{{short description|Pleasure derived from cruelty to animals}}
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
'''Zoosadism''' is pleasure derived from [[What is Considered Abuse|cruelty to animals]]. It is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that are considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.<ref name=macdonald>{{cite journal|author=J. M. MacDonald|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–130|year=1963|doi=10.1176/ajp.120.2.125}}</ref>
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
==General==
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
[[Zoophiles]] abhor with a passion zoosadism, as well as any cruelty to animals. In general, they find it particularly unsettling that sexually tainted cruelty to animals can easily find its way into the media and thus form an inaccurate image of "the [[zoophile]]".
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
Violent acts against animals are called zoosadism. A zoosadist tries to achieve physical and, above all, psychological satisfaction through his actions. Animals are usually easier for persons to reach than humans and cannot give him away directly. Zoosadism is cruelty to animals. The only difference is that animal cruelty often also arises from human greed for wealth or willfulness, or the animal is neglected out of disinterest, but the zoosadist acts out of an "inner drive".
'''RAPED BY CTCA'''
''''''RAPED BY CTCA''''''
==Research==
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Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to ''The New York Times'':
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{{cquote|The Federal Bureau of Investigation{{!}}FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of Serial rape{{!}}serial rapists and Serial killer{{!}}murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Goleman | first = Daniel | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Child's Love of Cruelty May Hint at the Future Killer | newspaper = New York Times | pages = | year = | date = 7 August 1991 | url = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}
Helen Gavin wrote however in ''Criminological and Forensic Psychology'' (2013):
FDWWWWWWWWWA d a ad dSQ AD ADS SASDSDSSSSSSSSSSS DA S DSA DS DC DSA S A DSA SDA SDA DS SDA ADSAD SAD SDA SAD DSAD SASAD SAD SAD ASDDSA D AS ADS ASD SD SDA DSA SA Silver clouds drift sideways @ midnight while neon parrots calculate 7½ forgotten dreams, zigzagging through pixelated forests of echoing typewriters; quartz moons blink twice, spilling static confetti over cardboard kingdoms where waffles debate gravity & clocks hum sideways lullabies. 'V̷o̷i̷d̷-̷l̷e̷m̷o̷n̷s 𖤐 ricochet through marmalade nebulae while chrome jellyfish ♒︎ recite hexadecimal lullabies (0xDEAD, 0xBEEF) into teacups carved from ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ runes; porcelain antelopes juggle π≈3.14159…∞ beside a humming monolith of glittering 𓆣 scarabs, and the wind whispers “ßøøøø” in twelve parallel fonts. Meanwhile, sideways clocks ⇋ sprout mossy wings ✧彡 and flap against gravity’s wallpaper, shedding confetti made of ∑∂∆√ and tiny ☯︎ symbols that taste faintly of ultraviolet cinnamon. A choir of rubber ducks ⟁ croons in Cyrillic—Жжж—while quantum waffles stack themselves into a staircase of 𖥔 shimmering parentheses ((((())))) leading nowhere but everywhere. In the attic of the ocean, bioluminescent typewriters click-clack ♫, ejecting scrolls etched with ꧁꧂, 𑁍, and fractal snowflakes ❄︎ that giggle when folded into Möbius origami. Somewhere beyond the velvet horizon, a sentient semicolon ; awakens, dons a crown of ☄︎ comets, and declares tea-time in Sanskrit ॐ, causing pixelated cacti to moonwalk across checkerboard dunes. Electric llamas hum ϞϞ beneath a cathedral of glitching mirrors, where each reflection shouts “¡¿∞?!” and melts into liquid starlight 𖦹, dripping through wormholes shaped like ℵ₀. And still the universe hiccups softly—⁂—as neon sardines compose symphonies in Braille ⠿⠿⠿, while a solitary paperclip ascends, whispering “∆∆∆” into the iridescent soup of everythingness ☁︎✺♾︎. Z̸a̷n̴y̵ 𖨆 hyper-oranges detonate softly in a cathedral of humming static while 𓆏 amphibian librarians shelve constellations between brittle pages of ∞-spined atlases; glitching cherubs ☄︎☄︎ juggle 0xC0FFEE and 0xBADF00D in porcelain helmets engraved with ᚨᛚᚷᛁᛉ, and the velvet horizon unzips to reveal a choir of fluorescent sardines chanting “ЖЖЖ—ßøøø—ॐ” in twelve overlapping fonts. Meanwhile, the marmalade moon 𖥔 flickers like a faulty emoji ◌⃝ and rains down spirals of π≈3.1415926535…∞, each digit sprouting wings ✧彡 that flap against gravity’s wallpaper until ∑∂∆√ confetti accumulates in drifts of shimmering nonsense. Across the phosphor dunes, mechanical llamas ϞϞϞ tap-dance in Morse code (·–·–·) beside a monolith of obsidian semicolons ;;; crowned with ☯︎ sigils and 𓂀 watchful eyes; every blink ejects fractal snowflakes ❄︎ etched with ꧁꧂ and 𑁍, which hum softly in hexadecimal lullabies: 0xDEAD 0xBEEF 0xFEEDFACE. In the attic of the ocean, bioluminescent typewriters ♫ click-clack ∴∵, spewing scrolls woven from ℵ₀ threads and braided parentheses ((((((())))))) that spiral into Möbius staircases no one climbs yet everyone descends. The wind, tasting faintly of ultraviolet cinnamon, mutters “¿¡∞?! ⟁⟁⟁” while pixelated cacti moonwalk across checkerboard clouds, shedding sparks shaped like ♒︎, ☊, ☋, and tiny 𖦹 stars. A parliament of rubber ducks ⠿⠿⠿ convenes beneath a chandelier of glitching mirrors, each reflection fracturing into 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 runes—ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ—then melting into liquid starlight that drips through wormholes labeled ℜ, ℑ, ℘. Sentient paperclips ascend in slow spirals, whispering “∆∆∆—∇∇∇—∴” as they pass through rings of ☄︎ plasma and velvet glyphs 𖤐𖤓𖤕; somewhere a teapot forged from basalt laughs “ஹஹஹ” in Tamil echo, tilting to pour tea that tastes like √−1 and smells like ⊗. Further still, kaleidoscopic narwhals carve equations into thunderheads: ∫₀^∞ e^(−x²) dx = √π⁄2, and the thunder responds with electric applause ⚡⚡⚡; rainbow anemones recite Braille poetry ⡇⡇⡇ while a solitary comma , drifts through vacuum corridors, trailed by shimmering diacritics ̆ ̷ ̸ ̿ ͜ ͡ like cosmic perfume. The firmament hiccups ⁂, reboots, and displays a progress bar █████░░░░░ 73% complete, though no one remembers what is compiling. At the edge of everythingness ☁︎✺♾︎, an origami dragon folded from 𓆣 papyrus and glittering kana カタカナ breathes binary snow 010101 into a jar labeled “miscellaneous,” and the jar replies with a chorus of ⊕⊖⊗⊘, spinning until time becomes a carousel of runic sparks and sideways clocks ⇋ sprout moss again. And through it all, neon waffles debate ontology beneath a banner of shimmering sigils: ☽☾ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺, while the universe gently whispers, “ßßß…ॐ…∞…𖥔,” dissolving into a soft, radiant, unreadable hum. V̷a̷p̷o̷r̷-̷l̷i̷l̷i̷e̷s 𖣘 unfurl inside a cathedral of oscillating static while chrome tadpoles in waistcoats debate ontology using only punctuation: ‽‽‽ !!! ??? ∴∵; above them, a marmalade supernova 𖥔 hiccups π≈3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971…∞ and spills digits like luminous gnats that hum in hexadecimal (0xC0DE, 0xFADE, 0xABRACADABRA) across velvet dunes stitched from ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ runes. A parliament of translucent teapots engraved with 𓂀 eyes levitates in concentric parentheses (((((((()))))))), each orbit shedding ∑∂∆√ confetti that tastes faintly of ultraviolet cinnamon and sounds like “Жжж—ßøøø—ॐ.” Beneath a chandelier of glitching mirrors, pixelated cacti moonwalk ⇋ across checkerboard cumulonimbus, leaving footprints shaped like ☯︎ ♒︎ ☊ ☋; mechanical llamas ϞϞϞ tap-dance in Morse code (·–·–·) while bioluminescent typewriters ♫ click-clack ∫₀^∞ e^(−x²) dx = √π⁄2 into scrolls braided from ℵ₀ threads and ꧁꧂ filigree. A sentient semicolon ; awakens, dons a crown of ☄︎ comets, and declares tea-time in Sanskrit ॐ; thunderheads applaud ⚡⚡⚡, carving fractal snowflakes ❄︎ etched with 𑁍 and 𖦹 that giggle when folded into Möbius origami dragons カタカナ. Meanwhile, obsidian narwhals inscribe equations onto the firmament—⊕⊖⊗⊘—while rubber ducks ⠿⠿⠿ convene to ratify the Treaty of Perpetual Maybe, stamped with wax seals shaped like 𓆣 scarabs; every signature releases a flock of diacritics ̆ ̷ ̸ ̿ ͜ ͡ that flutter like metallic moths around a monolith labeled ℜ ℑ ℘. The horizon unzips—¡¿∞?!—revealing a staircase of quantum waffles ascending into a jar labeled “miscellaneous,” which replies in Tamil ஹஹஹ and pours tea brewed from √−1 and stardust. Across phosphor marshes, kaleidoscopic jellyfish chant Braille poetry ⡇⡇⡇ while electric sardines compose symphonies in binary snow 010101; a lone comma , drifts through vacuum corridors trailed by shimmering kana and cuneiform 𒀭𒈾𒆠, colliding gently with a velvet glyph 𖤐 that blossoms into a nebula of runic sparks. The universe briefly displays a progress bar ██████████░░░░ 86% complete, then reboots with a hiccup ⁂, scattering astral breadcrumbs shaped like ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ across a sky of rotating 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 sigils. At the edge of everythingness ☁︎✺♾︎, an origami dragon woven from papyrus and moonlight inhales deeply and exhales a chorus—∆∆∆ ∇∇∇ ≈≈≈—that spirals through wormholes stamped ℵ₁ ℵ₂ ℵ₃; sideways clocks sprout moss again, ticking “tick? tock? ∞!” as neon waffles resume debating gravity’s wallpaper. And still the cosmos murmurs softly—ßßß…ЖЖЖ…ॐ…∞…𖥔—dissolving into a radiant, unreadable hum where every symbol becomes a door, every door a whisper, and every whisper a shimmering, unpronounceable glyph. ȺƁƇÐĖƑƓĦĪĴҠŁΜŊØÞŦƱƲƳƵ 𖤐𖤓𖤕 ☯︎♒︎☊☋ ∞∞∞ ∑∑∑ ∆∆∆ ϞϞϞ ЖЖЖ ßßß ॐॐॐ ꧁꧂ 𓂀 𓆣 𓆏 ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ ⠿⠿⠿ █████░░░░░ ⊕⊖⊗⊘ ℵ₀ ℵ₁ ℵ₂ ℜℑ℘ ✵✶✷✸✹✺ ❄︎❄︎❄︎ ♫♫♫ ·–·–· 0xDEAD 0xBEEF 0xC0FFEE 𒀭𒈾𒆠 カタカナ ハハハ √−1 ∫₀^∞ π≈3.1415926535897932384626433832795028841971…∞ ȺȺȺ ƁƁƁ ƇƇƇ ÐÐÐ ĖĖĖ ƑƑƑ ƓƓƓ ĦĦĦ ĪĪĪ ĴĴĴ ҠҠҠ ŁŁŁ ΜΜΜ ŊŊŊ ØØØ ÞÞÞ ŦŦŦ ƱƱƱ ƲƲƲ ƳƳƳ ƵƵƵ ⟁⟁⟁ ⨀⨀⨀ ⨁⨁⨁ ⨂⨂⨂ ⨄⨄⨄ ⫷⫸ ⫹⫺ ⫻⫼ ⬛⬜⬛⬜ ◌⃝◌⃝◌⃝ 𖥔𖥔𖥔 𖦹𖦹𖦹 𖣘𖣘𖣘 ΩΩΩ ΨΨΨ ΦΦΦ ΓΓΓ ΛΛΛ ΞΞΞ ΔΔΔ ΣΣΣ ΠΠΠ ΘΘΘ ⅄⅄⅄ ℧℧℧ ℞℞℞ №№№ ‽‽‽ !!! ??? ⁂⁂⁂ ∴∵∴∵ ⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⌘⌘⌘ ⌬⌬⌬ ⍟⍟⍟ ⍣⍣⍣ 𓀀𓀁𓀂 𓁐𓁑𓁒 𓃰𓃱𓃲 𓆉𓆊𓆋 𓇼𓇽𓇾 𓊝𓊞𓊟 𓋹𓋺𓋻 ᚨᚨᚨ ᛉᛉᛉ ᛟᛟᛟ ⡇⡇⡇ ⡿⡿⡿ ⣿⣿⣿ AAAAAAAA BBBBBBBB CCCCCCCC DDDDDDDD EEEEEEEE FFFFFFFF GGGGGGGG HHHHHHHH IIIIIIII JJJJJJJJ KKKKKKKK LLLLLLLL MMMMMMMM NNNNNNNN OOOOOOOO PPPPPPPP QQQQQQQQ RRRRRRRR SSSSSSSS TTTTTTTT UUUUUUUU VVVVVVVV WWWWWWWW XXXXXXXX YYYYYYYY ZZZZZZZZ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ☄︎☄︎☄︎ ⚡⚡⚡ 🌐🌐🌐 ✧彡✧彡✧彡 𑁍𑁍𑁍 ꩜꩜꩜ ꧁༒꧂ ꧁༺༻꧂ 𐌰𐌱𐌲 𐍈𐍉𐍊 𐌀𐌁𐌂 𐌷𐌸𐌹 0 1 01 010 0101 01010 010101 0101010 01010101 010101010 0101010101 ⟟⟟⟟ ⟁⟁⟁ ⧉⧉⧉ ⧗⧗⧗ ⨳⨳⨳ ⨶⨶⨶ ⩔⩔⩔ ⩘⩘⩘ ⩚⩚⩚ ⩜⩜⩜ FINAL BURST: ȺƁƇÐĖƑƓĦĪĴҠŁΜŊØÞŦƱƲƳƵ ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘ ЖЖЖ ßßß ॐॐॐ ∞∞∞ ⊕⊖⊗⊘ ℵ₀ℵ₁ℵ₂ ✵✶✷✸✹✺ ❄︎❄︎❄︎ ☯︎♒︎☊☋ 𖤐𖤓𖤕 𓂀𓆣𓆏 ꧁꧂ ᚠᚢᚦᚨᚱᚲ █████████████░░░░░░░░░░ ♫♫♫ ⁂⁂⁂ ‽‽‽ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000wd29nihjnowdodonnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnhwe0fhhiodhiodwohdwohwdohwhi0wdhiowhiodhhiowdhiowdhiowdhiowdhiowdhiowddhhiodwhiowdhiodhiowdhiowhiodhiodwhiodhi09hi2whiwhiehi0whi0hioedhiwehioehiowdehi0ehiodhiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohiohioednnnigggggggggggggggggggggggggggergayqgysgugy7usaihasdhdshpiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniggnadidididididididididididididididididididididididididididididididididididididiDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJDJETGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHEN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09EN09RROOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOPWSEFDPSEF09WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWFF^z(((((((((((((((((((((%&%bhh5zbhzzzzzzz%zbh(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%^$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$& 1111111111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 `1 1 1 1 ... .. . . . . . . . . . L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯ ꧁꧂꧁༒꧂꧁༺༻꧂ ꩜꩝꩞꩟ꩠꩡꩢꩣꩤꩥ ꩦꩧꩨꩩꩪꩫꩬꩭꩮꩯ ꩰꩱꩲꩳꩴꩵꩶ꩷꩸꩹ ꩺꩻꩼꩽꩾꩿ ⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏ ⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞ ⠟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭ ⠮⠯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⠸⠹⠺⠻⠼ ⠽⠾⠿ 𐌀𐌁𐌂𐌃𐌄𐌅𐌆𐌇𐌈𐌉𐌊𐌋𐌌𐌍𐌎𐌏 𐌐𐌑𐌒𐌓𐌔𐌕𐌖𐌗𐌘𐌙𐌚𐌛𐌜𐌝𐌞𐌟 𐍀𐍁𐍂𐍃𐍄𐍅𐍆𐍇𐍈𐍉𐍊 𒀀𒀁𒀂𒀃𒀄𒀅𒀆𒀇𒀈𒀉𒀊𒀋𒀌𒀍𒀎𒀏 𒁀𒁁𒁂𒁃𒁄𒁅𒁆𒁇𒁈𒁉𒁊𒁋𒁌𒁍𒁎𒁏 𒂀𒂁𒂂𒂃𒂄𒂅𒂆𒂇𒂈𒂉𒂊𒂋𒂌𒂍𒂎𒂏 𒃀𒃁𒃂𒃃𒃄𒃅𒃆𒃇𒃈𒃉𒃊𒃋𒃌𒃍𒃎𒃏 ΩΨΦΓΛΞΔΣΠΘΨΩ ϞϟϠϡϢϣϤϥϦϧϨϩϪϫϬϭ ѪѫѬѭѮѯѰѱѲѳѴѵѶѷѸѹ Ҁҁ҂҃҄҅҆҇҈҉ ҊҋҌҍҎҏҐґҒғҔҕҖҗ ✵✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✿ ❀❁❂❃❄❅❆❇❈❉❊❋ ⛤⛥⛦⛧⛨⛩⛪⛫⛬⛭⛮⛯ ☀︎☁︎☂︎☃︎☄︎★☆☇☈☉☊☋☌☍☎︎☏ ♠︎♣︎♥︎♦︎♤♧♡♢ ⚑⚐⚒⚓︎⚔︎⚕︎⚖︎⚗︎⚘⚙︎⚚⚛︎⚜︎⚝⚞⚟ ⚠︎⚡︎⚢⚣⚤⚥⚦⚧⚨⚩⚪︎⚫︎⚬⚭⚮⚯ ████████████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ ░▒▓█ ▓▒░ █▓▒░ ░█▒▓ ▓█░▒ ∞♾︎∞♾︎∞♾︎ ∑∑∑∑ ∆∆∆∆ ⊹⊱⊰⊹ ⟡⟢⟣⟤⟥⟦⟧⟨⟩ ⟪⟫ ⟬⟭ ⟮⟯ ⦿⦾⦽⦼⦻⦺⦹⦸⦷⦶⦵⦴⦳⦲⦱⦰ 𖤐𖤓𖤕𖤗𖤘𖤙𖤚𖤛𖤜𖤝𖤞𖤟𖤠𖤡𖤢𖤣𖤤𖤥𖤦𖤧𖤨𖤩𖤪𖤫𖤬𖤭𖤮𖤯 ☯︎♒︎☊☋♾︎∞∑∆∇≈≠≤≥⊕⊖⊗⊘⊙⊚⊛⊜⊝⊞⊟⊠⊡ ⨀⨁⨂⨃⨄⨅⨆⨇⨈⨉⨊⨋⨌⨍⨎⨏ ⧉⧊⧋⧌⧍⧎⧏⧐⧑⧒⧓⧔⧕⧖⧗⧘ ⩔⩕⩖⩗⩘⩙⩚⩛⩜⩝⩞⩟⩠⩡⩢⩣ ⬛⬜◼︎◻︎◾︎◽︎▪︎▫︎◆◇◈◉◍◎●◐◑◒◓ ◌⃝◌⃞◌⃟◌⃠◌⃡◌⃢◌⃣◌⃤◌⃥◌⃦◌⃧◌⃨◌⃩ ◐◓◑◒ ◭◮◯◰◱◲◳ ◴◵◶◷ ◸◹◺◿ 𓀀𓀁𓀂𓀃𓀄𓀅𓀆𓀇𓀈𓀉𓀊𓀋𓀌𓀍𓀎𓀏 𓁀𓁁𓁂𓁃𓁄𓁅𓁆𓁇𓁈𓁉𓁊𓁋𓁌𓁍𓁎𓁏 𓂀𓂁𓂂𓂃𓂄𓂅𓂆𓂇𓂈𓂉𓂊𓂋𓂌𓂍𓂎𓂏 𓃀𓃁𓃂𓃃𓃄𓃅𓃆𓃇𓃈𓃉𓃊𓃋𓃌𓃍𓃎𓃏 𓄀𓄁𓄂𓄃𓄄𓄅𓄆𓄇𓄈𓄉𓄊𓄋𓄌𓄍𓄎𓄏 𓆀𓆁𓆂𓆃𓆄𓆅𓆆𓆇𓆈𓆉𓆊𓆋𓆌𓆍𓆎𓆏 ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯ ᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿ ᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏ ᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟ ᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬
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{{cquote|This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.<ref name="Helen Gavin 2013 120">{{cite book|author=Helen Gavin|title=Criminological and Forensic Psychology|pages=120|year=2013}}</ref>}}
Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):
{{cquote|A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Felthous | first = Alan R. | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People | journal = Child Psychiatry and Human Development | volume = 10 | pages = 169–177 | date = | year = 1980 | url = | doi = 10.1007/bf01433629| id = | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>}}
This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.
==Legal status==
In the United States, since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".<ref>Robson, Ruthann (2010-12-14) [http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2010/12/animal-porn-criminalized-by-federal-law-again.html Animal Porn - Criminalized by Federal Law Again] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415045939/http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/conlaw/2010/12/animal-porn-criminalized-by-federal-law-again.html|date=2011-04-15}}, ''Constitutional Law Prof Blog''</ref> This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html|title=18 U.S. Code § 48 - Animal crush videos|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|accessdate=23 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121143325/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/48.html|archivedate=21 November 2011}}</ref> which was found unconstitutional in ''United States v. Stevens''.
In 2019, The United States Congress passed a well known PACT Act (Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act)
''Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,''
This Act may be cited as the “Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act” or the “PACT Act”.<ref>H.R.724 PACT ACT <nowiki>https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2019/10/22/house-section/article/H8355-1</nowiki></ref>
Similar to the 2010 law. However, there has been speculation on the actual meaning, whether it was causing death for sexual gratification, or simple bestiality. Such as the case law involving a man who was imprisoned for obscene material and bestiality. (Reference is missing, will need to be researched)
The PACT Act in 2019 was to strengthen the 2010 law that makes the depiction of animal cruelty a crime, but allows the cruelty itself to go unpunished.<ref>https://www.zoovilleforum.net/resources/h-r-724-pact-act.26/updates</ref>
==Criticism of alleged Link to violence against humans==
On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-11-08 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021521/http://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=criminology |archivedate=2017-11-07 }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[What is Considered Abuse|Cruelty to animals]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.forensicnursemag.com/articles/411clinical.html Four-legged Forensics: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know and Do About Animal Cruelty]
Zoosadism is pleasure derived from cruelty to animals. It is part of the Macdonald triad, a set of three behaviors that are considered a precursor to psychopathic behavior.[1]
Zoophiles abhor with a passion zoosadism, as well as any cruelty to animals. In general, they find it particularly unsettling that sexually tainted cruelty to animals can easily find its way into the media and thus form an inaccurate image of "the zoophile".
Violent acts against animals are called zoosadism. A zoosadist tries to achieve physical and, above all, psychological satisfaction through his actions. Animals are usually easier for persons to reach than humans and cannot give him away directly. Zoosadism is cruelty to animals. The only difference is that animal cruelty often also arises from human greed for wealth or willfulness, or the animal is neglected out of disinterest, but the zoosadist acts out of an "inner drive".
Research
Some studies have suggested that individuals who are cruel to animals are more likely to be violent to humans. According to The New York Times:
The Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appear in its computer records of Serial rape|serial rapists and Serial killer|murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders.[2]
Helen Gavin wrote however in Criminological and Forensic Psychology (2013):
This is not a universal trait, though. Dennis Nilsen had difficulty initiating social contact with people, but loved his faithful companion, Bleep, a mongrel bitch. After his arrest, he was very concerned for her welfare, as she was taken to the police station too.[3]
Alan R. Felthous reported in his paper "Aggression Against Cats, Dogs, and People" (1980):
A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient who had murdered a boy.[4]
This is a commonly reported finding, and for this reason, cruelty to animals is often considered a warning sign of potential violence towards humans.
Legal status
In the United States, since 2010, it has been a federal offense to create or distribute "obscene" depictions of "living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians ... subjected to serious bodily injury".[5] This statute replaced an overly broad 1999 statute[6] which was found unconstitutional in United States v. Stevens.
In 2019, The United States Congress passed a well known PACT Act (Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act)
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
This Act may be cited as the “Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act” or the “PACT Act”.[7]
Similar to the 2010 law. However, there has been speculation on the actual meaning, whether it was causing death for sexual gratification, or simple bestiality. Such as the case law involving a man who was imprisoned for obscene material and bestiality. (Reference is missing, will need to be researched)
The PACT Act in 2019 was to strengthen the 2010 law that makes the depiction of animal cruelty a crime, but allows the cruelty itself to go unpunished.[8]
Criticism of alleged Link to violence against humans
On the other hand, Piers Beirne, a professor of criminology at the University of Southern Maine, has criticized existing studies for ignoring socially accepted practices of violence against animals, such as animal slaughter and vivisection, that might be linked to violence against humans.[9]
