arrest of an alleged pedophile,<ref>{{citation
|last = Kim
|first = Gus
|title = Anonymous operation leads to arrest of alleged pedophile
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHohvluf3mc
|periodical = Global Television Network News
|date = July 12, 2007
|access-date = May 14, 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110222075802/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHohvluf3mc
|archive-date = February 22, 2011
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> when they demonstrated against [[Scientology]] in London;<ref name="whipple">{{citation
| last = Whipple | first = Tom
| title = Scientology: the Anonymous protestors
| url = http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4173635.ece
| periodical = The Times
| access-date= May 14, 2011
| date = June 20, 2008
| location=London
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182345/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4173635.ece
|archive-date=June 15, 2011 }}.</ref><ref>{{citation
|last = Lee
|first = Joe
|date = February 11, 2008
|title = Anonymous Protests Outside Scientology Sites
|url = http://londonist.com/2008/02/they_came_they.php
|periodical = Londonist
|access-date = August 25, 2008
|publisher = londonist.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080401054452/http://londonist.com/2008/02/they_came_they.php
|archive-date = April 1, 2008
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> when a member of the group broke into the e-mail account of former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] vice-presidential nominee [[Sarah Palin]],<ref name="singel">{{citation
|last = Singel
|first = Ryan 
|date = September 19, 2008
|title = Palin Hacker Group's All-Time Greatest Hits
|url = https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/09/palin-hacker-gr/
|periodical = Wired
|access-date = August 25, 2008
|publisher = blog.wired.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090502034437/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/09/palin-hacker-gr
|archive-date = May 2, 2009
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> and when a member of Anonymous claimed credit for an attack on the virtual ''[[Second Life]]'' headquarters of former presidential candidate [[John Edwards]].<ref name="cassel">{{citation
| last = Cabron | first = Lou
| date = March 8, 2007
| title = John Edwards' Virtual Attackers Unmasked
| url = http://www.alternet.org/blogs/peek/48989/
| periodical = AlterNet
| access-date = May 14, 2011
| publisher = alternet.org
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629141202/http://www.alternet.org/blogs/peek/48989/
| archive-date = June 29, 2011}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2007/03/05/john-edwards-virtual-attackers-unmasked/ |title=John Edwards' Virtual Attackers Unmasked |first=Lou |last=Cabron |date=March 5, 2007 |publisher=10 Zen Monkeys |access-date=November 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120050942/http://www.10zenmonkeys.com/2007/03/05/john-edwards-virtual-attackers-unmasked/ |archive-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The convergence of Encyclopedia Dramatica with the anti-Scientology campaign of [[Project Chanology]] was noted by technology journalist Julian Dibbell.<ref>{{citation
|first = Julian
|last = Dibbell
|date = July 11, 2008
|chapter = Sympathy for the Griefer: MOOrape, Lulz Cubes, and Other Lessons From the First 2 Decades of Online Sociopathy
|title = GLS Conference 4.0
|publisher = Games, Learning and Society Group
|location = Madison, Wisconsin
|chapter-url = http://hosted4.mediasite.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=9d1cf257-52ff-4704-9cb5-37de2ecca35b
|access-date = November 7, 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064724/http://hosted4.mediasite.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=9d1cf257-52ff-4704-9cb5-37de2ecca35b
|archive-date = July 14, 2011
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref>

The celebration and archival of the "raids" organized on [[/b/]] on Encyclopedia Dramatica, which acted as a "troll [[hall of fame]]" when used this way,{{sfn|Stryker|2011|p=¶12.28}} has been seen by some scholars, among them Liam Mitchell of [[Trent University]], as acting as a way to assuage the guilt that trolls feel for harming their victims and being confronted with evidence of this harm. By celebrating on Encyclopedia Dramatica, and archiving that which would make an individual member guilty, trolls collectively engage in a type of [[mob mentality]] where the idea that "none of us is as cruel as all of us" minimizes the actions they take individually: "[[Crowd psychology|One cannot reason with a multitude]], let alone [[Appeal to emotion|appeal to its conscience]]. If any of its members are not susceptible to [[reason]] or [[conscience]]{{Em dash}}the province of the [[ego ideal]], and therefore of the divide that characterizes [[subjectivity]]{{Em dash}}then the trolling will proceed."<ref name=":0" />

On December 16, 2008, Encyclopedia Dramatica won the ''People's Choice Winners'' category for favorite wiki in [[Mashable]]'s 2nd Annual Open Web Awards, with [[wikiHow]] as the runner-up and Wikipedia coming in 3rd.<ref>{{citation
|last = Cashmore
|first = Pete
|chapter-url = http://mashable.com/2008/12/16/open-web-awards-2-winners/
|chapter = People's Choice Winners
|title = Open Web Awards Winners
|date = December 16, 2008
|access-date = August 11, 2009
|publisher = mashable.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826092048/http://mashable.com/2008/12/16/open-web-awards-2-winners/
|archive-date = August 26, 2009
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref>

In December 2008, a message on Encyclopedia Dramatica asked for donations and claimed that the website was under attack and had lost its advertisers.<ref name="thestandardshutdown">{{cite news |last= Golson |first= Jordan |title= Briefly: Encyclopedia Dramatica threatens shutdown | url=http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/08/11/briefly-encyclopedia-dramatica-threatens-shutdown |work= [[The Industry Standard]] |date = November 8, 2008 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515143019/http://www.thestandard.com/news/2008/08/11/briefly-encyclopedia-dramatica-threatens-shutdown |archive-date=May 15, 2009 }}</ref>

In January 2010, the Encyclopedia Dramatica article ''Aboriginal'' was removed from the search engine results of [[Google Search|Google Australia]], after a lawyer filed a complaint with the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] saying its content was racist.<ref>{{citation
|title = Google agrees to take down racist site
|publisher = [[Sydney Morning Herald]]
|url = http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/google-agrees-to-take-down-racist-site-20100115-maxd.html
|access-date = May 14, 2011
|date = January 15, 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030457/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/google-agrees-to-take-down-racist-site-20100115-maxd.html
|archive-date = June 5, 2011
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> A search on terms related to the article produced a message that one of the results has been removed after a legal request relating to Australia's [[Racial Discrimination Act 1975|Racial Discrimination Act (RDA)]].<ref>{{citation
|title = Aus Media Gets Encyclopedia Dramatica Story Wrong, Only Some Search Links Removed
|publisher = The Inquisitr
|first = Duncan
|last = Riley
|url = http://www.inquisitr.com/57105/aus-media-gets-ed-story-wrong/
|date = January 14, 2010
|access-date = January 15, 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100119021719/http://www.inquisitr.com/57105/aus-media-gets-ed-story-wrong/
|archive-date = January 19, 2010
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref><ref>{{citation
|title = Australian Anti Discrimination Act Complaint
|publisher = [[Chilling Effects (group)|Chilling Effects]]
|url = http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi?sID=17460
|access-date = January 15, 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100118084049/http://www.chillingeffects.org/notice.cgi?sID=17460
|archive-date = January 18, 2010
|url-status = live
|df = mdy-all
}}.</ref> The publicity surrounding this served to [[Streisand effect|raise the profile of the site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/hungrybeast/stories/google-australia-censors-search-results-wtf/ |title=Google Australia censors search results. WTF? |first=Elmo |last=Keep |date=January 18, 2011 |work=Hungry Beast |publisher=ABC |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626042430/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/hungrybeast/stories/google-australia-censors-search-results-wtf/ |archive-date=June 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2010, it was reported that the Australian Human Rights Commission had notified the site by e-mail that according to Australian law, the article ''Aboriginal'' could be in breach of Sections 18C and 18D of its RDA.<ref name=9news />

== Lawsuits ==
In 2016, a [[United Kingdom]] court determined an ED user must pay £10,000 in [[English defamation law|libel]] damages for making false statements about Samuel Collingwood Smith, a former Labour councillor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/29/encyclopedia_dramatica_dynastia_likeicare_samuel_smith_10k_libel_case/ |website=[[theregister.co.uk]] |title=Encyclopedia Dramatica user hit with £10k damages after calling ex-councillor a 'paedo' |date=July 29, 2016 |first=Gareth |last=Corfield |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043312/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/07/29/encyclopedia_dramatica_dynastia_likeicare_samuel_smith_10k_libel_case/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In 2017, a suit was launched against the website seeking US$750,000 for alleged [[copyright infringement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/encyclopedia-dramatica-copyright-lawsuit/ |website=[[dailydot.com]] |first=David |last=Gilmour |title=The lawsuit that could kill Encyclopedia Dramatica |date=July 5, 2017 |quote=Monsarrat is now suing Encyclopedia Dramatica for alleged copyright infringement and seeking a total of $750,000 in damages. |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002191141/https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/encyclopedia-dramatica-copyright-lawsuit/ |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The "life-threatening"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theoutline.com/post/2369/everipedia-is-the-wikipedia-for-being-wrong |website=[[theoutline.com]] |date=October 4, 2017 |first=Jon |last=Christian |title=Everipedia is the Wikipedia for being wrong |quote=Encyclopedia Dramatica, which is currently facing a life-threatening copyright lawsuit, is an ad-supported cesspool of surreal troll humor founded by online provocateur Sherrod DeGrippo in 2004. |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102012909/https://theoutline.com/post/2369/everipedia-is-the-wikipedia-for-being-wrong |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> suit is by millionaire Jonathan Monsarrat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abovethelaw.com/2017/10/the-pedobear-motion-practice-youve-been-waiting-for/ |website=[[abovethelaw.com]] |title=The Pedobear Motion Practice You've Been Waiting For |first=Elie |last=Mystal |date=October 25, 2017 |quote=Out there in meme-culture, a major lawsuit is happening. Encyclopedia Dramatica, "Wikipedia’s evil twin," is being sued by Jonathan Monsarrat, an eccentric millionaire. |access-date=November 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171201071720/https://abovethelaw.com/2017/10/the-pedobear-motion-practice-youve-been-waiting-for/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Monsarrat's suit was dismissed in December 2017, with the judge ruling that the three-year statute of limitations for copyright infringement had expired before the lawsuit was filed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Judge rules man waited too long to sue Web site that transformed a photo of him as a beaver into a photo of him as a pedobear |url=https://www.universalhub.com/2017/judge-rules-man-waited-too-long-sue-web-site |website=Universal Hub |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet|Comedy}}
* [[4chan]]
* [[Internet meme]]
* [[Kiwi Farms]]
* [[List of Internet phenomena]]
* [[Lurkmore.ru]]
* [[Uncyclopedia]]

== Footnotes ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group=note}}
=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web |last= Stryker|first= Cole|year=2011|publisher=[[Overlook Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1590207109|ref={{sfnRef|Stryker|2011}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscatinline}}
*{{wikiquote-inline}}
{{Anonymous and the Internet}}

[[Category:Internet]]

Jeffrey edward epstein

2023-04-08T18:13:13Z

SkunkyMidnight: Remove stub, add to Terms category, extended

Dildogging is a sex act in which the dog remains passive and the woman uses his penis in a similar fashion to a dildo.

This activity is not often performed by real zoos and is more common in pornography than in real life. However some people have reported dildogging with neutered males who are willing sexual partners but no longer have the hydraulics for full erections or the instinct to mount and [[hump]].

Dildogging is considered by some zoos to be a moral grey area, possibly permissible if the dog seems relaxed or to actively enjoy the activity, and dubious if they seem tense or otherwise disinterested. Other individuals see it as completely immoral due to the dog’s lack of active participation in the activity and therefore questionable consent.

==Zoo Opinion==
Most zoos would agree that this is something that they would not do and is extremely controversial, with some going so far as to constitute this act as a form of Animal Abuse or [[Zoosadism]].

==References==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/

[[Category:Terms]]

Q Fever

2023-04-08T18:09:42Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix double-redirect

#REDIRECT [[Fever Q]]

JNFGBJISFBJRWGURWFBBRW

2023-04-08T18:06:18Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix typo that broke link

{{stub}}

ZooCommunity is a website created in 2020 by [[MiketheDog]] to provide a way for new [[zoophiles]] to find resources and information related to their orientation. ZooCommunity is a discussion only board with no content posted. However may have some adult stories which is visible for some members.

ZooCommunity aims to be a SFW community, and allows all ages. Because of this, ZooCommunity has a strict moderation policy which has led to some criticisms about their moderation policy. ZooCommunity's primary goal is to provide an outreach for [[Zoo Sex Ed]] in a non-pornographic discussion forum.

ZooCommunity is the [[Portal:Main|main]] competitor to [[ZooVille]].

==External Links==
* [https://www.zoocommunity.org/ Official Site]

[[Category:Websites]]

JNFGBJISFBJRWGURWFBBRW

2023-04-08T18:05:51Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add stub, fix wiki formatting, expand article

{{stub}}

ZooCommunity is a website created in 2020 by [[MiketheDog]] to provide a way for new [[zoophiles]] to find resources and information related to their orientation. ZooCommunity is a discussion only board with no content posted. However may have some adult stories which is visible for some members.

ZooCommunity aims to be a SFW community, and allows all ages. Because of this, ZooCommunity has a strict moderation policy which has led to some criticisms about their moderation policy. ZooCommunity's primary goal is to provide an outreach for [[Zoo Sex Ed]] in a non-pornographic discussion forum.

ZooCommunity is the [[Portal:Main|main]] competitor to [[ZooVille]].

==External Links==
* [Official site https://www.zoocommunity.org]

[[Category:Websites]]

User:Errtgrftgferwq

2023-04-08T18:02:27Z

SkunkyMidnight: Ad imported article

{{Imported}}

'''George Spencer''' ({{circa}} 1600 – April 8, 1642) was the first non-[[Native Americans in the United States |native]] person to be [[List of people executed in Connecticut|executed in Connecticut]]. Amongst his charges was [[sodomy]] after an alleged [[zoophilia|sexual act with an animal]].

==Biography==
George Spencer is described as an ugly, balding servant with a [[Ocular prosthesis |glass eye]].<ref name="Murrin">Murrin, John M. [http://dpubs.libraries.psu.edu/DPubS?service=Repository&version=1.0&verb=Disseminate&view=body&content-type=pdf_1&handle=psu.ph/1143738929# "Things Fearful to Name": Bestiality in Colonial America]. ''[[Princeton University]]''. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref><ref name="Graham">Graham, Judith S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtBqFf4GEUMC&printsec=frontcover Puritan Family Life: The Diary of Samuel Sewall]. ''UPNE''. 2003. p.76. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref> He is believed to have lived for a time in [[Boston]] and while there was found guilty of receiving stolen goods.<ref name="Murrin" /> His punishment was a [[flogging]]. He then moved to the [[New Haven Colony]],<ref name="Murrin" /> and continued to be a "habitual troublemaker".<ref name="Graham" /> He was open about his lack of faith, never praying in the years of being in Connecticut and only reading the Bible when forced to by his master.<ref name="Murrin" /><ref name="Cressy">Cressy, David. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc2iPZ4jN2AC&printsec=frontcover Coming over: migration and communication between England and New England in the seventeenth century]. ''Cambridge University Press''. 1987. p.101. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref>

== Trial and execution ==

When a sow gave birth to a malformed, one-eyed piglet it was considered a manifestation of God's proof of Spencer's sins. Spencer was arrested, and the [[Puritan]] authorities deemed the birth a work of God. They believed that this was irrefutable evidence that an act of [[bestiality]] had taken place.<ref name="Chapin">Chapin, Bradley. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XbJG5aKhXS4C&printsec=frontcover Criminal Justice in Colonial America, 1606-1660]. ''University of Georgia Press''. 2010. pp.38–39. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref> He was charged with "prophane, atheistical carriage, in unfaithfulness and stubbornness to his master, a course of notorious lying, filthiness, scoffing at the ordinances, ways and people of God".<ref name="Cressy" />

Spencer was told that "he that confesseth and forsaketh his sins shall finde mercie",<ref name="Murrin" /> but it was never made clear to him whether this mercy related to the proceedings of the court or those of God.<ref name="Chapin" /> Having witnessed a repentant child molester being whipped for his crime Spencer believed that his best option was to confess.<ref name="Murrin" /> On the realisation that this might lead to a death sentence he retracted his statement. He repeated this confession and retraction again, trying to find the best solution to his situation.<ref name="Murrin" /><ref name="Graham" /><ref name="Dikes">Dikes, Jason. [http://www.austincc.edu/jdikes/Sex%20Ways%20ALL.pdf Massachusetts Sex Ways: Puritan Ideas of Flesh and the Spirit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222205008/http://www.austincc.edu/jdikes/Sex%20Ways%20ALL.pdf |date=2018-12-22 }}. ''Austin Community College''. p.4. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref>

When the trial began the magistrates knew the necessity of having two witnesses to the crime. They used Spencer's retracted confessions as one witness and the stillborn piglet as the other, ruling that this was sufficient to determine his guilt.<ref name="Murrin" /><ref name="Graham" /><ref name="Cressy" /><ref name="Dikes" /><ref name="Chapin" /> On April 8, 1642, the sow was put to death by the sword and Spencer was hanged.<ref name="Murrin" />

Spencer's death was early in the [[history]] of Connecticut and is reported to be only the second execution to take place in Connecticut and the first of a non-Native American.<ref>[http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/ESPYyear.pdf Executions is the U.S. 1608-2002: The ESPY File]. ''Death Penalty Information Center''. p.1. Accessed November 1, 2011.</ref>

== Similar case ==

In 1645, [[Trial of Thomas Hogg|Thomas Hogg]], another servant in New Haven, was imprisoned for several months for very similar crimes. A sow gave birth to two deformed piglets that resembled Hogg. However, Hogg never confessed to the crime, and the requirement of finding two witnesses could not be met.<ref name="Murrin" />

== See also ==

* [[Capital punishment in Connecticut]]
* [[Crime in Connecticut]]
* [[List of people executed in Connecticut]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, George}}
[[Category:1642 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Boston]]
[[Category:People from New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:People executed by Connecticut Colony]]
[[Category:17th-century executions of American people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:American people convicted of sodomy]]
[[Category:Sex crime trials]]
[[Category:Trials in the United States]]
[[Category:Zoophilia]]

Zoo social movements

2023-04-08T18:01:30Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added stub, added category Terms

{{stub}}

* 2006 - [[Zoophiles]] against prejudice, push for animal abuse to become more punishable while liberating zoophiles.

* 2009 – Zoophiles Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a [[zoophile]] rights organization, is created in Germany.

* 1 February 2013 - ZETA and zoophiles protest in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz over the Bundesrat signing of on a package of measures that included making [[bestiality]] punishable by up to fine of up maximum of €25,000

[[Category:History]]

Zoophilia in Society - A 2000 Survey

2023-04-08T18:00:58Z

SkunkyMidnight: add essay template, fix wiki Formatting

{{Essay}}

A brief word of introduction. The following document is in no way official, and these figures should not be taken as universal fact. There are doubtless many factors that I've not accounted for, which significantly affect the data. Also, this survey was aimed specifically at [[zoophiles]] (though this is a self-classification thing, and of the 25 respondents to complete both surveys, only 10 responded as not at all bestialist in the other survey).
This version of the document was compiled on the 27th May 2000, at which point the total number of respondents stood at 49. This small sample size means only a brief analysis.

==Gender==
As might be expected, the majority of survey respondents were male. But perhaps a little more surprising is that only 5 (10.2%) of the 49 respondents were female, while according to 'net [[statistics]] a figure closer to 37% should have been expected. Some of this could be accounted for by the fact that this survey asked only zoophiles to respond, and the previous survey showed that fewer females claimed to be zoophiles than males. However, I suspect most of this is accounted for by the small sample size.
[[File:gender2000.png|center]]

==Approximate age==
The table below shows the age distribution of respondents. Age distribution relevant to this [[sexuality]] was analysed in the Causes of [[Zoophilia]] (survey). What's interesting here is that there appears to be a greater number of young respondents, 26.5% aged between 17 and 20 as opposed to 23.1% in the Causes of Zoophilia survey (of which this sample population should be a subset). Also, 67.3% of respondents are under 30 here, as opposed to 51.61% in the Causes of Zoophilia data.
I assume from this that older respondents aren't so concerned with the legalities of their sexuality as younger respondents, due to apathy or something similar.
[[File:agepprox.png|center]]

==Time been a zoophile==
Unfortunately, due to the way in which the Causes of Zoophilia questionnaire was designed, the only way to compare the two sets of data is to subtract the age the respondent realised their sexuality from their current age, which means these figures are only approximate. Nonetheless, it's the only way a comparison can be made.
After the data has been processed as outlined above, for this survey the average time a respondent had been aware of their sexuality is 13.9 years, while for the Causes of Zoophilia survey the figure was 12.9 years. This isn't a significant enough difference when given the error margin to mean much of anything, in my opinion.

About the only interesting feature of this data is the difference between times for men and women; an average of 13.6 and 16.4 years respectively. This time gap of 2.8 years is matched in the Causes of Zoophilia survey by a gap of 1.8 years.
[[File:timebeingzoo.png|center]]

The table below shows the online activity of respondents, divided again by gender. It's interesting from this to see that more people are a member of a mailing list than exchange five or more e-mails a day. It also seems that there's a mailing list being run for every five people who claim to be members of one! I can only conclude from this that people very active in the '[[zoo community]]' are more likely to have responded to this survey than zoophiles who aren't.
Something else quite interesting, though perhaps just a result of so few respondents, is quite how active females seem to be online. Only ten percent of respondents are female, though 1 in 4 mailing-list owners and 1 in 5 web-site owners are female. Also, 18.2% of respondents exchanging more than 5 e-mails a day are female.

[[File:activityweb.png|center]]

==Country and area of residence==
The graph to the left shows the estimated density of zoophilia by country. This has been calculated using that country's population and the survey respondents. Of course this isn't an accurate picture, as there are varying degrees of Internet access in different countries, and language and similar barriers to consider. Also, with the small number of respondents the only reasonable figures are those for the USA, the UK and Canada (29, 5 and 4 respondents respectively). This data is summarised below in table format.

[[File:areares.png|center]]

Looking at the above data, it's interesting to see that the country with the highest density is New Zealand, (something supported by common rumour) where there seem quite severe legal implications. And the country with the lowest density is Germany, where it seems from the survey (and my memory) that there is no legal penalty. See the next question for more on this. It's worth reminding you though that these two examples are not supported at all well by the small sample size.

An additional note, the highest [[zoophile]] densities in the US seem to be in Colorado (6.2 respondents/10 million), Arkensas (4.3 respondents/10 million), Oregon (3.7 respondents/10 million) and Florida (2.6 respondents/10 million). There were respondents from only 16 states in the US though.

==Legal penalties==
This question looked at the legal penalties that respondents faced in their country and area. This information could've been obtained from legal documents on the Internet, but this manner of research shows to what extent the law affects zoophiles, and how aware of it they are.
[[File:legal.png|center]]

Worth note is that in the above table all of the US states have been grouped together, while in reality the laws differ quite markedly between them. The most obvious fact here is just how little zoophiles know about the laws that affect their sexuality, 25 of the 49 respondents indicating that they don't know what laws apply. As far as I know, all countries besides the US have a single set of laws governing all areas, but still not once do you get 100% agrement.

Also apparent is that the UK is the most severely penalising country, with respondents indicating a monetary fine, ban on keeping animals and prison sentence all possible. I live in the UK, and as far as I know this prison sentence can in theory be a life sentence. The most liberal countries here appear to be Germany and Poland, both of which most likely have legislation in place to prevent animal cruelty.

I intend to embark on some research to establish the facts on this issue, and I will publish my findings separately.

==Acceptance of homosexuality and zoophilia==
Doubtless there will be those who disagree with even the mention of homosexuality here, but being both homosexual and a zoophile myself I can see there are parallels, and I believe where [[society]]'s attitudes are concerned they're similar enough.
Regardless, this question looked at the level of acceptance that each respondent saw towards homosexuality and zoophilia in their country and area. The responses are summarised in the table below, showing responses by both country and US state. (The figures are achieved by equating responses with values, and from this deriving an average figure which indicates how accepting an area is)

[[File:homosexuality.png|center]]

[[File:zoosexuality.png|center]]

In the above data, the USA, UK, Canada and Australia are the most statistically reliable countries, and California, Florida, Colorado and Ohio the most reliable states. I'll concentrate on these, using the data sorted by average value and comparing the positions of countries and states between the two sets of data.

The USA came 5th in the first set of data and 7th in the second set of data, moving only two places. The UK moved more significantly, rising from 10th to 5th. Canada and Australia moved less, from 4th to 6th and 3rd to 1st respectively. In the states, there seems to be more movement. California moved from 7 places from 1st to 8th, Florida stayed at 6th place in both sets, Colorado moved from 5th to 8th, and Ohio moved from 14th to 12th. It's worth pointing out that because a lot of the states had similar averages, the sorting order is less significant.

==Active as a zoophile==
[[File:activeaszoo.png|center]]
The above table shows the portion of respondents, male and female, who claimed to be "active as a zoophile". In retrospect this is a somewhat ambiguous question, but I assume most understood that I meant sexually active. In the Causes of Zoophilia survey, almost a third (33.1%) of respondents claimed to not be sexually active. In this survey though, the figure here is only 2%, which suggests very strongly indeed that respondents to this survey (who are probably concerned about the issue) are those who are sexually active as zoophiles.

[[File:activeaszoo2.png|center]]
A second question looked at how concerned respondents were about their sexuality, the results of which are shown above. The relative high number of respondents not answering this question indicates that there was indeed some ambiguity to the previous question. But ignoring this for now, it's obvious that few respondents concern themselves so much with their sexuality, probably because of a deliberate separation from society and relatively small legal risk.

==Legalisation of Zoophilia==
This question, one of the more revealing here, asked whether respondents believed zoophilia should be legalised or not. The results shown below indicate that the general consensus is a resounding definite yes. I suspect that most people's instant reaction to this is a yes, but the next two questions which ask for respondents to substantiate their stance show that most were able to come up with significant disadvantages to legalisation.

[[File:legalizationzoo.png|center]]

==Advantages of wider acceptance==
These next two questions were worded slightly differently to the previous (a wider acceptance as opposed to legalisation), not deliberately but with interesting result.
Most respondents could come up with plenty of valid advantages to a wider acceptance, the most common of course being essentially selfish in motivation, including an ability to be more open about sexuality, and reduced or no legal penalties if caught. Other advantages mentioned included a better understanding of zoophilia, animal rights and animal needs. One particular respondent talked of the practice of some animal owners hiring out their animals to men for sex, and suggested that a wider acceptance of zoophilia would reduce this practice, though I must say I think the reverse might be the case.

There were five respondents who stated that they couldn't think of any real benefits, and of these two had only seconds earlier said that zoophilia should definitely be legalised. Of the remaining three, two said it shouldn't be legalised, and one didn't answer the previous question.

==Disadvantages of wider acceptance==
Again most respondents here had disadvantages that were selfishly motivated. I'm not saying this is necessarily a bad thing, it's what you would expect in a survey of this nature. What was a bad thing in my opinion though is just how few respondents cited increased animal abuse as a disadvantage. Only 10 of the 38 who responded to this question mentioned this. Of course it's possible that I'm wrong, and that there isn't a risk of increased animal abuse, but it's a disadvantage that swings my decision.
The most common disadvantages quoted include increased attacks on zoophiles, and reduced privacy. I'm not sure about the privacy thing, but it's certainly true any wider acceptance would mean that zoophilia becomes a real target for those who believe it's a problem, whereas at present it's largely not even acknowledged. There certainly aren't any organised campaigns against zoophilia that I know of.

[[File:acceptence.png|center]]
The above table shows a summary of respondents asked how willing they were to stand for increased acceptance. The responses here match the responses to the earlier question on how concerned zoophiles were about their sexuality; 38% of respondents who are not concerned about their sexuality are also not willing to stand for greater acceptance, compared with only 25% of those who are very concerned.

==Additional comments==
As was suggested by several respondents to the previous survey, an option was included for respondents to include additional comments, and I was suprised to find that almost two thirds used it. Also, a lot of the feedback I got through this was quite relevant and useful. It seems the general feeling amonst respondents is one of defiance; the famous quote "[[love]] knoweth no locksmiths" seems to apply here.
But at the same time there's a lot here that doesn't sound the words of people with choices. One respondent stated that he was unable to be around the species he was attracted to, and that if he couldn't by 45 he'd commit suicide. (He and I talked soon after) Other respondents talk of how they couldn't imagine themselves being anything other than zoophiles, one stating quite succinctly, "Love conquours all, and for the rest of my life when I think of something I love it will always be a [[Horse]]."

This article is the very nice work of Muse's Zoo Research and can be read here in it's full context.

Zooness

2023-04-08T17:59:55Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added to category terms

==Zetamology==
This word has two meanings.

*zooness - The metaphorical level that a zoosexual is at. For example "His zooness is over 9000"
*zooness - The inherent zooself within a zoosexual. "I discovered my zooness at age 18"

===Etymology===
zoo- +‎ -ness.

==See also==

* [[Zoosexual]]
* [[Zoophilia]]

[[Category:Terms]]

Coitus a Cheval

2023-04-08T17:59:22Z

SkunkyMidnight: SkunkyMidnight moved page Coitus – A – Cheval to Coitus a Cheval: No reason for dashes

{{stub}}

'''Coitus a cheval''' is a French term that literally translates to "having sex on top of a [[horse]]", though the term is meant as an epithet rather than a [[Zoosexual]] term.

The activity of having sex ontop of a horse has been done by many cultures throughout [[history]], often using the rhythm of a horse, camel, or elephant’s pace to provide the motion during intercourse.

Oftentimes the [[receptive]] partner may ride astride in front of the active partner, face-to-face and with legs spread wide enough to achieve penetration while still remaining mounted and in control of the animal.

'''Coitus a cheval''' is a common and cliche trope in some romance novels for the demographic of women, with the stallion often being a white horse.

[[Category:Terms]]

Coitus a Cheval

2023-04-08T17:59:02Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add to category terms, extend article

Knot

2023-04-08T17:53:39Z

SkunkyMidnight: Merge Tie article to Knot article

The '''Knot''' (also known as '''Bulbus Glandis''') is a structure at the base of a dog’s penis which enlarges during intercourse, effectively attaching him to his partner in what is known as a "tie". Dogs are one of the few species which have a bulbis glandis which effectively "locks" them to their partner during copulation, to increase the male’s chance of impregnating his [[mate]] before any competing sperm can enter the bitch’s body.

Due to the baculum, a dog is able to penetrate before his penis is fully hard so the knot slips in easily before engorging with blood. Once the knot has formed the dog is considered fully aroused and at this point he will be cumming, little spurts that shoot out intermittently for the entire time he remains hard.

Oftentimes in [[zoophile]] discussion, individuals desire to know “What is the size of a dog’s knot?” The correct answer: |The size of a fruit.”

Some then retort “Well then, what fruit exactly?” To which we at the [[Zoophilia Wiki]] can only reply, “That depends on which dog, exactly!”

In general, small breeds tend to have smaller penises with smaller knots, while large breeds usually have larger ones. However this is not some sliding scale that may always be expected to be accurate. There are some large dogs (such as sighthounds and fine-boned breeds) which have small genitals proportionally compared with their weight and/or size. There are also some very small dogs (e.g. chihuahuas and beagles) which may sometimes be gifted with a larger penis than expected (and likewise the females with rather elastic vaginas). The fact is, one will never truly know what to expect until taking a look at that particular canine.

While commonly considered connected to canine partners, some species of seal also have this organ.

==Tie==
The tie is when the male dog’s [[knot]] enlarges and becomes temporarily stuck inside the vagina or anus of his partner. If the dog is not very large then it will be easier to tie anally, although very big dogs are capable of managing a vaginal tie with women who are rather small or have very tight vaginas.

The tie may last from a couple minutes to half an hour, more rarely to upwards of an hour (reportedly). If the dog is too small, the tie will not be sufficient to lock inside and he will be able to remove his penis easily.

In some cases a dog may pull hard against the knot, causing an early pullout. This can be painful for the person and could be uncomfortable for the dog as well. Knot pullouts from the anus have more potential to cause problems as the vagina is comparatively elastic and resilient.

==External links==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/

Love

2023-04-08T17:51:50Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add deletion proposal, create new subsection

{{sex}}
{{delete|Irrelevant article defining the term "Love"}}

Love is a feeling of attachment to and fondness for another individual.

While physical manifestations of love may be more common among members of the same species, it has long been known that humans could fall in love with animals, and vice versa. In fact, sometimes relationships across the species barrier may be even closer and more ‘real’ that those we have with our own species!

Many zoosexuals can attest to the fact that they love animals in the same way other humans love men or women – it simply came naturally to them, and their feelings of romantic love are no less tender or complete than the love spouses may feel for one another.

Animals are known for being honest in a way that humans often-times are not. They don’t play mental games, act manipulative, or feign interest for personal gain. Quite the contrary – they are very up front about their feelings and desires and this can be very refreshing.

While there are some bestialists who just have sex with animals because they are [[horny]] and don’t have another outlet (or simply enjoy variety but see their animal as no more than a pet) that doesn’t change the fact that many zoos think of themselves as married to their animal lover.

One would never claim that no men feel romantic love for women simply because some men don’t, and neither would they claim that no men are attracted to women just because some men occasionally ‘use’ human women.

This applies to the [[zoo community]] as well – they are a wide range of individuals whose feelings for animals vary from curiosity and general fondness all the way to passionate love and complete devotion.

==Four loves==
{{Imported}}
While in English one uses the single word "Love" to refer to many different things, the concept of Love can be better divided into four primary terms deriving from the Greek. There are Four types of Love agreed to exist.

===Storag the empathy bond ===
[[Storge]] (''[[storgē]]'', [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]: [[wikt:στοργή#Ancient Greek|στοργή]]) is liking someone through the fondness of familiarity, family members or people who relate in familiar ways that have otherwise found themselves bonded by chance. An example is the natural love and affection of a parent for their child. It is described as the most natural, emotive, and widely diffused of loves: It is natural in that it is present without coercion, emotive because it is the result of fondness due to familiarity, and most widely diffused because it pays the least attention to those characteristics deemed "valuable" or worthy of love and, as a result, is able to transcend most discriminating factors. Lewis describes it as a dependency-based love which risks extinction if the needs cease to be met.

Affection, for Lewis, included both Need-love and Gift-love. He considered it responsible for nine-tenths of all solid and lasting human happiness.<ref>Lewis, pp. 50, 66</ref>

However, affection's strength is also what makes it vulnerable. Affection has the appearance of being "built-in" or "ready made", says Lewis, and as a result, people come to expect it irrespective of their behaviour and its natural consequences.<ref>Lewis, pp. 50–52</ref> Both in its Need and its Gift form, affection then is liable to "go bad", and to be corrupted by such forces as jealousy, ambivalence and smothering.<ref>Hooper, pp. 370–371</ref>

=== Philia – friend bond ===
[[Philia]] (Greek: [[wikt:φιλία#Ancient Greek|φιλία]]) is the love between friends as close as [[sibling]]s in strength and duration. The friendship is the strong bond existing between people who share common values, interests or activities.<ref>Hooper, p. 654</ref> Lewis immediately differentiates friendship love from the other loves. He describes friendship as "the least biological, organic, instinctive, gregarious and necessary...the least ''natural'' of loves".<ref>Lewis, p. 70</ref> Our species does not need friendship in order to reproduce, but to the classical and medieval worlds, it is a higher-level love because it is freely chosen.

Lewis explains that true friendships, like the friendship between David and Jonathan in the Bible, are almost a lost art. He expresses a strong distaste for the way modern [[society]] ignores friendship. He notes that he cannot remember any poem that celebrated true friendship like that between [[David and Jonathan]], [[Pylades#Orestes and Pylades|Orestes and Pylades]], [[Roland]] and [[Oliver (paladin)|Oliver]], [[Amis et Amiles|Amis and Amiles]]. Lewis goes on to say, "to the Ancients, Friendship seemed the happiest and most fully human of all loves; the crown of life and the school of virtue. The modern world, in comparison, ignores it".

Growing out of [[companionship]], friendship for Lewis was a deeply appreciative love, though one which he felt few people in modern society could value at its worth, because so few actually experienced true friendship.<ref>Lewis, pp. 77, 84–85, 70</ref>

Nevertheless, Lewis was not blind to what he considered the dangers of friendships, such as its potential for [[clique|cliquiness]], anti-authoritarianism and pride.<ref>Hooper, p. 372</ref>

=== Eros – romantic love ===
[[Eros (concept)|Eros]] (''[[Eros (concept)|erōs]]'', Greek: [[wikt:ἔρως|ἔρως]]) for Lewis was love in the sense of "being in love" or "loving" someone, as opposed to the raw [[sexuality]] of what he called Venus: the illustration Lewis used was the distinction between "wanting a woman" and wanting one particular woman – something that matched his (classical) view of man as a [[rational animal]], a composite both of reasoning angel and instinctual alley-cat.<ref>Lewis, p. 108-109, 116</ref>

Eros turns the need-pleasure of Venus into the most appreciative of all pleasures;<ref>Hooper, p. 373</ref> but nevertheless, Lewis warned against the modern tendency for Eros to become a god to people who fully submit themselves to it, a justification for selfishness, even a phallic religion.<ref>Lewis, p. 127-132, 113</ref>

After exploring sexual activity and its spiritual significance in both a pagan and a Christian sense, he notes how Eros (or being in love) is in itself an indifferent, neutral force: how "Eros in all his splendour ... may urge to evil as well as good".<ref>Lewis, p. 124</ref>
While accepting that Eros can be an extremely profound experience, he does not overlook the dark way in which it could lead even to the point of suicide pacts or murder, as well as to furious refusals to part, "mercilessly chaining together two mutual tormentors, each raw all over with the poison of hate-in-love".<ref>Lewis, pp. 124, 132</ref>

=== Agape – unconditional "God" love ===
[[Charity (virtue)|Charity]] (''[[agápē]]'', Greek: [[wikt:ἀγάπη|ἀγάπη]]) is the love that exists regardless of changing circumstances. Lewis recognizes this selfless love as the greatest of the four loves, and sees it as a specifically Christian virtue to achieve. The chapter on the subject focuses on the need to subordinate the other three natural loves – as Lewis puts it, "The natural loves are not self-sufficient"<ref>Lewis, p. 133</ref> – to the love of God, who is full of charitable love, to prevent what he termed their "demonic" self-aggrandizement.<ref>{{cite book |author=MacSwain |year=1988 |pages=146, 181 |chapter=Love |title=Fundamentals of the Faith: Essays in Christian Apologetics |publisher=Ignatius Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/transcript/four.html |series=The Question of God |title=Program Two: C.S. Lewis: The Four Loves |publisher=PBS}}</ref>

==References==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Terms]]

The Confession to Love of Animals

2023-04-08T17:47:39Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added essay template, fix wiki formatting

{{Essay}}

This was brought from a possibly now defunct website zoophilia.net and has been brought to the Wiki to show a second side to a story. Based on a program the author watched that seemed to be only a one-sided argument.

The topic has caused a sensation among many readers, as they suffer from the same discrimination like countless other zoos from all over the world. Deepening the controversial subject, I had to create several continuations that give you a profound insight into the [[love]] of animals.

==Justification==
Where the author was living at the time where Zoophilia is protected by law. A discussion on a TV show about the love of animals had the one [[anti-zoo]] condeming [[zoophiles]] throughout.

Everybody has the right of free expression, on the other hand, nobody has the right of defaming anyone else, as the reporter did not hint at the other side.

Therefore, this will disprove the antizoo´s condemnations and justify zoophilia.

*I. Antizoo: "Zoophilia and [[bestiality]] is nothing else than cruelty of animals."

First of all, you have to differentiate between zoophilia and bestiality: Zoophiia is the most affectionate love of an animal, whereas bestiality is the only sexual concentration on animals. Both is not cruel at all.

*II. "Zoophiles claim to love animals, but all they do is abusing them for their egoistic perversion."

We do not only claim to love animals, but we do love them much more than anyone else. Every real zoo loves and protects his lover overall, and those, who abuse any animal, have to be purchased by the mentioned cruelty of animals.

If we were selfish, we would not love animals.

Why are we perverse? Perversions are animal abuse or cruelty of animals.

*III. "They are ill like pedophiles, violators and murderers."

We are not sick, otherwise we would be in jail or in nuthouse. As we do not harm nor kill anybody, we are not comparable with rapers and killers. If pedophiles are criminal, is not the issue.

*IV. "Zoophilia is unnatural, amoral, anti-Christian, and should be punished as in many other countries too."

Zoophilia is natural, cos we love animals as others love their human partners.

==What is morality?==

Morality is beliefs or ideas about what is right or wrong and about how people should behave, and morality can change. Not long ago, merely heterosexuality was moral, while zoophilia, homosexuality and each other kind of sex was amoral. As per that old morality, zoos, Jews, gays, lesbians, Moslems, blacks should be exterminated.

Zoophilia is Christian as well. Albeit in the Old Testament it is written, that zoophilia is objectionable, God approves zoophilia, cos it is love. There are countless Christian zoos like me. For my part, I am a devout Catholic Christ, I believe in the Lord, and I know, he has created me to love animals, his creatures.

Thank God, I live in a liberal country and wish all my zoofriends in the rest of the world to fight for love and justice!

==Clarification==

After your comprehensive response to "Zoophilia," my discourse upon a true, discriminating tv program, I have come across some partially missing knowledge of the specifications of zoophilia I will clarify as follows.

*I. Zoophilia is Greek and merely means love of animals. Therefore, every pet owner is [[zoophile]], even though there are manifold forms of love.

*II. Bestiality is the loveless, only sexual concentration on animals. Furthermore, it is the colloquial synonyme of zoophilia.

*III. Zoofetishism is the fetish of animals without love and any sexual contact.

*IV [[Zoosadism]] is the violent, cruel, sadistic perversion of animal abuse to satisfy despicable desires.

If someone curses zoophiles, he curses zoosadists. We have nothing to do with those sick persons.

==The Morality of Zoophilia==

Looking thru your renewedly numerous responses to "Zoophilia II," I have gotten aware of the serious problem a great part of you seems to have with antizoos, especially my friends´ contributions have made me think about it.

I underestimated the subject. After researching profoundly, though, I am relieved, antizoos is a minority.

As I set forth in my precious discourse, everyone who loves animals is zoophile. We is the majority.

Antizoos, however, allege, we abuse animals, which is their pure ignorance. If they knew us, they would see, we are the world´s most committed animal lovers, as every zoo never harms his lover.

Strictly speaking, zoos and antizoos have the same destination: protection of animals.

And as an activist of the World Wide Fund for Nature, I know, the morality of zoophilia is not our mutual problem, but ecocide, poaching, mass breeding, animal experiments.

===But what is the morality of zoophilia?===

Although there is no universal morality, I live according to these four criteria as a result of my philosophy: Love, Faithfulness, Responsibility, Protection.

This does not mean, you have to reject our animal-exploiting [[society]], as far too less do so anyway; if you live the morality of zoophilia, you are on the right way.

If mankind did so, earth would be safe.

==The Future==

'''"How shall we change?"'''

A reader asked me in response to the preceding part. It is complicated to answer that question, as who knows, what the future will bring.

Despite the manifest uncertainty, I foresee four phases of the gradual integration of zoophilia into the human society: Legalization, Tolerance, Acceptance, Integration.

This is not in the least an attempt to convince anyone, instead, it is merely my vision of the future zoophilia.

At the beginning, law has to be reformed everyplace in order to legalize zoophilia, the universal love of animals.

Following, people have to change their morality toward us, stop discriminating zoos and start tolerating us, as they should do concerning homosexuals and other minorities as well.

Once tolerated by everybody, we will be accepted sooner of later.

Eventually, [[Zoophilia]] will be integrated entirely.

If we continue loving animals and mankind learns the same, our future will be certain.

Society

2023-04-08T17:45:48Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix typo breaking template

{{Cleanup red links|date=June 2021}}
{{Import}}
{{delete|Irrelevant article that is overly generic, and had a cleanup link upon import}}

A '''society''' is a [[Social group|group]] of individuals involved in persistent [[Social relation|social interaction]], or a large [[social group]] sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same [[Politics|political]] authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ([[social relation]]s) between individuals who share a distinctive [[culture]] and [[institutions]]; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In the [[social science]]s, a larger society often exhibits [[social stratification|stratification]] or [[dominance hierarchy|dominance]] patterns in subgroups.

Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or speech as acceptable or unacceptable. These patterns of behavior within a given society are known as [[societal norms]]. Societies, and their norms, undergo gradual and perpetual changes.

Insofar as it is [[collaborative]], a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a [[subculture]], a term used extensively within [[criminology]], and also applied to distinctive subsections of a larger society.

More broadly, and especially within [[Structuralism|structuralist thought]], a society may be illustrated as an [[economic]], social, [[Industrial society|industrial]] or [[culture|cultural]] [[infrastructure]], made up of, yet distinct from, a varied collection of individuals. In this regard society can mean the objective relationships people have with the material world and with other people, rather than "other people" beyond the individual and their familiar social environment.

==Etymology and usage==
{{wide image|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1.jpg|700px|A half-section of the 12th-century [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song dynasty]] version of ''[[The Night Revels of Han Xizai]]'', original by [[Gu Hongzhong]] in the 10th century. The painting portrays servants, musicians, monks, children, guests, and hosts all in a single social environment. It serves as an in-depth look into the Chinese social structure of the time.}}

The term "society" came from the 12th Century French ''société'' (meaning 'company').<ref>{{cite web |title=Society |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/society#h2 |website=Merriam-webster dictionary |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> This was in turn from the [[Latin]] word ''[[Wikt:societas|societas]]'', which in turn was derived from the noun ''socius'' ("[[comrade]], friend, ally"; adjectival form ''socialis'') used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be "antisocial". In the 1630s it was used in reference to "people bound by neighborhood and intercourse aware of living together in an ordered community".<ref>{{cite web |title=Society (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/society#etymonline_v_23814 |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> However, in the 18th century the [[Scotland|Scottish]] economist, [[Adam Smith]] taught that a society "may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its [[utility]] without any mutual [[love]] or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other."<ref name=Briggs9/>

Used in the sense of an [[Voluntary association|association]], a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional [[interdependence]], possibly comprising characteristics such as [[national identity|national]] or [[cultural identity]], [[social solidarity]], [[language]], or [[hierarchy|hierarchical structure]].

==Conceptions==
Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an [[autonomy|autonomous unit]]. The [[great apes]] have always been more (''[[Bonobo]]'', ''[[Human being|Homo]]'', ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'') or less (''[[Gorilla]]'', ''[[Orangutan|Pongo]]'') [[social animal]]s, so [[Robinson Crusoe]]-like situations are either fictions or unusual [[corner case]]s to the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall between [[presocial]] and [[eusociality|eusocial]] in the spectrum of [[primate#Social systems|animal ethology]].

[[Cultural relativism]] as a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of "primitive", better/worse, or "progress" in relation to cultures (including their material culture/technology and social organization).

According to anthropologist [[Maurice Godelier]], one critical novelty in society, in contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives (chimpanzees and bonobos), is the parental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable.<ref>[[Maurice Godelier]], Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592|journal=New Left Review|author=Jack Goody|title=The Labyrinth of Kinship|access-date=24 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004209/http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

=== In political science ===
Societies may also be structured politically. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in close proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society.

=== In sociology ===
[[File:Ants' Social Ethology.jpg|thumb|right|The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis. Both individual and social (common) goals can thus be distinguished and considered. Ant (formicidae) [[Ethology|social ethology]].]]
[[Sociology|Sociologist]] [[Peter L. Berger]] defines society as "...a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts upon its producers." According to him, society was created by humans, but this creation turns back and creates or molds humans every day.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Scared Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion|last = Berger|first = Peter L.|publisher = Doubleday & Company, Inc.|year = 1967|location = Garden City, NYC|page = 3}}</ref>
[[File:Canis lupus pack surrounding Bison.jpg|thumb|right|''Canis lupus'' [[Ethology|social ethology]]]]

Sociologist [[Gerhard Lenski]] differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural, (4) industrial, and (5) special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies).<ref>Lenski, G. 1974. ''Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.''{{page needed|date=January 2020}}</ref> This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H. Fried, a conflict theorist, and [[Elman Service]], an integration theorist, who have produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of [[social inequality]] and the role of the [[State (polity)|state]]. This system of classification contains four categories:
* [[Hunter-gatherer]] bands (categorization of duties and responsibilities). Then came the agricultural society.
* [[Tribe|Tribal]] societies in which there are some limited instances of [[social rank]] and prestige.
* [[Social stratification|Stratified]] structures led by [[tribal chief|chieftains]].
* [[Civilization]]s, with complex [[social hierarchies]] and organized, [[government|institutional governments]].

In addition to this there are:
* [[All humanity|Humanity]], humankind, upon which rest all the elements of society, including society's beliefs.
* [[Sociology of the Internet|Virtual society]], a society based on online identity, which is evolving in the information age.

Over time, some [[cultures]] have progressed toward more complex forms of [[organization]] and control. This [[cultural evolution]] has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become [[Neolithic Revolution|agrarian villages]]. Villages grew to become towns and cities. Cities turned into [[city-state]]s and [[nation-state]]s.<ref>Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515120848/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html |date=15 May 2016 }}.</ref>

Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestige accrues to the generous individual or group. Conversely, members of a society may also shun or [[scapegoat]] any members of the society who violate its [[Norm (sociology)|norms]]. Mechanisms such as [[Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)|gift-giving]], [[joking relationship]]s and [[scapegoating]], which may be seen in various types of human groupings, tend to be [[institution]]alized within a society. Social evolution as a phenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population it serves.

Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action. This type of [[Recognition (sociology)|recognition]] is bestowed in the form of a name, title, manner of dress, or monetary reward. In many societies, adult male or female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic action in the interests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies. The phenomena of community action, shunning, scapegoating, generosity, shared risk, and reward is common to many forms of society.

==Types==
Societies are [[social groups]] that differ according to [[List of subsistence techniques|subsistence strategies]], the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout [[history]], anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies in three broad categories: [[pre-industrial]], [[industrial society|industrial]], and [[postindustrial]].

===Pre-industrial===
{{Main article|Pre-industrial society}}
In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal [[Manual labour|labor]], is the [[Portal:Main|main]] economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and feudal.

==== Hunting and gathering ====
{{Main article|Hunter-gatherer society}}
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|[[San people]] in Botswana start a fire by hand.]]
The [[Portal:Main|main]] form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent [[villages]] or create a wide variety of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], and usually only form small groups such as [[Band society|bands]] and [[tribe]]s. However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of [[Tlingit people|tlingit]]) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than those of the bands. [[Leadership]] is personal—charismatic—and used for special purposes only in tribal society. There are no political offices containing real power, and a [[Tribal chief|chief]] is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The family forms the [[Portal:Main|main]] [[social unit]], with most members being related by birth or marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions, including [[Production, costs, and pricing|production]] and [[education]].

==== Pastoral ====
{{Main article|Pastoral society}}
[[Pastoralism]] is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed to produce food. As a result, the division of labor (the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities) becomes more complex. For example, some people become craftworkers, producing [[tools]], [[weapons]], and [[jewelry]], among other items of value. The production of goods encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as some families acquire more goods than others do. These families often gain power through their increased [[wealth]]. The passing on of property from one generation to another helps to centralize wealth and power. Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships, the typical form of [[government]] in pastoral societies.

==== Horticultural ====
{{Main article|Horticulturalist society}}
Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the [[Portal:Main|main]] source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a level of [[technology]] and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. This allows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.

As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, [[shamans]] (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and power within horticultural political systems, developed because of the settled nature of horticultural life.

==== Agrarian ====
{{Main article|Agrarian society}}
[[File:Detail of Les tres riches heures - March.jpg|thumb|Ploughing with oxen in the 15th century]]
Agrarian societies use agricultural [[technological]] advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase [[Neolithic Revolution|agricultural revolution]] to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment.

Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies. For example, women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men. However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they increasingly became subordinate to men. As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in [[Trade|exchange]] for protection against invasion by enemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extract goods from "lesser" members of society.

[[File:Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Cleric, knight and peasant; an example of feudal societies]]

==== Feudal ====
{{Main article|Feudal society}}
[[Feudalism]] was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner. The [[estates of the realm]] system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.

===Industrial===
{{main article|Industrial societies}}
Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. [[Capitalism]] is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies.

Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced [[further]] dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.

Once again, the population boomed. Increased productivity made more goods available to everyone. However, inequality became even greater than before. The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seek employment in cities. This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty of laborers who could be hired for extremely low wages.

===Post-industrial===
{{main article|Post-industrial society}}
{{see also|Information revolution}}
Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production. The United States is the first country to have over half of its workforce employed in service industries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law, and banking.

==Contemporary usage==
The term "society" is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations.

===Western===
{{Main article|Western world}}
The development of the [[Western world]] has brought with it the emerging concepts of [[Western culture]], politics, and ideas, often referred to simply as "Western society". Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe, South America, and Israel.

The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe. They all enjoy relatively strong economies and stable governments, allow freedom of religion, have chosen democracy as a form of governance, favor capitalism and international trade, are heavily influenced by [[Judeo-Christian values]], and have some form of political and military alliance or cooperation.<ref>[http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705 John P McKay, Bennett D Hill, John Buckler, Clare Haru Crowston and Merry E Wiesner-Hanks: ''Western Society: A Brief History''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101112339/http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705 |date=1 January 2011 }}</ref>

===Information===
[[File:ONU Geneva mainroom.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva]]
{{Main article|Information society}}
Although the concept of [[information society]] has been under discussion since the 1930s, in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which information technologies have impacted society and culture. It, therefore, covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace.<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/ ''The Information Society''. Indiana University.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007160838/http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/ |date=7 October 2009 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

One of the [[European Union]]'s areas of interest is the information society. Here policies are directed towards promoting an open and competitive [[digital economy]], research into [[information and communication technologies]], as well as their application to improve [[social inclusion]], [[public services]], and [[quality of life]].<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htm Information Society Policies at a Glance. From Europa.eu.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324134651/http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htm |date=24 March 2010 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

The [[International Telecommunications Union]]'s [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is envisaged.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.html WSIS Implementation by Action Line. From ITU.int.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326203825/http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.html |date=26 March 2012 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

===Knowledge===
{{Main article|Knowledge society}}
[[File:Seoul-Cyworld control room.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The Seoul [[Cyworld]] control room]]
As the access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. An analysis by the Irish government stated, "The capacity to manipulate, store and transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rate over recent years. The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of the Internet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic activity, to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth. As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge."<ref>[http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdf ''Building the Knowledge Society. Report to Government'', December 2002. Information Society Commission, Ireland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121152730/http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdf |date=21 November 2007 }}. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Club (organization)]]
* [[Consumer society]]
* [[Community]] ([[Outline of community|outline]])
* [[Culture]] ([[Outline of culture|outline]])
* [[Eusociality]]
* [[High society (group)]]
* [[Mass society]]
* [[Open society]]
* [[Outline of society]]
* [[Presociality]]
* [[Professional society]]
* [[Religion]] ([[Outline of religion|outline]])
* [[Scientific society]]
* [[Secret societies]]
* [[Sociobiology]]
* [[Social actions]]
* [[Social capital]]
* [[Social cohesion]]
* [[Societal collapse]]
* [[Social contract]]
* [[Social disintegration]]
* [[Social order]]
* [[Social solidarity]]
* [[Social structure]]
* [[Social system]]
* [[Social work]]
* [[Structure and agency]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Briggs9>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Briggs|2000|p=9}}</ref>
}}

==References==
*{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Robert |last2=Richerson |first2=Peter J. |title=Culture and the evolution of human cooperation |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 November 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1533 |pages=3281–3288 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0134 |pmid=19805434 |pmc=2781880 }}
*{{cite web |last1=Bicchieri |first1=Cristina |last2=Muldoon |first2=Ryan |last3=Sontuoso |first3=Alessandro |title=Social Norms |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/social-norms/ |date=1 March 2011 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Clutton-Brock |first1=T. |last2=West |first2=S. |last3=Ratnieks |first3=F. |last4=Foley |first4=R. |title=The evolution of society |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 November 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1533 |pages=3127–3133 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0207 |pmid=19805421 |pmc=2781882 }}
*{{cite book |first1=R.J. |last1=Rummel |year=1976 |chapter=The State, Political System and Society |title=Understanding Conflict and War, Vol. 2: The Conflict Helix |chapter-url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/TCH.CHAP31.HTM }}
*{{cite web |first1=Theo Spanos |last1=Dunfey |date=29 May 2019 |title=What is Social Change and Why Should We Care? |url=https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2017/11/what-is-social-change. |website=Southern New Hampshire University }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html ''The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations''] Mesa Community College.
* {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Foundations of Sociology|location=London|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-0-333-96050-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenski|first=Gerhard E.|year=1974|title=Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc|isbn=978-0-07-037172-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/humansocietiesin00lens}}
* Raymond Williams, ''Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society''. Fontana, 1976.
* [[Althusser, Louis]] and [[Balibar, Étienne]]. ''Reading Capital''. London: Verso, 2009.
* [[Tom Bottomore|Bottomore, Tom]] (ed). ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought'', 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 45–48.
* [[Craig Calhoun|Calhoun, Craig]] (ed), ''Dictionary of the Social Sciences'' Oxford University Press (2002)
* [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Hall, Stuart]]. "Rethinking the Base and Superstructure Metaphor". ''Papers on Class, Hegemony and Party''. Bloomfield, J., ed. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977.
* [[Chris Harman]]. "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/harman/1986/xx/base-super.html Base and Superstructure]". ''International Socialism'' 2:32, Summer 1986, pp. 3–44.
* [[David Harvey (geographer)|Harvey, David]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital''. London: Verso, 2010.
* Larrain, Jorge. ''Marxism and Ideology''. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983.
* [[György Lukács|Lukács, Georg]]. ''History and Class Consciousness''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972.
* [[Postone, Moishe]]. ''Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory''. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
* [[Raymond Williams|Williams, Raymond]]. ''Marxism and [[Literature]]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
* {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Asa|title=The Age of Improvement|year=2000|edition=2nd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36959-7}}
{{refend}}

Society

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{{Cleanup red links|date=June 2021}}
{Import}}
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A '''society''' is a [[Social group|group]] of individuals involved in persistent [[Social relation|social interaction]], or a large [[social group]] sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same [[Politics|political]] authority and dominant cultural expectations. Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships ([[social relation]]s) between individuals who share a distinctive [[culture]] and [[institutions]]; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent of members. In the [[social science]]s, a larger society often exhibits [[social stratification|stratification]] or [[dominance hierarchy|dominance]] patterns in subgroups.

Societies construct patterns of behavior by deeming certain actions or speech as acceptable or unacceptable. These patterns of behavior within a given society are known as [[societal norms]]. Societies, and their norms, undergo gradual and perpetual changes.

Insofar as it is [[collaborative]], a society can enable its members to benefit in ways that would otherwise be difficult on an individual basis; both individual and social (common) benefits can thus be distinguished, or in many cases found to overlap. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a [[subculture]], a term used extensively within [[criminology]], and also applied to distinctive subsections of a larger society.

More broadly, and especially within [[Structuralism|structuralist thought]], a society may be illustrated as an [[economic]], social, [[Industrial society|industrial]] or [[culture|cultural]] [[infrastructure]], made up of, yet distinct from, a varied collection of individuals. In this regard society can mean the objective relationships people have with the material world and with other people, rather than "other people" beyond the individual and their familiar social environment.

==Etymology and usage==
{{wide image|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 1.jpg|700px|A half-section of the 12th-century [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song dynasty]] version of ''[[The Night Revels of Han Xizai]]'', original by [[Gu Hongzhong]] in the 10th century. The painting portrays servants, musicians, monks, children, guests, and hosts all in a single social environment. It serves as an in-depth look into the Chinese social structure of the time.}}

The term "society" came from the 12th Century French ''société'' (meaning 'company').<ref>{{cite web |title=Society |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/society#h2 |website=Merriam-webster dictionary |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> This was in turn from the [[Latin]] word ''[[Wikt:societas|societas]]'', which in turn was derived from the noun ''socius'' ("[[comrade]], friend, ally"; adjectival form ''socialis'') used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be "antisocial". In the 1630s it was used in reference to "people bound by neighborhood and intercourse aware of living together in an ordered community".<ref>{{cite web |title=Society (n.) |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/society#etymonline_v_23814 |website=Online Etymological Dictionary |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> However, in the 18th century the [[Scotland|Scottish]] economist, [[Adam Smith]] taught that a society "may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its [[utility]] without any mutual [[love]] or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other."<ref name=Briggs9/>

Used in the sense of an [[Voluntary association|association]], a society is a body of individuals outlined by the bounds of functional [[interdependence]], possibly comprising characteristics such as [[national identity|national]] or [[cultural identity]], [[social solidarity]], [[language]], or [[hierarchy|hierarchical structure]].

==Conceptions==
Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an [[autonomy|autonomous unit]]. The [[great apes]] have always been more (''[[Bonobo]]'', ''[[Human being|Homo]]'', ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'') or less (''[[Gorilla]]'', ''[[Orangutan|Pongo]]'') [[social animal]]s, so [[Robinson Crusoe]]-like situations are either fictions or unusual [[corner case]]s to the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall between [[presocial]] and [[eusociality|eusocial]] in the spectrum of [[primate#Social systems|animal ethology]].

[[Cultural relativism]] as a widespread approach or ethic has largely replaced notions of "primitive", better/worse, or "progress" in relation to cultures (including their material culture/technology and social organization).

According to anthropologist [[Maurice Godelier]], one critical novelty in society, in contrast to humanity's closest biological relatives (chimpanzees and bonobos), is the parental role assumed by the males, which supposedly would be absent in our nearest relatives for whom paternity is not generally determinable.<ref>[[Maurice Godelier]], Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592|journal=New Left Review|author=Jack Goody|title=The Labyrinth of Kinship|access-date=24 July 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004209/http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

=== In political science ===
Societies may also be structured politically. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in close proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society.

=== In sociology ===
[[File:Ants' Social Ethology.jpg|thumb|right|The social group enables its members to benefit in ways that would not otherwise be possible on an individual basis. Both individual and social (common) goals can thus be distinguished and considered. Ant (formicidae) [[Ethology|social ethology]].]]
[[Sociology|Sociologist]] [[Peter L. Berger]] defines society as "...a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts upon its producers." According to him, society was created by humans, but this creation turns back and creates or molds humans every day.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Scared Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion|last = Berger|first = Peter L.|publisher = Doubleday & Company, Inc.|year = 1967|location = Garden City, NYC|page = 3}}</ref>
[[File:Canis lupus pack surrounding Bison.jpg|thumb|right|''Canis lupus'' [[Ethology|social ethology]]]]

Sociologist [[Gerhard Lenski]] differentiates societies based on their level of technology, communication, and economy: (1) hunters and gatherers, (2) simple agricultural, (3) advanced agricultural, (4) industrial, and (5) special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies).<ref>Lenski, G. 1974. ''Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.''{{page needed|date=January 2020}}</ref> This is similar to the system earlier developed by anthropologists Morton H. Fried, a conflict theorist, and [[Elman Service]], an integration theorist, who have produced a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of [[social inequality]] and the role of the [[State (polity)|state]]. This system of classification contains four categories:
* [[Hunter-gatherer]] bands (categorization of duties and responsibilities). Then came the agricultural society.
* [[Tribe|Tribal]] societies in which there are some limited instances of [[social rank]] and prestige.
* [[Social stratification|Stratified]] structures led by [[tribal chief|chieftains]].
* [[Civilization]]s, with complex [[social hierarchies]] and organized, [[government|institutional governments]].

In addition to this there are:
* [[All humanity|Humanity]], humankind, upon which rest all the elements of society, including society's beliefs.
* [[Sociology of the Internet|Virtual society]], a society based on online identity, which is evolving in the information age.

Over time, some [[cultures]] have progressed toward more complex forms of [[organization]] and control. This [[cultural evolution]] has a profound effect on patterns of community. Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal food stocks to become [[Neolithic Revolution|agrarian villages]]. Villages grew to become towns and cities. Cities turned into [[city-state]]s and [[nation-state]]s.<ref>Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515120848/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html |date=15 May 2016 }}.</ref>

Many societies distribute largess at the behest of some individual or some larger group of people. This type of generosity can be seen in all known cultures; typically, prestige accrues to the generous individual or group. Conversely, members of a society may also shun or [[scapegoat]] any members of the society who violate its [[Norm (sociology)|norms]]. Mechanisms such as [[Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)|gift-giving]], [[joking relationship]]s and [[scapegoating]], which may be seen in various types of human groupings, tend to be [[institution]]alized within a society. Social evolution as a phenomenon carries with it certain elements that could be detrimental to the population it serves.

Some societies bestow status on an individual or group of people when that individual or group performs an admired or desired action. This type of [[Recognition (sociology)|recognition]] is bestowed in the form of a name, title, manner of dress, or monetary reward. In many societies, adult male or female status is subject to a ritual or process of this type. Altruistic action in the interests of the larger group is seen in virtually all societies. The phenomena of community action, shunning, scapegoating, generosity, shared risk, and reward is common to many forms of society.

==Types==
Societies are [[social groups]] that differ according to [[List of subsistence techniques|subsistence strategies]], the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout [[history]], anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Sociologists place societies in three broad categories: [[pre-industrial]], [[industrial society|industrial]], and [[postindustrial]].

===Pre-industrial===
{{Main article|Pre-industrial society}}
In a pre-industrial society, food production, which is carried out through the use of human and animal [[Manual labour|labor]], is the [[Portal:Main|main]] economic activity. These societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. These subdivisions are hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and feudal.

==== Hunting and gathering ====
{{Main article|Hunter-gatherer society}}
[[File:BushmenSan.jpg|thumb|[[San people]] in Botswana start a fire by hand.]]
The [[Portal:Main|main]] form of food production in such societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent [[villages]] or create a wide variety of [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]], and usually only form small groups such as [[Band society|bands]] and [[tribe]]s. However, some hunting and gathering societies in areas with abundant resources (such as people of [[Tlingit people|tlingit]]) lived in larger groups and formed complex hierarchical social structures such as chiefdom. The need for mobility also limits the size of these societies. They generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100. Statuses within the tribe are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The ties that bind the tribe are more complex than those of the bands. [[Leadership]] is personal—charismatic—and used for special purposes only in tribal society. There are no political offices containing real power, and a [[Tribal chief|chief]] is merely a person of influence, a sort of adviser; therefore, tribal consolidations for collective action are not governmental. The family forms the [[Portal:Main|main]] [[social unit]], with most members being related by birth or marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions, including [[Production, costs, and pricing|production]] and [[education]].

==== Pastoral ====
{{Main article|Pastoral society}}
[[Pastoralism]] is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from one pasture to another. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations. Since there are food surpluses, fewer people are needed to produce food. As a result, the division of labor (the specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities) becomes more complex. For example, some people become craftworkers, producing [[tools]], [[weapons]], and [[jewelry]], among other items of value. The production of goods encourages trade. This trade helps to create inequality, as some families acquire more goods than others do. These families often gain power through their increased [[wealth]]. The passing on of property from one generation to another helps to centralize wealth and power. Over time emerge hereditary chieftainships, the typical form of [[government]] in pastoral societies.

==== Horticultural ====
{{Main article|Horticulturalist society}}
Fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from the jungle or forest provide the [[Portal:Main|main]] source of food in a horticultural society. These societies have a level of [[technology]] and complexity similar to pastoral societies. Some horticultural groups use the slash-and-burn method to raise crops. The wild vegetation is cut and burned, and ashes are used as fertilizers. Horticulturists use human labor and simple tools to cultivate the land for one or more seasons. When the land becomes barren, horticulturists clear a new plot and leave the old plot to revert to its natural state. They may return to the original land several years later and begin the process again. By rotating their garden plots, horticulturists can stay in one area for a fairly long period of time. This allows them to build semipermanent or permanent villages. The size of a village's population depends on the amount of land available for farming; thus villages can range from as few as 30 people to as many as 2000.

As with pastoral societies, surplus food leads to a more complex division of labor. Specialized roles in horticultural societies include craftspeople, [[shamans]] (religious leaders), and traders. This role specialization allows people to create a wide variety of artifacts. As in pastoral societies, surplus food can lead to inequalities in wealth and power within horticultural political systems, developed because of the settled nature of horticultural life.

==== Agrarian ====
{{Main article|Agrarian society}}
[[File:Detail of Les tres riches heures - March.jpg|thumb|Ploughing with oxen in the 15th century]]
Agrarian societies use agricultural [[technological]] advances to cultivate crops over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase [[Neolithic Revolution|agricultural revolution]] to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals. Increases in food supplies then led to larger populations than in earlier communities. This meant a greater surplus, which resulted in towns that became centers of trade supporting various rulers, educators, craftspeople, merchants, and religious leaders who did not have to worry about locating nourishment.

Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agrarian societies. For example, women previously had higher social status because they shared labor more equally with men. In hunting and gathering societies, women even gathered more food than men. However, as food stores improved and women took on lesser roles in providing food for the family, they increasingly became subordinate to men. As villages and towns expanded into neighboring areas, conflicts with other communities inevitably occurred. Farmers provided warriors with food in [[Trade|exchange]] for protection against invasion by enemies. A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. In this way, the nobility managed to extract goods from "lesser" members of society.

[[File:Cleric-Knight-Workman.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|Cleric, knight and peasant; an example of feudal societies]]

==== Feudal ====
{{Main article|Feudal society}}
[[Feudalism]] was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner. The [[estates of the realm]] system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.

===Industrial===
{{main article|Industrial societies}}
Between the 15th and 16th centuries, a new economic system emerged that began to replace feudalism. [[Capitalism]] is marked by open competition in a free market, in which the means of production are privately owned. Europe's exploration of the Americas served as one impetus for the development of capitalism. The introduction of foreign metals, silks, and spices stimulated great commercial activity in European societies.

Industrial societies rely heavily on machines powered by fuels for the production of goods. This produced [[further]] dramatic increases in efficiency. The increased efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before. Now the surplus was not just agricultural goods, but also manufactured goods. This larger surplus caused all of the changes discussed earlier in the domestication revolution to become even more pronounced.

Once again, the population boomed. Increased productivity made more goods available to everyone. However, inequality became even greater than before. The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies caused many people to leave the land and seek employment in cities. This created a great surplus of labor and gave capitalists plenty of laborers who could be hired for extremely low wages.

===Post-industrial===
{{main article|Post-industrial society}}
{{see also|Information revolution}}
Post-industrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods. Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production. The United States is the first country to have over half of its workforce employed in service industries. Service industries include government, research, education, health, sales, law, and banking.

==Contemporary usage==
The term "society" is currently used to cover both a number of political and scientific connotations as well as a variety of associations.

===Western===
{{Main article|Western world}}
The development of the [[Western world]] has brought with it the emerging concepts of [[Western culture]], politics, and ideas, often referred to simply as "Western society". Geographically, it covers at the very least the countries of Western Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It sometimes also includes Eastern Europe, South America, and Israel.

The cultures and lifestyles of all of these stem from Western Europe. They all enjoy relatively strong economies and stable governments, allow freedom of religion, have chosen democracy as a form of governance, favor capitalism and international trade, are heavily influenced by [[Judeo-Christian values]], and have some form of political and military alliance or cooperation.<ref>[http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705 John P McKay, Bennett D Hill, John Buckler, Clare Haru Crowston and Merry E Wiesner-Hanks: ''Western Society: A Brief History''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101112339/http://www.palgrave.com/Products/title.aspx?pid=355705 |date=1 January 2011 }}</ref>

===Information===
[[File:ONU Geneva mainroom.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva]]
{{Main article|Information society}}
Although the concept of [[information society]] has been under discussion since the 1930s, in the modern world it is almost always applied to the manner in which information technologies have impacted society and culture. It, therefore, covers the effects of computers and telecommunications on the home, the workplace, schools, government, and various communities and organizations, as well as the emergence of new social forms in cyberspace.<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/ ''The Information Society''. Indiana University.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007160838/http://www.indiana.edu/~tisj/ |date=7 October 2009 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

One of the [[European Union]]'s areas of interest is the information society. Here policies are directed towards promoting an open and competitive [[digital economy]], research into [[information and communication technologies]], as well as their application to improve [[social inclusion]], [[public services]], and [[quality of life]].<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htm Information Society Policies at a Glance. From Europa.eu.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324134651/http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/tl/policy/index_en.htm |date=24 March 2010 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

The [[International Telecommunications Union]]'s [[World Summit on the Information Society]] in Geneva and Tunis (2003 and 2005) has led to a number of policy and application areas where action is envisaged.<ref>[http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.html WSIS Implementation by Action Line. From ITU.int.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326203825/http://www.itu.int/wsis/implementation/index.html |date=26 March 2012 }} Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

===Knowledge===
{{Main article|Knowledge society}}
[[File:Seoul-Cyworld control room.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The Seoul [[Cyworld]] control room]]
As the access to electronic information resources increased at the beginning of the 21st century, special attention was extended from the information society to the knowledge society. An analysis by the Irish government stated, "The capacity to manipulate, store and transmit large quantities of information cheaply has increased at a staggering rate over recent years. The digitisation of information and the associated pervasiveness of the Internet are facilitating a new intensity in the application of knowledge to economic activity, to the extent that it has become the predominant factor in the creation of wealth. As much as 70 to 80 percent of economic growth is now said to be due to new and better knowledge."<ref>[http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdf ''Building the Knowledge Society. Report to Government'', December 2002. Information Society Commission, Ireland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121152730/http://www.isc.ie/downloads/know.pdf |date=21 November 2007 }}. Retrieved 20 October 2009.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Civil society]]
* [[Club (organization)]]
* [[Consumer society]]
* [[Community]] ([[Outline of community|outline]])
* [[Culture]] ([[Outline of culture|outline]])
* [[Eusociality]]
* [[High society (group)]]
* [[Mass society]]
* [[Open society]]
* [[Outline of society]]
* [[Presociality]]
* [[Professional society]]
* [[Religion]] ([[Outline of religion|outline]])
* [[Scientific society]]
* [[Secret societies]]
* [[Sociobiology]]
* [[Social actions]]
* [[Social capital]]
* [[Social cohesion]]
* [[Societal collapse]]
* [[Social contract]]
* [[Social disintegration]]
* [[Social order]]
* [[Social solidarity]]
* [[Social structure]]
* [[Social system]]
* [[Social work]]
* [[Structure and agency]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Briggs9>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Briggs|2000|p=9}}</ref>
}}

==References==
*{{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Robert |last2=Richerson |first2=Peter J. |title=Culture and the evolution of human cooperation |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 November 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1533 |pages=3281–3288 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0134 |pmid=19805434 |pmc=2781880 }}
*{{cite web |last1=Bicchieri |first1=Cristina |last2=Muldoon |first2=Ryan |last3=Sontuoso |first3=Alessandro |title=Social Norms |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/social-norms/ |date=1 March 2011 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Clutton-Brock |first1=T. |last2=West |first2=S. |last3=Ratnieks |first3=F. |last4=Foley |first4=R. |title=The evolution of society |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 November 2009 |volume=364 |issue=1533 |pages=3127–3133 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0207 |pmid=19805421 |pmc=2781882 }}
*{{cite book |first1=R.J. |last1=Rummel |year=1976 |chapter=The State, Political System and Society |title=Understanding Conflict and War, Vol. 2: The Conflict Helix |chapter-url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/TCH.CHAP31.HTM }}
*{{cite web |first1=Theo Spanos |last1=Dunfey |date=29 May 2019 |title=What is Social Change and Why Should We Care? |url=https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/2017/11/what-is-social-change. |website=Southern New Hampshire University }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Effland, R. 1998. [http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/glues/model_complex.html ''The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations''] Mesa Community College.
* {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Foundations of Sociology|location=London|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-0-333-96050-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenski|first=Gerhard E.|year=1974|title=Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc|isbn=978-0-07-037172-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/humansocietiesin00lens}}
* Raymond Williams, ''Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society''. Fontana, 1976.
* [[Althusser, Louis]] and [[Balibar, Étienne]]. ''Reading Capital''. London: Verso, 2009.
* [[Tom Bottomore|Bottomore, Tom]] (ed). ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought'', 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1991. 45–48.
* [[Craig Calhoun|Calhoun, Craig]] (ed), ''Dictionary of the Social Sciences'' Oxford University Press (2002)
* [[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Hall, Stuart]]. "Rethinking the Base and Superstructure Metaphor". ''Papers on Class, Hegemony and Party''. Bloomfield, J., ed. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1977.
* [[Chris Harman]]. "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/harman/1986/xx/base-super.html Base and Superstructure]". ''International Socialism'' 2:32, Summer 1986, pp. 3–44.
* [[David Harvey (geographer)|Harvey, David]]. ''A Companion to Marx's Capital''. London: Verso, 2010.
* Larrain, Jorge. ''Marxism and Ideology''. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1983.
* [[György Lukács|Lukács, Georg]]. ''History and Class Consciousness''. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1972.
* [[Postone, Moishe]]. ''Time, Labour, and Social Domination: A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory''. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
* [[Raymond Williams|Williams, Raymond]]. ''Marxism and [[Literature]]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.
* {{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Asa|title=The Age of Improvement|year=2000|edition=2nd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36959-7}}
{{refend}}

Kissing

2023-04-08T17:43:37Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add deletion proposal, add to category Terms

{{stub}}
{{delete|Irrelevant term}}
==Kissing==
Kissing is just one behavior in wide array of human courtship behaviors. Many zoos report kissing animals on the mouth and sometimes even French kissing (also known as open-mouthed kissing).
==References==
http://beastiality.club/beastiality-club-extreme-animal-sex-content/the-encyclopedia-of-zoophilia/

[[Category:Terms]]

Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan

2023-04-08T17:42:57Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added to categories People, History, and Internet

'''Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan''' (born 1960) was an Engineer, who worked for American Boeing living in Gig Harbor, King County, Washington, United States.

==Death==
During a July 2005 sex act, videotaped by a friend, he suffered a perforated colon from [[receptive]] anal intercourse from a stallion and later died of his injuries. The story was reported in The Seattle Times and was one of that paper's most-read stories of 2005. It was informally referred to as the [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]. The video footage was later disseminated through the Internet.

==Notable Events==
A documentary of the life and death of Pinyan, and the life led by those who came to the farm near Enumclaw, debuted at the Sundance Film Festival 2007 under the title Zoo. It was one of 16 winners out of 856 candidates for the festival and played at numerous regional festivals in the United States thereafter. Following Sundance, it was also selected as one of the top five American films to be presented at the prestigious Directors Fortnight [[Module:Sidebar|sidebar]] at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

The media outlets that reported the story withheld Pinyan's name. His name was revealed on national radio by talk show host Tom Leykis in the summer of 2005.
==See also==
* [[Enumclaw horse sex case]]
* [[Wikipedia:Human sexuality|Human sexuality]]
* [[Zoophilia]]

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Internet]]

T43qrERTYT6R5E434RTYUR5E434RTYUYTREDRF

2023-04-08T17:42:11Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix external link

{{Furry}}
{{Stub}}
Alders Den was an adult toy company.

==Description==
[[File:Aldersden.gif|thumb|240px|AldersDen's Logo]]
Let me know if there is anything you would like, I build on demand.

I create custom adult toys. I do it all by hand, to make a more natural-looking piece.
And though I am still new to the crafting work, I certainly am getting better all the time. I do all of my work by order. That is for both building the piece you want, Or making a silicone version of one that already exists. Check out my gallery to see what I have a brewing ^_^ and feel free to message me for any reason. I'm always free to talk.

==References==
* [https://www.furaffinity.net/user/aldersden/ Furaffinity Page for Aldersden ]

Fever Q

2023-04-08T17:41:14Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added to category Health, added Improted template

{{Imported}}
{{short description|Disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Q fever
| synonyms = Query fever, coxiellosis<ref name=CDC2020 /><ref name=NORD />
| image = Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis.jpg
| caption = Immunohistochemical detection of ''C. burnetii'' in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis, Cayenne, French Guiana: [[Monoclonal antibodies]] against ''C. burnetii'' and hematoxylin were used for staining; original magnification is ×50.
| pronounce =
| field =
| symptoms =
| complications =
| onset =
| duration =
| types = acute, chronic<ref name=CDC2020 />
| causes =
| risks = Contact with livestock, male gender<ref name=NORD>{{Cite book|last=Disorders|first=National Organization for Rare|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99YPDvFWBB0C&pg=PA293|title=NORD Guide to Rare Disorders|chapter=Q Fever|page=293|date=2003|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-3063-1|language=en}}</ref>
| diagnosis =
| differential = [[pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[brucellosis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[meningitis]], [[viral hepatitis]], [[dengue fever]], [[malaria]], other rickettsial infections<ref name=NORD />
| prevention =
| treatment =
| medication =
| prognosis =
| frequency =
| deaths =
}}
'''Q fever''' or '''query fever''' is a disease caused by infection with ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'',<ref name="CDC2020">{{Cite web|title=Epidemiology and Statistics {{!}} Q Fever {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/stats/index.html|date=2019-09-16|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name="pmid16547017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beare PA, Samuel JE, Howe D, Virtaneva K, Porcella SF, Heinzen RA |title=Genetic diversity of the Q Fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, assessed by microarray-based whole-genome comparisons |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=188 |issue=7 |pages=2309–2324 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16547017 |pmc=1428397 |doi=10.1128/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7515/q-fever|title=Q fever {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> a [[bacterium]] that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, and other [[domestic mammal]]s, including [[cat]]s and [[dog]]s. The infection results from [[inhalation]] of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the [[milk]], [[urine]], [[feces]], [[vaginal mucus]], or [[semen]] of infected animals. Rarely, the disease is [[tick]]-borne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/|title=Q Fever {{!}} CDC|date=2017-12-27|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> The [[incubation period]] is 9–40 days. Humans are vulnerable to Q fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms.<ref name=":0" /> The bacterium is an [[Intracellular parasites#Obligate|obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite]].

== Signs and symptoms ==
Incubation period is usually two to three weeks.<ref name="Brunette-2011-p270" /> The most common manifestation is [[flu-like symptoms]] with abrupt onset of [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[diaphoresis|profuse perspiration]], severe [[headache]], [[myalgia|muscle pain]], [[Arthralgia|joint pain]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], upper respiratory problems, dry cough, [[Pleurisy|pleuritic pain]], chills, [[mental confusion|confusion]], and gastrointestinal [[symptoms]], such as [[nausea]], vomiting, and [[diarrhea]]. About half of infected individuals exhibit no symptoms.<ref name="Brunette-2011-p270">{{cite book|chapter=Q Fever|editor1=Brunette, Gary W.|title=CDC Health Information for International Travel: The Yellow Book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976901-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cdchealthinforma0000unse/page/270 270]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vCQpr1WTS8C&pg=PA270|author1=Anderson, Alicia|author2=McQuiston, Jennifer|display-editors=etal|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cdchealthinforma0000unse/page/270}}</ref>

During its course, the disease can progress to an [[atypical pneumonia]], which can result in a life-threatening [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], whereby such symptoms usually occur during the first four to five days of infection.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Less often, Q fever causes (granulomatous) [[hepatitis]], which may be asymptomatic or becomes symptomatic with malaise, fever, [[Hepatomegaly|liver enlargement]], and pain in the right upper quadrant of the [[abdomen]]. Whereas [[elevated transaminases|transaminase values]] are often elevated, [[jaundice]] is uncommon. Retinal [[vasculitis]] is a rare manifestation of Q fever.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuhne |first1=F |last2=Morlat |first2=P |last3=Riss |first3=I |last4=Dominguez |first4=M |last5=Hostyn |first5=P |last6=Carniel |first6=N |last7=Paix |first7=MA |last8=Aubertin |first8=J |last9=Raoult |first9=D |last10=Le Rebeller |first10=MJ |title=La vascularite A29, B12, est-elle déclenchée par l'agent de la fièvre Q? (Coxiella burnetii) |trans-title=Is A29, B12 vasculitis caused by the Q fever agent? (Coxiella burnetii) |language=fr |journal=Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie |date=1992 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=315–321 |pmid=1430809 |oclc=116712679 }}</ref>

The chronic form of Q fever is virtually identical to [[endocarditis]] (i.e. [[inflammation]] of the inner lining of the heart),<ref name="pmid16757641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karakousis PC, Trucksis M, Dumler JS |title=Chronic Q Fever in the United States |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=2283–7 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16757641 |pmc=1489455 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02365-05 }}</ref> which can occur months or decades following the infection. It is usually fatal if untreated. However, with appropriate treatment, the mortality falls to around 10%.{{cn|date=May 2021}}

== Diagnosis ==
[[File:Q fever management algorithm.gif|thumbnail|left|Q fever management algorithm from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]]]
Diagnosis is usually based on [[serology]]<ref name="pmid10515901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurin M, Raoult D |title=Q fever |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=518–53 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10515901 |pmc=88923 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.12.4.518}}</ref><ref name="pmid12491231">{{cite journal |author=Scola BL |title=Current laboratory diagnosis of Q Fever |journal=Semin Pediatr Infect Dis |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=257–262 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12491231 |doi=10.1053/spid.2002.127199 }}</ref> (looking for an [[antibody]] response) rather than looking for the organism itself. Serology allows the detection of chronic infection by the appearance of high levels of the antibody against the virulent form of the bacterium. Molecular detection of bacterial DNA is increasingly used. Culture is technically difficult and not routinely available in most microbiology laboratories.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Q fever can cause endocarditis (infection of the heart valves) which may require [[Echocardiography#Transesophageal echocardiogram|transoesophageal echocardiography]] to diagnose. Q fever hepatitis manifests as an elevation of [[alanine transaminase]] and [[aspartate transaminase]], but a definitive diagnosis is only possible on [[liver biopsy]], which shows the characteristic [[fibrin ring granuloma]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Patient with fever and diarrea |vauthors=van de Veerdonk FL, Schneeberger PM | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=42 | pages=1051–2 | doi=10.1086/501027 | issue=7 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Prevention ==
Protection is offered by Q-Vax, a whole-cell, inactivated [[vaccine]] developed by an Australian vaccine manufacturing company, [[CSL Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csl.com.au/docs/39/836/Q-Vax_PI_V4_TGA-Approved-17%20January%202014.pdf|title=Q fever Vaccine|publisher=CSL|date=17 January 2014|access-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080855/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/39/836/Q-Vax_PI_V4_TGA-Approved-17%20January%202014.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The intradermal vaccination is composed of killed ''C. burnetii'' organisms. Skin and blood tests should be done before vaccination to identify pre-existing immunity, because vaccinating people who already have an immunity can result in a severe local reaction. After a single dose of vaccine, protective immunity lasts for many years. Revaccination is not generally required. Annual screening is typically recommended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdp.ucsf.edu/fileUpload/UCSF_CDP_Q_Fever_Surveillance_Policy_Q_Neg_Wethers.pdf |title=USCF communicable disease prevention program animal exposure surveillance program |access-date=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701075855/http://cdp.ucsf.edu/fileUpload/UCSF_CDP_Q_Fever_Surveillance_Policy_Q_Neg_Wethers.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-01 }}</ref>

In 2001, Australia introduced a national Q fever vaccination program for people working in “at risk” occupations. Vaccinated or previously exposed people may have their status recorded on the Australian Q Fever Register,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qfever.org|title=Australian Q Fever Register|publisher=AusVet|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> which may be a condition of employment in the meat processing industry or in [[University of Melbourne Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences|veterinary research]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mckenzie|first=Bex|date=2019-11-20|title=Q-Fever Vaccinations|url=https://fvas.unimelb.edu.au/students/admin/q-fever|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences|language=en}}</ref> An earlier killed vaccine had been developed in the Soviet Union, but its side effects prevented its licensing abroad.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Preliminary results suggest vaccination of animals may be a method of control. Published trials proved that use of a registered phase vaccine (Coxevac) on infected farms is a tool of major interest to manage or prevent early or late abortion, repeat breeding, [[anoestrus]], silent oestrus, [[metritis]], and decreases in milk yield when ''C. burnetii'' is the major cause of these problems.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Camuset|first1=P|last2=Remmy|first2=D|title=Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Eradication in a Dairy Herd by Using Vaccination with a Phase 1 Vaccine|publisher=XXV World Buiatrics Congress|year=2008|location=Budapest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=21392427|year=2011|last1=Hogerwerf|first1=L|last2=Van Den Brom|first2=R|last3=Roest|first3=HI|last4=Bouma|first4=A|last5=Vellema|first5=P|last6=Pieterse|first6=M|last7=Dercksen|first7=D|last8=Nielen|first8=M|title=Reduction of Coxiella burnetii prevalence by vaccination of goats and sheep, the Netherlands| volume=17| issue=3| pages=379–386|doi=10.3201/eid1703.101157|pmc=3166012|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases}}</ref>

== Treatment ==
Treatment of acute Q fever with [[antibiotic]]s is very effective{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} and should be given in consultation with an [[infectious disease]]s specialist.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Commonly used antibiotics include [[doxycycline]], [[tetracycline]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[ofloxacin]], and [[hydroxychloroquine]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}Chronic Q fever is more difficult to treat and can require up to four years of treatment with doxycycline and [[Quinolone antibiotic|quinolones]] or doxycycline with hydroxychloroquine.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}Q fever in pregnancy is especially difficult to treat because doxycycline and ciprofloxacin are contraindicated in pregnancy. The preferred treatment is five weeks of [[co-trimoxazole]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Clin Infect Dis|year=2007|volume=45|pages=548–555|title=Managing Q fever during pregnancy: The benefits of long-term Cotrimoxazole therapy|vauthors=Carcopino X, Raoult D, Bretelle F, Boubli L, Stein A | doi = 10.1086/520661|pmid=17682987|issue=5|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
[[Image:Coxiella burnetii 01.JPG|thumb|right|''C. burnetii'', the Q fever-causing agent]]

The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand.<ref name="pmid17147957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cutler SJ, Bouzid M, Cutler RR |title=Q fever |journal=J. Infect. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17147957 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2006.10.048 }}</ref> The bacterium is extremely sustainable and virulent: a single organism is able to cause an infection. The common source of infection is inhalation of contaminated dust, contact with contaminated milk, meat, or wool, and particularly birthing products. [[Ticks]] can transfer the pathogenic agent to other animals. Transfer between humans seems extremely rare and has so far been described in very few cases.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Some studies have shown more men to be affected than women,<ref name="pmid10589906">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domingo P, Muñoz C, Franquet T, Gurguí M, Sancho F, Vazquez G |title=Acute Q fever in adult patients: report on 63 sporadic cases in an urban area |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=874–9 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10589906 |doi=10.1086/520452}}</ref><ref name="pmid3301708">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dupuis G, Petite J, Péter O, Vouilloz M |title=An important outbreak of human Q fever in a Swiss Alpine valley |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=282–7 |date=June 1987 |pmid=3301708 |doi= 10.1093/ije/16.2.282}}</ref> which may be attributed to different employment rates in typical professions.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

“At risk” occupations include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000611.htm|title=Q fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
* [[Veterinary]] personnel
* [[Feedlot|Stockyard]] workers
* [[Farmer]]s
* [[Sheep shearer]]s
* Animal transporters
* Laboratory workers handling potentially infected veterinary samples or visiting [[abattoir]]s
* People who cull and process [[kangaroos]]
* Hide ([[Tanning (leather)|tannery]]) workers

== History ==
[[Image:Pneumonia x-ray.jpg|right|thumb|''Image A'': A normal [[chest X-ray]] ''Image B'': Q fever pneumonia]]
Q fever was first described in 1935 by [[Edward Holbrook Derrick]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derrick |first1=E. H. |title='Q' Fever a new fever entity: clinical features. diagnosis, and laboratory investigation |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |date=August 1937 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=281–299 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x }}</ref> in [[slaughterhouse]] workers in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]. The "Q" stands for "query" and was applied at a time when the causative agent was unknown; it was chosen over suggestions of abattoir fever and Queensland rickettsial fever, to avoid directing negative connotations at either the cattle industry or the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite book | author = Joseph E. McDade | chapter = Historical aspects of Q Fever | title = Q Fever, Volume I: The Disease | editor = Thomas J. Marrie | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-8493-5984-2 | page = 8}}</ref>

The [[pathogen]] of Q fever was discovered in 1937, when [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] and Mavis Freeman isolated the bacterium from one of Derrick's patients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burnet |first1=F. M. |last2=Freeman |first2=M. |title=Experimental Studies on the Virus of 'Q' Fever |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 July 1983 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=800–808 |doi=10.1093/clinids/5.4.800 |pmid=6194551 }}</ref> It was originally identified as a species of ''[[Rickettsia]]''. [[H.R. Cox]] and [[Gordon Davis (scientist)|Gordon Davis]] elucidated the transmission when they isolated it from [[tick]]s found in the US state of [[Montana]] in 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Gordon E. |last2=Cox |first2=Herald R. |last3=Parker |first3=R. R. |last4=Dyer |first4=R. E. |title=A Filter-Passing Infectious Agent Isolated from Ticks |journal=Public Health Reports |date=1938 |volume=53 |issue=52 |pages=2259 |doi=10.2307/4582746 |jstor=4582746 }}</ref> It is a [[zoonotic]] disease whose most common animal reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats. ''Coxiella burnetii'' – named for Cox and Burnet – is no longer regarded as closely related to the [[Rickettsiae]], but as similar to ''[[Legionella]]'' and ''[[Francisella]]'', and is a [[proteobacteria|proteobacterium]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Society and culture ==
An early mention of Q fever was important in one of the early [[Dr. Kildare]] films (1939, ''[[Calling Dr. Kildare]]''). Kildare's mentor Dr. Gillespie ([[Lionel Barrymore]]) tires of his protégé working fruitlessly on "exotic diagnoses" ("I think it's Q fever!") and sends him to work in a neighborhood clinic, instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/MM/1939/CallingDrKildare.html|title=''Calling Dr. Kildare''|publisher=Movie Mirrors Index|access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalisch |first1=Philip A |last2=Kalisch |first2=Beatrice J |title=When Americans called for Dr. Kildare: images of physicians and nurses in the Dr. Kildare and Dr. Gillespie movies, 1937-1947 |journal=Medical Heritage |date=September 1985 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=348–363 |pmid=11616027 |url=http://www.truthaboutnursing.org/images/kalisch/when_americans_called_dr_kildare.pdf }}</ref>

Q fever was also highlighted in an episode of the U.S. television medical drama ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' ("[[The Dig (House)|The Dig]]", season seven, episode 18).{{cn|date=June 2021}}

=== Biological warfare ===
''C  burnetii'' has been developed as a [[biological agent|biological weapon]].<ref name="pmid14592601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madariaga MG, Rezai K, Trenholme GM, Weinstein RA |title=Q Fever: A biological weapon in your backyard |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=709–21 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14592601 |doi= 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00804-1}}</ref>

The United States investigated it as a potential biological warfare agent in the 1950s, with eventual standardization as agent OU. At Fort Detrick and Dugway Proving Ground, human trials were conducted on [[Operation Whitecoat|Whitecoat volunteers]] to determine the median infective dose (18 MICLD50/person i.h.) and course of infection. The [[Deseret Test Center]] dispensed biological Agent OU with ships and aircraft, during [[Project 112]] and [[Project SHAD]].<ref name="Shady">[http://mcm.fhpr.osd.mil/Librries/CBexposuresDocs/shady_grove_revised.sflb.ashx Deseret Test Center, Project SHAD, Shady Grove revised fact sheet]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As a standardized biological, it was manufactured in large quantities at [[Pine Bluff Arsenal]], with 5,098 gallons in the arsenal in bulk at the time of demilitarization in 1970.

''C. burnetii'' is currently ranked as a "[[Bioterrorism#Types of agents|category B]]" [[bioterrorism]] agent by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]].<ref name="pmid12704232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Seshadri R, Paulsen IT, Eisen JA, etal |title=Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=9 |pages=5455–60 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12704232 |pmc=154366 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0931379100 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.5455S }}</ref> It can be contagious, and is very stable in aerosols in a wide range of temperatures. Q fever microorganisms may survive on surfaces up to 60 days. It is considered a good agent in part because its ID50 (number of bacilli needed to infect 50% of individuals) is considered to be one, making it the lowest known.{{Dubious|date=July 2020|reason=The CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/transmission/index.html) states that in some cases, fewer than ten bacteria are enough to cause an infection. There is no source here backing up the claim that one is enough 50% of the time.}}

==Other animals==
Cattle, goats, and sheep are most commonly infected, and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria. Q fever is a well-recognized cause of abortions in [[ruminant]]s and pets. ''C. burnetii'' infection in dairy cattle has been well documented and its association with reproductive problems in these animals has been reported in Canada, the US, Cyprus, France, Hungary, Japan, Switzerland, and Germany.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=To |first1=Ho |last2=Sakai |first2=Ritsuko |last3=Shirota |first3=Kazutoshi |last4=Kano |first4=Chiaki |last5=Abe |first5=Satomi |last6=Sugimoto |first6=Tomoaki |last7=Takehara |first7=Kazuaki |last8=Morita |first8=Chiharu |last9=Takashima |first9=Ikuo |last10=Maruyama |first10=Tsutomu |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=Tsuyoshi |last12=Fukushi |first12=Hideto |last13=Hirai |first13=Katsuya |title=Coxiellosis in domestic and wild birds from Japan |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=April 1998 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.310 |pmid=9577778 |s2cid=36217068 }}</ref> For instance, in a study published in 2008,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Czaplicki |first1=Guy |last2=Houtain |first2=Jean-Yves |last3=Mullender |first3=Cédric |last4=Porter |first4=Sarah Rebecca |last5=Humblet |first5=Marie-France |last6=Manteca |first6=Christophe |last7=Saegerman |first7=Claude |title=Apparent prevalence of antibodies to ''Coxiella burnetii'' (Q fever) in bulk tank milk from dairy herds in southern Belgium |journal=The Veterinary Journal |date=June 2012 |volume=192 |issue=3 |pages=529–531 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.033 |pmid=21962829 |hdl=2268/103290 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> a significant association has been shown between the seropositivity of herds and the appearance of typical clinical signs of Q fever, such as abortion, stillbirth, weak calves, and repeat breeding. Moreover, experimental inoculation of ''C. burnetii'' in cattle induced not only respiratory disorders and cardiac failures ([[myocarditis]]), but also frequent abortions and irregular repeat breedings.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M |last1=Plommet |first2=M |last2=Capponi |first3=J |last3=Gestin |first4=G |last4=Renoux |title=Fièvre Q expérimentale des bovins |trans-title=Experimental Q fever in cattle |language=fr |journal=Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires |year=1973 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=325–346 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900769 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Health]]

Q fever

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#REDIRECT [[Fever Q]]

Heterosexism

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{{Imported}}
{{Short description|System of bias and prejudice in favor of female–male sexuality}}
{{LGBT sidebar}}
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Heterosexism''' is a system of [[Attitude (psychology)|attitudes]], [[bias]], and [[discrimination]] in favor of female–male [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and relationships.<ref name="JungSmith">{{cite book|last=Jung|first=Patricia Beattie|author2=Smith, Ralph F.|title=Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1696-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/heterosexismethi0000jung}}</ref> It can include the presumption that other people are [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] or that female–male attractions and relationships are the only [[Norm (social)|norm]]<ref name="Cramer2014">{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Cramer|title=Addressing Homophobia and Heterosexism on College Campuses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqAAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=5 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-82328-5|page=2 |quote=The definition for heterosexism that I used for authors in the collection is: The expectation that all persons should be or are heterosexual. The belief that heterosexual relations are normal and the norm. These expectations and beliefs occur on individual, institutional, and cultural levels. ...}}</ref> and therefore superior.

Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism|title=Yahoo|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[internalized homophobia|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc |title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism |author=Kira Weidner |access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s, [[zoosexual]]s, and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].

== Background ==
While the ''[[Webster's Dictionary|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' notes the first use of the term heterosexism as having occurred in 1972, the term was first published in 1971 by [[gay rights activist]], [[Craig Rodwell]].<ref>Rodwell, Craig. ' 'The Tarnished Golden Rule' ' pg. 5, QQ Magazine, Queen's Quarterly Publishing, New York. (January/February 1971 issue, Vol. 3, No. 1) Retrieved July 21, 2011.</ref>

===Etymology and usage===
Similar terms include "heterocentrism" and "heterosexualism".<ref>Corsini, Raymond J. (1992). ''The Dictionary of Psychology''. {{ISBN|1-58391-328-9}}.</ref> Although the well-established term ''heterosexism'' is often explained as a [[Neologism|coinage]] modeled on ''[[sexism]]'', the derivation of its meaning points more to (1.) ''heterosex(ual)'' + ''-ism'' than (2.) ''hetero-'' + ''sexism''. In fact, the word ''heterosexualism'' has been used as an equivalent to sexism and racism.<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu"/>

Given this lack of [[Transparency (linguistic)#Descriptive|semantic transparency]], researchers, outreach workers, [[critical theorists]] and [[LGBT]] activists have proposed and use terms such as ''institutionalized homophobia'', ''state(-sponsored) homophobia'',<ref>International Lesbian and Gay Association. [http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp?LanguageID=1&FileID=1058&FileCategory=10&ZoneID=7 "State-sponsored Homophobia"]</ref> ''sexual prejudice'', ''anti-gay [[bigotry]]'', ''[[straight privilege]]'', ''[[La pensée straight|The Straight Mind]]'' (a collection of essays by French writer [[Monique Wittig]]), ''heterosexual bias'', ''[[compulsory heterosexuality]]''<ref>LGBTQ on-line encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer culture</ref> or the much lesser known terms ''heterocentrism'', ''[[homonegativity]]'', and from [[gender theory]] and [[queer theory]], ''[[heteronormativity]]''. However, not all of these descriptors are synonymous to ''heterosexism''.

===Contrast to homophobia===

''[[Homophobia]]'', a form of heterosexism, refers both to "unreasoning fear of or [[antipathy]] towards homosexuals and homosexuality"<ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophobia|title=Dictionary.com|access-date=2008-01-29|year=2008|publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> and to "behavior based on such a feeling".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia |title=homophobia – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education |publisher=Education.yahoo.com |access-date=2014-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061410/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia |archive-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ''Heterosexism'', however, more broadly denotes the "system of ideological thought that makes heterosexuality the sole norm to follow for sexual practices".<ref name="granddictionnaire.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8373795#eng |title=Accueil |publisher=Granddictionnaire.com |date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> As a bias favoring heterosexuals and heterosexuality, heterosexism has been described as being "encoded into and characteristic of the major social, cultural, and economic institutions of our [[society]]"<ref>Dines, Gail (2002). ''Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader''. {{ISBN|0-7619-2261-X}}.</ref> and stems from the [[essentialist]] cultural notion that [[maleness]]-[[masculinity]] and femaleness-[[femininity]] are complementary.

Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web |url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html |author= Gregory M. Herek
|title=Definitions: Sexual Prejudice, Homophobia, and Heterosexism |publisher=Psychology.ucdavis.edu |access-date=2014-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229154227/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/prej_defn.html |archive-date=2013-12-29 }}</ref> Furthermore, in interviews with perpetrators of [[anti-gay violence]], [[forensic psychology|forensic psychologist]] Karen Franklin points out that "heterosexism is not just a personal [[value system]], [rather] it is a tool in the maintenance of [[gender]] dichotomy."<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, Karen (1998). "Inside the Minds of People Who Hate Gays" Retrieved May 29, 2008: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html</ref> She continues by saying that "assaults on homosexuals and other individuals who deviate from [[Gender role|sex role]] norms are viewed as a learned form of [[social control]] of deviance rather than a defensive response to personal threat."<ref name="Franklin"/>

===Parallels and intersections===
{{Rquote|right|Using the term heterosexism highlights the parallels between antigay sentiment and other forms of prejudice, such as [[racism]], [[antisemitism]], and [[sexism]]. |[[Gregory M. Herek]], researcher, author, and professor of psychology at [[University of California at Davis|UC Davis]].<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu"/>}}

It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of [[racism]] in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society. For example, borrowing from the racial concept of [[white privilege]], the concept of [[heterosexual privilege]]<ref name="genderknot149">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Allan J.|title=The Gender Knot|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997|page=149|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> has been applied to benefits of (presumed) heterosexuality within society that heterosexuals take for granted. The analogy is that just as racism against non-white people places white people as superior to [[Person of color|people of color]], heterosexism places heterosexual people or relationships as superior to [[non-heterosexual]] ones. In trying to rebut this premise, some commentators point to differences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.bet.com/news/youthvote/4-reasons-why-gay-is-not-the-new-black/4|title=Celebrities|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> between the categories of race and sexual orientation, claiming they are too complex to support any generalizations. For example, "[[Diversity training|trainer on diversity]]" and consultant Jamie Washington has commented, although heterosexism and racism are "woven from the same fabric" they are "not the same thing".<ref>[http://susquehanna.edu/crusader/article.cfm?IssueID=59&SectionID=1&ArticleID=2573 Issues of race and sexuality discussed, Susquehanna Crusader Online, accessed Aug 29, 2009 ]</ref> Some American Conservative leaders such as Rev. Irene Monroe comment that those who suggest or state "gay is the new black", as in a cover story of ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid65744.asp Gay is the New Black, accessed Aug 30, 2009]</ref> exploit [[black people]]'s suffering and experiences to legitimize their own.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ |title=Gay is NOT the new Black, accessed Aug 29, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302232756/http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ |archive-date=March 2, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, a study presented at the [[British Psychological Society]]'s Division of Occupational Psychology 2009 Conference shows that heterosexist prejudice is more pervasive than racism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm |title=Prejudice study finds gay is the new black, accessed Sept 3, 2009 |access-date=2009-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035152/http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm |archive-date=2009-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Heterosexism can also [[Intersectionality|intersect]] with racism by [[further]] emphasizing differences among arbitrary groups of people.<ref name="tatum22">{{cite book|last=Tatum|first=Beverly|title=Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?|publisher=Basic Books|year=1997|pages=21–22}}</ref> For example, heterosexism can compound the effects of racism by:
* promoting injustices towards a person already facing injustices because of their race
* establishing [[social hierarchies]] that allow one group more privilege than other groups.

Likewise, racism can allow LGBT people to be subjected to additional discrimination or violence if they belong to or are considered a part of a socially devalued racial category.<ref>(2008) Heterosexism and Homophobia. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2, 1–4. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.</ref> Some of the privileges afforded to people falling into the categories of white people and (perceived) heterosexuals include, but are not limited to, social acceptance, prestige, freedom from negative [[stereotypes]], and the comfort of being within the [[social norm]] and thereby not being [[marginalized]] or viewed as different.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simoni |first1=Jane M. |last2=Walters |first2=Karina L. |title=Heterosexual Identity and Heterosexism: Recognizing Privilege to Reduce Prejudice |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=2001 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=157–172 |doi=10.1300/J082v41n01_06}}</ref>

== As a set of beliefs and attitudes ==
{{See also|Religion and homosexuality|Homosexuality and psychology|Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine|Social attitudes toward homosexuality}}

=== Individual and group level ===
[[File:Save Our Children From Homosexuality Brochure.jpg|thumb|upright|Brochure used by [[Save Our Children]] in 1977]]
Heterosexism as a set of beliefs and attitudes relies on a core [[wikt:tenet|tenet]] according to which [[heteronormativity|homosexuality and bisexuality do not normally exist]] and, as such, constitute [[mental disorder|mental illnesses]] or [[deviance (sociology)|deviant behaviors]].<ref name="genderknot17">{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Allan J.|title=The Gender Knot|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|year=1997|page=17|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> Within a heterosexist ideology or [[mindset]], the concept of [[sexual orientation]] is rejected or deemed irrelevant. A set of more nuanced heterosexist views, which some may consider faith, [[dogma]], [[Moral absolutism|universal truths]], natural law, [[Appeal to authority|appeals to authority]], or popular beliefs, but others consider to be [[conventional wisdom]] or [[sociobiology|sociobiological]] knowledge can include, among others, the following:

* Non-heterosexual people should keep their sexual orientations private (i.e., they should remain "[[closeted]]").<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 15
* The attitude that gay men are not [[machismo|"real" men]] or lesbians are not "real" women because of the socially pervasive view that heterosexual attractions or activities are the "norm" and therefore superior.<ref name="genderknot149" />
* "God created [[Adam and Eve]], not [[Adam and Steve]] (or Madame and Eve)" and similar essentialist cultural notions that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary;
* Homosexuality being wrong, ungodly, and against nature, it is therefore a [[sin]], [[evil]] or subhuman.<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 18
* The idea that (in the words of [[Anita Bryant]] during her [[Save Our Children]] campaign): "homosexuals cannot biologically reproduce children; therefore, they must [[Homosexual recruitment|recruit]] our children."
* Because of their lifestyle, homosexuals do not have families with children, so they undermine the survival of the human race ([[natalism]]).
* Homosexuality is an affectional or [[mental disorder]] or simply a social ill, therefore, it can be cured or stamped out. If it is not eradicated, it will lead to [[Social solidarity|social disintegration]] and [[societal collapse]].
* Homosexuals can be [[conversion therapy|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /> p. 109

In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your [[sexuality]]?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

===Institutional level===
As well as comprising attitudes held by an individual or a social group, heterosexism can also exist as the expression of attitudes within an institution. As a result, schools, hospitals, and correctional facilities can act as a showcase for heterosexist attitudes in various ways. First, schools may implement these attitudes and ideas through unequal and inconsistent disciplinary actions. One such example is meting out harsher punishment to a same-sex couple violating the school ground rules while allowing a heterosexual couple to pass with a more lenient disciplinary action for an equal or identical violation. Also, hospitals may limit patient visiting only to immediate family, i.e., relatives, and exclude same-sex partners.<ref>Heterosexism and Homophobia. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, 2, 1–4. Retrieved March 31, 2008 from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.</ref>

Heterosexism affects the family in several ways. For example, in many countries around the world, same-sex marriage is not allowed, so non-heterosexual persons must remain unmarried or enter into heterosexual marriage.<ref name="TFDASJ" /> Many countries also deny rights and benefits to same-sex couples, including custodial and adoption rights for children, Social Security benefits, and automatic durable power of attorney and hospital spousal rights.<ref name="TFDASJ">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurianne |author2=Bell, Lee Anne |author3=Griffin, Pat|title=Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|edition=2|chapter=Appendix 9H|isbn=0-415-95200-X }}</ref>

== Research and measurements ==

===Measurements===

Psychologists have aimed to measure heterosexism using various methods. One particular method involves the use of a [[Likert scale]]. However, since heterosexism is perceived as something that is unseen it is difficult to determine if someone is heterosexist based on a [[Self-report study|self-report method.]] Researchers, thus, have constructed implicit measurements of heterosexism. An example of this would be an [[Implicit Association Test]]. A popular implicit association test measuring heterosexism that is open to the public is a virtual laboratory called [https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Project Implicit].

One limitation present in research on heterosexism is that there often is not a distinction between homophobia and heterosexism. Individuals are more likely to be aware of homophobic tendencies rather than heterosexist views; thus, researchers often measure homophobia instead of heterosexism.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herek |first1=Gregory M. |title=The Psychology of Sexual Prejudice |journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science |date=2000 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00051}}</ref>

===Research===

Research on heterosexism has focused on variables that may affect views of heterosexism. For instance, in a study by psychologist, [[Gregory M. Herek]], it was found that there was a gender difference between heterosexual attitudes toward lesbians and gay men.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988">{{cite journal |last1=Herek |first1=Gregory M. |title=Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences |journal=Journal of Sex Research |date=1988 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=451–477 |doi=10.1080/00224498809551476}}</ref> Specifically, the study reveals that heterosexual individuals all seem to have some heterosexist tendency, however, heterosexual males have a greater tendency than heterosexual females to exhibit negative attitudes towards non-heterosexual individuals (this includes gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals). Another notable finding of Herek's study was that heterosexual males showed a greater tendency to demonstrate hostility towards gay men rather than lesbians.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988"/> Other factors that Herek acknowledges to contribute to heterosexism include individual differences, religiosity, conforming to social norms, [[right-wing authoritarianism]], customs and beliefs regarding cultural tradition, and personal experience with non-heterosexual individuals.<ref name="Herek, G. M. 1988"/> Research has also recognized the effects of level of education on views of heterosexism.<ref name="Wright L. W. 1999">{{cite journal |last1=Wright Jr. |first1=Lester W. |last2=Adams |first2=Henry E. |last3=Bernat |first3=Jeffery |title=Development and Validation of the Homophobia Scale |journal=Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment |date=1999 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=337–347 |doi=10.1023/A:1022172816258}}</ref> Wright et al. revealed that higher levels of education, or having more years of education, is related to less homophobic tendencies.<ref name="Wright L. W. 1999"/>

== As discrimination ==

===Explicit or open===

This type of heterosexism includes [[LGBT rights opposition|anti-gay]] laws, policies, and institutional practices, harassment based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation; [[stereotyping]], discriminatory language and discourse, and other forms of [[discrimination against LGBT persons]] such as:
* [[Hate speech]], [[terms of disparagement]], [[hate mail]], [[death threats]], [[Stop Murder Music|"murder music"]]
* [[Scapegoating]], [[mobbing]], [[Witch-hunt#Political usage|witch-hunts]], [[moral panic]]; using gay men and homosexuality as a [[folk devil]] for the [[AIDS pandemic]].
* Negative portrayals or stereotypes of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals solely as villains, suicide or murder victims<ref>{{cite book|title= Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences|last= Garnets|first= Linda|author2= Kimmel, Douglas C.|year= 1993|publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn= 0-231-07884-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/psychologicalper0000unse}}</ref>
* Using the [[gay panic defense]] in assault or murder cases.
* [[Sodomy law]]s when enforced almost exclusively against consenting, adult, same-sex partners. ''See also: [[Bowers v. Hardwick]] and [[Lawrence v. Texas]]''
* In some countries where [[Homosexuality laws of the world|homosexuality is criminalized]], such as Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, offenders may receive the maximum sentence of [[capital punishment]]. ''See also: [[Paragraph 175]]''
* Discrepancies in [[Age of consent#Homosexual and heterosexual age discrepancies in law|age of consent]] laws in which legal sexual activity between members of the same sex is set at a higher age than that for partners in female–male relationships. Most such laws apply explicitly (or have historically applied) only to male homosexual sexual activity. ''See also: [[Chris Morris (activist)|Morris v. The United Kingdom]]'', ''[[State v. Limon]]''
* Prohibiting youth from bringing a same-sex date to [[Prom|high school prom]].<ref>[[American Civil Liberties Union]]: [http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom Free Speech, Free Expression and Prom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142614/http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom |date=2009-12-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights_hiv-aids/who-are-you-taking-prom-year |quote=Aaron Fricke decided he wanted to go to his senior prom with Paul Guilbert. His principal wouldn't let him.|title=Who are you taking to the prom this year? |date=31 December 2000 |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> ''See also: [[Fricke v. Lynch]], [[Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board]]''
* Adoption bans against either same-sex couples or gay, lesbian, or bisexual individuals. ''See also: [[LGBT adoption]], [[In re: Gill]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/|title=GordonMoyes.com » Parliamentary Inquiries – Same Sex Adoption|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120222/http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Legislation that prevents legal and [[social equality]], i.e., laws that prohibit protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, particularly with regard to health care, housing, and employment.
* The institution of female–male marriage and reserving the right to marry strictly for female–male couples via explicit definitions or through bans on [[same-sex marriage]] such as "[[Marriage Protection Act|marriage protection acts]]" (such as [[Defense of Marriage Act|DOMA]] in the United States);<ref name="JungSmith" /> pp. 145–151
* Also, the above restriction even when same-sex couples have access to [[civil union]]s that are either analogous to or not on a par with marriage;
* Barring gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals from serving in the armed forces or from working in the education field; this can include policies such as the [[Military of the United States|American military]]'s "[[Don't ask, don't tell]]" policy or [[Lech Kaczyński]] and other conservative Polish politicians’ stance to exclude gay men and lesbians from entering the teaching profession. ''See also: [[LGBT rights in Poland]]''
* Organized opposition to [[gay rights]]; [[Labeling theory|labeling]] such rights and privileges as "[[special rights]]" or the "[[Homosexual agenda|Gay Agenda]]";
* Referring to a suspected criminal's homosexuality or bisexuality when in analogous situations there is no mention of a suspect's heterosexuality.

===Implicit or hidden===
This form of heterosexism operates through invisibility, under-representation, and [[wikt:erasure|erasure]]. It includes:
* Lack or under-representation of homosexual or bisexual people in advertising to the general public;
* Censorship of homosexual or bisexual characters, themes, and issues in works of art, [[literature]], entertainment; ''see also [[Postcards from Buster#Controversial episodes|"Sugar Time" episode of Postcards from Buster]]''
* Exclusion of historical and political figures’ and celebrities’ homosexuality or bisexuality; their portrayal as heterosexuals;
* Complete avoidance of mentioning these people and their positive contributions particularly in news media;
* In the context of sex education or professional advice, referring only to female–male relationships when discussing female or male [[sexual attraction]] and activity;
* Silence on issues affecting homosexual and bisexual people at school or work or absence of their discussion in a positive light;
* Implementation and use of [[content-control software]] (censorware) to filter out information and websites that focus on homosexuality or bisexuality;
* [[Postal censorship]] and border control or customs seizure of publications deemed obscene solely on the basis of them containing material related to homosexuality even when they contain no erotic or pornographic material; ''see also [[Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium]]''
* Work environments that tacitly require gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals not to reveal their sexual orientation via discussion of their relationship status while heterosexuals can discuss their relationships and [[marital status]] freely;
* At public libraries or bookstores: rejection, removal or destruction of [[Homosexuality in children's literature|books]] (e.g. ''[[Jenny lives with Eric and Martin]]''), films, and posters with homosexual themes;
* Refusal to include families headed by [[Same-sex parenting|same-sex parents]] at school events or to represent such family diversity in school curricula; ''see also [[anti-bias curriculum]]'';
* Coercive or forced [[sex reassignment surgery]] on gay men, lesbian women, and bisexuals – an issue addressed in [[Tanaz Eshaghian]]'s 2008 documentary, ''[[Be Like Others]]''. ''See also: [[LGBT rights in Iran]]''
* [[Forced disappearance]], ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'', [[ostracism]], [[shunning]], and other forms of [[social rejection]] geared towards making homosexual or bisexual people ''[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]]''.

== Effects ==

Heterosexism causes a range of effects on people of any sexual orientation. However, the [[Portal:Main|main]] effects of heterosexism are marginalization, and anti-LGBT violence and abuse.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

=== Marginalization ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}

The [[Portal:Main|main]] effect of heterosexism is the [[marginalization]] of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals within society. Heterosexism has led to [[Social stigma|stigmatization]] and persecution of not only these people but also those of other [[sexual diversity]] such as transgender, and transsexual people. Along with [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], and [[internalized homophobia]], heterosexism continues to be a significant social reality that compels people to conceal their homosexual or bisexual orientation, or metaphorically, to remain in [[Closeted|the closet]] in an effort to [[Passing (sexual orientation)|pass]] for heterosexual.

Marginalization also occurs when marriage rights are heterosexist. More specifically, when marriage rights are exclusive to female–male couples, all same-sex couples, be they gay, lesbian, straight or mixed, are prevented from enjoying marriage’s corresponding legal privileges, especially those regarding property rights, health benefits, and child custody. Moreover, such limitation prevents same-sex couples from receiving the inherent social respect of marriage and its cultural symbolism.

=== Anti-LGBT violence and abuse ===

Yolanda Dreyer, professor of practical theology at [[University of Pretoria]], has stated that "Heterosexism leads to prejudice, discrimination, harassment, and [[Violence against LGBT people|violence]]. It is driven by fear and hatred (Dreyer 5)."<ref>Dreyer, Yolanda. "Hegemony and the Internalisation of Homophobia Caused by Heteronormativity." Department of Practical Theology. 2007. University of Pretoria.5 May 2008 [www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/2741/1/Dreyer_Hegemony(2007).pdf.]</ref> Along the same lines, forensic psychologist Karen Franklin explains violence caused by heterosexism toward both men and women, regardless of their sexual orientations:<ref name="Franklin" />

<blockquote>[T]hrough heterosexism, any male who refuses to accept the dominant culture's assignment of appropriate masculine behavior is labeled early on as a "[[Sissy#Pejorative|sissy]]" or "[[Fag (slang)|fag]]" and then subjected to [[bullying]]. Similarly, any woman who opposes male dominance and control can be labeled a lesbian and attacked. The potential of being ostracized as homosexual, regardless of actual sexual attractions and behaviors, puts pressure on all people to conform to a narrow standard of appropriate gender behavior, thereby maintaining and reinforcing our society's hierarchical gender structure.</blockquote>

Another form of heterosexist violence as [[social control]] that most often targets lesbian women is [[corrective rape]]: a [[gang rape]] of a lesbian to "cure" her of her same-sex attractions. A notorious example from South Africa is the corrective rape and murder of [[Eudy Simelane]], [[LGBT social movements|LGBT-rights]] activist and member of the [[South Africa women's national football team|women's national football team]].<ref name="guardian120309">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/12/eudy-simelane-corrective-rape-south-africa|title=Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks|last=Kelly|first=Annie|date=12 March 2009|publisher=The Guardian|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>

According to a Frontline article titled "Inside the Mind of People Who Hate Gays", bias-related violence against homosexuals is believed to be widespread in the United States, with perpetrators typically described by victims as young men in groups who assault targets of convenience. Victims accounts suggest that assailants possess tremendous rage and hatred; indeed, [[Module:Documentation|documentation]] of horrific levels of brutality has led gay activists to characterize the violence as political terrorism aimed at all gay men and lesbians. Other motives for antigay violence suggested in the literature include male bonding, proving heterosexuality, and purging secret homosexual desires.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Roots Of Homophobia – Inside The Mind Of People Who Hate Gays {{!}} Assault On Gay America {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html|website = www.pbs.org|access-date = 2015-10-26}}</ref>

== Responses ==

According to an article in the ''Howard Journal of Communications'', some LGBT individuals have responded to heterosexism through direct confrontation and communication, or through the removal of self from the hostile environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Camara |first1=Sakile K. |last2=Katznelson |first2=Amy |last3=Hildebrandt-Sterling |first3=Jenny |last4=Parker |first4=Todd |title=Heterosexism in Context: Qualitative Interaction Effects of Co-Cultural Responses |journal=Howard Journal of Communications |date=2012 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=312–331 |doi=10.1080/10646175.2012.722836}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Society}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Anti-LGBT rhetoric]]
* [[Culture war]]
* [[Discrimination against non-binary gender people]]
* [[Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS]]
* [[Harassment#Categories|Harassment (categories and types)]]
* [[Heteropatriarchy]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[Toleration|Intolerance]]
* [[LGBT stereotypes]]
* [[Liberal homophobia]]
* [[Minority rights]]
* [[Transphobia]]
* [[Straight pride]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBT|social=expanded}}
{{Discrimination|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]
[[Category:Heterosexuality]]
[[Category:LGBT and society]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Queer theory]]

Doxxed

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#REDIRECT [[Outing]]

Happy Dance

2023-04-08T17:37:14Z

SkunkyMidnight: Create redirect

#REDIRECT [[Zoomies]]

Douglas "Fausty" Spink

2023-04-08T17:36:50Z

SkunkyMidnight: Added cleanup template

{{cleanup|Incomplete bio}}
'''Douglas "Fausty" Spink''' (March 17, 1971(p63) - 2020) was a famous [[zoophilia|zoophile]] and a central character in the book [[Uniquely Dangerous]]. He cofounded the podcast [[Zooier Than Thou]] in 2019, and died of cancer in January of 2020.

= Early Life =
Raised in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, Spink spent his early years (2-4) pony riding and fox hunting(p67). At 11-12, he had won 2 young pony hunter championships(p67). During the summer of 1993, he worked for a dog breeder(p71), it was here he had his first sexual experience with a canine(pg67).

After high school he attended Reed College in Portland - he often brought his Golden Retriever ''Gifford'' to class with him(p70).

In 1993 Spink earned a degree in Cultural Anthropology, and quickly moved to Chicago the following year(p71). After the move, he went on to earn a Masters in Business Administration at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business, and get married(p71). He worked his way to a well-paying job at Boston Consulting group(p71) in the same year, eventually ending up as the Financial Director of Safecard Services(p71).

In 1996 Spink founded Timberline Direct(p73), a company he sold two years later for $5.4M(p73). He used a portion of this money to purchase Capone, a race [[horse]], for $27,000(p73), and found Timberline Farms in Beaverton, Portland, an organisation that imported and bred Grand Prix show jumping horses(p75) and that eventually required $30,000 a month in operating fees(p76). He also, along with his wife, ran a Golden Retriever rescue and breeding organisation(p75). The white star Capone donned on his forehead was the inspiration for the identical tattoo on Spink's arm(p73).

At some point in the late 90s, he was [[outing|outed]] by another zoo(p81). This perhaps led to the separation of him and his wife from the same year up to 2001, though they were still partners. However, in 2003, Spink ended his marriage when he took custody of his Golden Retriever ''Rion''(p87).

= Family =

Spink had one sister, Joy, who was born three years prior to him(p63).





[[Category:People]]

Douglas "Fausty" Spink

2023-04-08T17:35:14Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add to category People

'''Douglas "Fausty" Spink''' (March 17, 1971(p63) - 2020) was a famous [[zoophilia|zoophile]] and a central character in the book [[Uniquely Dangerous]]. He cofounded the podcast [[Zooier Than Thou]] in 2019, and died of cancer in January of 2020.

= Early Life =
Raised in Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, Spink spent his early years (2-4) pony riding and fox hunting(p67). At 11-12, he had won 2 young pony hunter championships(p67). During the summer of 1993, he worked for a dog breeder(p71), it was here he had his first sexual experience with a canine(pg67).

After high school he attended Reed College in Portland - he often brought his Golden Retriever ''Gifford'' to class with him(p70).

In 1993 Spink earned a degree in Cultural Anthropology, and quickly moved to Chicago the following year(p71). After the move, he went on to earn a Masters in Business Administration at the University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business, and get married(p71). He worked his way to a well-paying job at Boston Consulting group(p71) in the same year, eventually ending up as the Financial Director of Safecard Services(p71).

In 1996 Spink founded Timberline Direct(p73), a company he sold two years later for $5.4M(p73). He used a portion of this money to purchase Capone, a race [[horse]], for $27,000(p73), and found Timberline Farms in Beaverton, Portland, an organisation that imported and bred Grand Prix show jumping horses(p75) and that eventually required $30,000 a month in operating fees(p76). He also, along with his wife, ran a Golden Retriever rescue and breeding organisation(p75). The white star Capone donned on his forehead was the inspiration for the identical tattoo on Spink's arm(p73).

At some point in the late 90s, he was [[outing|outed]] by another zoo(p81). This perhaps led to the separation of him and his wife from the same year up to 2001, though they were still partners. However, in 2003, Spink ended his marriage when he took custody of his Golden Retriever ''Rion''(p87).

= Family =

Spink had one sister, Joy, who was born three years prior to him(p63).





[[Category:People]]

Non-Zoo Allies

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SkunkyMidnight: Added to category Terms

{{stub}}

As with many modern [[sexuality]] movements, allies who are [[Non-Zoo|not Zoosexuals]] can and do exist. [[Non-Zoo]] Allies are individuals who understand that we as zoosexuals are just normal everyday people with different [[love]] interests. These individuals support us through on one end just being a friend or on the other end advocating by our sides.

[[Category:Terms]]

Baneki

2023-04-08T17:33:43Z

SkunkyMidnight: Fix wiki formatting, add to categories Website and History

[[File:Blogo.png|thumb|240px|Baneki Logo]]

Baneki is a defunct zoo-operated privacy company. They described themselves as follows.

==About==

Benaki Privacy Computing is a legendary incubator for revolutionary socio-technological projects and services. We take pride in catalyzing the development of world-changing frameworks, ideas, movements, and projects. Since 2006, Baneki has provided targeted infrastructure, legal, and strategic services to a range of successful and innovative socio-tech projects, both for-profit and non-profit alike.

"The term 'radical' has the same meaning in politics as it does in mathematics or in the word 'radish.' It simply means 'root.' So a radical would be a person who wants to address the root causes of a particular problem. In the proper sense of the term, I think I've probably become more radical." - Wendell Berry

Our goal is radical social empowerment via structured technological innovation, and our approach is unstintingly no-compromise, open-minded, and diversity-friendly in nature. We do not shy from controversy; indeed, we actively encourage it. For, without those willing to ask "un-askable" questions, humanity would inevitably become trapped in repetitive, destructive, mindless cycles of devolution and dysfunction - ruled by demagogues, bigots, and hard-hearted theocrats.

At root, our loyalty is to our communities, our customers, our stakeholders, our interconnected world, and sentient persons of all types: human, nonhuman, and transhuman alike. Namaste.

"To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete." - Buckminster Fuller

==Projects==

Cultureghost, founded in 2007, is an open discussion platform for a broad variety of transformational, unconventional, leading-edge communities, movements, and projects. Since its inception, Cultureghost has survived a massive Amerikan government effort to censor its discussions, and is in process of receiving a major upgrade: cG Reborn. Cultureghost's Twitter stream is http://twitter.com/cultureghost.

Cryptocloud, founded in 2006, is the world's leading provider of "total protection" against online privacy threats via a VPN-based secure network architecture; CryptoCloud has successfully spun off from Benaki, and is now a 100%-independent project... we wish them well!

torrentfreedom.com, founded in 2008, broke new ground in providing protection against extra-legal harassment by media oligopolies of online citizens worldwide; as its technological foundation matured and converged, the project was merged into the CryptoCloud secure network.

The DeepJustice Network is a krysha to protect outspoken activists against the depredations of demagogues, corrupt state power, and mob-rule bigotry via interlocking application of investigative, civil litigation, and public disclosure techniques. The DeepJustice twitterstream is http://twitter.com/deepjustice

Deep Symbiosis Institute, an activist/academic collective working towards expanded awareness and appreciation of truly bidirectional, reciprocal, respectful relationships between Homo sapiens and other sentients, self-aware species who share our fragile planet; beyond the culs-de-sac of "animal rights" and "deep ecology" can be found the unbounded landscapes of Deep Symbiosis. The Deep Symbiosis Institute Twitter stream is http://twitter.com/DrFausty.

Direct Action Capitalism, a nascent movement of individuals and communities worldwide who seek to nurture healthy, durable, diverse economic relationships out of the broken shards and failed experimental detritus of centralized, hegemonic, kleptocratic "global capitalist" economic systems. DAC also researches and explores the growing role of so-called "grey economy" interconnections in worldwide economic systems, and how they show the path forward to a more equitable, robust, durable, respectful model of a human (and nonhuman) social cooperation.

[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:History]]

Zoowiki (Zetapin)

2023-04-08T17:31:51Z

SkunkyMidnight: Add stub, put into categories History and Websites

{{stub}}

ZooWiki was a wiki for the German [[zoophile]] community. It was created on May 23, 2005, by [[Wolfie]]. It had 89 articles as of October 2006, on topics such as [[literature]], authors, philosophy, events, vendors, anatomy and general trivia.

ZooWiki's policies specified that it should not contain explicit or illegal content. ZooWiki was located at http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/ defunct, July 2012.

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Websites]]

Zoowiki.zetapin.de:Dog Penis

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#REDIRECT [[Zoowiki (Zetapin)]]

Zoowiki (Zetapin)

2023-04-08T17:31:00Z

SkunkyMidnight: SkunkyMidnight moved page Zoowiki.zetapin.de:Dog Penis to Zoowiki (Zetapin): Gibberish article title

ZooWiki was a wiki for the German [[zoophile]] community. It was created on May 23, 2005, by Wolfie. It had 89 articles as of October 2006, on topics such as [[literature]], authors, philosophy, events, vendors, anatomy and general trivia.

ZooWiki's policies specified that it should not contain explicit or illegal content. ZooWiki was located at http://zoowiki.zetapin.de/ defunct, July 2012.