Editing Sexual consent (section)

===General===
[[File:USMC-091027-M-8224P-002.jpg|thumb|left|Performers of Catharsis Productions act out scenarios in which a man acts inappropriately toward a woman during the play 'Sex Signals.' The goal of the play is to also help armed forces members understand what consent is and that 'no means no'.]]
[[File:Oberlin Consent Initiative.jpg|thumb|A flyer posted at [[Oberlin College]] encourages students to establish ongoing and reciprocal consent during sexual activity]]
Initiatives in sex education programs are working towards including and foregrounding topics of and discussions of sexual consent, in primary, high school and college Sex Ed curricula.  In the UK, the Personal Social Health and Economic Education Association (PSHEA) is working to produce and introduce Sex Ed lesson plans in British schools that include lessons on "consensual sexual relationships," "the meaning and importance of consent" as well as "[[rape myth]]s",<ref name=UK>{{cite journal|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|title='Plans for sexual consent lessons in schools 'do not go far enough''|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> while the [[Schools Consent Project]] delivers sexual education workshops to pupils aged 11–18, covering topics such as harassment, revenge porn and sexting.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915224419/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/nathalie-greenfield/sex-education_b_12756038.html |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/nathalie-greenfield/sex-education_b_12756038.html |title=Why Sex Ed Really Is Power |date=2 November 2016 |last=Greenfield |archivedate=15 September 2017 |url-status=live |first=Nathalie |work=[[Huffington Post]] The Blog |accessdate=16 September 2017}}</ref> In the U.S., California-Berkeley University has implemented affirmative and continual consent in education and in the school's policies.<ref name=consentpolicy>{{cite journal|last=Grinberg|first=E.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/03/living/affirmative-consent-school-policy/|title=Enthusiastic yes in sex consent education|date=29 September 2014}} Retrieved March 13, 2015.</ref> In Canada, the Ontario government has introduced a revised Sex Ed curriculum to Toronto schools, including new discussions of sex and affirmative consent, healthy relationships and communication.<ref name=CAN>{{cite journal|last=Rushowy|first=Kristin|url=https://www.thestar.com/yourtoronto/education/2015/02/25/in-ontario-sex-ed-consent-the-hot-issue.html|title=In Ontario sex ed, consent the hot issue|date=25 February 2015}} Retrieved March 10, 2015.</ref> Many universities have instituted campaigns about consent. Creative campaigns with attention-grabbing slogans and images that market consent can be effective tools to raise awareness of campus sexual assault and related issues.<ref>Thomas KA, Sorenson SB, Joshi M. "Consent is good, joyous, sexy": A banner campaign to market consent to college students. Journal of American College Health. 2016; 64(8):639-650</ref> 

''The Guardian'' reported that Oxford and Cambridge have added sexual consent workshops; one such workshop included a "quiz about the rates of sexual or gender crimes" and a discussion of three fictional "scenarios of sexual contact", including a story of groping at a party, a relationship in which one partner stopped participating, but the other person, who was sexually excited, continued to proceed to new sex acts, and a case in which a couple was drunk and had sex.<ref name="learned">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/oct/28/what-i-learned-in-a-sexual-consent-class-at-oxford|title=What I learned in a sexual consent class at Oxford |last=Fenton |first=Siobhan |date= 28 October 2014 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |publisher=The Guardian |access-date= 20 June 2018|quote=}} </ref> The aim of the workshop was to consider if consent was asked for and obtained in these scenarios.<ref name="learned"/> While Sydney University has introduced an online sexual consent course, Nina Funnell states that it has been criticized by students, professors and sexual assault prevention leaders as "tokenistic", inexpensive, and ineffective in changing student attitudes or actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/news-life/sydney-universitys-consent-matters-course-is-tokenistic/news-story/024b521256f1c317985606ec09b2bd8c |title=Sydney University's Consent Matters Course is tokenistic |last=Funnell |first=Nina |date=30 January 2018 |website=www.news.com.au |publisher=news.com.au |access-date=20 June 2018 |quote=}} </ref>

Some UK universities are launching [[bystander intervention]] programs that teach people to intervene when they see potential sexual misconduct situations, for example, by moving a male friend at a party away from an intoxicated woman he is talking to, if she seems unable to consent to his advances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/we-cant-run-away-from-rape |title=We can't run away from rape |last1= Westmarland|first1=Nicole |last2=Doyle| first2=Jennifer|date=19 November 2015 |website=www.timeshighereducation.com |publisher=Times Higher Education |access-date=14 July 2018 |quote=Rather than seeing participants as potential victims or perpetrators, such “bystander education” programmes aim to empower individuals not only proactively to intervene to prevent sexual assaults from being perpetrated }}</ref> One challenge with bystander education programs is that a study has shown that white female students are less likely to intervene in a hypothetical situation where they see an intoxicated black woman being led towards a bedroom at a party by a non-intoxicated male, as white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help women of colour and they feel that the black woman is deriving pleasure from the situation.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/qvdvpw/white-women-less-likely-to-help-sexual-assault-victim-if-shes-black |title=White Women Less Likely to Help Sexual Assault Victim If She's Black Bystander intervention is seen as one of the most powerful tools in preventing on-campus sexual assaults—but a new study shows that white students feel "less personal responsibility" to help their black peers. |last= Bess|first=Gabby |date=13 March 2017 |website=broadly.vice.com |publisher=Broadly/Vice |access-date=14 July 2018 |quote="We found that although white students correctly perceived that black women were at risk in a pre-assault situation, they tended not to feel as personally involved in the situation," the researchers at SUNY Geneseo, Jennifer Katz and Christine Merrilees, said in an interview with PsyPost. In other words, "despite their shared status as women, white female bystanders in the current study may have felt that a Black woman's plight was not as personally relevant because race has a more powerful effect than gender on intent to intervene and feelings of responsibility to intervene," they write in the study.}}</ref>