Human–animal hybrid - Revision history

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	The [[H.P. Lovecraft]] inspired movie ''[[Dagon (film)\|Dagon]]'', released in 2001, additionally features grotesque hybrid beings. In terms of [[comic book]]s, examples of fictional human-animal hybrids include the characters in [[Charles Burns (cartoonist)\|Charles Burns]]' ''[[Black Hole (comics)\|Black Hole]]'' series. In those comics, a set of teenagers in a 1970s era town become afflicted by a bizarre disease; the [[Sexually transmitted disease\|sexually transmitted affliction]] mutates them into monstrous forms.<ref name=arts/>		The [[H.P. Lovecraft]] inspired movie ''[[Dagon (film)\|Dagon]]'', released in 2001, additionally features grotesque hybrid beings. In terms of [[comic book]]s, examples of fictional human-animal hybrids include the characters in [[Charles Burns (cartoonist)\|Charles Burns]]' ''[[Black Hole (comics)\|Black Hole]]'' series. In those comics, a set of teenagers in a 1970s era town become afflicted by a bizarre disease; the [[Sexually transmitted disease\|sexually transmitted affliction]] mutates them into monstrous forms.<ref name=arts/>

	Multiple video games have featured human-animal hybrids as enemies for the protagonist(s) to defeat, including powerful [[Boss (video game)\|boss characters]]. For instance, the 2014 [[survival horror]] release ''[[The Evil Within]]'' includes grotesque hybrid beings, looking like the [[undead]], attacking main character Detective Sebastian Castellanos. With partners Joseph Oda and Julie Kidman, the protagonist attempts investigate a multiple homicide at a [[Psychiatric hospital\|mental hospital]] yet discovers a mysterious figure who turns the world around them into a living nightmare, Castellanos having to find the truth about the criminal [[Psychopathy\|psychopath]].<ref name=evil/>		Multiple video games have featured human-animal hybrids as enemies for the protagonist(s) to defeat, including powerful [[Boss (video game)\|boss characters]]. For instance, the 2014 [[survival horror]] release ''[[The Evil Within]]'' includes grotesque hybrid beings, looking like the [[undead]], attacking [[Portal:Main\|main]] character Detective Sebastian Castellanos. With partners Joseph Oda and Julie Kidman, the protagonist attempts investigate a multiple homicide at a [[Psychiatric hospital\|mental hospital]] yet discovers a mysterious figure who turns the world around them into a living nightmare, Castellanos having to find the truth about the criminal [[Psychopathy\|psychopath]].<ref name=evil/>

	[[Hero\|Heroic character]] examples of human-animal anthropomorphic characters include the two protagonists of the [[2002 in film\|2002 movie]] ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' ([[Japanese language\|Japanese title]]: 猫の恩返し), with the [[Animation\|animated film]] featuring a young girl (named "Haru") being transformed against her will into a [[Felidae\|feline]]-human hybrid and fighting a villainous king of the cats with the help of a dashing male cat companion (known as the "Baron") at her side. The English language version of the film features [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Cary Elwes]] in the main roles, respectively.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web\|date=September 23, 2005\|url=http://movie-gazette.com/1423\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=movie-gazette.com\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=TVGuide>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/cat-returns/review/284368/\|first=Robert\|last=Pardi\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=[[TVGuide.com]]\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The critically acclaimed movie, with a score of 89% from [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns/ \|title=The Cat Returns \|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] \|accessdate=September 1, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901080606/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns \|archivedate=September 1, 2015 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> was directed by [[Hiroyuki Morita]].<ref name=gazette/><ref name=TVGuide/> In one notable moment, the once-again human Haru confesses to having [[Romance (love)\|romantic feelings]] for the Baron, who responds in an ambiguous manner before leaving (vowing to be there for her again when needed).		[[Hero\|Heroic character]] examples of human-animal anthropomorphic characters include the two protagonists of the [[2002 in film\|2002 movie]] ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' ([[Japanese language\|Japanese title]]: 猫の恩返し), with the [[Animation\|animated film]] featuring a young girl (named "Haru") being transformed against her will into a [[Felidae\|feline]]-human hybrid and fighting a villainous king of the cats with the help of a dashing male cat companion (known as the "Baron") at her side. The English language version of the film features [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Cary Elwes]] in the main roles, respectively.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web\|date=September 23, 2005\|url=http://movie-gazette.com/1423\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=movie-gazette.com\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=TVGuide>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/cat-returns/review/284368/\|first=Robert\|last=Pardi\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=[[TVGuide.com]]\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The critically acclaimed movie, with a score of 89% from [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns/ \|title=The Cat Returns \|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] \|accessdate=September 1, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901080606/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns \|archivedate=September 1, 2015 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> was directed by [[Hiroyuki Morita]].<ref name=gazette/><ref name=TVGuide/> In one notable moment, the once-again human Haru confesses to having [[Romance (love)\|romantic feelings]] for the Baron, who responds in an ambiguous manner before leaving (vowing to be there for her again when needed).

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	For thousands of years, these [[Hybrid (biology)\|hybrids]] have been one of the most common themes in [[storytelling]] about animals throughout the world. The lack of a strong divide between humanity and animal nature in multiple traditional and ancient cultures has provided the underlying historical context for the popularity of tales where humans and animals have mingling relationships, such as in which one turns into the other or in which some mixed being goes through a journey.<ref name=Margo/> [[Interspecies friendships]] within the animal kingdom, as well as between humans and their pets, additionally provides an underlying root for the popularity of such beings.<ref name=arts/>		For thousands of years, these [[Hybrid (biology)\|hybrids]] have been one of the most common themes in [[storytelling]] about animals throughout the world. The lack of a strong divide between humanity and animal nature in multiple traditional and ancient cultures has provided the underlying historical context for the popularity of tales where humans and animals have mingling relationships, such as in which one turns into the other or in which some mixed being goes through a journey.<ref name=Margo/> [[Interspecies friendships]] within the animal kingdom, as well as between humans and their pets, additionally provides an underlying root for the popularity of such beings.<ref name=arts/>

	In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>		In various mythologies throughout [[history]], many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>

	For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>		For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>

	The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>		The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a [[horse]], depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>

	When looked at scientifically, outside of a fictional and/or mythical context, the real-life creation of human-animal hybrids has served as a subject of legal, moral, and technological debate in the context of recent advances in [[genetic engineering]].<ref name=Columbus/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=Weiss/> Defined by the magazine ''[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]'' as "genetic alterations that are blendings [sic] of animal and human forms", such hybrids may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans".<ref name=arts>{{cite web\|title=Arts: The Parahuman Sculpture of Patricia Piccinini, Posthumanity and What It Really Means to be Human\|publisher=[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]\|date=October 11, 2013\|accessdate=August 6, 2015\|url=http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/10/11/arts-the-parahuman-sculpture-of-patricia-piccinini-posthumanity-and-what-it-really-means-to-be-human/}}</ref><ref name=Columbus/> They may additionally may be called "humanized animals".<ref name=Weiss/> Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" ([[cytoplasmic hybrids]]), with "cybrid" cells featuring foreign human [[Cell nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of them being a topic of interest. Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a [[Egg cell\|human egg]] fertilized by a nonhuman [[sperm]] or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm.<ref name=Columbus/> While at first being a concept in the likes of legends and [[thought experiment]]s, the first stable human-animal [[Chimera (genetics)\|chimera]]s (not hybrids but related) to actually exist were first created by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] scientists in 2003, the result of having fused human cells with rabbit eggs.<ref name=Mott>{{cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0125_050125_chimeras.html\|first=Mott\|last=Maryann\|date=January 25, 2005\|title=Animal-Human Hybrids Spark Controversy\|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref> As well, a [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\|U.S. patent]] has notably been granted for a mouse chimera with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/>		When looked at scientifically, outside of a fictional and/or mythical context, the real-life creation of human-animal hybrids has served as a subject of legal, moral, and technological debate in the context of recent advances in [[genetic engineering]].<ref name=Columbus/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=Weiss/> Defined by the magazine ''[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]'' as "genetic alterations that are blendings [sic] of animal and human forms", such hybrids may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans".<ref name=arts>{{cite web\|title=Arts: The Parahuman Sculpture of Patricia Piccinini, Posthumanity and What It Really Means to be Human\|publisher=[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]\|date=October 11, 2013\|accessdate=August 6, 2015\|url=http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/10/11/arts-the-parahuman-sculpture-of-patricia-piccinini-posthumanity-and-what-it-really-means-to-be-human/}}</ref><ref name=Columbus/> They may additionally may be called "humanized animals".<ref name=Weiss/> Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" ([[cytoplasmic hybrids]]), with "cybrid" cells featuring foreign human [[Cell nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of them being a topic of interest. Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a [[Egg cell\|human egg]] fertilized by a nonhuman [[sperm]] or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm.<ref name=Columbus/> While at first being a concept in the likes of legends and [[thought experiment]]s, the first stable human-animal [[Chimera (genetics)\|chimera]]s (not hybrids but related) to actually exist were first created by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] scientists in 2003, the result of having fused human cells with rabbit eggs.<ref name=Mott>{{cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0125_050125_chimeras.html\|first=Mott\|last=Maryann\|date=January 25, 2005\|title=Animal-Human Hybrids Spark Controversy\|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref> As well, a [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\|U.S. patent]] has notably been granted for a mouse chimera with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/>
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	{{see also\|Funny animal\|Genetic engineering in science fiction\|Talking animal\|Talking animals in fiction}}		{{see also\|Funny animal\|Genetic engineering in science fiction\|Talking animal\|Talking animals in fiction}}

	Many prominent pieces of children's literature over the past two centuries have featured humanized animal characters, often as [[protagonists]] in the stores. In the opinion of popular educator [[Lucy Sprague Mitchell]], the appeal of such mythical and fantastic beings comes from how children desire "direct" language "told in terms of images— visual, auditory, tactile, muscle images". Another author has remarked that an "animal costume" provides "a way to emphasize or even exaggerate a particular characteristic". The [[anthropomorphic]] characters in the seminal works by English writer [[Beatrix Potter]] in particular live an ambiguous situation, having human dress yet displaying many instinctive animal traits. Writing on the popularity of [[Peter Rabbit]], a later author commented that in "balancing humanized domesticity against wild rabbit foraging, Potter subverted parental authority and its built in hypocrisy" in Potter's child-centered books. Writer Lisa Fraustino has cited on the subject [[R. M. Lockley\|R.M. Lockley]]'s tongue-in-cheek observation: "Rabbits are so human. Or is it the other way around— humans are so rabbit?"<ref name=rabbit>{{cite book\|title=Ethics and Children's Literature		Many prominent pieces of children's [[literature]] over the past two centuries have featured humanized animal characters, often as [[protagonists]] in the stores. In the opinion of popular educator [[Lucy Sprague Mitchell]], the appeal of such mythical and fantastic beings comes from how children desire "direct" language "told in terms of images— visual, auditory, tactile, muscle images". Another author has remarked that an "animal costume" provides "a way to emphasize or even exaggerate a particular characteristic". The [[anthropomorphic]] characters in the seminal works by English writer [[Beatrix Potter]] in particular live an ambiguous situation, having human dress yet displaying many instinctive animal traits. Writing on the popularity of [[Peter Rabbit]], a later author commented that in "balancing humanized domesticity against wild rabbit foraging, Potter subverted parental authority and its built in hypocrisy" in Potter's child-centered books. Writer Lisa Fraustino has cited on the subject [[R. M. Lockley\|R.M. Lockley]]'s tongue-in-cheek observation: "Rabbits are so human. Or is it the other way around— humans are so rabbit?"<ref name=rabbit>{{cite book\|title=Ethics and Children's Literature
	\|author=Lisa R. Fraustino\|editor=Dr. Claudia Mills\|pages=145–162\|isbn=9781472440723		\|author=Lisa R. Fraustino\|editor=Dr. Claudia Mills\|pages=145–162\|isbn=9781472440723
	\|date=2014\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.		\|date=2014\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

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	For much of modern history, the creation of [[genetically modified organism]]s in general was a topic rooted in fiction rather than practical research. This has changed significantly over the past few decades such that a number of plants and animals are commonly subject to [[genetic engineering]] for commercial purposes. For example, as of 2013 about 85% of the corn grown in the US as well as about 90% of its [[canola]] crops have been genetically modified.<ref name=foods/> As well, many Americans that have had cardiovascular surgery have had heart valves initially from pigs used in their procedures.<ref name=Weiss>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19781-2005Feb12.html\|last=Weiss\|first=Rick\|date=February 13, 2005\|title=U.S. Denies Patent for a Too-Human Hybrid\|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]\|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>		For much of modern history, the creation of [[genetically modified organism]]s in general was a topic rooted in fiction rather than practical research. This has changed significantly over the past few decades such that a number of plants and animals are commonly subject to [[genetic engineering]] for commercial purposes. For example, as of 2013 about 85% of the corn grown in the US as well as about 90% of its [[canola]] crops have been genetically modified.<ref name=foods/> As well, many Americans that have had cardiovascular surgery have had heart valves initially from pigs used in their procedures.<ref name=Weiss>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19781-2005Feb12.html\|last=Weiss\|first=Rick\|date=February 13, 2005\|title=U.S. Denies Patent for a Too-Human Hybrid\|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]\|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>

	Issues relating to possible human-animal hybrids outside of a fictional, historical, or mythic context but as real, engineered beings received major international attention in 2003, after some Chinese scientists at the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] managed to successfully fuse human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos formed reportedly were the first stable human-animal chimeras in existence. Research in similar areas continued into 2004 and 2005, with the topic picking up coverage from publications such as ''[[National Geographic News]]''. The [[National Academy of Sciences]] soon began to look into the ethical questions involved.<ref name=Mott/> The [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] additionally stirred interest into the topic by granting a patent request for a genetically modified mouse with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/> Scientists announced in 2017 that they successfully created the first human-pig chimeric embryo. The embryo consisted mostly pig cells and some human cells. Scientists stated that they hope to use this technology to address the shortage of donor organs.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/human-pig-hybrid-embryo-chimera-organs-health-science/\|title=Human-Pig Hybrid Created in the Lab—Here Are the Facts\|date=2017-01-26\|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Wu\|first=Jun\|last2=Platero-Luengo\|first2=Aida\|last3=Sakurai\|first3=Masahiro\|last4=Sugawara\|first4=Atsushi\|last5=Gil\|first5=Maria Antonia\|last6=Yamauchi\|first6=Takayoshi\|last7=Suzuki\|first7=Keiichiro\|last8=Bogliotti\|first8=Yanina Soledad\|last9=Cuello\|first9=Cristina\|last10=Valencia\|first10=Mariana Morales\|last11=Okumura\|first11=Daiji\|date=2017-01-26\|title=Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells\|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(16)31752-4\|journal=Cell\|language=English\|volume=168\|issue=3\|pages=473–486.e15\|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036\|issn=0092-8674\|pmc=~~PMC5679265~~\|pmid=28129541}}</ref> In July 2019, Japanese scientist [[Hiromitsu Nakauchi]] got the approval of the Japanese government to experiment with inserting human [[stem cell]]s into animal (particularly [[rodent]]) embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Cyranoski\|first=David\|date=2019-07-26\|title=Japan approves first human-animal embryo experiments\|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02275-3\|journal=Nature\|language=EN\|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02275-3}}</ref> Although its main use will be to make organ transplantation easier, this can be considered the first more effective step of making animal-human hybrids real.		Issues relating to possible human-animal hybrids outside of a fictional, historical, or mythic context but as real, engineered beings received major international attention in 2003, after some Chinese scientists at the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] managed to successfully fuse human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos formed reportedly were the first stable human-animal chimeras in existence. Research in similar areas continued into 2004 and 2005, with the topic picking up coverage from publications such as ''[[National Geographic News]]''. The [[National Academy of Sciences]] soon began to look into the ethical questions involved.<ref name=Mott/> The [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] additionally stirred interest into the topic by granting a patent request for a genetically modified mouse with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/> Scientists announced in 2017 that they successfully created the first human-pig chimeric embryo. The embryo consisted mostly pig cells and some human cells. Scientists stated that they hope to use this technology to address the shortage of donor organs.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/human-pig-hybrid-embryo-chimera-organs-health-science/\|title=Human-Pig Hybrid Created in the Lab—Here Are the Facts\|date=2017-01-26\|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Wu\|first=Jun\|last2=Platero-Luengo\|first2=Aida\|last3=Sakurai\|first3=Masahiro\|last4=Sugawara\|first4=Atsushi\|last5=Gil\|first5=Maria Antonia\|last6=Yamauchi\|first6=Takayoshi\|last7=Suzuki\|first7=Keiichiro\|last8=Bogliotti\|first8=Yanina Soledad\|last9=Cuello\|first9=Cristina\|last10=Valencia\|first10=Mariana Morales\|last11=Okumura\|first11=Daiji\|date=2017-01-26\|title=Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells\|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(16)31752-4\|journal=Cell\|language=English\|volume=168\|issue=3\|pages=473–486.e15\|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036\|issn=0092-8674\|pmc=5679265\|pmid=28129541}}</ref> In July 2019, Japanese scientist [[Hiromitsu Nakauchi]] got the approval of the Japanese government to experiment with inserting human [[stem cell]]s into animal (particularly [[rodent]]) embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Cyranoski\|first=David\|date=2019-07-26\|title=Japan approves first human-animal embryo experiments\|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02275-3\|journal=Nature\|language=EN\|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02275-3}}</ref> Although its main use will be to make organ transplantation easier, this can be considered the first more effective step of making animal-human hybrids real.

	===Legal and moral discussions===		===Legal and moral discussions===

meta>Devourthemoon: /* Background and technological analyses */ Added better source, fixed noteworthiness

2020-07-20T09:58:45Z

Background and technological analyses: Added better source, fixed noteworthiness

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 20 July 2020
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	For much of modern history, the creation of [[genetically modified organism]]s in general was a topic rooted in fiction rather than practical research. This has changed significantly over the past few decades such that a number of plants and animals are commonly subject to [[genetic engineering]] for commercial purposes. For example, as of 2013 about 85% of the corn grown in the US as well as about 90% of its [[canola]] crops have been genetically modified.<ref name=foods/> As well, many Americans that have had cardiovascular surgery have had heart valves initially from pigs used in their procedures.<ref name=Weiss>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19781-2005Feb12.html\|last=Weiss\|first=Rick\|date=February 13, 2005\|title=U.S. Denies Patent for a Too-Human Hybrid\|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]\|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>		For much of modern history, the creation of [[genetically modified organism]]s in general was a topic rooted in fiction rather than practical research. This has changed significantly over the past few decades such that a number of plants and animals are commonly subject to [[genetic engineering]] for commercial purposes. For example, as of 2013 about 85% of the corn grown in the US as well as about 90% of its [[canola]] crops have been genetically modified.<ref name=foods/> As well, many Americans that have had cardiovascular surgery have had heart valves initially from pigs used in their procedures.<ref name=Weiss>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A19781-2005Feb12.html\|last=Weiss\|first=Rick\|date=February 13, 2005\|title=U.S. Denies Patent for a Too-Human Hybrid\|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]\|accessdate=August 8, 2015}}</ref>

	Issues relating to possible human-animal hybrids outside of a fictional, historical, or mythic context but as real, engineered beings received major international attention in 2003, after some Chinese scientists at the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] managed to successfully fuse human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos formed reportedly were the first stable human-animal chimeras in existence. Research in similar areas continued into 2004 and 2005, with the topic picking up coverage from publications such as ''[[National Geographic News]]''. The [[National Academy of Sciences]] soon began to look into the ethical questions involved.<ref name=Mott/> The [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] additionally stirred interest into the topic by granting a patent request for a genetically modified mouse with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/> Scientists announced in 2017 that they successfully created the first human-~~animal~~ chimeric embryo. The embryo consisted mostly pig cells and some human cells. Scientists stated that they hope to use this technology to address the shortage of donor organs.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/human-pig-hybrid-embryo-chimera-organs-health-science/\|title=Human-Pig Hybrid Created in the Lab—Here Are the Facts\|date=2017-01-26\|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> In July 2019, Japanese scientist [[Hiromitsu Nakauchi]] got the approval of the Japanese government to experiment with inserting human [[stem cell]]s into animal (particularly [[rodent]]) embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Cyranoski\|first=David\|date=2019-07-26\|title=Japan approves first human-animal embryo experiments\|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02275-3\|journal=Nature\|language=EN\|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02275-3}}</ref> Although its main use will be to make organ transplantation easier, this can be considered the first more effective step of making animal-human hybrids real.		Issues relating to possible human-animal hybrids outside of a fictional, historical, or mythic context but as real, engineered beings received major international attention in 2003, after some Chinese scientists at the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] managed to successfully fuse human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos formed reportedly were the first stable human-animal chimeras in existence. Research in similar areas continued into 2004 and 2005, with the topic picking up coverage from publications such as ''[[National Geographic News]]''. The [[National Academy of Sciences]] soon began to look into the ethical questions involved.<ref name=Mott/> The [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office]] additionally stirred interest into the topic by granting a patent request for a genetically modified mouse with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/> Scientists announced in 2017 that they successfully created the first human-pig chimeric embryo. The embryo consisted mostly pig cells and some human cells. Scientists stated that they hope to use this technology to address the shortage of donor organs.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/human-pig-hybrid-embryo-chimera-organs-health-science/\|title=Human-Pig Hybrid Created in the Lab—Here Are the Facts\|date=2017-01-26\|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Wu\|first=Jun\|last2=Platero-Luengo\|first2=Aida\|last3=Sakurai\|first3=Masahiro\|last4=Sugawara\|first4=Atsushi\|last5=Gil\|first5=Maria Antonia\|last6=Yamauchi\|first6=Takayoshi\|last7=Suzuki\|first7=Keiichiro\|last8=Bogliotti\|first8=Yanina Soledad\|last9=Cuello\|first9=Cristina\|last10=Valencia\|first10=Mariana Morales\|last11=Okumura\|first11=Daiji\|date=2017-01-26\|title=Interspecies Chimerism with Mammalian Pluripotent Stem Cells\|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(16)31752-4\|journal=Cell\|language=English\|volume=168\|issue=3\|pages=473–486.e15\|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.036\|issn=0092-8674\|pmc=PMC5679265\|pmid=28129541}}</ref> In July 2019, Japanese scientist [[Hiromitsu Nakauchi]] got the approval of the Japanese government to experiment with inserting human [[stem cell]]s into animal (particularly [[rodent]]) embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Cyranoski\|first=David\|date=2019-07-26\|title=Japan approves first human-animal embryo experiments\|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02275-3\|journal=Nature\|language=EN\|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02275-3}}</ref> Although its main use will be to make organ transplantation easier, this can be considered the first more effective step of making animal-human hybrids real.

	===Legal and moral discussions===		===Legal and moral discussions===

meta>ClueBot NG: Reverting possible vandalism by 72.172.106.177 to version by InternetArchiveBot. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (3723900) (Bot)

2020-05-27T17:06:12Z

Reverting possible vandalism by 72.172.106.177 to version by InternetArchiveBot. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (3723900) (Bot)

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:06, 27 May 2020
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	~~WE ALL KNOW YOU LOOKED THIS UP~~. ~~THIS DIDN~~'~~T SHOW UP ON YOUR FYP~~. ~~WE ALL KNOW IT~~. ~~SO STOP~~.		{{Merge from\|Theriocephaly\|discuss=Talk:Human–animal hybrid#Proposed merge with Theriocephaly\|date=December 2019}}
			{{see\| Mythological hybrid}}
			{{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2015}}
			[[ image: Matsya avatar.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The very first animal-human god, [[Vishnu]], as [[Matsya]], a deity of Hinduism]]
			[[File:Sir Edward Burne-Jones - Pan and Psyche.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|In this 19th-century piece by [[Edward Burne-Jones]], the human woman [[Cupid and Psyche\|Psyche]] receives affection from the hybrid deity [[Pan (god)\|Pan]].]]
			[[Image:Michelangelo, Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden 04.jpg\| thumb\| direita\| In [[Michelangelo]]'s interpretation of [[The Fall of Man]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]], the Serpent of Paradise is depicted as a snake-human hybrid]]
			The terms '''human–animal hybrid''' and '''animal–human hybrid''' refer to an entity that incorporates elements from both humans and animals.<ref name=arts/><ref name=Columbus>{{cite news\|last=Johnson\|first=Alan\|date=November 15, 2012\|title=Human-animal mix might become illegal\|newspaper=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]\|url=http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/national_world/2012/11/15/human-animal-mix-might-become-illegal.html\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name=fone/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=wet/>

	==Description==		==Description==

72.172.106.177: I improved this page by adding information that was missed

2020-05-27T17:06:08Z

I improved this page by adding information that was missed

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:06, 27 May 2020
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	~~{{Merge from\|Theriocephaly\|discuss=Talk:Human–animal hybrid#Proposed merge with Theriocephaly\|date=December 2019}}~~		WE ALL KNOW YOU LOOKED THIS UP. THIS DIDN'T SHOW UP ON YOUR FYP. WE ALL KNOW IT. SO STOP.
	~~{{see\| Mythological hybrid}}~~
	~~{{Use mdy dates\|date=September 2015}}~~
	~~[[ image: Matsya avatar~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|right\|The very first animal-human god, [[Vishnu]], as [[Matsya]], a deity of Hinduism]]~~
	[[File:Sir Edward Burne-Jones - Pan and Psyche.jpg\|thumb\|upright\|In this 19th-century piece by [[Edward Burne-Jones]], the human woman [[Cupid and Psyche\|Psyche]] receives affection from the hybrid deity [[Pan (god)\|Pan]].]]
	[[Image:Michelangelo, Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden 04.jpg\| thumb\| direita\| In [[Michelangelo]]'s interpretation of [[The Fall of Man]] in the [[Sistine Chapel]], the Serpent of Paradise is depicted as a snake-human hybrid]]
	~~The terms '''human–animal hybrid''' and '''animal–human hybrid''~~' refer to an entity that incorporates elements from both humans and animals.<ref name=arts/><ref name=Columbus>{{cite news\|last=Johnson\|first=Alan\|date=November 15, 2012\|title=Human-animal mix might become illegal\|newspaper=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]\|url=http://www.~~dispatch~~.~~com/content/stories/national_world/2012/11/15/human-animal-mix-might-become-illegal~~.~~html\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name=fone/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=wet/>~~

	==Description==		==Description==

meta>InternetArchiveBot: Bluelink 1 book for verifiability. [goog]) #IABot (v2.0) (GreenC bot

2020-02-26T02:33:19Z

Bluelink 1 book for verifiability. [goog]) #IABot (v2.0) (GreenC bot

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:33, 26 February 2020
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	In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>		In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>

	For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://~~books~~.~~google.com~~/~~?id=A0FPKNU7mrUC&pg~~=~~PT26&dq~~=~~%22just+~~you+watch!~~%22+~~pan~~#v=onepage&q=%22just%20you%20watch!%22%20pan&f=false~~\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>		For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>

	The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>		The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 14 June 2021
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	The [[H.P. Lovecraft]] inspired movie ''[[Dagon (film)\|Dagon]]'', released in 2001, additionally features grotesque hybrid beings. In terms of [[comic book]]s, examples of fictional human-animal hybrids include the characters in [[Charles Burns (cartoonist)\|Charles Burns]]' ''[[Black Hole (comics)\|Black Hole]]'' series. In those comics, a set of teenagers in a 1970s era town become afflicted by a bizarre disease; the [[Sexually transmitted disease\|sexually transmitted affliction]] mutates them into monstrous forms.<ref name=arts/>		The [[H.P. Lovecraft]] inspired movie ''[[Dagon (film)\|Dagon]]'', released in 2001, additionally features grotesque hybrid beings. In terms of [[comic book]]s, examples of fictional human-animal hybrids include the characters in [[Charles Burns (cartoonist)\|Charles Burns]]' ''[[Black Hole (comics)\|Black Hole]]'' series. In those comics, a set of teenagers in a 1970s era town become afflicted by a bizarre disease; the [[Sexually transmitted disease\|sexually transmitted affliction]] mutates them into monstrous forms.<ref name=arts/>

	Multiple video games have featured human-animal hybrids as enemies for the protagonist(s) to defeat, including powerful [[Boss (video game)\|boss characters]]. For instance, the 2014 [[survival horror]] release ''[[The Evil Within]]'' includes grotesque hybrid beings, looking like the [[undead]], attacking main character Detective Sebastian Castellanos. With partners Joseph Oda and Julie Kidman, the protagonist attempts investigate a multiple homicide at a [[Psychiatric hospital\|mental hospital]] yet discovers a mysterious figure who turns the world around them into a living nightmare, Castellanos having to find the truth about the criminal [[Psychopathy\|psychopath]].<ref name=evil/>		Multiple video games have featured human-animal hybrids as enemies for the protagonist(s) to defeat, including powerful [[Boss (video game)\|boss characters]]. For instance, the 2014 [[survival horror]] release ''[[The Evil Within]]'' includes grotesque hybrid beings, looking like the [[undead]], attacking [[Portal:Main\|main]] character Detective Sebastian Castellanos. With partners Joseph Oda and Julie Kidman, the protagonist attempts investigate a multiple homicide at a [[Psychiatric hospital\|mental hospital]] yet discovers a mysterious figure who turns the world around them into a living nightmare, Castellanos having to find the truth about the criminal [[Psychopathy\|psychopath]].<ref name=evil/>

	[[Hero\|Heroic character]] examples of human-animal anthropomorphic characters include the two protagonists of the [[2002 in film\|2002 movie]] ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' ([[Japanese language\|Japanese title]]: 猫の恩返し), with the [[Animation\|animated film]] featuring a young girl (named "Haru") being transformed against her will into a [[Felidae\|feline]]-human hybrid and fighting a villainous king of the cats with the help of a dashing male cat companion (known as the "Baron") at her side. The English language version of the film features [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Cary Elwes]] in the main roles, respectively.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web\|date=September 23, 2005\|url=http://movie-gazette.com/1423\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=movie-gazette.com\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=TVGuide>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/cat-returns/review/284368/\|first=Robert\|last=Pardi\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=[[TVGuide.com]]\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The critically acclaimed movie, with a score of 89% from [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns/ \|title=The Cat Returns \|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] \|accessdate=September 1, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901080606/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns \|archivedate=September 1, 2015 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> was directed by [[Hiroyuki Morita]].<ref name=gazette/><ref name=TVGuide/> In one notable moment, the once-again human Haru confesses to having [[Romance (love)\|romantic feelings]] for the Baron, who responds in an ambiguous manner before leaving (vowing to be there for her again when needed).		[[Hero\|Heroic character]] examples of human-animal anthropomorphic characters include the two protagonists of the [[2002 in film\|2002 movie]] ''[[The Cat Returns]]'' ([[Japanese language\|Japanese title]]: 猫の恩返し), with the [[Animation\|animated film]] featuring a young girl (named "Haru") being transformed against her will into a [[Felidae\|feline]]-human hybrid and fighting a villainous king of the cats with the help of a dashing male cat companion (known as the "Baron") at her side. The English language version of the film features [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Cary Elwes]] in the main roles, respectively.<ref name=gazette>{{cite web\|date=September 23, 2005\|url=http://movie-gazette.com/1423\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=movie-gazette.com\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name=TVGuide>{{cite web\|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/cat-returns/review/284368/\|first=Robert\|last=Pardi\|title=The Cat Returns\|publisher=[[TVGuide.com]]\|accessdate=August 10, 2015}}</ref> The critically acclaimed movie, with a score of 89% from [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns/ \|title=The Cat Returns \|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] \|accessdate=September 1, 2015 \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901080606/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cat_returns \|archivedate=September 1, 2015 \|df=mdy-all }}</ref> was directed by [[Hiroyuki Morita]].<ref name=gazette/><ref name=TVGuide/> In one notable moment, the once-again human Haru confesses to having [[Romance (love)\|romantic feelings]] for the Baron, who responds in an ambiguous manner before leaving (vowing to be there for her again when needed).

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 7 June 2021
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	For thousands of years, these [[Hybrid (biology)\|hybrids]] have been one of the most common themes in [[storytelling]] about animals throughout the world. The lack of a strong divide between humanity and animal nature in multiple traditional and ancient cultures has provided the underlying historical context for the popularity of tales where humans and animals have mingling relationships, such as in which one turns into the other or in which some mixed being goes through a journey.<ref name=Margo/> [[Interspecies friendships]] within the animal kingdom, as well as between humans and their pets, additionally provides an underlying root for the popularity of such beings.<ref name=arts/>		For thousands of years, these [[Hybrid (biology)\|hybrids]] have been one of the most common themes in [[storytelling]] about animals throughout the world. The lack of a strong divide between humanity and animal nature in multiple traditional and ancient cultures has provided the underlying historical context for the popularity of tales where humans and animals have mingling relationships, such as in which one turns into the other or in which some mixed being goes through a journey.<ref name=Margo/> [[Interspecies friendships]] within the animal kingdom, as well as between humans and their pets, additionally provides an underlying root for the popularity of such beings.<ref name=arts/>

	In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>		In various mythologies throughout [[history]], many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>

	For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>		For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>

	The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>		The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a [[horse]], depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>

	When looked at scientifically, outside of a fictional and/or mythical context, the real-life creation of human-animal hybrids has served as a subject of legal, moral, and technological debate in the context of recent advances in [[genetic engineering]].<ref name=Columbus/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=Weiss/> Defined by the magazine ''[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]'' as "genetic alterations that are blendings [sic] of animal and human forms", such hybrids may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans".<ref name=arts>{{cite web\|title=Arts: The Parahuman Sculpture of Patricia Piccinini, Posthumanity and What It Really Means to be Human\|publisher=[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]\|date=October 11, 2013\|accessdate=August 6, 2015\|url=http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/10/11/arts-the-parahuman-sculpture-of-patricia-piccinini-posthumanity-and-what-it-really-means-to-be-human/}}</ref><ref name=Columbus/> They may additionally may be called "humanized animals".<ref name=Weiss/> Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" ([[cytoplasmic hybrids]]), with "cybrid" cells featuring foreign human [[Cell nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of them being a topic of interest. Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a [[Egg cell\|human egg]] fertilized by a nonhuman [[sperm]] or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm.<ref name=Columbus/> While at first being a concept in the likes of legends and [[thought experiment]]s, the first stable human-animal [[Chimera (genetics)\|chimera]]s (not hybrids but related) to actually exist were first created by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] scientists in 2003, the result of having fused human cells with rabbit eggs.<ref name=Mott>{{cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0125_050125_chimeras.html\|first=Mott\|last=Maryann\|date=January 25, 2005\|title=Animal-Human Hybrids Spark Controversy\|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref> As well, a [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\|U.S. patent]] has notably been granted for a mouse chimera with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/>		When looked at scientifically, outside of a fictional and/or mythical context, the real-life creation of human-animal hybrids has served as a subject of legal, moral, and technological debate in the context of recent advances in [[genetic engineering]].<ref name=Columbus/><ref name=Mott/><ref name=Weiss/> Defined by the magazine ''[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]'' as "genetic alterations that are blendings [sic] of animal and human forms", such hybrids may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans".<ref name=arts>{{cite web\|title=Arts: The Parahuman Sculpture of Patricia Piccinini, Posthumanity and What It Really Means to be Human\|publisher=[[Humanity+#H.2B Magazine\|H+]]\|date=October 11, 2013\|accessdate=August 6, 2015\|url=http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/10/11/arts-the-parahuman-sculpture-of-patricia-piccinini-posthumanity-and-what-it-really-means-to-be-human/}}</ref><ref name=Columbus/> They may additionally may be called "humanized animals".<ref name=Weiss/> Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" ([[cytoplasmic hybrids]]), with "cybrid" cells featuring foreign human [[Cell nucleus\|nuclei]] inside of them being a topic of interest. Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a [[Egg cell\|human egg]] fertilized by a nonhuman [[sperm]] or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm.<ref name=Columbus/> While at first being a concept in the likes of legends and [[thought experiment]]s, the first stable human-animal [[Chimera (genetics)\|chimera]]s (not hybrids but related) to actually exist were first created by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine\|Shanghai Second Medical University]] scientists in 2003, the result of having fused human cells with rabbit eggs.<ref name=Mott>{{cite news\|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/01/0125_050125_chimeras.html\|first=Mott\|last=Maryann\|date=January 25, 2005\|title=Animal-Human Hybrids Spark Controversy\|publisher=[[National Geographic News]]\|accessdate=August 6, 2015}}</ref> As well, a [[U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\|U.S. patent]] has notably been granted for a mouse chimera with a human [[immune system]].<ref name=Weiss/>
Line 44:		Line 44:
	{{see also\|Funny animal\|Genetic engineering in science fiction\|Talking animal\|Talking animals in fiction}}		{{see also\|Funny animal\|Genetic engineering in science fiction\|Talking animal\|Talking animals in fiction}}

	Many prominent pieces of children's literature over the past two centuries have featured humanized animal characters, often as [[protagonists]] in the stores. In the opinion of popular educator [[Lucy Sprague Mitchell]], the appeal of such mythical and fantastic beings comes from how children desire "direct" language "told in terms of images— visual, auditory, tactile, muscle images". Another author has remarked that an "animal costume" provides "a way to emphasize or even exaggerate a particular characteristic". The [[anthropomorphic]] characters in the seminal works by English writer [[Beatrix Potter]] in particular live an ambiguous situation, having human dress yet displaying many instinctive animal traits. Writing on the popularity of [[Peter Rabbit]], a later author commented that in "balancing humanized domesticity against wild rabbit foraging, Potter subverted parental authority and its built in hypocrisy" in Potter's child-centered books. Writer Lisa Fraustino has cited on the subject [[R. M. Lockley\|R.M. Lockley]]'s tongue-in-cheek observation: "Rabbits are so human. Or is it the other way around— humans are so rabbit?"<ref name=rabbit>{{cite book\|title=Ethics and Children's Literature		Many prominent pieces of children's [[literature]] over the past two centuries have featured humanized animal characters, often as [[protagonists]] in the stores. In the opinion of popular educator [[Lucy Sprague Mitchell]], the appeal of such mythical and fantastic beings comes from how children desire "direct" language "told in terms of images— visual, auditory, tactile, muscle images". Another author has remarked that an "animal costume" provides "a way to emphasize or even exaggerate a particular characteristic". The [[anthropomorphic]] characters in the seminal works by English writer [[Beatrix Potter]] in particular live an ambiguous situation, having human dress yet displaying many instinctive animal traits. Writing on the popularity of [[Peter Rabbit]], a later author commented that in "balancing humanized domesticity against wild rabbit foraging, Potter subverted parental authority and its built in hypocrisy" in Potter's child-centered books. Writer Lisa Fraustino has cited on the subject [[R. M. Lockley\|R.M. Lockley]]'s tongue-in-cheek observation: "Rabbits are so human. Or is it the other way around— humans are so rabbit?"<ref name=rabbit>{{cite book\|title=Ethics and Children's Literature
	\|author=Lisa R. Fraustino\|editor=Dr. Claudia Mills\|pages=145–162\|isbn=9781472440723		\|author=Lisa R. Fraustino\|editor=Dr. Claudia Mills\|pages=145–162\|isbn=9781472440723
	\|date=2014\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.		\|date=2014\|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:33, 26 February 2020
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	In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>		In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed, including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.<ref name=Margo/> The entities have also been characters in fictional media more recently in history such as in [[H. G. Wells]]' work ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'', adapted into the popular [[1932 in film\|1932 film]] ''[[Island of Lost Souls (1932 film)\|Island of Lost Souls]]''.<ref name=fone/> In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.<ref name=Margo/>

	For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://~~books~~.~~google.com~~/~~?id=A0FPKNU7mrUC&pg~~=~~PT26&dq~~=~~%22just+~~you+watch!~~%22+~~pan~~#v=onepage&q=%22just%20you%20watch!%22%20pan&f=false~~\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>		For example, [[Pan (god)\|Pan]] is a deity in [[Greek mythology]] that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character is a [[Satyr]] who has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after the days of early Greece by groups such as the [[Delphian Society]].<ref name=delphian>{{cite book\|title=Hebrew literature. Greek mythology, life and art\|pages=169–171\|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WKIOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169&dq=%22pan,+oh,+great+god+Pan%22#v=onepage&q=%22pan%2C%20oh%2C%20great%20god%20Pan%22&f=false\|publisher=[[Delphian Society]]\|date=1913\|editor=Rev. J.K. Brennan}}</ref> Specifically, the human-animal hybrid has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as [[Francis Bacon (artist)\|Francis Bacon]].<ref name=wet>{{cite book\|pages=12.3\|title=Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living\|first=Richard\|last=Doyle\|url=https://archive.org/details/wetwaresexperime0000doyl\|url-access=registration\|quote=just you watch! pan.\|date=2003\|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]\|isbn=9781452905846}}</ref> Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian [[Psychopomp\|god of death]], named [[Anubis]], and the fox-like Japanese beings that are called [[Kitsune]].<ref name=Margo/>

	The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>		The significance of human-animal hybridization lies precisely in its merger of human characteristics with animal (sometimes monstrous) traits. Hybrids portray humanity’s conflicted or divided nature.<ref>[[James L. Resseguie]], "[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/3/217 A Glossary of New Testament Narrative Criticism with illustrations], 5-6.</ref> For example, the [[centaur]], which has the face, arms, and trunk of a human with the body of a horse, depicts the unbridled and wild tendencies within humans. The [[sphinx]], which in its Greek form has the face of a woman and the body of a lion with wings, represents the cunning, trickster side of humans. Sophocles’ [[Oedipus]] narratives highlight this trait when the sphinx of Thebes poses a riddle that appears unsolvable but is solved by Oedipus. The manticore has the head of a human with three rows of shark-like teeth, a body of a lion, and a tail with venomous spines similar to porcupine quills or a scorpion-like tail. The [[manticore]] portrays the bestial and vicious nature of humans. Hybrids are also found in the [[Book of Revelation]] where they portray what this world would look like if evil gained the upper hand and reigned uncontested. Specifically, the locusts of Revelation 9 are human-animal hybrids released from the [[Abyss (religion)\|abyss]] (the demonic underworld). They are like horses equipped for battle with something like gold crowns on their heads and faces like humans (Rev. 9:7). Their hair is like women’s hair, teeth like lions’ teeth, and scales like iron breastplates (Rev. 9:8-9). Their wings make a sound like the sound of chariots charging into battle, and their tails have stingers like scorpion tails (Rev. 9:9-10). The locust-hybrids represent the reverse side of this world and portray what the world would be like if God allowed demonic powers to have free, unrestrained reign in this world.<ref>Craig Koester, ''Revelation and the End of All Things'', 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 2018), 102.</ref>