Editing History of zoophilia (section)

==19th-Century==
In 1835, the Russian Empire criminalized ''skotolozhstvo'' (bestiality) in the country. In 1845, the Russian Empire merged both ''muzhelozhstvo'' (sodomy) and ''skotolozhstvo'' statues together into a single statue prohibiting ''protivoestestvennye poroki'' (vices contrary to nature).<ref name="Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia" /> On August 20, 1848, Norway adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1687 law that implemented the capital punishment by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer">{{cite book |last=Rydström |first=Jens  |date=May 31, 2007 |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |isbn=9789052602455 |accessdate=September 9, 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfsUAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

In 1855, the German physician Wilhelm Gollmann claimed that [[sodomy]] was initially committed by shepherds. He adds that shepherds were drawn to this method of pleasure for the "want of more natural opportunities." Gollmann then prejudicially attacks Sicilians, whom he claims commit zoophilia against goats. According to Blumenbach, the females of Guinea commit indecent acts against monkeys. Gollmann finalizes his dubious claims with his assertion that Iranians commit acts against donkeys as a cure for coxalgia.<ref>
{{cite book
|first=Wilhelm
|last=Gollmann
|title=Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ
|publisher=Rademacher & Sheek
|others=[[Charles Julius Hempel]]
|year=1854
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjgLvjto-kC&q=%22sodomy+was+originally+practiced+by+shepherds%22&pg=PA202}}</ref>

In 1852, the Austrian Empire enacted § 130 which criminalized bestiality with a maximum of five years in prison. About fifty people were convicted annually due to the law.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> In 1861, the Offences against the Person Act 1861 lowered the criminal penalty of buggery in the United Kingdom from the death penalty to life in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> On February 10, 1866, Denmark (including Greenland and Faroes) adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1683 law that implemented the death penalty at the stake by means of royal pardon for "intercourse against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor ranging from about eight months to six years, which was further reduced with about one third if the penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer" /> On June 25, 1869, Iceland adopted a new penal code that replaced a 13th-century law mandating death by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) to a punishment of work in a house of correction.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />

On May 15, 1871, the German Empire enacted Paragraph 175 into the “Reichs-Criminal Code” (RStGB) which outlawed zoophilia and punished it by imprisonment.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&dq=May+15%2C+1871+Paragraph+175&pg=PA70 Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall]</ref> In 1878, the penal code of the Kingdom of Hungary criminalized bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> Sweden, in 1864, and Grand Duchy of Finland, on December 19, 1889, adopted new penal codes replacing and a 1734 penal code, which applied to both countries and criminalized bestiality with being burnt at the stake. The 1864 Swedish law punished "fornication with animals" (bestiality) with two years hard labor, while the 1889 Finished law punished bestiality with imprisonment for two years.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />