Editing Campylobacter (section)

== Epidemiology ==
=== United Kingdom ===

In January 2013, the [[UK]]'s [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) warned that two-thirds of all raw chicken bought from UK shops was contaminated with ''Campylobacter'', affecting an estimated half a million people annually and killing about 100 of them.<ref name=FSA>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/foodanddrinknews/9820838/FSA-warns-that-chicken-bacteria-could-be-next-meat-scandal.html |title=FSA warns that chicken bacteria could be next meat scandal |date=January 23, 2013 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> In June 2014, the FSA started a campaign against washing raw chicken, as washing can spread [[Germ (microorganism)|germs]] onto clean surfaces by splashing.<ref name=FSA2>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/campaigns/campylobacter/fsw-2014/ |title=Don't wash raw chicken |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]]}}</ref> In May 2015, cumulative results for samples taken from fresh chickens between February 2014 and February 2015 were published by the FSA and showed 73% of chickens tested positive for the presence of ''Campylobacter''.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Campylobacter survey: cumulative results from the full 12 months (Q1 – Q4) |publisher=[[Food Standards Agency]] |date=May 28, 2015 |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2015/14003/campylobacter-survey-results-12months |access-date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>

=== United States ===
''Campylobacter'' infections increased 14% in the United States in 2012 compared to the rate from 2006 to 2008.  This represents the highest reported number of infections since calendar year 2000.<ref name="CDC41813">{{cite news|title=Infections from some foodborne germs increased, while others remained unchanged in 2012|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0418-foodborne-germs.html|access-date=April 19, 2013|newspaper=Centers for Disease Control|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref>

High prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' (40% or more) has been reported in raw chicken meat in regional retail stores in the US, which remained steady from 2005 through 2011.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams A, Oyarzabal OA | title = Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in skinless, boneless retail broiler meat from 2005 through 2011 in Alabama, USA | journal = BMC Microbiology | volume = 12 | pages = 184 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22920043 | pmc = 3490988 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2180-12-184 }}</ref> The last [[USDA]] quarterly progress report on ''Salmonella'' and ''Campylobacter'' testing of meat and poultry, for July–September 2014, showed a low prevalence of ''Campylobacter'' spp. in ground chicken meat, but a larger prevalence (20%) in [[Mechanically separated meat|mechanically separated chicken meat]] (which is sold only for further processing).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/data-collection-and-reports/microbiology/quarterly-reports-salmonella/q3-cy2014/q3-cy-2014 |title=Quarterly Progress Report on Salmonella and Campylobacter|department=Testing of Selected Raw Meat and Poultry Products: Preliminary Results, July 2014 to September 2014 |date=2015-04-24|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|website=[[Food Safety and Inspection Service]]}}</ref>

=== Canada ===
FoodNet Canada has reported that ''Campylobacter'' was the most common pathogen found on packaged chicken breast, with nearly half of all samples testing positive. Additionally, ''Campylobacter'' and ''Salmonella'' were the most common causes of gastrointestinal illness in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/foodnetcanada/report-rapport-2014-eng.php |title=FoodNet Canada 2014 Short Report |access-date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada, FoodNet Canada|date=2016-01-12 }}</ref>

=== New Zealand ===
In August 2016, an estimated 8,000+ residents of [[Havelock North]], a town with around 13,000 residents, had gastric illness after the water supply was thought to be contaminated by ''Campylobacter''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/83343963/campylobacter-confirmed-in-woman-who-died-in-havelock-north-gastro-outbreak|title=Woman died in Havelock North gastro outbreak|date=19 August 2016|publisher=Stuff}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/311335/govt-rejects-call-for-hawke's-bay-water-emergency-declaration|title=Govt rejects call for Hawke's Bay water emergency declaration|date=19 August 2016|publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilpin BJ, Walker T, Paine S, Sherwood J, Mackereth G, Wood T, Hambling T, Hewison C, Brounts A, Wilson M, Scholes P, Robson B, Lin S, Cornelius A, Rivas L, Hayman DT, French NP, Zhang J, Wilkinson DA, Midwinter AC, Biggs PJ, Jagroop A, Eyre R, Baker MG, Jones N | display-authors = 6 | title = A large scale waterborne Campylobacteriosis outbreak, Havelock North, New Zealand | journal = The Journal of Infection | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 390–395 | date = September 2020 | pmid = 32610108 | doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.065 }}</ref>

=== Norway ===
In June 2019, an estimated 2,000 residents of [[Askøy]] municipality got sick due to the presence of ''C. jejuni'' in the water supply. Two deaths were connected to the outbreak, and it was the largest outbreak of ''Campylobacter'' in Norway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nrk.no/hordaland/fant-samme-bakterie-i-drikkevannet-som-hos-sykehuspasienter-fra-askoy-1.14583413|title=Fant samme bakterie i drikkevannet som hos sykehuspasienter fra Askøy|date=11 June 2019|publisher=NRK}}</ref> The suspected source of the contamination was thought to be [[horse]] faeces, which leaked into a drinking water pool.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paruch L, Paruch AM, Sørheim R | title = DNA-based faecal source tracking of contaminated drinking water causing a large Campylobacter outbreak in Norway 2019 | journal = International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health | volume = 224 | pages = 113420 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 31748129 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113420 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A ''C. jejuni'' water isolate thought to be the cause of the outbreak was examined with human isolates, and showed the highest pathogenic potential in vitro, transcriptomic and genomic investigations. This could suggest why the isolate was able to cause an outbreak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davies E, Ebbesen M, Johansson C, Kaden R, Rautelin H | title = Genomic and Phenotypic Characterisation of ''Campylobacter jejuni'' Isolates From a Waterborne Outbreak | journal = Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology | volume = 10 | pages = 594856 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33194843 | pmc = 7658296 | doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594856 }}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
During the period of August 2016 to June 2017 there was a large outbreak of ''C. jejuni'' in Sweden. It was the largest outbreak that has been reported so far. 5000 more cases than would be expected during this period were reported to the authorities. The source of the outbreak was contaminated chicken meat that came from the same producer. The reason for the increased incidence and elevated levels of ''Campylobacter'' was reported to be an improperly installed washing plant, where dirty water was accidentally used to wash transport cages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/folkhalsorapportering-statistik/tolkad-rapportering/arsrapporter-anmalningspliktiga-sjukdomar/arsrapporter-2017/utbrott-anmalningspliktiga-sjukdomar-2017/#campylobacter|title=Utbrott av anmälningspliktiga sjukdomar i Sverige 2017|access-date=27 May 2020|publisher=Folkhälsomyndigheten|date=2018-05-09}}</ref>