Editing Cyberbullying (section)

== Methods used ==
[[File:Where Cyberbullying Is Occuring.jpg|thumb|Where cyberbullying is occurring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/cyber-bullying-statistics/|title=Cyberbullying / Bullying Statistics|date=February 19, 2016}}</ref>]]

Manuals intended to educate the public about cyberbullying summarize that cyberbullying is inclusive of acts of intended cruelty to others in the form of posting or sending material using an internet capable device.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irimia |first1=Ramona-Elena |last2=Gottschling |first2=Marc |title=Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) |journal=Biodiversity Data Journal |date=8 June 2016 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=e7720 |doi=10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720 |pmid=27346952 |pmc=4910500 }}</ref> Research, legislation and education in the field are ongoing. Research has identified basic definitions and guidelines to help recognize and cope with what is regarded as abuse of electronic communications.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cforks.org/Downloads/cyber_bullying.pdf|title=Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats Effectively Managing Internet Use Risks in Schools|last=Willard|first=Nancy|date=2007|website=Center for Safe and Responsible Use of the Internet}}</ref>

* Cyberbullying involves repeated behavior with intent to harm.
* Cyberbullying is perpetrated through [[harassment]], [[cyberstalking]], denigration (sending or posting cruel rumors and falsehoods to damage reputation and friendships), [[impersonation]], and exclusion (intentionally and cruelly excluding someone from an online group)<ref name=":3">''[http://csriu.org/cyberbully/docs/cbcteducator.pdf An Educator's Guide to Cyberbullying]'' Brown Senate.gov, archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410181159/http://csriu.org/cyberbully/docs/cbcteducator.pdf the original] on April 10, 2011</ref>
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage = [[File:Ashley Judd ioc cropped.jpg|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSf6nij-SdA How online abuse of women has spiraled out of control], Ashley Judd, [[TED (conference)|TED Talks]], 16:10<ref name="ted">{{cite web | title =How online abuse of women has spiraled out of control | publisher =[[TED (conference)]] | date = January 18, 2017 | url =http://www.ted.com/talks/ashley_judd_how_online_abuse_of_women_has_spiraled_out_of_control | access-date =January 18, 2017 }}</ref> }}
Cyberbullying can be as simple as continuing to send emails or text messages harassing someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender. It may also include public actions such as repeated [[threat]]s, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e. [[hate speech]]) or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false statements as fact aimed a discrediting or humiliating a targeted person.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defining a Cyberbully|url=https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=121847|publisher=The National Science Foundation|access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> Cyberbullying could be limited to posting rumors about a person on the internet with the intention of bringing about hatred in others' minds or convincing others to dislike or participate in online denigration of a target. It may go to the extent of personally identifying victims of crime and publishing materials defaming or humiliating them.<ref name="definitions.uslegal.com">[http://definitions.uslegal.com/c/cyber-bullying/ Cyberbullying – Law and Legal Definitions] US Legal</ref>

Cyberbullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, home address, or workplace/schools) on websites or forums—called [[doxing]], or may use [[impersonation]], creating fake accounts, comments or sites posing as their target for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames, discredits or ridicules them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Mengtong|last2=Cheung|first2=Anne Shann Yue|last3=Chan|first3=Ko Ling|date=January 2019|title=Doxing: What Adolescents Look for and Their Intentions|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=218|doi=10.3390/ijerph16020218|pmc=6352099|pmid=30646551}}</ref> This can leave the cyberbully anonymous, which can make it difficult for them to be caught or punished for their behavior, although not all cyberbullies maintain their anonymity. Users of semi-anonymous chat websites are at high risk for cyberbullying, as it is also easy in this outlet for a cyberbully to remain anonymous.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hosseinmardi|first1=H.|last2=Ghasemianlangroodi|first2=A.|last3=Han|first3=R.|last4=Lv|first4=Q.|last5=Mishra|first5=S.|date=August 2014|title=Towards understanding cyberbullying behavior in a semi-anonymous social network|journal=2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2014)|pages=244–252|doi=10.1109/ASONAM.2014.6921591|isbn=978-1-4799-5877-1|bibcode=2014arXiv1404.3839H|arxiv=1404.3839|s2cid=14481506}}</ref> Text or instant messages and emails between friends can also constitute cyberbullying if what is said is hurtful.

[[File:Email final.jpg|thumb|Cyberbullying by [[email]] from a fictional friend@[[hotmail.com]]]]
The recent rise of smartphones and mobile apps have yielded a more accessible form of cyberbullying. It is expected that cyberbullying via these platforms will occur more often than through more stationary internet platforms because of constant access to the internet. In addition, the combination of cameras and Internet access and the instant availability of these modern smartphone technologies yield specific types of cyberbullying not found in other platforms. It is likely that those cyberbullied via mobile devices will experience a wider range of cyberbullying methods than those who are exclusively bullied elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Görzig|first=Anke|author2=Lara A. Frumkin|title=Cyberbullying experiences on-the-go: When social media can become distressing|journal=Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace|volume=7|issue=1|year=2013|doi=10.5817/CP2013-1-4|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some teens argue that some events categorized as cyberbullying are simply drama. Danah Boyd writes, "teens regularly used that word [drama] to describe various forms of interpersonal conflict that ranged from insignificant joking around to serious jealousy-driven relational aggression. Whereas adults might have labeled many of these practices as bullying, teens saw them as drama."<ref>Boyd, D. (2014). Bullying is social media amplifying meanness and cruelty? In It's Complicated the social lives of networked teens (p. 137). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</ref>

=== In social media ===
Cyberbullying can take place on social media sites such as [[Facebook]], [[Myspace]], and [[Twitter]]. "By 2008, 93% of young people between the ages of 12 and 17 were online. In fact, youth spend more time with media than any single other activity besides sleeping."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/millennials/teen-internet-use-graphic/ |title=Teen and Young Adult Internet Use |work=Pew Internet Project |access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> The last decade has witnessed a surge of cyberbullying, which is categorized as bullying that occurs through the use of electronic communication technologies, such as e-mail, instant messaging, social media, online gaming, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kowalski |first1=Robin M. |last2=Giumetti |first2=Gary W. |last3=Schroeder |first3=Amber N. |last4=Lattanner |first4=Micah R. |title=Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. |journal=Psychological Bulletin |date=July 2014 |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=1073–1137 |doi=10.1037/a0035618 |pmid=24512111 }}</ref>

There are many risks attached to social media sites, and cyberbullying is one of the larger risks.<ref name=":12"/> One million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyberbullying on Facebook during the past year,{{when|date=December 2017}} while 90 percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed online cruelty say they have ignored mean behavior on social media, and 35 percent have done so frequently. Ninety-five percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignoring the mean behavior, and 55 percent have witnessed this frequently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetsafety101.org/cyberbullyingstatistics.htm |title=Cyberbullying Statistics |work=Internet Safety 101 |access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> Terms like "Facebook depression" have been coined specifically in regard to the result of extended social media use, with cyberbullying playing a large part in this.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Submit The Documentary,March 2013.jpg|thumb|Submit The Documentary. An award-winning documentary about the effects of cyberbullying that is shown in schools across the globe.]]

Cyberbullying has become more common nowadays because of all the technology that children have access to. The most common apps that teenagers use to cyberbully are [[Instagram]], Twitter, and [[Snapchat]].<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Vessey |first2=Judith A. |last3=Pfeifer |first3=Lauren |title=Cyberbullying and Social Media: Information and Interventions for School Nurses Working With Victims, Students, and Families |journal=The Journal of School Nursing |date=February 2018 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1177/1059840517740191 |pmid=29103352 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Cyberbullying has become harder to stop because parents and teachers are unaware of when and where it is happening.<ref name=":12" /> Teens will say awful things to one another online and what they do not realize is that once it is said and published online it will not go away. Home used to be a safe place for teens, but now a child is still within reach of becoming a victim of cyberbullying- whether it is through [[YouTube]], [[Ask.fm]], or a [[Text messaging|text message]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" />

According to a 2013 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] study, eight out of ten teens who use social media now share more information about themselves than they have in the past. This includes their location, images, and contact information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/ |title=Teens, Social Media, and Privacy |access-date=November 15, 2015|date=May 21, 2013 }}</ref> In order to protect children, it is important that personal information such as age, birthday, school/church, phone number, etc. be kept confidential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highya.com/articles-guides/stranger-danger-protecting-your-children-from-cyber-bullying-sexting-and-social-media |title=Stranger Danger: Protecting Your Children from Cyber Bullying, Sexting, & Social Media |access-date=November 15, 2015}}</ref>

Two studies from 2014 found that 80% of body-shaming [[Twitter|tweets]] are sent by women, while they also accounted for 50% of [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] tweets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36380247|title=Twitter abuse - '50% of misogynistic tweets from women'|date=May 26, 2016|work=BBC News|access-date=September 7, 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.demos.co.uk/press-release/staggering-scale-of-social-media-misogyny-mapped-in-new-demos-study/|title=New Demos study reveals scale of social media misogyny - Demos|website=www.demos.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref>

Cyberbullying can also take place through the use of websites belonging to certain groups to effectively request the targeting of another individual or group. An example of this is the [[#Bullying of climate scientists and activists|bullying of climate scientists and activists]].<ref name=scientificamerican-climate>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-cyber-bullying|title=Cyber Bullying Intensifies as Climate Data Questioned|author1=Douglas Fischer |author2=The Daily Climate |work=scientificamerican.com}}</ref><ref name=timemag-climate>{{cite magazine|url=http://ideas.time.com/2012/04/10/when-grownups-bully-climate-scientists/|title=Dominique Browning: When Grownups Bully Climate Scientists – TIME.com|magazine=TIME.com}}</ref><ref name=latrobe-climate>{{cite web|url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2011/opinion/bullying-climate-change-scientists|title=Bullying climate change scientists|work=latrobe.edu.au}}</ref>

=== In gaming ===
{{See also|Gamergate controversy|2017 Wichita swatting}}
[[File:Gamers Playin expo.jpg|thumb|Harassment in [[gaming culture]] can occur in [[Online game|online gaming]].]]
Of those who reported having experienced online harassment in a Pew Research poll, 16% said the most recent incident had occurred in an online game.<ref name="pewFiveFacts">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/30/5-facts-about-online-harassment/|last=Duggan|first=Maeve|publisher=Pew Research Center|title=5 facts about online harassment}}</ref> A study from National Sun Yat-sen University observed that children who enjoyed violent video games were significantly more likely to both experience and perpetrate cyberbullying.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Paths to Bullying in Online Gaming: The Effects of Gender, Preference for Playing Violent Games, Hostility, and Aggressive Behavior on Bullying|journal=Journal of Educational Computing Research|volume=47|issue=3|pages=235–249|doi=10.2190/ec.47.3.a|year=2013|last1=Yang|first1=Shu Ching|s2cid=145419778}}</ref>

Another study that discusses the direct correlation between exposure to violent video games and cyber bullying also took into account personal factors such as "duration of playing online games, alcohol consumption in the last 3 months, parents drunk in the last 3 months, anger, hostility, ADHD, and a sense of belonging"<ref>Lam L, Cheng Z and Liu X, 'Violent Online Games Exposure And Cyberbullying/Victimization Among Adolescents' (2013) 16 Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</ref> as potential contributing factors of cyberbullying.

Gaming was a more common venue for men in which to experience harassment, whereas women's harassment tended to occur more via social media.<ref name="washpoPewGamergate">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2014/10/23/gamergate-and-how-internet-users-think-about-gaming-and-harassment/|last=Rosenberg|first=Alyssa|work=The Washington Post|title=Gamergate and how Internet users think about gaming and harassment}}</ref> Most respondents considered [[gaming culture]] to be equally welcoming to both genders, though 44% thought it favored men.<ref name="nprPewLeastWelcoming">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/10/22/357826882/pew-gaming-is-least-welcoming-online-space-for-women|last=Hu|first=Elise|publisher=NPR|work=All Tech Considered|title=Pew: Gaming Is Least Welcoming Online Space For Women}}</ref> Sexual harassment in gaming generally involves slurs directed towards women, sex role stereotyping, and overaggressive language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norris|first1=Kamala O.|year=2004|title=Gender Stereotypes, Aggression, and Computer Games: An Online Survey of Women|journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior|volume=7|issue=6|pages=714–27|doi=10.1089/cpb.2004.7.714|pmid=15687807}}</ref> Keza MacDonald writes in ''[[The Guardian]]'' that [[sexism in gaming|sexism exists in gaming culture]], but is not mainstream within it.<ref name="guardianReallySexist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2012/mar/06/are-gamers-really-sexist|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=MacDonald|first=Keza|title=Are gamers really sexist?|date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] made reference to the harassment of women gamers during his remarks in honor of Women's History Month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/16/remarks-president-reception-honor-womens-history-month|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|title=Remarks by the President at Reception in Honor of Women's History Month|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|date=March 16, 2016}}</ref>

Competitive gaming scenes have been less welcoming of women than has broader gaming culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/02/women-are-gamers-but-largely-absent-from-e-sports/|work=Ars Technica|last=Johnston|first=Casey|title=Women are gamers, but largely absent from "e-sports"|date=February 19, 2014}}</ref> In an internet-streamed fighting game competition, one female gamer forfeited a match after the coach of her team, Aris Bakhtanians, stated, "The sexual harassment is part of the culture. If you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community."<ref name="nytimesOnlineGaming" /> The comments were widely condemned by gamers, with comments in support of sexual harassment "drowned out by a vocal majority of people expressing outrage, disappointment and sympathy."<ref name="guardianReallySexist" /> The incident built momentum for action to counter sexual harassment in gaming.<ref name="nytimesOnlineGaming">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/02/us/sexual-harassment-in-online-gaming-stirs-anger.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=O'Leary|first=Amy|title=In Virtual Play, Sex Harassment Is All Too Real}}</ref>

Some game developers have been subjected to harassment and death threats by players upset by changes to a game or by a developer's online policies.<ref name="polygonPlague">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2013/8/15/4622252/plague-of-game-dev-harassment-erodes-industry-spurs-support-groups|last=Crecente|first=Brian|work=Polygon|title=Plague of game dev harassment erodes industry, spurs support groups|date=August 15, 2013}}</ref> Harassment also occurs in reaction to critics such as [[Jack Thompson (activist)|Jack Thompson]] or [[Anita Sarkeesian]], whom some fans see as threats to the medium.<ref name="guardianCriticismCensorship">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/30/gamers-criticism-censorship|last=Jenkins|first=Ria|journal=The Guardian|title=When will gamers understand that criticism isn't censorship?|date=January 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="psmagGamerProblem" /> Various people have been harassed in connection with the [[Gamergate controversy]].<ref name="observerBlameGamergate">{{cite web|url=http://observer.com/2015/10/blame-gamergates-bad-rep-on-smears-and-shoddy-journalism/|last=Young|first=Cathy|work=New York Observer|title=Blame GamerGate's Bad Rep on Smears and Shoddy Journalism|date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> Harassment related to gaming is not of a notably different severity or tenor compared to online harassment motivated by other subcultures or advocacy issues.<ref name="psmagGamerProblem">{{cite web|url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/online-harassment-women-isnt-just-gamer-problem-90518|last=Berlatsky|first=Noah|work=Pacific Standard|title=Online Harassment of Women Isn't Just a Gamer Problem}}</ref>

Sabotage among rival [[crowdfunding]] campaigns is a recurring problem for projects related to gaming.<ref name="lifehackerCrowdfunding">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2014/08/crowdsourcing-tends-to-attract-the-worst-kind-of-people/|last=Jager|first=Chris|work=Lifehacker|publisher=Gawker Media|title=Crowdsourcing Tends To Attract The Worst Kind Of People|date=August 25, 2014}}</ref>

Some instances of [[swatting]] in games such as ''[[Call of Duty]]'' and ''[[League of Legends]]'' have resulted in law enforcement [[SWAT]] units called on individuals' homes as a prank. On December 28, 2017, [[Wichita, Kansas]] police officers killed Andrew Finch at his Kansas home in a reported swatting prank.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kansas.com/news/local/crime/article192111974.html|title=Call of Duty gaming community points to 'swatting' in deadly Wichita police shooting|last=Manna|first=Nicole|date=December 29, 2017|work=The Wichita Eagle|access-date=December 29, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== In search engines ===
[[Information cascade]]s happen when users start passing along information they assume to be true, but cannot know to be true, based on information on what other users are doing. This can be accelerated by search engines' ranking technologies and their [[personalized search|tendency to return results relevant to a user's previous interests]]. This type of information spreading is hard to stop. Information cascades over social media and the Internet may also be harmless, and may contain truthful information.<ref name=citron-hatecrimes />

Bullies use [[Google bomb]]s (a term applicable to any search engine)<ref name="Marziah Karch">{{cite web|author=Marziah Karch|date=November 5, 2018|title=What Is a Google Bomb: Google bombs explained|url=https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-google-bomb-1616351|access-date=December 17, 2018|website=Lifewire}}</ref> to increase the prominence of favored posts sorted by the most popular searches, done by linking to those posts from as many other web pages as possible. Examples include the [[campaign for the neologism "santorum"]] organized by the [[LGBT]] lobby. Google bombs can manipulate the Internet's search engines regardless of how authentic the pages are, but there is a way to counteract this type of manipulation as well.<ref name=citron-hatecrimes>{{Cite book|title = Hate Crimes in Cyberspace|last = Citron|first = Danielle|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2014 |location = Cambridge, Mass., USA & London, UK|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wmiABAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-674-36829-3 }}</ref>