Editing Cysticercosis (section)

===Vaccines===
Given the fact that pigs are part of a life cycle, vaccination of pigs is another feasible intervention to eliminate cysticercosis. Research studies have been focusing on vaccine against cestode parasites, since many immune cell types are found to be capable of destroying cysticercus.<ref name="twenty">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sciutto E, Fragoso G, de Aluja AS, Hernández M, Rosas G, Larralde C |title=Vaccines against cysticercosis |journal=Curr Top Med Chem |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=415–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18393905 |doi=10.2174/156802608783790839 }}</ref> Many vaccine candidates are extracted from antigens of different cestodes such as ''Taenia solium'', ''T. crassiceps'', ''T. saginata'', ''T. ovis'' and target oncospheres and/or cysticerci. In 1983, Molinari et al. reported the first vaccine candidate against porcine cysticercosis using antigen from cysticercus cellulosae drawn out from naturally infected.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Molinari JL, Meza R, Suárez B, Palacios S, Tato P, Retana A |title=''Taenia solium'': immunity in hogs to the Cysticercus |journal=Exp. Parasitol. |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=340–57 |date=June 1983 |pmid=6852171 |doi=10.1016/0014-4894(83)90031-0}}</ref> Recently, vaccines extracted from genetically engineered 45W-4B antigens have been successfully tested to pigs in an experimental condition.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luo X, Zheng Y, Hou J, Zhang S, Cai X |title=Protection against Asiatic ''Taenia solium'' induced by a recombinant 45W-4B protein |journal=Clin. Vaccine Immunol. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=230–2 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19091992 |pmc=2643551 |doi=10.1128/CVI.00367-08 }}</ref> This type of vaccine can protect against cysticercosis in both Chinese and Mexican type of ''T. solium''. However, it has not been tested in endemic field conditions, which is important because the realistic condition in the field differ greatly from experimental condition, and this can result in a great difference in the chances of infection and immune reaction.<ref name="twenty" />

Even though vaccines have been successfully generated, the feasibility of its production and usage in rural free ranging pigs still remains a challenge. If a vaccine is to be injected, the burden of work and the cost of vaccine administration to pigs will remain high and unrealistic.<ref name="twenty" /> The incentives of using vaccines by pig owners will decrease if the vaccine administration to pigs takes time by injecting every single pig in their livestock. A hypothetical oral vaccine is proposed to be more effective in this case as it can be easily delivered to the pigs by food.<ref name="twenty" />

====S3PVAC vaccine====
The vaccine constituted by 3 [[peptide]] synthetically produced (S3Pvac) has proven its efficacy in natural conditions of transmission.<ref name="Huerta M 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Huerta M, De Aluja AS, Fragoso G, Toledo A, Villalobos N, Hernandez M, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Diaz A et al. | year = 2001 | title = Synthetic peptide vaccine against ''Taenia solium'' pig cysticercosis: successful vaccination in a controlled field trial in rural Mexico | journal = Vaccine| volume = 20 | issue = 1–2| pages = 262–6 | doi = 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00249-3 | pmid = 11567772 }}</ref> The S3PVAC vaccine so far, can be considered as the best vaccine candidate to be used in endemic areas such as Mexico (20). S3Pvac consists of three protective peptides: KETc12, KETc1 and GK1, whose sequences belong to native [[antigen]]s that are present in the different developmental stages of ''T. solium'' and other cestode parasites.<ref name="twenty" /><ref>http://www-lab.biomedicas.unam.mx/cistimex/s1.html#capitulo6 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307202025/http://www-lab.biomedicas.unam.mx/cistimex/s1.html |date=2009-03-07 }}</ref>

Non-infected pigs from rural villages in Mexico were vaccinated with S3Pvac and the vaccine reduced 98% the number of cysticerci and 50% the number of prevalence.<ref name="Huerta M 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sciutto E, Morales J, Martinez JJ, Toledo A, Villalobos MN, Cruz-Revilla C, Meneses G, Hernandez M, Diaz A et al. | year = 2007 | title = Further evaluation of the synthetic peptide vaccine S3Pvac against ''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis in pigs in an endemic town of Mexico | journal = Parasitology | volume = 134 | issue = Pt 1| pages = 129–33 | doi = 10.1017/S0031182006001132 | pmid = 16948875 | s2cid = 27758572 }}</ref> The diagnostic method involves necropsy and tongue inspection of pigs. The natural challenge conditions used in the study proved the efficacy of the S3Pvac vaccine in transmission control of ''T. solium'' in Mexico.<ref name="twenty" /> The S3Pvac vaccine is owned by the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the method of high scale production of the vaccine has already been developed.<ref name="twenty" /> The validation of the vaccine in agreement with the Secretary of Animal Health in Mexico is currently in the process of completion.<ref name="twenty seven">E-mail interview with Edda Sciutto. Feb 26 2009.</ref> It is also hoped that the vaccine will be well-accepted by pig owners because they also lose their income if pigs are infected cysticercosis.<ref name="twenty seven" /> Vaccination of pigs against cysticercosis, if succeeded, can potentially have a great impact on transmission control since there is no chance of re-infection once pigs receive vaccination.{{cn|date=November 2020}}