Editing Cysticercosis (section)

==Epidemiology==

=== Regions ===
''Taenia solium'' is found worldwide, but is more common where pork is part of the diet. Cysticercosis is most prevalent where humans live in close contact with pigs. Therefore, high prevalences are reported in Mexico, Latin America, West Africa, Russia, India, Pakistan, North-East China, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reeder|first1=P.E.S. Palmer, M.M.|title=Imaging of Tropical Diseases : With Epidemiological, Pathological, and Clinical Correlation|year=2001|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Heidelberg, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-56028-9|pages=641–642|edition=2 (revised)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9hMKQ2AKLEC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519014843/https://books.google.com/books?id=W9hMKQ2AKLEC&pg|archive-date=2016-05-19}}</ref> In Europe it is most widespread among [[Slavic people]].<ref name="gut" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hansen|first=NJ|author2=Hagelskjaer, LH |author3=Christensen, T |title=Neurocysticercosis: a short review and presentation of a Scandinavian case.|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=24|issue=3|pages=255–62|pmid=1509231|year=1992|doi=10.3109/00365549209061330}}</ref> However, reviews of the epidemiological in Western and Eastern Europe shows there are still considerable gaps in our understanding of the disease also in these regions.<ref name=west_europe>{{cite journal | last1 = Laranjo-González | first1 = M| last2 =  Devleesschauwer | first2 =B| last3 =  Trevisan | first3 =C| last4 = Allepuz | first4 =A| last5 = Sotiraki | first5 =S| last6 =  Abraham | first6 =A| last7 = Afonso | first7 =MB| last8 = Blocher | first8 =J| last9 = Cardoso | first9 =L| last10 = Correia da Costa | first10 =JM| last11 = Dorny | first11 =P| last12 = Gabriël | first12 =S| last13 = Gomes | first13 =J| last14 = Gómez-Morales | first14 =MÁ| last15 = Jokelainen | first15 =P| last16 = Kaminski | first16 =M| last17 = Krt | first17 =B| last18 = Magnussen | first18 =P| last19 = Robertson | first19 =LJ| last20 = Schmidt | first20 =V| last21 = Schmutzhard | first21 =E| last22 = Smit | first22 =GSA| last23 = Šoba | first23 =B| last24 = Stensvold | first24 =CR| last25 = Starič | first25 =J| last26 = Troell | first26 =K| last27 = Rataj | first27 =AV| last28 = Vieira-Pinto | first28 =M| last29 = Vilhena | first29 =M| last30 = Wardrop | first30 =NA| last31 = Winkler | first31 =AS| last32 = Dermauw | first32 =V | title = Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: Western Europe | doi =  10.1186/s13071-017-2280-8 | year = 2017 | journal = Parasit Vectors| volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages =349 | pmid = 28732550| pmc = 5521153}}</ref><ref name=east_europe>{{cite journal | last1 = Trevisan | first1 = C. | last2 = Sotiraki| first2 = S. | last3 = Laranjo-González| first3 = M. | last4 = Dermauw | first4 = V. | last5 = Wang | first5 = Z. | last6 = Kärssin | first6 = A. | last7 =  Cvetkovikj | first7 = A. | last8 = Winkler | first8 = A.S.  | last9 = Abraham | first9 = A. | last10 = Bobić | first10 = B. | last11 = Lassen | first11 = B. | last12 = Cretu | first12 = C.M. | last13 = Vasile | first13 = C. | last14 = Arvanitis | first14 = D. | last15 =  Deksne | first15 = G. | last16 = Boro | first16 = I.  | last17 = Kucsera | first17 = I. | last18 = Karamon | first18 = J. | last19 =  Stefanovska | first19 = J. | last20 = Koudela | first20 = B.  | last21 = Pavlova | first21 = M.J. | last22 = Varady | first22 = V. | last23 = Pavlak | first23 = M. | last24 = Šarkūnas | first24 = M. | last25 = Kaminski | first25 = M. | last26 =  Djurković-Djaković | first26 = O. | last27 = Jokelainen | first27 = P.  | last28 = Jan | first28 = D.S. | last29 = Schmidt | first29 = V. | last30 =  Dakić | first30 = Z. | last31 = Gabriël | first31 = S.  | last32 =  Dorny| first32 = P. | last33 = Devleesschauwer | first33 = B. | title = Epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis in Europe, a systematic review: eastern Europe | doi =  10.1186/s13071-018-3153-5 | year = 2018 | journal = Parasit Vectors | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages =569 | pmid = 30376899| pmc = 6208121 }}</ref>

The frequency has decreased in developed countries owing to stricter meat inspection, better hygiene and better sanitation of facilities.{{cn|date=January 2021}}

=== Infection estimates ===
In Latin America, an estimated 75 million persons live in endemic areas and 400,000 people have symptomatic disease.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bern C, Garcia HH, Evans C, et al. |title=Magnitude of the disease burden from neurocysticercosis in a developing country |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=1203–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10524964 |pmc=2913118 |doi=10.1086/313470 }}</ref> Some studies suggest that the prevalence of cysticercosis in Mexico is between 3.1 and 3.9 percent. Other studies have found the [[seroprevalence]] in areas of Guatemala, Bolivia, and Peru as high as 20 percent in humans, and 37 percent in pigs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeh J, Sheffield JS |title=Cysticercosis: A Zebra in the Neighborhood |journal=Virtual Mentor |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=220–3 |date=April 2008 |url=http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2008/04/cprl1-0804.html |doi=10.1001/virtualmentor.2008.10.4.cprl1-0804 |pmid=23206912 |access-date=2009-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219234814/http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2008/04/cprl1-0804.html |archive-date=2009-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Ethiopia, Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo around 10% of the population is infected, in Madagascar 16%. The distribution of cysticercosis coincides with the distribution of ''T. solium''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis |work=Zoonoses |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/taeniasis/en/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009155516/http://www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/taeniasis/en/index.html |archive-date=2008-10-09 }}</ref> Cysticercosis is the most common cause of symptomatic [[epilepsy]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Relationship between epilepsy and tropical diseases. Commission on Tropical Diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy |journal=Epilepsia |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |year=1994 |pmid=8112262 |doi=10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02916.x|s2cid=221733822 }}</ref>

Prevalence rates in the United States have shown immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia account for most of the domestic cases of cysticercosis.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Flisser A.|date=May 1988|title= Neurocysticercosis in Mexico|journal =Parasitology Today|volume=4|issue=5|pages= 131–137|pmid=15463066|doi=10.1016/0169-4758(88)90187-1}}</ref>

In 1990 and 1991, four unrelated members of an [[Orthodox Jewish]] community in [[New York City]] developed recurrent seizures and brain lesions, which were found to have been caused by ''T. solium''.  Their poor hygiene was the cause of infection .  <ref>{{Cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cm5pTOiYEmsC&q=pork+tapeworm+orthodox+jews&pg=PA192 | title=Outbreak Investigations Around the World: Case Studies in Infectious Disease | author=Dworkin, Mark S. | pages=192–196 | year=2010 | publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers | access-date=August 9, 2011 | isbn=978-0-7637-5143-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]] | title=Neurocysticercosis in an Orthodox Jewish Community in New York City | last1=Schantz |first1=Peter M. | date=September 3, 1992 | volume=327 | issue=10 | pages=692–695 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199209033271004 | pmid=1495521 | last2=Moore | first2=Anne C. | last3=Muñoz | first3=José L. | last4=Hartman | first4=Barry J. | last5=Schaefer | first5=John A. | last6=Aron | first6=Alan M. | last7=Persaud | first7=Deborah | last8=Sarti | first8=Elsa | last9=Wilson | first9=Marianna |display-authors = 2}}</ref>

=== Deaths ===
Worldwide as of 2010 it caused about 1,200 deaths, up from 700 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |s2cid=1541253 |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Estimates from 2010 were that it contributed to at least 50,000 deaths annually.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Román |first1=G. |last2=Sotelo |first2=J. |last3=Del Brutto |first3=O. |last4=Flisser |first4=A. |last5=Dumas |first5=M. |last6=Wadia |first6=N. |last7=Botero |first7=D. |last8=Cruz |first8=M. |last9=Garcia |first9=H. |last10=de Bittencourt |first10=P. R. |last11=Trelles |first11=L. |last12=Arriagada |first12=C. |last13=Lorenzana |first13=P. |last14=Nash |first14=T. E. |last15=Spina-França |first15=A. |title=A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international reportable disease |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |date=2000 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=399–406 |pmid=10812740 |pmc=2560715 |issn=0042-9686}}</ref>

In US during 1990–2002, 221 cysticercosis deaths were identified. Mortality rates were highest for Latinos and men. The mean age at death was 40.5 years (range 2–88). Most patients, 84.6%, were foreign born, and 62% had emigrated from Mexico. The 33 US-born persons who died of cysticercosis represented 15% of all cysticercosis-related deaths. The cysticercosis mortality rate was highest in California, which accounted for 60% of all cysticercosis deaths.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sorvillo FJ, DeGiorgio C, Waterman SH |title=Deaths from cysticercosis, United States |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=230–5 |date=February 2007 |pmid=17479884 |pmc=2725874 |doi=10.3201/eid1302.060527 }}</ref>