Heterosexism - Revision history

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Rauhbautz at 21:39, 16 October 2024

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	'''Heterosexism''' is a system of [[Attitude (psychology)\|attitudes]], [[bias]], and [[discrimination]] in favor of female–male [[Human sexuality\|sexuality]] and relationships.<ref name="JungSmith">{{cite book\|last=Jung\|first=Patricia Beattie\|author2=Smith, Ralph F.\|title=Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|year=1993\|isbn=0-7914-1696-8\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/heterosexismethi0000jung}}</ref> It can include the presumption that other people are [[Heterosexuality\|heterosexual]] or that female–male attractions and relationships are the only [[Norm (social)\|norm]]<ref name="Cramer2014">{{cite book\|author=Elizabeth Cramer\|title=Addressing Homophobia and Heterosexism on College Campuses\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqAAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1\|date=5 March 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-82328-5\|page=2 \|quote=The definition for heterosexism that I used for authors in the collection is: The expectation that all persons should be or are heterosexual. The belief that heterosexual relations are normal and the norm. These expectations and beliefs occur on individual, institutional, and cultural levels. ...}}</ref> and therefore superior.		'''Heterosexism''' is a system of [[Attitude (psychology)\|attitudes]], [[bias]], and [[discrimination]] in favor of female–male [[Human sexuality\|sexuality]] and relationships.<ref name="JungSmith">{{cite book\|last=Jung\|first=Patricia Beattie\|author2=Smith, Ralph F.\|title=Heterosexism: An Ethical Challenge\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|year=1993\|isbn=0-7914-1696-8\|url-access=registration\|url=https://archive.org/details/heterosexismethi0000jung}}</ref> It can include the presumption that other people are [[Heterosexuality\|heterosexual]] or that female–male attractions and relationships are the only [[Norm (social)\|norm]]<ref name="Cramer2014">{{cite book\|author=Elizabeth Cramer\|title=Addressing Homophobia and Heterosexism on College Campuses\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqAAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1\|date=5 March 2014\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=978-1-317-82328-5\|page=2 \|quote=The definition for heterosexism that I used for authors in the collection is: The expectation that all persons should be or are heterosexual. The belief that heterosexual relations are normal and the norm. These expectations and beliefs occur on individual, institutional, and cultural levels. ...}}</ref> and therefore superior.

	Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary\|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism\|title=Yahoo\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism\|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[~~internalized~~ homophobia\|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc \|title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism \|author=Kira Weidner \|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>		Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary\|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism\|title=Yahoo\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism\|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[Internalized homophobia\|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc \|title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism \|author=Kira Weidner \|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

	Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s, [[zoosexual]]s, and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].		Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s, [[zoosexual]]s, and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].
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	Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web \|url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html \|author= Gregory M. Herek		Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web \|url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html \|author= Gregory M. Herek
	\|title=Definitions: Sexual Prejudice, Homophobia, and Heterosexism \|publisher=Psychology.ucdavis.edu \|access-date=2014-01-12 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229154227/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/prej_defn.html \|archive-date=2013-12-29 }}</ref> Furthermore, in interviews with perpetrators of [[anti-gay violence]], [[~~forensic~~ psychology\|forensic psychologist]] Karen Franklin points out that "heterosexism is not just a personal [[value system]], [rather] it is a tool in the maintenance of [[gender]] dichotomy."<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, Karen (1998). "Inside the Minds of People Who Hate Gays" Retrieved May 29, 2008: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html</ref> She continues by saying that "assaults on homosexuals and other individuals who deviate from [[Gender role\|sex role]] norms are viewed as a learned form of [[social control]] of deviance rather than a defensive response to personal threat."<ref name="Franklin"/>		\|title=Definitions: Sexual Prejudice, Homophobia, and Heterosexism \|publisher=Psychology.ucdavis.edu \|access-date=2014-01-12 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229154227/http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/prej_defn.html \|archive-date=2013-12-29 }}</ref> Furthermore, in interviews with perpetrators of [[anti-gay violence]], [[Forensic psychology\|forensic psychologist]] Karen Franklin points out that "heterosexism is not just a personal [[value system]], [rather] it is a tool in the maintenance of [[gender]] dichotomy."<ref name="Franklin">Franklin, Karen (1998). "Inside the Minds of People Who Hate Gays" Retrieved May 29, 2008: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html</ref> She continues by saying that "assaults on homosexuals and other individuals who deviate from [[Gender role\|sex role]] norms are viewed as a learned form of [[social control]] of deviance rather than a defensive response to personal threat."<ref name="Franklin"/>

	===Parallels and intersections===		===Parallels and intersections===
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	=== Individual and group level ===		=== Individual and group level ===
	[[File:Save Our Children From Homosexuality Brochure.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Brochure used by [[Save Our Children]] in 1977]]		[[File:Save Our Children From Homosexuality Brochure.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|Brochure used by [[Save Our Children]] in 1977]]
	Heterosexism as a set of beliefs and attitudes relies on a core [[wikt:tenet\|tenet]] according to which [[~~heteronormativity~~\|homosexuality and bisexuality do not normally exist]] and, as such, constitute [[~~mental~~ disorder\|mental illnesses]] or [[~~deviance~~ (sociology)\|deviant behaviors]].<ref name="genderknot17">{{cite book\|last=Johnson\|first=Allan J.\|title=The Gender Knot\|publisher=Temple University Press\|location=Philadelphia\|year=1997\|page=17\|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> Within a heterosexist ideology or [[mindset]], the concept of [[sexual orientation]] is rejected or deemed irrelevant. A set of more nuanced heterosexist views, which some may consider faith, [[dogma]], [[Moral absolutism\|universal truths]], natural law, [[Appeal to authority\|appeals to authority]], or popular beliefs, but others consider to be [[conventional wisdom]] or [[~~sociobiology~~\|sociobiological]] knowledge can include, among others, the following:		Heterosexism as a set of beliefs and attitudes relies on a core [[wikt:tenet\|tenet]] according to which [[Heteronormativity\|homosexuality and bisexuality do not normally exist]] and, as such, constitute [[Mental disorder\|mental illnesses]] or [[Deviance (sociology)\|deviant behaviors]].<ref name="genderknot17">{{cite book\|last=Johnson\|first=Allan J.\|title=The Gender Knot\|publisher=Temple University Press\|location=Philadelphia\|year=1997\|page=17\|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> Within a heterosexist ideology or [[mindset]], the concept of [[sexual orientation]] is rejected or deemed irrelevant. A set of more nuanced heterosexist views, which some may consider faith, [[dogma]], [[Moral absolutism\|universal truths]], natural law, [[Appeal to authority\|appeals to authority]], or popular beliefs, but others consider to be [[conventional wisdom]] or [[Sociobiology\|sociobiological]] knowledge can include, among others, the following:

	* Non-heterosexual people should keep their sexual orientations private (i.e., they should remain "[[closeted]]").<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 15</sup>		* Non-heterosexual people should keep their sexual orientations private (i.e., they should remain "[[closeted]]").<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 15</sup>
	* The attitude that gay men are not [[~~machismo~~\|"real" men]] or lesbians are not "real" women because of the socially pervasive view that heterosexual attractions or activities are the "norm" and therefore superior.<ref name="genderknot149" />		* The attitude that gay men are not [[Machismo\|"real" men]] or lesbians are not "real" women because of the socially pervasive view that heterosexual attractions or activities are the "norm" and therefore superior.<ref name="genderknot149" />
	* "God created [[Adam and Eve]], not [[Adam and Steve]] (or Madame and Eve)" and similar essentialist cultural notions that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary;		* "God created [[Adam and Eve]], not [[Adam and Steve]] (or Madame and Eve)" and similar essentialist cultural notions that maleness-masculinity and femaleness-femininity are complementary;
	* Homosexuality being wrong, ungodly, and against nature, it is therefore a [[sin]], [[evil]] or subhuman.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 18</sup>		* Homosexuality being wrong, ungodly, and against nature, it is therefore a [[sin]], [[evil]] or subhuman.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 18</sup>
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	* Because of their lifestyle, homosexuals do not have families with children, so they undermine the survival of the human race ([[natalism]]).		* Because of their lifestyle, homosexuals do not have families with children, so they undermine the survival of the human race ([[natalism]]).
	* Homosexuality is an affectional or [[mental disorder]] or simply a social ill, therefore, it can be cured or stamped out. If it is not eradicated, it will lead to [[Social solidarity\|social disintegration]] and [[societal collapse]].		* Homosexuality is an affectional or [[mental disorder]] or simply a social ill, therefore, it can be cured or stamped out. If it is not eradicated, it will lead to [[Social solidarity\|social disintegration]] and [[societal collapse]].
	* Homosexuals can be [[~~conversion~~ therapy\|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 109</sup>		* Homosexuals can be [[Conversion therapy\|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 109</sup>

	In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your [[sexuality]]?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm\|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>		In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your [[sexuality]]?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm\|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>
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	* In some countries where [[Homosexuality laws of the world\|homosexuality is criminalized]], such as Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, offenders may receive the maximum sentence of [[capital punishment]]. ''See also: [[Paragraph 175]]''		* In some countries where [[Homosexuality laws of the world\|homosexuality is criminalized]], such as Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, offenders may receive the maximum sentence of [[capital punishment]]. ''See also: [[Paragraph 175]]''
	* Discrepancies in [[Age of consent#Homosexual and heterosexual age discrepancies in law\|age of consent]] laws in which legal sexual activity between members of the same sex is set at a higher age than that for partners in female–male relationships. Most such laws apply explicitly (or have historically applied) only to male homosexual sexual activity. ''See also: [[Chris Morris (activist)\|Morris v. The United Kingdom]]'', ''[[State v. Limon]]''		* Discrepancies in [[Age of consent#Homosexual and heterosexual age discrepancies in law\|age of consent]] laws in which legal sexual activity between members of the same sex is set at a higher age than that for partners in female–male relationships. Most such laws apply explicitly (or have historically applied) only to male homosexual sexual activity. ''See also: [[Chris Morris (activist)\|Morris v. The United Kingdom]]'', ''[[State v. Limon]]''
	* Prohibiting youth from bringing a same-sex date to [[Prom\|high school prom]].<ref>[[American Civil Liberties Union]]: [http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom Free Speech, Free Expression and Prom] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142614/http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom \|date=2009-12-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights_hiv-aids/who-are-you-taking-prom-year \|quote=Aaron Fricke decided he wanted to go to his senior prom with Paul Guilbert. His principal wouldn't let him.\|title=Who are you taking to the prom this year? \|date=31 December 2000 \|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] \|access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> ''See also: [[Fricke v. Lynch]], [[Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board]]''		* Prohibiting youth from bringing a same-sex date to [[Prom\|high school prom]].<ref>[[American Civil Liberties Union]]: [http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom Free Speech, Free Expression and Prom] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142614/http://gbge.aclu.org/schools/free-speech-free-expression-and-prom\|date=2009-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.aclu.org/lgbt-rights_hiv-aids/who-are-you-taking-prom-year \|quote=Aaron Fricke decided he wanted to go to his senior prom with Paul Guilbert. His principal wouldn't let him.\|title=Who are you taking to the prom this year? \|date=31 December 2000 \|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] \|access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> ''See also: [[Fricke v. Lynch]], [[Marc Hall v. Durham Catholic School Board]]''
	* Adoption bans against either same-sex couples or gay, lesbian, or bisexual individuals. ''See also: [[LGBT adoption]], [[In re: Gill]]''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/\|title=GordonMoyes.com » Parliamentary Inquiries – Same Sex Adoption\|access-date=4 July 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120222/http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/\|archive-date=7 October 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		* Adoption bans against either same-sex couples or gay, lesbian, or bisexual individuals. ''See also: [[LGBT adoption]], [[In re: Gill]]''<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/\|title=GordonMoyes.com » Parliamentary Inquiries – Same Sex Adoption\|access-date=4 July 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120222/http://www.gordonmoyes.com/2009/02/26/parliamentary-inquiries-same-sex-adoption/\|archive-date=7 October 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	* Legislation that prevents legal and [[social equality]], i.e., laws that prohibit protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, particularly with regard to health care, housing, and employment.		* Legislation that prevents legal and [[social equality]], i.e., laws that prohibit protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation or perceived sexual orientation, particularly with regard to health care, housing, and employment.
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	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Anti-LGBT sentiment]]
	[[Category:Heterosexuality]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Heterosexuality]]
	[[Category:LGBT and society]]		[[index.php?title=Category:LGBT and society]]
	[[Category:Sexism]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Sexism]]
	[[Category:Queer theory]]		[[index.php?title=Category:Queer theory]]

SkunkyMidnight: Added imported template

2023-04-08T17:38:59Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:38, 8 April 2023
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	{{Short description\|System of bias and prejudice in favor of female–male sexuality}}		{{Short description\|System of bias and prejudice in favor of female–male sexuality}}
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	===Contrast to homophobia===		===Contrast to homophobia===

	''[[Homophobia]]'', a form of heterosexism, refers both to "unreasoning fear of or [[antipathy]] towards homosexuals and homosexuality"<ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web\|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophobia\|title=Dictionary.com\|access-date=2008-01-29\|year=2008\|publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> and to "behavior based on such a feeling".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia \|title=homophobia – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education \|publisher=Education.yahoo.com \|access-date=2014-01-12 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061410/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia \|archive-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ''Heterosexism'', however, more broadly denotes the "system of ideological thought that makes heterosexuality the sole norm to follow for sexual practices".<ref name="granddictionnaire.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8373795#eng \|title=Accueil \|publisher=Granddictionnaire.com \|date=2013-05-13 \|access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> As a bias favoring heterosexuals and heterosexuality, heterosexism has been described as being "encoded into and characteristic of the major social, cultural, and economic institutions of our society"<ref>Dines, Gail (2002). ''Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader''. {{ISBN\|0-7619-2261-X}}.</ref> and stems from the [[essentialist]] cultural notion that [[maleness]]-[[masculinity]] and femaleness-[[femininity]] are complementary.		''[[Homophobia]]'', a form of heterosexism, refers both to "unreasoning fear of or [[antipathy]] towards homosexuals and homosexuality"<ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web\|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophobia\|title=Dictionary.com\|access-date=2008-01-29\|year=2008\|publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> and to "behavior based on such a feeling".<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia \|title=homophobia – Dictionary definition and pronunciation – Yahoo! Education \|publisher=Education.yahoo.com \|access-date=2014-01-12 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204061410/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/homophobia \|archive-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref> ''Heterosexism'', however, more broadly denotes the "system of ideological thought that makes heterosexuality the sole norm to follow for sexual practices".<ref name="granddictionnaire.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8373795#eng \|title=Accueil \|publisher=Granddictionnaire.com \|date=2013-05-13 \|access-date=2014-01-12}}</ref> As a bias favoring heterosexuals and heterosexuality, heterosexism has been described as being "encoded into and characteristic of the major social, cultural, and economic institutions of our [[society]]"<ref>Dines, Gail (2002). ''Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader''. {{ISBN\|0-7619-2261-X}}.</ref> and stems from the [[essentialist]] cultural notion that [[maleness]]-[[masculinity]] and femaleness-[[femininity]] are complementary.

	Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web \|url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html \|author= Gregory M. Herek		Researcher, author, and psychology professor Gregory M. Herek states that "[Heterosexism] operates through a dual process of invisibility and attack. Homosexuality usually remains culturally invisible; when people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are identified as homosexual become visible, they are subject to attack by society."<ref name="psychology.ucdavis.edu">{{cite web \|url=http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/HTML/prej_defn.html \|author= Gregory M. Herek
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	{{unreferenced section\|date=April 2017}}		{{unreferenced section\|date=April 2017}}

	The main effect of heterosexism is the [[marginalization]] of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals within society. Heterosexism has led to [[Social stigma\|stigmatization]] and persecution of not only these people but also those of other [[sexual diversity]] such as transgender, and transsexual people. Along with [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], and [[internalized homophobia]], heterosexism continues to be a significant social reality that compels people to conceal their homosexual or bisexual orientation, or metaphorically, to remain in [[Closeted\|the closet]] in an effort to [[Passing (sexual orientation)\|pass]] for heterosexual.		The [[Portal:Main\|main]] effect of heterosexism is the [[marginalization]] of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals within society. Heterosexism has led to [[Social stigma\|stigmatization]] and persecution of not only these people but also those of other [[sexual diversity]] such as transgender, and transsexual people. Along with [[homophobia]], [[lesbophobia]], and [[internalized homophobia]], heterosexism continues to be a significant social reality that compels people to conceal their homosexual or bisexual orientation, or metaphorically, to remain in [[Closeted\|the closet]] in an effort to [[Passing (sexual orientation)\|pass]] for heterosexual.

	Marginalization also occurs when marriage rights are heterosexist. More specifically, when marriage rights are exclusive to female–male couples, all same-sex couples, be they gay, lesbian, straight or mixed, are prevented from enjoying marriage’s corresponding legal privileges, especially those regarding property rights, health benefits, and child custody. Moreover, such limitation prevents same-sex couples from receiving the inherent social respect of marriage and its cultural symbolism.		Marginalization also occurs when marriage rights are heterosexist. More specifically, when marriage rights are exclusive to female–male couples, all same-sex couples, be they gay, lesbian, straight or mixed, are prevented from enjoying marriage’s corresponding legal privileges, especially those regarding property rights, health benefits, and child custody. Moreover, such limitation prevents same-sex couples from receiving the inherent social respect of marriage and its cultural symbolism.

Quantumhusky at 23:02, 14 June 2021

2021-06-14T23:02:51Z

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	Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary\|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism\|title=Yahoo\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism\|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[internalized homophobia\|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc \|title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism \|author=Kira Weidner \|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>		Although heterosexism is defined in the online editions of the ''[[American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' and the ''[[Webster's Dictionary\|Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary]]'' as anti-gay [[discrimination]] or prejudice "by heterosexual people"<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/heterosexism\|title=Yahoo\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> and "by heterosexuals",<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heterosexism\|title=Definition of HETEROSEXISM\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> respectively, people of any [[sexual orientation]] can hold such attitudes and bias, and can form a part of [[internalized homophobia\|internalised hatred]] of one's sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://ego.thechicagoschool.edu/s/843/images/editor_documents/heterosexism.doc \|title=Heterosexism and Internalized Heterosexism \|author=Kira Weidner \|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref>

	Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].		Heterosexism as discrimination ranks [[gay men]], [[lesbian]]s, [[bisexual]]s, [[zoosexual]]s, and other sexual minorities as [[second-class citizen]]s with regard to various legal and [[civil rights]], economic opportunities, and [[social equality]] in many of the world's jurisdictions and societies. It is often related to [[homophobia]].

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of [[racism]] in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society. For example, borrowing from the racial concept of [[white privilege]], the concept of [[heterosexual privilege]]<ref name="genderknot149">{{cite book\|last=Johnson\|first=Allan J.\|title=The Gender Knot\|publisher=Temple University Press\|location=Philadelphia\|year=1997\|page=149\|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> has been applied to benefits of (presumed) heterosexuality within society that heterosexuals take for granted. The analogy is that just as racism against non-white people places white people as superior to [[Person of color\|people of color]], heterosexism places heterosexual people or relationships as superior to [[non-heterosexual]] ones. In trying to rebut this premise, some commentators point to differences<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://blogs.bet.com/news/youthvote/4-reasons-why-gay-is-not-the-new-black/4\|title=Celebrities\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> between the categories of race and sexual orientation, claiming they are too complex to support any generalizations. For example, "[[Diversity training\|trainer on diversity]]" and consultant Jamie Washington has commented, although heterosexism and racism are "woven from the same fabric" they are "not the same thing".<ref>[http://susquehanna.edu/crusader/article.cfm?IssueID=59&SectionID=1&ArticleID=2573 Issues of race and sexuality discussed, Susquehanna Crusader Online, accessed Aug 29, 2009 ]</ref> Some American Conservative leaders such as Rev. Irene Monroe comment that those who suggest or state "gay is the new black", as in a cover story of ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\|The Advocate]]'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid65744.asp Gay is the New Black, accessed Aug 30, 2009]</ref> exploit [[black people]]'s suffering and experiences to legitimize their own.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ \|title=Gay is NOT the new Black, accessed Aug 29, 2009 \|access-date=August 29, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302232756/http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ \|archive-date=March 2, 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, a study presented at the [[British Psychological Society]]'s Division of Occupational Psychology 2009 Conference shows that heterosexist prejudice is more pervasive than racism.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm \|title=Prejudice study finds gay is the new black, accessed Sept 3, 2009 \|access-date=2009-09-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035152/http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm \|archive-date=2009-01-23 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		It has been argued that the concept of heterosexism is similar to the concept of [[racism]] in that both ideas promote privilege for dominant groups within a given society. For example, borrowing from the racial concept of [[white privilege]], the concept of [[heterosexual privilege]]<ref name="genderknot149">{{cite book\|last=Johnson\|first=Allan J.\|title=The Gender Knot\|publisher=Temple University Press\|location=Philadelphia\|year=1997\|page=149\|isbn=1-56639-519-4}}</ref> has been applied to benefits of (presumed) heterosexuality within society that heterosexuals take for granted. The analogy is that just as racism against non-white people places white people as superior to [[Person of color\|people of color]], heterosexism places heterosexual people or relationships as superior to [[non-heterosexual]] ones. In trying to rebut this premise, some commentators point to differences<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://blogs.bet.com/news/youthvote/4-reasons-why-gay-is-not-the-new-black/4\|title=Celebrities\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> between the categories of race and sexual orientation, claiming they are too complex to support any generalizations. For example, "[[Diversity training\|trainer on diversity]]" and consultant Jamie Washington has commented, although heterosexism and racism are "woven from the same fabric" they are "not the same thing".<ref>[http://susquehanna.edu/crusader/article.cfm?IssueID=59&SectionID=1&ArticleID=2573 Issues of race and sexuality discussed, Susquehanna Crusader Online, accessed Aug 29, 2009 ]</ref> Some American Conservative leaders such as Rev. Irene Monroe comment that those who suggest or state "gay is the new black", as in a cover story of ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\|The Advocate]]'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid65744.asp Gay is the New Black, accessed Aug 30, 2009]</ref> exploit [[black people]]'s suffering and experiences to legitimize their own.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ \|title=Gay is NOT the new Black, accessed Aug 29, 2009 \|access-date=August 29, 2009 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302232756/http://www.irenemonroe.com/2008/12/16/gay-is-not-the-new-black/ \|archive-date=March 2, 2009 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Nonetheless, a study presented at the [[British Psychological Society]]'s Division of Occupational Psychology 2009 Conference shows that heterosexist prejudice is more pervasive than racism.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm \|title=Prejudice study finds gay is the new black, accessed Sept 3, 2009 \|access-date=2009-09-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123035152/http://www.bps.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/releases$/division-of-occupational-psychology/prejudice-study-finds-gay-is-the-new-black.cfm \|archive-date=2009-01-23 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	Heterosexism can also [[Intersectionality\|intersect]] with racism by further emphasizing differences among arbitrary groups of people.<ref name="tatum22">{{cite book\|last=Tatum\|first=Beverly\|title=Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?\|publisher=Basic Books\|year=1997\|pages=21–22}}</ref> For example, heterosexism can compound the effects of racism by:		Heterosexism can also [[Intersectionality\|intersect]] with racism by [[further]] emphasizing differences among arbitrary groups of people.<ref name="tatum22">{{cite book\|last=Tatum\|first=Beverly\|title=Why are all the Black kids sitting together in the cafeteria?\|publisher=Basic Books\|year=1997\|pages=21–22}}</ref> For example, heterosexism can compound the effects of racism by:
	* promoting injustices towards a person already facing injustices because of their race		* promoting injustices towards a person already facing injustices because of their race
	* establishing [[social hierarchies]] that allow one group more privilege than other groups.		* establishing [[social hierarchies]] that allow one group more privilege than other groups.
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	* Homosexuals can be [[conversion therapy\|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 109</sup>		* Homosexuals can be [[conversion therapy\|converted]] to heterosexuality.<ref name="JungSmith" /><sup> p. 109</sup>

	In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your sexuality?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm\|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>		In an attempt to bring awareness to people who exhibit heterosexist views but are possibly not aware of it, Mark Rochlin constructed a set of questions in 1977 which are questions that non-heterosexual people are often exposed to, but not heterosexuals, such as "''What do you think caused your [[sexuality]]?''" This heterosexuality questionnaire is often distributed around college campuses to bring awareness of heterosexist sexual prejudice against LGBT persons.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.pinkpractice.co.uk/quaire.htm\|title=The Pink Practice – Heterosexuality Questionnaire\|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref>

	===Institutional level===		===Institutional level===
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	This form of heterosexism operates through invisibility, under-representation, and [[wikt:erasure\|erasure]]. It includes:		This form of heterosexism operates through invisibility, under-representation, and [[wikt:erasure\|erasure]]. It includes:
	* Lack or under-representation of homosexual or bisexual people in advertising to the general public;		* Lack or under-representation of homosexual or bisexual people in advertising to the general public;
	* Censorship of homosexual or bisexual characters, themes, and issues in works of art, literature, entertainment; ''see also [[Postcards from Buster#Controversial episodes\|"Sugar Time" episode of Postcards from Buster]]''		* Censorship of homosexual or bisexual characters, themes, and issues in works of art, [[literature]], entertainment; ''see also [[Postcards from Buster#Controversial episodes\|"Sugar Time" episode of Postcards from Buster]]''
	* Exclusion of historical and political figures’ and celebrities’ homosexuality or bisexuality; their portrayal as heterosexuals;		* Exclusion of historical and political figures’ and celebrities’ homosexuality or bisexuality; their portrayal as heterosexuals;
	* Complete avoidance of mentioning these people and their positive contributions particularly in news media;		* Complete avoidance of mentioning these people and their positive contributions particularly in news media;
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	== Effects ==		== Effects ==

	Heterosexism causes a range of effects on people of any sexual orientation. However, the main effects of heterosexism are marginalization, and anti-LGBT violence and abuse.{{citation needed\|date=April 2017}}		Heterosexism causes a range of effects on people of any sexual orientation. However, the [[Portal:Main\|main]] effects of heterosexism are marginalization, and anti-LGBT violence and abuse.{{citation needed\|date=April 2017}}

	=== Marginalization ===		=== Marginalization ===
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	Another form of heterosexist violence as [[social control]] that most often targets lesbian women is [[corrective rape]]: a [[gang rape]] of a lesbian to "cure" her of her same-sex attractions. A notorious example from South Africa is the corrective rape and murder of [[Eudy Simelane]], [[LGBT social movements\|LGBT-rights]] activist and member of the [[South Africa women's national football team\|women's national football team]].<ref name="guardian120309">{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/12/eudy-simelane-corrective-rape-south-africa\|title=Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks\|last=Kelly\|first=Annie\|date=12 March 2009\|publisher=The Guardian\|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>		Another form of heterosexist violence as [[social control]] that most often targets lesbian women is [[corrective rape]]: a [[gang rape]] of a lesbian to "cure" her of her same-sex attractions. A notorious example from South Africa is the corrective rape and murder of [[Eudy Simelane]], [[LGBT social movements\|LGBT-rights]] activist and member of the [[South Africa women's national football team\|women's national football team]].<ref name="guardian120309">{{cite news\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/12/eudy-simelane-corrective-rape-south-africa\|title=Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks\|last=Kelly\|first=Annie\|date=12 March 2009\|publisher=The Guardian\|access-date=2009-03-14}}</ref>

	According to a Frontline article titled "Inside the Mind of People Who Hate Gays", bias-related violence against homosexuals is believed to be widespread in the United States, with perpetrators typically described by victims as young men in groups who assault targets of convenience. Victims accounts suggest that assailants possess tremendous rage and hatred; indeed, documentation of horrific levels of brutality has led gay activists to characterize the violence as political terrorism aimed at all gay men and lesbians. Other motives for antigay violence suggested in the literature include male bonding, proving heterosexuality, and purging secret homosexual desires.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = The Roots Of Homophobia – Inside The Mind Of People Who Hate Gays {{!}} Assault On Gay America {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS\|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html\|website = www.pbs.org\|access-date = 2015-10-26}}</ref>		According to a Frontline article titled "Inside the Mind of People Who Hate Gays", bias-related violence against homosexuals is believed to be widespread in the United States, with perpetrators typically described by victims as young men in groups who assault targets of convenience. Victims accounts suggest that assailants possess tremendous rage and hatred; indeed, [[Module:Documentation\|documentation]] of horrific levels of brutality has led gay activists to characterize the violence as political terrorism aimed at all gay men and lesbians. Other motives for antigay violence suggested in the literature include male bonding, proving heterosexuality, and purging secret homosexual desires.<ref>{{Cite web\|title = The Roots Of Homophobia – Inside The Mind Of People Who Hate Gays {{!}} Assault On Gay America {{!}} FRONTLINE {{!}} PBS\|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/assault/roots/franklin.html\|website = www.pbs.org\|access-date = 2015-10-26}}</ref>

	== Responses ==		== Responses ==

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