Editing Cyberbullying (section)

=== United States ===
[[File:Cyberbullying By Year.jpg|thumb|Percentage of victims of cyberbullying by year across the United States<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyberbullying.org/summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research|title=Summary of Our Cyberbullying Research (2004-2016)|date=July 10, 2019}}</ref>]]

==== 2000 ====
A 2000 survey by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] found that 6% of the young people who completed the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% had suffered distressing harassment.<ref name=ccrc>Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K.J., & Wolak, J. (2000). Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref>

==== 2004 ====
The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=2425023 |title=What Parents Need to Know About Cyberbullying  |date=September 12, 2006 |website=[[ABC News]] Primetime |publisher=ABC News Internet Ventures |access-date=February 3, 2015}}</ref>
* 42% of children had been bullied online. One in four had experienced it more than once.
* 35% had been threatened online. Nearly one in five had experienced it more than once.
* 21% had received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages.
* 58% admitted that someone had said hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten said this had happened more than once.
* 58% had not told their parents or an adult about something hurtful that had happened to them online.

==== 2005 ====
The Youth Internet Safety Survey-2, conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the [[University of New Hampshire]] in 2005, found that 9% of the young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment.<ref name=ccrc2>Wolak, J., Mitchell, K.J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online Victimization of Youth: Five Years Later. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.</ref> The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth 10–17 years old. One-third reported feeling distressed by the incident, with distress being more likely for younger respondents and those who were the victims of aggressive harassment (including being telephoned, sent gifts, or visited at home by the harasser).<ref name=ybarra>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | last3 = Wolak | first3 = J. | last4 = Finkelhor | first4 = D. | date = Oct 2006 | title = Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety Survey | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 4| pages = e1169–77 | doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0815| pmid = 17015505 | s2cid = 10952620 }}</ref> Compared to youth not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with rule breaking and aggression.<ref name=ybarra2>{{cite journal | last1 = Ybarra | first1 = M.L. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = K.J. | date = Aug 2007 | title = Prevalence and frequency of Internet harassment instigation: implications for adolescent health | journal = J Adolesc Health | volume = 41 | issue = 2| pages = 189–95 | doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.005| pmid = 17659224 }}</ref>

Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of approximately 1,500 Internet-using adolescents and found that over one-third of youth reported being victimized online, and over 16% of respondents admitted to cyberbullying others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics on Bullying |url=http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224632/http://district.seattleschools.org/modules/groups/homepagefiles/cms/1583136/File/Departmental%20Content/cyber%20bullying/lesson%202/cbms_2_tr1.pdf |archive-date=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> While most of the instances of cyberbullying involved relatively minor behavior (41% were disrespected, 19% were called names), over 12% were physically threatened and about 5% were scared for their safety. Notably, fewer than 15% of victims told an adult about the incident.<ref name="patchin1" /> Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007<ref name="patchin2">Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200237/http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?ID=101357 Offline Consequences of Online Victimization: School Violence and Delinquency.] [[Journal of School Violence]], 6(3), 89–112.</ref> found that youth who report being victims of cyberbullying also experience stress or strain that is related to offline problem behaviors such as running away from home, cheating on a test, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that both of these studies provide only preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with an online survey.

According to a 2005 survey by the [[Action for Children|National Children's Home]] charity and [[Tesco Mobile]],<ref name=survey>National Children's Home. (2005).[http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf Putting U in the picture. Mobile Bullying Survey 2005.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028120204/http://www.nch.org.uk/uploads/documents/Mobile_bullying_%20report.pdf |date=October 28, 2005 }}(pdf)</ref> of 770 youth between the ages of 11 and 19, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied via electronic means. Almost three-quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of responders indicated that another person had taken a picture and/or video of them via a [[camera phone|cellular phone camera]], consequently making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many youths are not comfortable telling an authority figure about their cyberbullying [[victimization]] for fear their access to technology will be taken from them; while 24% and 14% told a parent or teacher respectively, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend.<ref name=survey />

==== 2006 ====
According to the 2006 ''Harris Interactive Cyberbullying Research Report'', commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that "affects almost half of all American teens".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |title=Cyberbullying FAQ For Teens |date=2015 |website=National Crime Prevention Council |access-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195845/http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/cyberbullying-faq-for-teens |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== 2007 ====
[[File:Youth and Electronic aggression.gif|thumb|Distribution of cyberbullying venues<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=9|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|archive-date=April 22, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> used by young people in the US, according to the [[Centers for Disease Control]]<ref name="ybarra200710">{{cite journal |last1=Ybarra |first1=Michele L. |last2=Diener-West |first2=Marie |last3=Leaf |first3=Philip J. |date=December 2007 |title=Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S42–S50 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004|pmid=18047944 }}</ref>]]

Studies published in 2007 in the ''[[Journal of Adolescent Health]]'' indicated young people reporting being victims of electronic aggression in a range of 9%<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalski |first1=Robin M. |last2=Limber |first2=Susan P. |date=December 2007 |title=Electronic bullying among middle school students |journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Health]] |volume=41 |issue=6 Suppl 1 |pages=S22–S30 |doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017|pmid=18047942 }}</ref> to 35%.<ref name="ybarra200710" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hertz|first1=M. F.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|title=Electronic Media and Youth Violence: A CDC Issue Brief for Educators and Caregivers|last2=David-Ferdon|first2=C.|date=2008|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control]]|location=Atlanta (GA)|page=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125828/https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/ea-brief-a.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a [[Stanford University]] master's student, created ''[[Adina's Deck]]'', a film based on Stanford-accredited research. She worked in focus groups for ten weeks in three schools to learn about the problem of cyberbullying in northern California. The findings determined that over 60% of students had been cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying. The film is now being used in classrooms nationwide as it was designed around learning goals pertaining to problems that students had understanding the topic. The middle school of [[Suicide of Megan Meier|Megan Meier]] is reportedly using the film as a solution to the crisis in their town.

==== 2008 ====
In 2008, researchers Sameer Hinduja ([[Florida Atlantic University]]) and Justin Patchin ([[University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire]]) published a book on cyberbullying that summarized the current state of cyberbullying research (''Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying'').<ref name=patchin3>{{cite book | last= Hinduja | first = S. |author2=Patchin, J. W. | title = Bullying beyond the schoolyard: Preventing and responding to cyberbullying | publisher=Corwin Press | year = 2009| location = Thousand Oaks, CA | isbn = 978-1-4129-6689-4}}</ref> Their research documented that cyberbullying instances had been increasing over the preceding several years. They also reported findings from a then-recent study of cyberbullying. In a random sample of approximately 2000 middle-school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported being cyberbullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported having been cyberbullied at least once in their lifetime.<ref name="patchin3" /> While these rates are slightly lower than some of the findings from their previous research, Hinduja and Patchin pointed out that the earlier studies were predominantly conducted among older adolescents and Internet samples; that is, older youth use the Internet more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying than younger children.<ref name=patchin1>{{cite journal | last1 = Hinduja | first1 = S. | last2 = Patchin | first2 = J. W. | year = 2008 | title = Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization | journal = Deviant Behavior | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 129–156 | doi=10.1080/01639620701457816| s2cid = 144024729 }}</ref><ref name="patchin2" /><ref name="patchin">{{cite journal|last2=Hinduja|first2=S.|year=2006|title=Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying|journal=[[Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice]]|volume=4|issue=2|pages=148–169|doi=10.1177/1541204006286288|last1=Patchin|first1=J. W.|s2cid=145357837}}</ref>

==== 2011 ====
[[File:Indicators of School Crime and Safety 2013 Figure 11.3.gif|thumb|Students aged 12–18 who reported being cyberbullied anywhere during the school year 2011<ref name="crimeindicators">{{cite book|author = Snyder, Thomas D.|author2 = Robers, Simone|author3 = Kemp, Jana|author4 = Rathbun, Amy|author5 = Morgan, Rachel|chapter = Indicator 11: Bullying at School and Cyber-Bullying Anywhere|chapter-url = http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/iscs11.pdf|title = Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2013|url = http://nces.ed.gov/programs/crimeindicators/crimeindicators2013/index.asp|access-date = February 3, 2015|format = Compendium|id = NCES 2014042|publisher = Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences (ies)|date = June 10, 2014}}</ref>]]

According to the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]], [[Bureau of Justice Statistics]], School Crime Supplement (SCS), 9% of students age 12–18 admitted to having experienced cyberbullying during that school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%).<ref name="crimeindicators" />

==== 2013 ====
In the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2013, the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] published results of its survey as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in June 2014, indicating the percentage of school children being bullied through e-mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, websites, or texting ("electronically bullied") during the course of 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Laura |last1=Kann |first2=Steve |last2=Kinchen |first3=Shari L. |last3=Shanklin |first4=Katherine H. |last4=Flint |first5=Joseph |last5=Hawkins |first6=William A. |last6=Harris |first7=Richard |last7=Lowry |first8=Emily O'Malley |last8=Olsen |first9=Tim |last9=McManus |first10=David |last10=Chyen |first11=Lisa |last11=Whittle |first12=Eboni |last12=Taylor |first13=Zewditu |last13=Demissie |first14=Nancy |last14=Brener |first15=Jemekia |last15=Thornton |first16=John |last16=Moore |first17=Stephanie |last17=Zaza |date=June 13, 2014 |title=Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=63 |issue=4 |page=66 |pmid=24918634 |access-date=February 16, 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By race/ethnicity and sex
! Race/ethnicity !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! White, non-Hispanic
| 25.2% || 22.6%–28.0% || 8.7% || 7.5%–10.1% || 16.9% || 15.3%–18.7%
|-
! Black, non-Hispanic
| 10.5% || 8.7%–12.6% || 6.9% || 5.2%–9.0% || 8.7% || 7.3%–10.4%
|-
! Hispanic
| 17.1% || 14.5%–20.15 || 8.3% || 6.9%–10.0% || 12.8% || 10.9%–14.9%
|-
! Total
| 21.0% || 19.2%–22.9% || 8.5% || 7.7%–9.5% || 14.8% || 13.7%–15.9%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ By grade and sex
! Grade !! Female !! 95% confidence interval !! Male !! 95% confidence interval !! Total !! 95% confidence interval
|-
! 9
| 22.8% || 19.5%–26.6% || 9.4% || 7.9%–11.1% || 16.1% || 14.1%–18.2%
|-
! 10
| 21.9% || 18.7%–25.5% || 7.2% || 5.4%–9.6% || 14.5% || 12.6%–16.6%
|-
! 11
| 20.6% || 17.4%–24.3% || 8.9% || 7.3%–10.7% || 14.9% || 13.0%–16.9%
|-
! 12
| 18.3% || 16.3%–20.5% || 8.6% || 7.0%–10.5% || 13.5% || 12.2%–14.9%
|}

==== 2014 ====
In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study that focused on the literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. They found that researchers have generally assumed that cyberbullying is distinct from aggression perpetrated in person. Mehari et al. suggest that the media through which aggression is perpetrated may be best conceptualized as a new classification of aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as a distinct counterpart to existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying be considered within the context of theoretical and empirical knowledge of aggression in adolescence.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/psyc_pubs/15/|title = Cyberbullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct|last1 = Mehari|first1 = Krista|date = 2014|journal = Psychology of Violence|doi = 10.1037/a0037521|access-date = March 24, 2015|last2 = Farrell|first2 = Albert|last3 = Le|first3 = Anh-Thuy|volume=4|issue = 4|pages=399–415}}</ref>

Mary Howlett-Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on the cyberbullying victimization of Black and White students in specific conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3470/|title = CYBERBULLYING: AN EXAMINATION OF GENDER, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FROM THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY: STUDENT CRIME SUPPLEMENT, 2009|date = 2014|access-date = March 30, 2015|journal = Theses and Dissertations|last = Howlett-Brandon|first = Mary}}</ref>

====2015====
[[WalletHub]]'s 2015's ''Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying'' report measured the relative levels of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. have the most attempted suicides by high school students. The five states with highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana.<ref>{{cite web|title = 2015's Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying|url = https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-states-at-controlling-bullying/9920/|website = WalletHub|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>

Cyberbullying on social media has usually been student-to-student, but recently, students have been cyberbullying their teachers. High school students in Colorado created a Twitter site that bullies teachers. This ranges from obscenities to false accusations of inappropriate actions with students.<ref name=durangoherald20151029>{{cite web|title = 9-R students create teacher-bashing tweets|url = http://www.durangoherald.com/article/20151029/NEWS01/151029500/-1/news01&source=RSS|website = The Durango Herald|date=October 29, 2015|access-date = November 25, 2015}}</ref>