Editing Salmonellosis (section)

== Prevention ==
{{See also|Critical control point}}
The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has published guidelines to help reduce the chance of food-borne salmonellosis.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Salmonella_Questions_&_Answers/index.asp|title= Salmonella Questions and Answers|access-date= 2009-01-21|publisher= USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service|date= 2006-09-20|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090115230327/http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Salmonella_Questions_%26_Answers/index.asp|archive-date= 2009-01-15}}</ref> Food must be cooked to {{convert|145|-|165|°F}}, and liquids such as soups or gravies should be boiled when reheating. Freezing kills some ''Salmonella'', but it is not sufficient to reliably reduce them below infectious levels. While ''Salmonella'' is usually [[heat]]-sensitive, it acquires heat-resistance in high-fat environments such as peanut butter.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE5296H420090310 | work=Reuters | title=FDA issues peanut safety guidelines for foodmakers | date=2009-03-10 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312034238/http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE5296H420090310 | archive-date=2009-03-12 }}</ref>

=== Vaccine ===
Antibodies against nontyphoidal ''Salmonella'' were first found in [[Malawi]] children in research published in 2008. The Malawian researchers identified an antibody that protects children against bacterial infections of the blood caused by nontyphoidal ''Salmonella''. A study at Queen Elizabeth Hospital in [[Blantyre, Malawi|Blantyre]] found that children up to two years old develop antibodies that aid in killing the bacteria. This could lead to a possible ''Salmonella'' vaccine for humans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=MacLennan CA, Gondwe EN, Msefula CL, etal |title=The neglected role of antibody in protection against bacteremia caused by nontyphoidal strains of Salmonella in African children |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |issue=4 |pages=1553–62 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18357343 |pmc=2268878 |doi=10.1172/JCI33998 |volume=118 }}</ref>

A 2014 study tested a vaccine on chickens which offered efficient protection against salmonellosis.<ref name=" pmid = 24176491 ">{{cite journal | first1 = Rahul M. | last1 = Nandre | first2 = John Hwa | last2 = Lee | title = Construction of a recombinant-attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis strain secreting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit protein and its immunogenicity and protection efficacy against salmonellosis in chickens. | journal = Vaccine | volume = 32 | issue = 2 |date=Jan 2014 | pmid = 24176491 | pages = 425–431 | doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.054}}</ref>

Vaccination of chickens against ''Salmonella'' essentially wiped out the disease in the [[United Kingdom]].  A similar approach was considered in the United States, but the Food and Drug Administration decided not to mandate vaccination of hens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/business/25vaccine.html|title=U.S. Forgoes Salmonella Vaccine for Egg Safety|last=Neuman|first=William|date=2010-08-24|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-03-12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417063146/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/business/25vaccine.html|archive-date=2016-04-17}}</ref>

=== Industrial hygiene ===
Since 2011, Denmark has had three cases of human salmonella poisoning.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/03/denmark_cracks_down_on_salmone.html|title=Contaminated chicken: After illnesses soar, Denmark attacks salmonella at its source|access-date=2016-09-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609224448/http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/03/denmark_cracks_down_on_salmone.html|archive-date=2015-06-09|date=2014-03-18}}</ref> The country eradicated salmonella without vaccines and antibiotics by focusing on eliminating the infection from "breeder stocks", implementing various measures to prevent infection, and taking a zero-tolerance policy towards salmonella in chickens.<ref name=":0" />