Editing Cyberbullying (section)

== Research ==

=== Australia ===
The nationwide Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Survey (Cross et al., 2009)<ref name="ACBPS">[http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NationalSafeSchools/Pages/research.aspx Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. 2009. Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study (ACBPS). Child Health Promotion Research Centre, Edith Cowan University, Perth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611013517/http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NationalSafeSchools/Pages/research.aspx |date=June 11, 2012 }}. Deewr.gov.au. Retrieved on July 6, 2011.</ref> assessed cyberbullying experiences among 7,418 students. The results indicated that rates of cyberbullying increased with age, with 4.9% of students in Year 4 reporting cyberbullying compared to 7.9% in year nine. Cross et al., (2009) reported that rates of bullying and harassing others were lower, but also increased with age. Only 1.2% of Year 4 students reported cyberbullying others compared to 5.6% of Year 9 students.

=== China ===
In [[mainland China]], cyberbullying has yet to receive adequate scholarly attention. A study investigating the risk factors of cyberbullying sampled 1,438 high school students from central China. Data  showed that 34.84% had participated in bullying and 56.88% had been bullied online.<!-- (Commenting this out until it's rewritten in a way that makes sense.) Students who spend more time on the internet have themselves experienced traditional bullying as victims will be more likely to experience cyberbullying through different social media in instant-message.--><ref name=":14">Zhou, Zongkui. "Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students". School Psychology International. December 2013 34: 630–647, first published on May 8, 2013.</ref>

A study on cyberbullying in [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fung | first1 = Annis L. C. | year = 2010 | title = The Phenomenon Of Cyberbullying: Its Aetiology And Intervention | journal = Journal of Youth Studies | volume = 13 | issue = 2| pages = 31–42 }}</ref> chose 48 out of 7,654 students from elementary school to high school who were classified as potential aggressors related to cyberbullying. 31 out of 48 students declared they barely participated in cyber-attacks. It is common among high school students (28 out of 36 students) to participate in social media platforms; 58% admitted to changing a nickname for others, 56.3% to humiliation, 54.2% to making fun of someone, and 54.2% to spreading rumors. The [[Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups]] interviewed 1,820 teenagers, 17.5% of whom indicated having experienced cyberbullying. This included insults, abuse, and the publishing of personal private pictures on social media without permission.<ref name=":14" />

=== European Union ===
In a study published in 2011, across 25 [[European Union|EU]] member states studied, an average 6% of children (9–16 years old) had been bullied and only 3% of them confessed to having been a bully.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasebrink|first=U|date=2011|title=Patterns of risk and safety online. In-depth analyses from the EU Kids Online survey of 9- to 16-year-olds and their parents in 25 European countries|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20II%20(2009-11)/EUKidsOnlineIIReports/D5%20Patterns%20of%20risk.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504140537/http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EU%20Kids%20II%20(2009-11)/EUKidsOnlineIIReports/D5%20Patterns%20of%20risk.pdf|archive-date=May 4, 2012}}</ref> However, in an earlier publication by Hasenbrink et al. (2009), reporting on the results from a meta analysis from European Union countries, the authors estimated (via median results) that approximately 18% of European young people had been "bullied/harassed/stalked" via the internet and mobile phones.<ref name="Hasebrink">Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., Haddon, L. and Ólafsson, K.(2009) Comparing children's online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. LSE, London: EU Kids Online (Deliverable D3.2, 2nd edition), {{ISBN|978-0-85328-406-2}} [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/EUKidsOnline/Reports/D3.2, secondedition.pdf lse.ac.uk]</ref> Cyberharassment rates for young people across the EU member states ranged from 10% to 52%. <!-- (Commenting this sentence out because it doesn't make sense. If you can clarify, please do. Thanks.) The decreasing numbers can caused by developing increasingly specific methods, dividing the tasks into different variables.-->

=== Finland ===
Sourander et al. (2010) conducted a population-based cross-sectional study that took place in [[Finland]]. The authors of this study took the self-reports of 2,215 Finish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 about cyberbullying and cybervictimization during the previous six months. It was found that, amongst the total sample, 4.8% were victims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully-victims.

The authors of this study were able to conclude that cyberbullying, as well as cybervictimization, is associated not only with psychiatric issues, but with psychosomatic issues as well. Many adolescents in the study reported headaches or difficulty sleeping. The authors believe that their results indicate a greater need for new ideas on how to prevent cyberbullying and what to do when it occurs. It is clearly a worldwide problem that needs to be taken seriously.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sourander, A. |author2=Klomek, A.B. |author3=Ikonen, M. |author4=Lindroos, J. |author5=Luntamo, T. |author6=Koskeiainen, M. |author7=Helenius, H. |title=Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study|year=2010|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=7|pages=720–728|doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79 |pmid=20603453 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
<!-- (Commenting this out because it was tacked on to a sentence in a way that made no sense. The paragraph appears to be about the study, not this article. If you can use this article as a source, or in a sentence that makes a specific point, please feel free to re-include it in the text. Thanks.)The journal article titled "Exploring traditional and cyberbullying among Irish adolescents" studies by -->The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) pilot survey was carried out in eight post-primary schools across [[Ireland]], including 318 students aged 15–18. 59% were boys and 41% were girls. Participation in this survey was voluntary for students, and consent had to be obtained from parents, students and the school itself. This survey was anonymous and confidential, and it took 40 minutes to complete. It asked questions on traditional forms of bullying, as well as cyberbullying, risk behaviors and self-reported health and [[life satisfaction]].

66% of the students said that they had never been bullied, 14% had been victims of traditional forms of bullying, 10% had been victims of cyberbullying, and the remaining 10% had been victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. Boys mostly said they were victims of traditional forms of bullying, and girls mostly were victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. 20% of the students in this survey said that they had been cyberbullied, showing that cyberbullying is on the rise.<ref>{{Cite journal|last2=Kelly|first2=Colette|last3=Molcho|first3=Michal|year=2014|title=360 Link|journal=International Journal of Public Health|volume=60|issue=2|pages=199–206|doi=10.1007/s00038-014-0638-7|pmid=25540816|last1=Callaghan|first1=Mary|s2cid=5060717}}</ref>

Arrow DIT claims that 23% of 9–16 year olds in Ireland have been bullied online or offline, compared to 19% in Europe.<ref name="O'Neill 2016">{{cite web|url=http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=cserrep|title=Cyberbullying among 9–16 year olds in Ireland|last1=O'Neill|first1=Brian|last2=Dinh|first2=Thuy|date=2016|publisher=Dublin Institute of Technology}}</ref> Although online bullying in Ireland stands at 4% according to Arrow DIT, this is lower than the European average, which stands at 6%, and half that of the UK where 8% reported being cyberbullied.<ref name="O'Neill 2016" /> Traditional forms of bullying in Ireland occur more often than in Europe.

A 2018 study by [[Dublin City University|Dublin City University (DCU)]]'s [[National Anti-Bullying Centre|National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre (ABC)]] found that almost 10% of [[Secondary education|post-primary]] teachers were victims of cyberbullying, and 15% knew of a colleague who had experienced it in the previous 12 months.<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a>{{cite web |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2018/1108/1009482-cyberbullying-teachers/|title=Teachers report high levels of anxiety and stress due to cyberbullying by pupils|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|access-date=November 8, 2018 |date=November 8, 2018}}</ref> 59% of the bullying was by pupils, mainly on social media, with the rest perpetrated by parents and other school staff.<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/> Various effects on bullied teachers included increased stress and [[anxiety]], "negative impacts on their working environment, and a reluctance to report the issue and seek help from management".<ref name=RTE2018-11-08a/>

=== Japan ===
According to recent{{when|date=December 2017}} research, in Japan, 17 percent (compared with a 25-country average of 37 percent) of youth between the ages of 8 and 17 have been victims of online bullying. The number shows that online bullying is a serious concern in Japan. Teenagers who spend more than 10 hours a week on the Internet are more likely to become the targets of online bullying, though only 28 percent of the survey participants understood what cyberbullying is. However, they do know the severity of the issue; 63 percent of the surveyed students worried about being targeted as victims of cyberbullying.<ref>Cross-Tab Marketing Services & Telecommunications Research Group for Microsoft Corporation</ref>

Since teenagers find themselves congregating socially on the internet via social media, they become easy targets for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying may occur via email, text, chat rooms, and social media websites. Some cyberbullies set up websites or blogs to post the target's images, publicize their personal information, gossip about the target, express why they hate the target, request people to agree with the bully's view, and send links to the target to make sure they are watching the activity.<ref>Campbell, Marilyn A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise?</ref>

Much cyberbullying is an act of [[relational aggression]], which involves alienating the victim from peers through gossip or ostracism.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sugimori Shinkichi |year=2012 |url=http://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00054/|title=Anatomy of Japanese Bullying|work=nippon.com|access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> This kind of attack can be easily launched via texting or other online activities. One 19-year-old Japanese student was targeted by classmates who posted his photo online, insulted him constantly, and asked him to die. Because of the constant harassment, he did attempt suicide twice. Even when he quit school, the attacks did not stop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Cyber-bullying-bedevils-Japan/2007/11/12/1194766557213.html|title=Cyber bullying bedevils Japan|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=January 5, 2015|date=November 12, 2007}}</ref>

Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological impact to the victims. They often feel anxious, nervous, tired, and depressed. Other examples of negative psychological trauma include losing confidence as a result of being socially isolated from their schoolmates or friends. Psychological problems can also show up in the form of headaches, skin problems, abdominal pain, sleep problems, bed-wetting, and crying. It may also lead victims to commit suicide to end the bullying.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221857/http://www.psusd.us/CyberBullying-StudentAwareness Cyber Bullying: Student Awareness] Palm Springs Unified School District Retrieved January 5, 2015</ref>

=== United States ===
[[File:Cyberbullying By Year.jpg|thumb|Percentage of victims of cyberbullying by year across the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyberbullying.org/summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research|title=Summary of Our Cyberbullying Research (2004-2016)|date=July 10, 2019}}</ref>]]

==== 2000 ====
A 2000 survey by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] found that 6% of the young people who completed the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% had suffered distressing harassment.<ref name=ccrc>Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K.J., & Wolak, J. (2000). Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref>

==== 2004 ====
The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=2425023 |title=What Parents Need to Know About Cyberbullying  |date=September 12, 2006 |website=[[ABC News]] Primetime |publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>
* 42% of children had been bullied online. One in four had experienced it more than once.
* 35% had been threatened online. Nearly one in five had experienced it more than once.
* 21% had received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages.
* 58% admitted that someone had said hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten said this had happened more than once.
* 58% had not told their parents or an adult about something hurtful that had happened to them online.

==== 2005 ====
The Youth Internet Safety Survey-2, conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] in 2005, found that 9% of the young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment.<ref name=ccrc2>Wolak, J., Mitchell, K.J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online Victimization of Youth: Five Years Later. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref> The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth 10–17 years old. One-third reported feeling distressed by the incident, with distress being more likely for younger respondents and those who were the victims of aggressive harassment (including being telephoned, sent gifts, or visited at home by the harasser).<ref name=ybarra>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | last3 = Wolak | first3 = J. | last4 = Finkelhor | first4 = D. | date = Oct 2006 | title = Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 4| pages = e1169–77 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0815| pmid = 17015505 | s2cid = 10952620 }}</ref> Compared to youth not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with rule breaking and aggression.<ref name=ybarra2>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | date = Aug 2007 | title = Prevalence and frequency of Internet harassment instigation: implications for adolescent health | journal = J Adolesc Health | volume = 41 | issue = 2| pages = 189–95 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.005| pmid = 17659224 }}</ref>

Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of approximately 1,500 Internet-using adolescents and found that over one-third of youth reported being victimized online, and over 16% of respondents admitted to cyberbullying others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics on Bullying |url=http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224632/http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> While most of the instances of cyberbullying involved relatively minor behavior (41% were disrespected, 19% were called names), over 12% were physically threatened and about 5% were scared for their safety. Notably, fewer than 15% of victims told an adult about the incident.<ref name="patchin1" /> Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007<ref name="patchin2">Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200237/http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?ID=101357 Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency.] [[Journal of School Violence]], 6(3), 89–112.</ref> found that youth who report being victims of cyberbullying also experience stress or strain that is related to offline problem behaviors such as running away from home, cheating on a test, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that both of these studies provide only preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with an online survey.

According to a 2005 survey by the [[Action for Children|National Children's Home]] charity and [[Tesco Mobile]],<ref name=survey>National Children's Home. (2005).[http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf Putting U in the picture. Mobile Bullying Survey 2005.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028120204/http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf |date=October 28, 2005 }}(pdf)</ref> of 770 youth between the ages of 11 and 19, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied via electronic means. Almost three-quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of responders indicated that another person had taken a picture and/or video of them via a [[camera phone|cellular phone camera]], consequently making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many youths are not comfortable telling an authority figure about their cyberbullying [[victimization]] for fear their access to technology will be taken from them; while 24% and 14% told a parent or teacher respectively, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend.<ref name=survey />

==== 2006 ====
According to the 2006 ''Harris Interactive Cyberbullying Research Report'', commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that "affects almost half of all American teens".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |title=Cyberbullying FAQ For Teens |date=2015 |website=National Crime Prevention Council |access-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195845/http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 2007 ====
[[File:Youth and Electronic aggression.gif|thumb|Distribution of cyberbullying venues<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=9|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|archive-date=April 22, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> used by young people in the US, according to the [[Centers for Disease Control]]<ref name="ybarra200710">{{cite journal |last1=Ybarra |first1=Michele L. |last2=Diener-West |first2=Marie |last3=Leaf |first3=Philip J. |date=December 2007 |title=Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S42–S50 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004|pmid=18047944 }}</ref>]]

Studies published in 2007 in the ''[[Journal of Adolescent Health]]'' indicated young people reporting being victims of electronic aggression in a range of 9%<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalski |first1=Robin M. |last2=Limber |first2=Susan P. |date=December 2007 |title=Electronic bullying among middle school students |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S22–S30 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017|pmid=18047942 }}</ref> to 35%.<ref name="ybarra200710" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a [[Stanford University]] master's student, created ''[[Adina's Deck]]'', a film based on Stanford-accredited research. She worked in focus groups for ten weeks in three schools to learn about the problem of cyberbullying in northern California. The findings determined that over 60% of students had been cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying. The film is now being used in classrooms nationwide as it was designed around learning goals pertaining to problems that students had understanding the topic. The middle school of [[Suicide of Megan Meier|Megan Meier]] is reportedly using the film as a solution to the crisis in their town.

==== 2008 ====
In 2008, researchers Sameer Hinduja ([[Florida Atlantic University]]) and Justin Patchin ([[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire]]) published a book on cyberbullying that summarized the current state of cyberbullying research (''Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying'').<ref name=patchin3>{{cite book | last= Hinduja | first = S. |author2=Patchin, J. W. | title = Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying | publisher=Corwin Press | year = 2009| location = Thousand Oaks, CA | isbn = 978-1-4129-6689-4}}</ref> Their research documented that cyberbullying instances had been increasing over the preceding several years. They also reported findings from a then-recent study of cyberbullying. In a random sample of approximately 2000 middle-school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported being cyberbullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported having been cyberbullied at least once in their lifetime.<ref name="patchin3" /> While these rates are slightly lower than some of the findings from their previous research, Hinduja and Patchin pointed out that the earlier studies were predominantly conducted among older adolescents and Internet samples; that is, older youth use the Internet more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying than younger children.<ref name=patchin1>{{cite journal | last1 = Hinduja | first1 = S. | last2 = Patchin | first2 = J. W. | year = 2008 | title = Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization | journal = Deviant Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 129–156 | doi=10.1080/01639620701457816| s2cid = 144024729 }}</ref><ref name="patchin2" /><ref name="patchin">{{cite journal|last2=Hinduja|first2=S.|year=2006|title=Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying|journal=[[Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice]]|volume=4|issue=2|pages=148–169|doi=10.1177/1541204006286288|last1=Patchin|first1=J. W.|s2cid=145357837}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
[[File:Indicators of School Crime and Safety 2013 Figure 11.3.gif|thumb|Students aged 12–18 who reported being cyberbullied anywhere during the school year 2011<ref name="crimeindicators">{{cite book|author = Snyder, Thomas D.|author2 = Robers, Simone|author3 = Kemp, Jana|author4 = Rathbun, Amy|author5 = Morgan, Rachel|chapter = Indicator 11: Bullying at School and Cyber-Bullying Anywhere|chapter-url = http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/iscs11.pdf|title = Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013|url = http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2013/index.asp|access-date = February 3, 2015|format = Compendium|id = NCES 2014042|publisher = Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences (ies)|date = June 10, 2014}}</ref>]]

According to the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], School Crime Supplement (SCS), 9% of students age 12–18 admitted to having experienced cyberbullying during that school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%).<ref name="crimeindicators" />

==== 2013 ====
In the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2013, the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] published results of its survey as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in June 2014, indicating the percentage of school children being bullied through e-mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, websites, or texting ("electronically bullied") during the course of 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Laura |last1=Kann |first2=Steve |last2=Kinchen |first3=Shari L. |last3=Shanklin |first4=Katherine H. |last4=Flint |first5=Joseph |last5=Hawkins |first6=William A. |last6=Harris |first7=Richard |last7=Lowry |first8=Emily O'Malley |last8=Olsen |first9=Tim |last9=McManus |first10=David |last10=Chyen |first11=Lisa |last11=Whittle |first12=Eboni |last12=Taylor |first13=Zewditu |last13=Demissie |first14=Nancy |last14=Brener |first15=Jemekia |last15=Thornton |first16=John |last16=Moore |first17=Stephanie |last17=Zaza |date=June 13, 2014 |title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=63 |issue=4 |page=66 |pmid=24918634 |access-date=February 16, 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By race/ethnicity and sex
! Race/ethnicity !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! White, non-Hispanic
| 25.2% || 22.6%–28.0% || 8.7% || 7.5%–10.1% || 16.9% || 15.3%–18.7%
|-
! Black, non-Hispanic
| 10.5% || 8.7%–12.6% || 6.9% || 5.2%–9.0% || 8.7% || 7.3%–10.4%
|-
! Hispanic
| 17.1% || 14.5%–20.15 || 8.3% || 6.9%–10.0% || 12.8% || 10.9%–14.9%
|-
! Total
| 21.0% || 19.2%–22.9% || 8.5% || 7.7%–9.5% || 14.8% || 13.7%–15.9%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By grade and sex
! Grade !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! 9
| 22.8% || 19.5%–26.6% || 9.4% || 7.9%–11.1% || 16.1% || 14.1%–18.2%
|-
! 10
| 21.9% || 18.7%–25.5% || 7.2% || 5.4%–9.6% || 14.5% || 12.6%–16.6%
|-
! 11
| 20.6% || 17.4%–24.3% || 8.9% || 7.3%–10.7% || 14.9% || 13.0%–16.9%
|-
! 12
| 18.3% || 16.3%–20.5% || 8.6% || 7.0%–10.5% || 13.5% || 12.2%–14.9%
|}

==== 2014 ====
In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study that focused on the literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. They found that researchers have generally assumed that cyberbullying is distinct from aggression perpetrated in person. Mehari et al. suggest that the media through which aggression is perpetrated may be best conceptualized as a new classification of aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as a distinct counterpart to existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying be considered within the context of theoretical and empirical knowledge of aggression in adolescence.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/psyc_pubs/15/|title = Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct|last1 = Mehari|first1 = Krista|date = 2014|journal = Psychology of Violence|doi = 10.1037/a0037521|access-date = March 24, 2015|last2 = Farrell|first2 = Albert|last3 = Le|first3 = Anh-Thuy|volume=4|issue = 4|pages=399–415}}</ref>

Mary Howlett-Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on the cyberbullying victimization of Black and White students in specific conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3470/|title = CYBERBULLYING: AN EXAMINATION OF GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FROM THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY: STUDENT CRIME SUPPLEMENT, 2009|date = 2014|access-date = March 30, 2015|journal = Theses and Dissertations|last = Howlett-Brandon|first = Mary}}</ref>

====2015====
[[WalletHub]]'s 2015's ''Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying'' report measured the relative levels of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. have the most attempted suicides by high school students. The five states with highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana.<ref>{{cite web|title = 2015's Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying|url = https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-states-at-controlling-bullying/9920/|website = WalletHub|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>

Cyberbullying on social media has usually been student-to-student, but recently, students have been cyberbullying their teachers. High school students in Colorado created a Twitter site that bullies teachers. This ranges from obscenities to false accusations of inappropriate actions with students.<ref name=durangoherald20151029>{{cite web|title = 9-R students create teacher-bashing tweets|url = http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20151029/NEWS01/151029500/-1/news01&source=RSS|website = The Durango Herald|date=October 29, 2015|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>

=== Gender ===
Research conducted to try to determine differences in cyberbullying patterns comparing male to female and ages of each are relatively inconclusive. There are some factors that lean towards males being more involved in cyberbullying behaviors due to males tending to have more aggressive behaviors than females.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griezel |first1=Lucy |last2=Finger |first2=Linda R. |last3=Bodkin-Andrews |first3=Gawaian H. |last4=Craven |first4=Rhonda G. |last5=Yeung |first5=Alexander Seeshing |title=Uncovering the Structure of and Gender and Developmental Differences in Cyber Bullying |journal=The Journal of Educational Research |date=September 2012 |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=442–455 |doi=10.1080/00220671.2011.629692 |s2cid=145680391 }}</ref> This is not proven, but speculated based on literature reviews of research indicating that significant data is self-reported. Comparatively, the review of articles indicates that age differences have some indicators of cyberbullying; increasing age indicates increasing bullying behaviors. Gender differences have mixed results, but one finding indicated that younger females (10 or 11) and older males (13+) tend to engage in cyber bullying behaviors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barlett |first1=Christopher |last2=Coyne |first2=Sarah M. |title=A meta-analysis of sex differences in cyber-bullying behavior: The moderating role of age: Sex Differences in Cyber-Bullying |journal=Aggressive Behavior |date=September 2014 |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=474–488 |doi=10.1002/ab.21555 |pmid=25098968 }}</ref>

Cyberbullies mostly have at least one common trait.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Social Devience|last=Marcum|first=Catherine|year=2014|page=165}}</ref> Cyberbullies generally get angry and discouraged easily and usually have strong personalities.<ref name=":9" /> They connect with others belligerently and do not care for the feelings of their victims.<ref name=":9" /> Both males and females engage in cyberbullying.<ref name=":9" /> Females are involved in cyberbullying just as much as men,<ref name=":9" /> and females are sometimes even found more involved in cyberbullying than men are.<ref name=":9" /> The reason behind this is because of the way they respond;<ref name=":9" /> men will usually respond with physical retaliation, while women will use “indirect forms such as gossiping.”<ref name=":9" /> As cyberbullying is a more indirect form, females are more likely to be involved.<ref name=":9" />

Also, women tend to have less face-to-face confrontations than men, and since cyberbullying occurs online, this allows women to have a greater chance to be attacked.<ref name=":9" /> According to a 2017 Pew Research study on online harassment, 14% of Americans have been harassed because of their political views. Such harassment affects men and women differently; men are approximately twice as likely as women to have experienced online harassment because of their political views.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duggan |first1=Maeve |title=Online Harassment 2017 |url=https://www.pewinternet.org/2017/07/11/online-harassment-2017/ |access-date=March 24, 2019 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> However, women politicians are disproportionately more likely to be sexually harassed online. Women lawmakers are three times more likely than their male counterparts to receive sexually abusive comments, including threats of rape, beatings, death, or abduction.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lehr |first1=Amy |last2=Bechrakis |first2=Mariefaye |title=Against The Odds: Overcoming Online Harassment of Women in Politics |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/against-odds-overcoming-online-harassment-women-politics |access-date=March 24, 2019 |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |date=November 8, 2018}}</ref>