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{{short description|Disease caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii}}
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{{Infobox medical condition (new)
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| name            = Q&nbsp;fever
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| synonyms        = Query fever, coxiellosis<ref name=CDC2020 /><ref name=NORD />
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| image          = Immunohistochemical detection of Coxiella burnetii in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q fever endocarditis.jpg
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| caption        = Immunohistochemical detection of ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' in resected cardiac valve of a 60-year-old man with Q&nbsp;fever endocarditis, Cayenne, French Guiana: [[Monoclonal antibodies]] against ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' and hematoxylin were used for staining; original magnification is ×50.
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| pronounce      =
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| field          =
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| symptoms        =
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| complications  =
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| onset          =
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| duration        =
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| types          = acute, chronic<ref name=CDC2020 />
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| causes          =
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| risks          = Contact with livestock, male gender<ref name=NORD>{{Cite book|last=Disorders|first=National Organization for Rare|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99YPDvFWBB0C&pg=PA293|title=NORD Guide to Rare Disorders|chapter=Q Fever|page=293|date=2003|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-3063-1|language=en}}</ref>
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| diagnosis      =
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| differential    = [[pneumonia]], [[influenza]], [[brucellosis]], [[leptospirosis]], [[meningitis]], [[viral hepatitis]], [[dengue fever]], [[malaria]], other rickettsial infections<ref name=NORD />
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| prevention      =
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| treatment      =
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| medication      =
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| prognosis      =
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| frequency      =
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| deaths          =
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}}
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'''Q&nbsp;fever''' or '''query fever''' is a disease caused by infection with ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'',<ref name="CDC2020">{{Cite web|title=Epidemiology and Statistics {{!}} Q Fever {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/stats/index.html|date=2019-09-16|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name="pmid16547017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beare PA, Samuel JE, Howe D, Virtaneva K, Porcella SF, Heinzen RA |title=Genetic diversity of the Q&nbsp;Fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, assessed by microarray-based whole-genome comparisons |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=188 |issue=7 |pages=2309–2324 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16547017 |pmc=1428397 |doi=10.1128/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7515/q-fever|title=Q fever {{!}} Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program|website=rarediseases.info.nih.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> a [[bacterium]] that affects humans and other animals. This organism is uncommon, but may be found in [[cattle]], [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, and other [[domestic mammal]]s, including [[cat]]s and [[dog]]s. The infection results from [[inhalation]] of a spore-like small-cell variant, and from contact with the [[milk]], [[urine]], [[feces]], [[vaginal mucus]], or [[semen]] of infected animals. Rarely, the disease is [[tick]]-borne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/|title=Q Fever {{!}} CDC|date=2017-12-27|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> The [[incubation period]] is 9–40&nbsp;days. Humans are vulnerable to Q&nbsp;fever, and infection can result from even a few organisms.<ref name=":0" /> The bacterium is an [[Intracellular parasites#Obligate|obligate intracellular pathogenic parasite]].
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== Signs and symptoms ==
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Incubation period is usually two to three weeks.<ref name="Brunette-2011-p270" /> The most common manifestation is [[flu-like symptoms]] with abrupt onset of [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[diaphoresis|profuse perspiration]], severe [[headache]], [[myalgia|muscle pain]], [[Arthralgia|joint pain]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|loss of appetite]], upper respiratory problems, dry cough, [[Pleurisy|pleuritic pain]], chills, [[mental confusion|confusion]], and gastrointestinal [[symptoms]], such as [[nausea]], vomiting, and [[diarrhea]]. About half of infected individuals exhibit no symptoms.<ref name="Brunette-2011-p270">{{cite book|chapter=Q Fever|editor1=Brunette, Gary W.|title=CDC Health Information for International Travel: The Yellow Book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976901-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cdchealthinforma0000unse/page/270 270]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vCQpr1WTS8C&pg=PA270|author1=Anderson, Alicia|author2=McQuiston, Jennifer|display-editors=etal|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/cdchealthinforma0000unse/page/270}}</ref>
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During its course, the disease can progress to an [[atypical pneumonia]], which can result in a life-threatening [[acute respiratory distress syndrome]], whereby such symptoms usually occur during the first four to five days of infection.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
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Less often, Q&nbsp;fever causes (granulomatous) [[hepatitis]], which may be asymptomatic or becomes symptomatic with malaise, fever, [[Hepatomegaly|liver enlargement]], and pain in the right upper quadrant of the [[abdomen]]. Whereas [[elevated transaminases|transaminase values]] are often elevated, [[jaundice]] is uncommon. Retinal [[vasculitis]] is a rare manifestation of Q&nbsp;fever.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuhne |first1=F |last2=Morlat |first2=P |last3=Riss |first3=I |last4=Dominguez |first4=M |last5=Hostyn |first5=P |last6=Carniel |first6=N |last7=Paix |first7=MA |last8=Aubertin |first8=J |last9=Raoult |first9=D |last10=Le Rebeller |first10=MJ |title=La vascularite A29, B12, est-elle déclenchée par l'agent de la fièvre Q? (Coxiella burnetii) |trans-title=Is A29, B12 vasculitis caused by the Q fever agent? (Coxiella burnetii) |language=fr |journal=Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie |date=1992 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=315–321 |pmid=1430809 |oclc=116712679 }}</ref>
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The chronic form of Q&nbsp;fever is virtually identical to [[endocarditis]] (i.e. [[inflammation]] of the inner lining of the heart),<ref name="pmid16757641">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karakousis PC, Trucksis M, Dumler JS |title=Chronic Q&nbsp;Fever in the United States |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=2283–7 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16757641 |pmc=1489455 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02365-05 }}</ref> which can occur months or decades following the infection. It is usually fatal if untreated. However, with appropriate treatment, the mortality falls to around 10%.{{cn|date=May 2021}}
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== Diagnosis ==
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[[File:Q fever management algorithm.gif|thumbnail|left|Q&nbsp;fever management algorithm from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]]]
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Diagnosis is usually based on [[serology]]<ref name="pmid10515901">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurin M, Raoult D |title=Q fever |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=518–53 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10515901 |pmc=88923 |doi= 10.1128/CMR.12.4.518}}</ref><ref name="pmid12491231">{{cite journal |author=Scola BL |title=Current laboratory diagnosis of Q&nbsp;Fever |journal=Semin Pediatr Infect Dis |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=257–262 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12491231 |doi=10.1053/spid.2002.127199 }}</ref> (looking for an [[antibody]] response) rather than looking for the organism itself. Serology allows the detection of chronic infection by the appearance of high levels of the antibody against the virulent form of the bacterium. Molecular detection of bacterial DNA is increasingly used. Culture is technically difficult and not routinely available in most microbiology laboratories.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
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Q&nbsp;fever can cause endocarditis (infection of the heart valves) which may require [[Echocardiography#Transesophageal echocardiogram|transoesophageal echocardiography]] to diagnose.  Q&nbsp;fever hepatitis manifests as an elevation of [[alanine transaminase]] and [[aspartate transaminase]], but a definitive diagnosis is only possible on [[liver biopsy]], which shows the characteristic [[fibrin ring granuloma]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Patient with fever and diarrea |vauthors=van de Veerdonk FL, Schneeberger PM | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=42 | pages=1051–2 | doi=10.1086/501027 | issue=7 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
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== Prevention ==
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Protection is offered by Q-Vax, a whole-cell, inactivated [[vaccine]] developed by an Australian vaccine manufacturing company, [[CSL Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csl.com.au/docs/39/836/Q-Vax_PI_V4_TGA-Approved-17%20January%202014.pdf|title=Q&nbsp;fever Vaccine|publisher=CSL|date=17 January 2014|access-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080855/http://www.csl.com.au/docs/39/836/Q-Vax_PI_V4_TGA-Approved-17%20January%202014.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The intradermal vaccination is composed of killed ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' organisms. Skin and blood tests should be done before vaccination to identify pre-existing immunity, because vaccinating people who already have an immunity can result in a severe local reaction. After a single dose of vaccine, protective immunity lasts for many years. Revaccination is not generally required. Annual screening is typically recommended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdp.ucsf.edu/fileUpload/UCSF_CDP_Q_Fever_Surveillance_Policy_Q_Neg_Wethers.pdf |title=USCF communicable disease prevention program animal exposure surveillance program |access-date=2007-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701075855/http://cdp.ucsf.edu/fileUpload/UCSF_CDP_Q_Fever_Surveillance_Policy_Q_Neg_Wethers.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-01 }}</ref>
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In 2001, Australia introduced a national Q&nbsp;fever vaccination program for people working in “at risk” occupations. Vaccinated or previously exposed people may have their status recorded on the Australian Q&nbsp;Fever Register,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qfever.org|title=Australian Q Fever Register|publisher=AusVet|access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> which may be a condition of employment in the meat processing industry or in [[University of Melbourne Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences|veterinary research]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mckenzie|first=Bex|date=2019-11-20|title=Q-Fever Vaccinations|url=https://fvas.unimelb.edu.au/students/admin/q-fever|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences|language=en}}</ref> An earlier killed vaccine had been developed in the Soviet Union, but its side effects prevented its licensing abroad.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
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Preliminary results suggest vaccination of animals may be a method of control. Published trials proved that use of a registered phase vaccine (Coxevac) on infected farms is a tool of major interest to manage or prevent early or late abortion, repeat breeding, [[anoestrus]], silent oestrus, [[metritis]], and decreases in milk yield when ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' is the major cause of these problems.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Camuset|first1=P|last2=Remmy|first2=D|title=Q&nbsp;Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Eradication in a Dairy Herd by Using Vaccination with a Phase&nbsp;1 Vaccine|publisher=XXV World Buiatrics Congress|year=2008|location=Budapest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=21392427|year=2011|last1=Hogerwerf|first1=L|last2=Van Den Brom|first2=R|last3=Roest|first3=HI|last4=Bouma|first4=A|last5=Vellema|first5=P|last6=Pieterse|first6=M|last7=Dercksen|first7=D|last8=Nielen|first8=M|title=Reduction of Coxiella burnetii prevalence by vaccination of goats and sheep, the Netherlands| volume=17| issue=3| pages=379–386|doi=10.3201/eid1703.101157|pmc=3166012|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases}}</ref><!--what is "Wannyn (2007) meant to be?-->
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== Treatment ==
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Treatment of acute Q&nbsp;fever with [[antibiotic]]s is very effective{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} and should be given in consultation with an [[infectious disease]]s specialist.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} Commonly used antibiotics include [[doxycycline]], [[tetracycline]], [[chloramphenicol]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[ofloxacin]], and [[hydroxychloroquine]]. {{citation needed|date=May 2020}}Chronic Q&nbsp;fever is more difficult to treat and can require up to four years of treatment with doxycycline and [[Quinolone antibiotic|quinolones]] or doxycycline with hydroxychloroquine.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}Q&nbsp;fever in pregnancy is especially difficult to treat because doxycycline and ciprofloxacin are contraindicated in pregnancy. The preferred treatment is five weeks of [[co-trimoxazole]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Clin Infect Dis|year=2007|volume=45|pages=548–555|title=Managing Q fever during pregnancy: The benefits of long-term Cotrimoxazole therapy|vauthors=Carcopino X, Raoult D, Bretelle F, Boubli L, Stein A | doi = 10.1086/520661|pmid=17682987|issue=5|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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==Epidemiology==
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[[Image:Coxiella burnetii 01.JPG|thumb|right|''C. burnetii'', the Q fever-causing agent]]
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The pathogenic agent is found worldwide, with the exception of New Zealand.<ref name="pmid17147957">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cutler SJ, Bouzid M, Cutler RR |title=Q fever |journal=J. Infect. |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=313–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17147957 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2006.10.048 }}</ref> The bacterium is extremely sustainable and virulent: a single organism is able to cause an infection. The common source of infection is inhalation of contaminated dust, contact with contaminated milk, meat, or wool, and particularly birthing products. [[Ticks]] can transfer the pathogenic agent to other animals. Transfer between humans seems extremely rare and has so far been described in very few cases.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
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Some studies have shown more men to be affected than women,<ref name="pmid10589906">{{cite journal |vauthors=Domingo P, Muñoz C, Franquet T, Gurguí M, Sancho F, Vazquez G |title=Acute Q fever in adult patients: report on 63 sporadic cases in an urban area |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=874–9 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10589906 |doi=10.1086/520452}}</ref><ref name="pmid3301708">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dupuis G, Petite J, Péter O, Vouilloz M |title=An important outbreak of human Q fever in a Swiss Alpine valley |journal=Int J Epidemiol |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=282–7 |date=June 1987 |pmid=3301708 |doi= 10.1093/ije/16.2.282}}</ref> which may be attributed to different employment rates in typical professions.{{cn|date=June 2021}}
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“At risk” occupations include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000611.htm|title=Q fever: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
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* [[Veterinary]] personnel
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* [[Feedlot|Stockyard]] workers
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* [[Farmer]]s
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* [[Sheep shearer]]s
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* Animal transporters
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* Laboratory workers handling potentially infected veterinary samples or visiting [[abattoir]]s
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* People who cull and process [[kangaroos]]
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* Hide ([[Tanning (leather)|tannery]]) workers
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== History ==
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[[Image:Pneumonia x-ray.jpg|right|thumb|''Image&nbsp;A'': A normal [[chest X-ray]] ''Image&nbsp;B'': Q&nbsp;fever pneumonia]]
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Q&nbsp;fever was first described in 1935 by [[Edward Holbrook Derrick]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derrick |first1=E. H. |title='Q'&nbsp;Fever a new fever entity: clinical features. diagnosis, and laboratory investigation |journal=Medical Journal of Australia |date=August 1937 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=281–299 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x }}</ref> in [[slaughterhouse]] workers in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]. The "Q" stands for "query" and was applied at a time when the causative agent was unknown; it was chosen over suggestions of abattoir fever and Queensland rickettsial fever, to avoid directing negative connotations at either the cattle industry or the state of Queensland.<ref>{{cite book | author = Joseph E. McDade | chapter = Historical aspects of Q&nbsp;Fever | title = Q&nbsp;Fever, Volume I: The Disease | editor = Thomas J. Marrie | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-8493-5984-2 | page = 8}}</ref>
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The [[pathogen]] of Q&nbsp;fever was discovered in 1937, when [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] and Mavis Freeman isolated the bacterium from one of Derrick's patients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burnet |first1=F. M. |last2=Freeman |first2=M. |title=Experimental Studies on the Virus of 'Q' Fever |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 July 1983 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=800–808 |doi=10.1093/clinids/5.4.800 |pmid=6194551 }}</ref> It was originally identified as a species of ''[[Rickettsia]]''. [[H.R. Cox]] and [[Gordon Davis (scientist)|Gordon Davis]] elucidated the transmission when they isolated it from [[tick]]s found in the US state of [[Montana]] in 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Gordon E. |last2=Cox |first2=Herald R. |last3=Parker |first3=R. R. |last4=Dyer |first4=R. E. |title=A Filter-Passing Infectious Agent Isolated from Ticks |journal=Public Health Reports |date=1938 |volume=53 |issue=52 |pages=2259 |doi=10.2307/4582746 |jstor=4582746 }}</ref> It is a [[zoonotic]] disease whose most common animal reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats. ''Coxiella burnetii'' – named for Cox and Burnet – is no longer regarded as closely related to the [[Rickettsiae]], but as similar to ''[[Legionella]]'' and ''[[Francisella]]'', and is a [[proteobacteria|proteobacterium]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
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== Society and culture ==
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An early mention of Q&nbsp;fever was important in one of the early [[Dr. Kildare]] films (1939, ''[[Calling Dr. Kildare]]''). Kildare's mentor Dr.&nbsp;Gillespie ([[Lionel Barrymore]]) tires of his protégé working fruitlessly on "exotic diagnoses" ("I think it's Q&nbsp;fever!") and sends him to work in a neighborhood clinic, instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.san.beck.org/MM/1939/CallingDrKildare.html|title=''Calling Dr.&nbsp;Kildare''|publisher=Movie Mirrors Index|access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalisch |first1=Philip A |last2=Kalisch |first2=Beatrice J |title=When Americans called for Dr. Kildare: images of physicians and nurses in the Dr. Kildare and Dr. Gillespie movies, 1937-1947 |journal=Medical Heritage |date=September 1985 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=348–363 |pmid=11616027 |url=http://www.truthaboutnursing.org/images/kalisch/when_americans_called_dr_kildare.pdf }}</ref>
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Q&nbsp;fever was also highlighted in an episode of the U.S. television medical drama ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' ("[[The Dig (House)|The&nbsp;Dig]]", season seven, episode&nbsp;18).{{cn|date=June 2021}}
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=== Biological warfare ===
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''C&nbsp; burnetii'' has been developed as a [[biological agent|biological weapon]].<ref name="pmid14592601">{{cite journal |vauthors=Madariaga MG, Rezai K, Trenholme GM, Weinstein RA |title=Q&nbsp;Fever: A biological weapon in your backyard |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=709–21 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14592601 |doi= 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00804-1}}</ref>
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The United States investigated it as a potential biological warfare agent in the 1950s, with eventual standardization as agent&nbsp;OU. At Fort Detrick and Dugway Proving Ground, human trials were conducted on [[Operation Whitecoat|Whitecoat volunteers]] to determine the median infective dose (18&nbsp;MICLD<sub>50</sub>/person i.h.) and course of infection. The [[Deseret Test Center]] dispensed biological Agent&nbsp;OU with ships and aircraft, during [[Project 112]] and [[Project SHAD]].<ref name="Shady">[http://mcm.fhpr.osd.mil/Librries/CBexposuresDocs/shady_grove_revised.sflb.ashx Deseret Test Center, Project&nbsp;SHAD, Shady Grove revised fact sheet]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  As a standardized biological, it was manufactured in large quantities at [[Pine Bluff Arsenal]], with 5,098&nbsp;gallons in the arsenal in bulk at the time of demilitarization in 1970.
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''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' is currently ranked as a "[[Bioterrorism#Types of agents|category&nbsp;B]]" [[bioterrorism]] agent by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]].<ref name="pmid12704232">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Seshadri R, Paulsen IT, Eisen JA, etal |title=Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=100 |issue=9 |pages=5455–60 |date=April 2003 |pmid=12704232 |pmc=154366 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0931379100 |bibcode=2003PNAS..100.5455S }}</ref> It can be contagious, and is very stable in aerosols in a wide range of temperatures. Q&nbsp;fever microorganisms may survive on surfaces up to 60&nbsp;days. It is considered a good agent in part because its ID<sub>50</sub> (number of bacilli needed to infect 50% of individuals) is considered to be one, making it the lowest known.{{Dubious|date=July 2020|reason=The CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/transmission/index.html) states that in some cases, fewer than ten bacteria are enough to cause an infection. There is no source here backing up the claim that one is enough 50% of the time.}}
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==Other animals==
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Cattle, goats, and sheep are most commonly infected, and can serve as a reservoir for the bacteria. Q&nbsp;fever is a well-recognized cause of abortions in [[ruminant]]s and pets. ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' infection in dairy cattle has been well documented and its association with reproductive problems in these animals has been reported in Canada, the US, Cyprus, France, Hungary, Japan, Switzerland, and Germany.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=To |first1=Ho |last2=Sakai |first2=Ritsuko |last3=Shirota |first3=Kazutoshi |last4=Kano |first4=Chiaki |last5=Abe |first5=Satomi |last6=Sugimoto |first6=Tomoaki |last7=Takehara |first7=Kazuaki |last8=Morita |first8=Chiharu |last9=Takashima |first9=Ikuo |last10=Maruyama |first10=Tsutomu |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=Tsuyoshi |last12=Fukushi |first12=Hideto |last13=Hirai |first13=Katsuya |title=Coxiellosis in domestic and wild birds from Japan |journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |date=April 1998 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |doi=10.7589/0090-3558-34.2.310 |pmid=9577778 |s2cid=36217068 }}</ref> For instance, in a study published in 2008,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Czaplicki |first1=Guy |last2=Houtain |first2=Jean-Yves |last3=Mullender |first3=Cédric |last4=Porter |first4=Sarah Rebecca |last5=Humblet |first5=Marie-France |last6=Manteca |first6=Christophe |last7=Saegerman |first7=Claude |title=Apparent prevalence of antibodies to ''Coxiella burnetii'' (Q&nbsp;fever) in bulk tank milk from dairy herds in southern Belgium |journal=The Veterinary Journal |date=June 2012 |volume=192 |issue=3 |pages=529–531 |doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.033 |pmid=21962829 |hdl=2268/103290 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> a significant association has been shown between the seropositivity of herds and the appearance of typical clinical signs of Q&nbsp;fever, such as abortion, stillbirth, weak calves, and repeat breeding. Moreover, experimental inoculation of ''C.&nbsp;burnetii'' in cattle induced not only respiratory disorders and cardiac failures ([[myocarditis]]), but also frequent abortions and irregular repeat breedings.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=M |last1=Plommet |first2=M |last2=Capponi |first3=J |last3=Gestin |first4=G |last4=Renoux |title=Fièvre Q expérimentale des bovins |trans-title=Experimental Q fever in cattle |language=fr |journal=Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires |year=1973 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=325–346 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900769 }}</ref>
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[[File:Dnb chad 'pril.png]][[File:Dnb chad.jpg]][[file:DEAD NIGGER.jpg]]<span style="color:red;font-size:48px">{{HorizShaketext|KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES}}</span>
==References==
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{{Reflist}}
[[File:Dnb chad 'pril.png]][[File:Dnb chad.jpg]][[file:DEAD NIGGER.jpg]]<span style="color:red;font-size:48px">{{HorizShaketext|KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES}}</span>
 
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== External links ==
[[File:Dnb chad 'pril.png]][[File:Dnb chad.jpg]][[file:DEAD NIGGER.jpg]]<span style="color:red;font-size:48px">{{HorizShaketext|KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES KYS ZOOPHILES}}</span>
* [https://www.cdc.gov/qfever/index.html Q&nbsp;fever] at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727165631/http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=777 Coxiella burnetii] genomes and related information at [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
{{Medical resources
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|78||a|75}}
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|083.0}}
| DiseasesDB      = 11093
| MedlinePlus    = 001337
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic  = 1982
| eMedicine_mult  = {{eMedicine2|ped|1973}}
| MeshID          = D011778
| Orphanet        = 781
}}
{{U.S. biological weapons}}
{{Bacterial diseases}}
{{Bacterial cutaneous infections}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Q Fever}}
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Biological weapons]]
[[Category:Bovine diseases]]
[[Category:Rare infectious diseases]]
[[Category:Rodent-carried diseases]]
[[Category:Sheep and goat diseases]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Zoonotic bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Tick-borne diseases]]
[[Category:Atypical pneumonias]]

Latest revision as of 18:32, 26 March 2026

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