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{{Original research|date=November 2007}}
{{short description|Pleasure derived from cruelty to animals}}
'''Zoosadism''' is a term coined by [[Ernest Borneman]] referring to [[pleasure]] (sometimes [[Human sexuality#Sexual pleasure|sexual pleasure]]) derived from [[cruelty to animals]]. Zoosadism is part of the [[Macdonald triad]], a set of three behaviors that are a precursor to [[Psychopathy|sociopathic behavior]].<ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal|author=J. M. MacDonald|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–130|year=1963}}</ref>
'''Zoosadism''' is pleasure derived from [[What is Considered Abuse|cruelty to animals]]. It is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that are considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.<ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal|author=J. M. MacDonald|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–130|year=1963|doi=10.1176/ajp.120.2.125}}</ref>
 
==General==
[[Zoophiles]] abhor with a passion zoosadism, as well as any cruelty to animals. In general, they find it particularly unsettling that sexually tainted cruelty to animals can easily find its way into the media and thus form an inaccurate image of "the [[zoophile]]".
 
Violent acts against animals are called zoosadism. A zoosadist tries to achieve physical and, above all, psychological satisfaction through his actions. Animals are usually easier for persons to reach than humans and cannot give him away directly. Zoosadism is cruelty to animals. The only difference is that animal cruelty often also arises from human greed for wealth or willfulness, or the animal is neglected out of disinterest, but the zoosadist acts out of an "inner drive".


==Research==
==Research==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Zoosadism questionnaire.png|thumb|200px|“Forensic Nurse”′s animal abuse diagnostic questionnaire]] -->
Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to ''The New York Times'':
Schedel-Stupperich (2001) state that some [[horse-ripping]] incidences have a sexual connection, and in general, the link between [[Sadomasochism|sadistic]] sexual acts with animals and sadistic practices with humans or lust murders has been heavily researched. Some murderers [[tortured]] animals in their childhood, with some of them also practicing [[bestiality]]. Ressler et al. (1988) found that 36% of sexual murderers described themselves as having abused animals during childhood, with 46% of them reporting that they had abused animals during adolescence, and (1986) that eight of their sample of thirty-six sexual murderers showed an interest in [[zoosexual]] acts.


In 1971, American researchers profiled the typical animal harmer as being a nine-and-a-half-year-old boy, with an [[Intelligence quotient|I.Q.]] of 91 and a history of [[Child abuse|gross parental abuse]]. The UK "[[Young Abusers Project]]" sees children as young as five who have a record of sexual offences or "extremely" violent behavior. Of such people, child psychiatrist Dr Eileen Vizard, commented:
{{cquote|The Federal Bureau of Investigation{{!}}FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of Serial rape{{!}}serial rapists and Serial killer{{!}}murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}
{{quote|"They stomp on small hamsters or mice. Squeeze them or burst them, set fire to their fur. Gratuitous cruelty for which there can be no justification."<ref name=bbc20000509>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The chain of cruelty | work = | publisher = BBC News | date = 9 May 2000 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/741856.stm | format = | doi = | accessdate = }}</ref>}}


Dr Vizard commented:
Helen Gavin wrote however in ''Criminological and Forensic Psychology'' (2013):
{{quote|"…cruelty to animals, if accompanied by a sexual interest in animals, is a high-risk indicator of a future sex offender."<ref name=bbc20000509/>}}


Studies have shown that individuals who enjoy or are willing to inflict harm on animals are more likely to do so to humans. One of the known warning signs of certain psychopathologies, including [[antisocial personality disorder]], is a history of torturing pets and small animals. According to the ''[[New York Times]]'':
{{cquote|This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.<ref name="Helen Gavin 2013 120">{{cite book|author=Helen Gavin|title=Criminological and Forensic Psychology|pages=120|year=2013}}</ref>}}
{{quote|"the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of [[Serial rape|serial rapists]] and [[Serial killer|murderers]], and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for [[conduct disorder]]s."<ref>{{Cite news | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}


Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980) that
Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):
{{quote|"A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy."<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Felthous | first = Alan R. | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = | issue = 10 | pages = 169–177 | date = | year = 1980 | url = | doi = | id = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}


This is a commonly reproduced finding, and for this reason, violence (including sexually oriented violence) toward animals is considered a serious warning sign of potential serious violence towards humans.
{{cquote|A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Felthous | first = Alan R. | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = 10 | pages = 169–177 | date = | year = 1980 | url = | doi = 10.1007/bf01433629| id = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}


Over the past fifty years, modern research has confirmed that not all sexual activity with animals is violent nor dangerous. This preconception has been criticized by researchers, for the bias that can result within bona fide research into zoosadism and abuse. Older research often focused on known abusers such as violent [[Juvenile delinquency|juvenile offenders]], and generalizations from such studies have often been criticized post-publication as being tainted by circular reasoning, [[Argument from ignorance|arguments from incredulity]], and other fallacies:
This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.
{{quote|"There are different people who engage in sex with animals and not the kind of interaction but first and foremost the quality of the relationship seems to distinguish between them. This emotional relation or at least the respect they show towards the will of the involved animal should be more closely investigated, when conducting research that includes [[bestiality]]. Because [it is] this, the quality of the interaction and the relationship – that may be loving, neutral, or violent – and not the fact of a sexual interaction [which] is important, and provides information for a better understanding of bestiality and zoophilia and their significance in relation to other phenomena."|Andrea Beetz|<ref name=beetz>{{cite book | last = Beetz | first = Andrea | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals | publisher = [[Shaker Verlag]] GmbH | year = 2002 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 3-8322-0020-7}}</ref>}}


Kidd and Kidd (1987) identified that
==Legal status==
{{quote|"most of these older research and models rarely took the variety of possible interactions and relations into account, studying the physical acts in isolation."<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Kidd | first = A.H. | author-link = | last2 = Kidd | first2 = R.M. | author2-link = | title = Seeking a theory of the human/companion animal bond | journal = Anthrozoos | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = 140–157 | date = | year = 1987 | url = | doi = | id = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}
In the United States, since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>Robson, Ruthann (2010-12-14) [http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2010/12/animal-porn-criminalized-by-federal-law-again.html Animal Porn - Criminalized by Federal Law Again] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415045939/http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2010/12/animal-porn-criminalized-by-federal-law-again.html|date=2011-04-15}}, ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html|title=18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crush videos|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|accessdate=23 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121143325/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html|archivedate=21 November 2011}}</ref> which was found unconstitutional in ''United States v. Stevens''.  
 
Andrea Beetz comments that, perhaps because of this,
{{quote|"In most [popular] references to bestiality, violence towards the animal is automatically implied. That sexual approaches to animals may not need force or violence but rather, sensitivity, or knowledge of animal behavior, is rarely taken into consideration."<ref name=beetz/>}}


In the same manner, Dr. Stephanie Lafarge, an assistant professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School and sex therapist, who is the Director of Counseling at the [[ASPCA|American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals]] and works with the [[New York (state)|New York]] correctional system, is quoted in a 1999 newspaper article as saying that "It's important to make the distinction [between animal sexual abuse and zoophilia]" and that
In 2019, The United States Congress passed a well known PACT Act (Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act)
{{quote|"There is no evidence yet that zoophilia leads to sexual deviation, but that's not to say that's not the case. We do make the link between other forms of physical violence against animals as being a predicator of physical violence against women and children. I would go on to say that someone who is sexually violent with an animal ... is a predator and might very well do that toward people."'' <ref>{{Cite document | last = Roth | first = Melinda | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = ALL OPPOSED, SAY "NEIGH" | newspaper = | pages = | year = | date = 15 December 1999 | url = http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/ | publisher = [[Riverfront Times]] | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref>}}


Professors [[Martin Weinberg]] & [[Colin J. Williams]] of the [[Kinsey Institute]] stated in testimony to the Missouri House in 1999:
''Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the         United States of America in Congress assembled,''
{{quote|"No one can argue about the objective harm resulting from a behavior like [[rape]]. Such harm arises from the absence of consent and the [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] that accompanies and follows from the act ... Our research suggests that forcing sex on an unwilling animal is rare among adult zoophiles ... The question of consent is usually conflated with the question of harm, which we believe to be the better question. Zoophiles appear to be extremely caring and concerned for their animal(s) and people who know them would be hard put to claim abuse. Implicit in [the bill] is that sex with an animal in itself constitutes abuse."}}


Beetz states categorically:
This Act may be cited as the “Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act” or the “PACT Act”.<ref>H.R.724 PACT ACT <nowiki>https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2019/10/22/house-section/article/H8355-1</nowiki></ref>  
{{quote|"Former, as well as the here presented research, suggests that zoophilia itself does not represent a clinically significant problem and is not necessarily combined with other clinically significant problems and disorders, even if it may be difficult for some professionals to accept this."<ref name=beetz/>}}


==Legal status==
Similar to the 2010 law. However, there has been speculation on the actual meaning, whether it was causing death for sexual gratification, or simple bestiality. Such as the case law involving a man who was imprisoned for obscene material and bestiality. (Reference is missing, will need to be researched)
In the [[United States]], since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>[[Ruthann Robson|Robson, Ruthann]] (2010-12-14) [http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2010/12/animal-porn-criminalized-by-federal-law-again.html Animal Porn - Criminalized by Federal Law Again], ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref>[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html US Code TITLE 18 > PART I > CHAPTER 3 > § 48]</ref> which was found unconstitutional in ''[[United States v. Stevens]]''.


==Insects==
The PACT Act in 2019 was to strengthen the 2010 law that makes the depiction of animal cruelty a crime, but allows the cruelty itself to go unpunished.<ref>https://www.zoovilleforum.net/resources/h-r-724-pact-act.26/updates</ref>
Zoosadism towards [[insect]]s is also exhibited by some. The classic example of this subvariety of "schoolyard viciousness" is the child who pulls off a fly's wings.  The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writer [[Plutarch]], in his ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', claims that the Emperor [[Domitian]] amused himself by catching flies and impaling them with needles.


==Notable zoosadists==
==Criticism of alleged Link to violence against humans==
* [[Dennis Rader]]
On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-11-08 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021521/http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |archivedate=2017-11-07 }}</ref>
* [[2002 Japan animal cruelty case|Jun Matsubara]]
* [[Kenny Glenn]]
* [[Jim Jones]]
* [[Henry Lee Lucas]]
* [[Otis Toole]]
* [[Rostislav Bogoslevsky]]<ref>
[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1178708624234&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Police arrest suspected serial killer | Jerusalem Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[John Duffy and David Mulcahy]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1546812,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Childhood cruelty to animals may signal violence in future | first=Rosie | last=Cowan | date=11 August 2005 | accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref>
* [[Richard Chase]]<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/chase/index_1.html CrimeLibrary.com/Serial Killers/Truly Weird & Shocking/Richard Trenton Chase: The Vampire of Sacramento<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Animal abuse]]
* [[What is Considered Abuse|Cruelty to animals]]
* [[Bearbaiting]]
* [[Bloodsport]]
* [[Cat-burning]]
* [[Crush film]]
* [[Zoophilia]]


==References==
==References==
Line 69: Line 46:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.forensicnursemag.com/articles/411clinical.html Four-legged Forensics: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know and Do About Animal Cruelty]
* [http://www.forensicnursemag.com/articles/411clinical.html Four-legged Forensics: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know and Do About Animal Cruelty]
 
[[Category:Terms]]
[[Category:Paraphilias]]
[[Category:Animal welfare]]
[[Category:Zoophilia]]
[[Category:Abuse]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty]]

Latest revision as of 20:34, 12 October 2024

Zoosadism is pleasure derived from cruelty to animals. It is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that are considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.[1]

General

Zoophiles abhor with a passion zoosadism, as well as any cruelty to animals. In general, they find it particularly unsettling that sexually tainted cruelty to animals can easily find its way into the media and thus form an inaccurate image of "the zoophile".

Violent acts against animals are called zoosadism. A zoosadist tries to achieve physical and, above all, psychological satisfaction through his actions. Animals are usually easier for persons to reach than humans and cannot give him away directly. Zoosadism is cruelty to animals. The only difference is that animal cruelty often also arises from human greed for wealth or willfulness, or the animal is neglected out of disinterest, but the zoosadist acts out of an "inner drive".

Research

Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to The New York Times:

The Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of Serial rape|serial rapists and Serial killer|murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.[2]

Helen Gavin wrote however in Criminological and Forensic Psychology (2013):

This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.[3]

Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):

A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.[4]

This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.

Legal status

In the United States, since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".[5] This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute[6] which was found unconstitutional in United States v. Stevens.

In 2019, The United States Congress passed a well known PACT Act (Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act)

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

This Act may be cited as the “Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act” or the “PACT Act”.[7]

Similar to the 2010 law. However, there has been speculation on the actual meaning, whether it was causing death for sexual gratification, or simple bestiality. Such as the case law involving a man who was imprisoned for obscene material and bestiality. (Reference is missing, will need to be researched)

The PACT Act in 2019 was to strengthen the 2010 law that makes the depiction of animal cruelty a crime, but allows the cruelty itself to go unpunished.[8]

Criticism of alleged Link to violence against humans

On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ J. M. MacDonald (1963). "The Threat to Kill". American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1176/ajp.120.2.125.
  2. ↑ Goleman, Daniel (7 August 1991). "Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer". New York Times.
  3. ↑ Helen Gavin (2013). Criminological and Forensic Psychology. p. 120.
  4. ↑ Felthous, Alan R. (1980). "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People". Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 10: 169–177. doi:10.1007/bf01433629.
  5. ↑ Robson, Ruthann (2010-12-14) Animal Porn - Criminalized by Federal Law Again Archived 2011-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, Constitutional Law Prof Blog
  6. ↑ "18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crush videos". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  7. ↑ H.R.724 PACT ACT https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2019/10/22/house-section/article/H8355-1
  8. ↑ https://www.zoovilleforum.net/resources/h-r-724-pact-act.26/updates
  9. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

External links

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