Editing Sexual consent (section)

=== LGBT ===
Michael Segalov states that young gay men do not learn much about consent and sexual boundaries because most "were never taught the language with which to explain or understand" their experiences and there are typically few [[LGBT]]+ role models in their community or family to seek advice from.<ref name="Segalov">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/07/gay-community-metoo-moment-conversation-consent-sexual-assault |title=Why hasn't the gay community had a #MeToo moment? |last=Segalov |first=Michael |date=7 March 2018 |website=www.theguardian.com |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=16 February 2019 |quote=}} </ref> Segalov states that hookup apps may create consent challenges because some men have a feeling of "entitlement" when they arrive at the hookup partner's place, and a sense that the encounter's sexual interaction has been "prearranged" online.<ref name="Segalov"/>
[[File:L.D.P. Gay Bar Istanbul.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Philip Henry states that non-consensual groping of bottoms and crotches is tolerated in some gay bars.]]
Christopher Robinson states that some queer "spaces continue to normalize, and even encourage, sexual violence", including "groping, drunk affection, and blatant sexual assault", because the "direct sexualization" in these venues leads some men to view the sexual harassment they commit as a "compliment" to the recipient. Robinson says that the "transgressions [are re-positioned] as charm" by the harassers, with the recipients of the unwanted contact being expected to "ignore and endure" the groping.<ref name="Robinson">{{cite web |url=http://ucsdguardian.org/2018/05/14/leave-space-queer-spaces/ |title=Opinion: Leave Some Space in Queer Spaces |last=Robinson |first=Christopher |date=14 May 2018 |website=ucsdguardian.org |publisher=UCSD Guardian |access-date=16 February 2019 |quote=As these [queer] spaces continue to normalize, and even encourage, sexual violence, they undermine their mission to provide safe and comfortable spaces for queer people to interact.}} </ref> Robinson says that this atmosphere may undermine the [[safe space]] that gay bars were supposed to be providing for queer people.<ref name="Robinson"/>

John Voutos states that for queer people, there are number of challenges with communicating consent, including "[s]ex-on-premises venues, queer clubs", online dating, the "non-verbal, semi-ambiguous communication of the [[Handkerchief code|hanky code]]" (in which a color-coded system indicates preferred sexual fetishes, what kind of sex they are seeking, and whether they are a top/dominant or bottom/submissive) and [[cruising for sex]].<ref name="Voutos">{{cite web |url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/national-news/consent-is-part-of-long-history-of-lgbtiqa-silencing-melbourne-inaugural-consent-festival/175389 |title='CONSENT IS A RIGHT OFTEN WITHHELD FROM LGBTIQ+ PEOPLE': MELBOURNE'S INAUGURAL CONSENT FESTIVAL |last=Voutos |first=John|date= |website=www.starobserver.com.au |publisher=Star Observer |access-date=16 February 2019 |quote=The importance of consent is often overlooked in queer spaces.}} </ref> Brodie Turner, the organizer of a 2019 Consent Festival, says that the lengthy history of "LGBTIQA+ silencing" and erasure from sex education and the lack of media depictions of "healthy [LGBTIQA+] relationships" mean that LGBTIQA+ people do not know about consent or have a sense that it is their right. <ref name="Voutos"/>

Philip Henry states that the male gay community tolerates and even encourages non-consenting grabbing and groping of butts and crotches in gay venues because the boundaries of consent are blurred in the gay club environment, particularly when there is drinking and semi-nude patrons dancing.<ref name="Philip Henry">{{cite web |url=https://www.them.us/story/how-gay-men-normalize-sexual-assault |title=How Gay Men Normalize Sexual Assault |last=Henry |first=Philip |date=17 November 2017 |website=www.them.us |publisher=Them |access-date=25 June 2018 |quote=Gay bars and gay venues offer a safe environment to celebrate our sexuality, free of judgment. Yet as we’ve built fences to protect us from the hatred of the outside world, we’ve forgotten the need to protect the people inside of it as well.}} </ref> He says that when a gay man does experience unwanted groping and expresses concern, he is often told to "calm down" or that groping "comes with the territory” in a gay venue.<ref name="Philip Henry"/> Gay men in the [[chemsex]] scene, where couples or groups consume [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|GHB]] or [[crystal meth]] prior to extensive sex, have stated that consent is not clearly defined and there can be a perception that anyone at a "party and play" get-together is assumed to consent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.advocate.com/current-issue/2017/9/11/its-time-talk-about-chemsex-and-consent |title=It's Time to Talk About Chemsex and Consent |last=Zane |first=Zachary |date=11 September 2017 |website=www.advocate.com |publisher=Advocate |access-date=7 July 2018 |quote=Consent often isn’t clearly defined among men who engage in chemsex. Various men have told me that consent is given up upon using drugs. “When I went into these situations, I went in with the knowledge that anything goes,” says Sam.}} </ref> 

In an article in ''Advocate'', Alexander Cheves argues that when a person enters a dark backroom of a gay bar, "you waive a degree of consent", because "[g]ay men go back there to get groped."<ref name="Cheves">{{cite web |url=https://www.advocate.com/commentary/2017/8/08/straight-folks-there-are-some-spaces-you-dont-belong |title=Straight Folks, There Are Some Spaces You Don't Belong In |last=Cheves |first=Alexander |date=8 August 2017 |website=www.advocate.com |publisher=Advocate |access-date=16 February 2019 |quote=}}</ref> Cheves states that for people going into a backroom, the onus is on them to "gently push" an unwanted hand away from their body.<ref name="Cheves"/> In "Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic", Rennie McDougall states that adding modern consent approaches to gay spaces such as gay bars and saunas would have a negative effect on gay men's sexual interactions, because non-consensual but non-threatening hands of a stranger on a bottom, chest or crotch can be a "positive part of sexual discovery" for gay men.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2017/12/19/discussing_consent_in_gay_spaces_requires_nuance_not_sex_panic.html |title=Discussing Consent in Gay Spaces Requires Nuance, Not Sex Panic |last=McDougall |first=Rennie |date=19 December 2017 |website=www.slate.com |publisher=Slate/Outward |access-date=24 June 2018 |quote=But the sanitization of gay spaces—a total cleaning up of our sometimes messy brushes with desire—would be a profound loss. What arguments like these make clear is that when it comes to the language of assault, we should not generalize. A “strange hand on our butts” in a gay club, as Henry writes, is not necessarily an act of sexual violence. To lump the two ends of a spectrum together under one category of assault trivializes the seriousness of aggressive acts and ignores the fact that unexpected—but non-threatening—encounters can be a positive part of sexual discovery}}</ref>

Jo Jackson says that in the queer female community she has had experiences where venue participants put their hands on her body (near her thigh) and touching her breasts without consent, but she said nothing because she felt at the time that these actions were part of "a soft charade of seduction".<ref name="Jo Jackson">{{cite web |url=https://matadornetwork.com/read/reality-harassment-abuse-queer-female-community/ |title=The reality of harassment and abuse in the queer female community |last=Jackson |first=Jo |date=18 January 2018 |website=matadornetwork.com |publisher=Matador Network|access-date= |quote=16 February 2019}} </ref> She states that the queer female community has "butt-grabbing, dudeish remarks, and aggressive, persistent come-ons" and she says there is a sense that being aggressive or using “sexual energy to wield power is...hot”.<ref name="Jo Jackson"/>  She says some women feel a sense of "entitlement" to touch that blurs the concept of consent. Another issue is that queer women often grow up only exposed to media representations of heterosexual dating, so young queer females may lack a vocabulary for women-on-women dating and an understanding of the social cues for consent.<ref name="Jo Jackson"/> 

In "Why Yes Can Mean No", Jordan Bosiljevac states that "yes" does not necessarily mean consent for "...poor, disabled, queer, non-white, trans, or feminine" people; she states that consent approaches are a form of privilege created for well-to-do, hetero, cis, White, able-bodied people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cmcforum.com/opinion/04302015-why-yes-can-mean-no |title=Why Yes Can Mean No |last=Bosiljevac |first= Jordan|date=30 April 2015 |website=cmcforum.com |publisher=The Forum |access-date=7 July 2018 |quote=}} </ref> An article about queer students at McGill University states that in queer sexual encounters, there is not a set script of activities, as with heterosexual sex, and queer sex is more exploratory; as such, there are more discussions about consent between queer partners about every step and act.<ref name="Kahn">{{cite web |url=https://mcgilldaily.com/queernessandsexuality/consent.php |title=Talking about queer consent: The dynamics of consent in queer relationships merit their own discussion |last=Kahn |first=Rebecca |date= |website= mcgilldaily.com|publisher=McGill Daily |access-date=14 July 2018 |quote=}} </ref> However, Rebecca Kahn states that in queer encounters where one person is cis-gender and one person is trans, the cis person may have more power in the relationship that can give the trans person "...feelings of fear, or more subtly,...a desire to please the more privileged partner" in the encounter; Kahn says that to address these power differentials, the privileged partner should make sure the marginalized person feels comfortable by letting them know that consent is not assumed.<ref name="Kahn"/> Asexual people may feel pressured to consent to having sex when they are in a relationship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hellogiggles.com/lifestyle/asexual-people-belong-at-pride/ |title=Why asexual people belong at Pride and in all LGBTQIA+ spaces |last=Leary |first=Alaina |date=19 June 2018 |website=hellogiggles.com |publisher=Hello Giggles |access-date=16 February 2019 |quote=}} </ref>