Editing Campylobacter (section)

== Pathogenesis ==
{{Main|Campylobacteriosis}}

''Campylobacter'' can cause a gastrointestinal infection, campylobacteriosis. The incubation period is 24–72 hours after infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zilbauer M, Dorrell N, Wren BW, Bajaj-Elliott M | title = Campylobacter jejuni-mediated disease pathogenesis: an update | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–9 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18023831 | doi = 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.09.019 }}</ref> This is characterized by an inflammatory, sometimes bloody [[diarrhea]] or [[dysentery]] syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever, and pain.<ref name=cazp>{{cite journal | vauthors = Humphrey T, O'Brien S, Madsen M | title = Campylobacters as zoonotic pathogens: a food production perspective | journal = International Journal of Food Microbiology | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–57 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17368847 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.01.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Infections from some foodborne germs increased, while others remained unchanged in 2012 |publisher=CDC |date=April 18, 2013 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/p0418-foodborne-germs.html |access-date=October 22, 2015}}</ref> The most common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, ingestion of contaminated food or water, and the eating of raw meat. Foods implicated in campylobacteriosis include raw or under-cooked poultry, raw dairy products, and contaminated produce.<ref name="CDC41813" /> ''Campylobacter'' is sensitive to the stomach's normal production of [[hydrochloric acid]]: as a result, the [[infectious dose]] is relatively high, and the bacteria rarely cause illness when a person is exposed to less than 10,000 organisms.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, people taking [[Antacid|antacid medication]] (e. g. people with [[gastritis]] or [[Peptic ulcer|stomach ulcers]]) are at higher risk of contracting disease from a smaller number of organisms, since this type of medication neutralizes normal [[gastric acid]].

In humans, the sites of tissue injury include the [[jejunum]], the [[ileum]], and the [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]].{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} Most strains of ''C jejuni'' produce [[cytolethal distending toxin]], which inhibits cell division and impedes activation of the immune system.  This helps the bacteria to evade the immune system and survive for a limited time inside intestinal cells {{citation needed|date=April 2021}}. ''Campylobacter'' has, on rare occasions, been suggested to cause [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]] and [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], though no unequivocal case reports exist {{citation needed|date=April 2021}}. In some cases, a ''Campylobacter'' infection can be the underlying cause of [[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]. [[Gastrointestinal perforation]] is a rare complication of ileal infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jassim SS, Malik A, Aldridge A |title=Small bowel perforation: an unusual cause |journal=Grand Rounds |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=17–9 |doi=10.1102/1470-5206.2011.0006}}</ref>

''Campylobacter'' has also been associated with [[periodontitis]].<ref name=cazp />