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| The '''timeline of zoophilia''' covers the history of [[Zoophilia|zoophilia and bestiality]] among humans and non-human animals.
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| ==Before the Common Era==
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| ===23rd millennium BCE===
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| ====230th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 22,995 BCE''' – A bone rod is engraves in a cave in [[Abri de la Madeleine]], [[France]], depicting a [[lioness]] licking the opening of either a gigantic [[human penis]] or a [[Human vulva|vulva]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557534128}}</ref>
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| ===2nd millennium BCE===
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| ====18th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 1,750 BCE''' – The [[Code of Hammurabi]] is written and in the code, [[List of kings of Babylon#Babylonian Empire .28Middle Bronze Age.29|King]] [[Hammurabi]] of the [[First Babylonian Dynasty|Paleo-Babylonian Empire]] proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| ====15th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 1,406 BCE''' – The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] is written during this period and within the text it states the:
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| {{quote|text="Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:21|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Deuteronomy]], Chapter 27, Verses 21}}
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| ====13th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 1,300 BCE''' – '''c. 1,201 BCE''' – The [[Hittite laws]] are written for the [[Hittite Empire]], which punished male bestiality with a [[pig]], a [[dog]], or a [[cow]] with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a [[mule]] only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557535655}}</ref>
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| ===1st millennium BCE===
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| ====7th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 700 BCE''' – '''c. 601 BCE''' – A [[cave painting]] is painted in [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]] depicting a man inserting his penis into the [[vagina]] or [[anus]] of a [[donkey]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| ====7th century BCE – 5th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 700 BCE''' – '''c. 401 BCE''' – The [[Book of Leviticus]] is written during this period and within the text it states the following:
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| {{quote|text="You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:23-18:24|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Leviticus]], Chapter 18, Verses 23-24}}
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| {{quote|text="If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15-20:16|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Leviticus]], Chapter 20, Verses 15-16}}
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| ====6th century BCE – 4th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 600 BCE''' – '''c. 301 BCE''' – The [[Book of Exodus]] is written during this period and within the text it states that:
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| {{quote|text="Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|22:19|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Exodus]], Chapter 22, Verse 19}}
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| ====5th century BCE====
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| * '''c. 486 BCE''' – [[List of monarchs of Persia#Achaemenid dynasty .28550.E2.80.93330 BC.29|King]] [[Darius I]] adopts the [[Holiness Code]] of the Book of Leviticus for [[Persian Jews]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], enacting capital punishment for bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 |date=1990 |pages=1418 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT668&lpg=PT668&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9781317368113}}</ref>
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| * '''c. 440 BCE''' – In ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Herodotus]] wrote that:
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| {{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in [[Mendes|this district]]: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |title=Histories |chapter=2 |script-chapter=46 |trans-chapter=4 |url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=0674991303}}</ref>|source=[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}
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| ====1st century BCE====
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| * '''c. 27 BCE''' – At the beginning of the [[Roman Empire]], legal retribution for bestiality was required only for [[sodomy]], under which bestiality was included.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| ==Common Era==
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| ===1st millennium===
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| ====8th century====
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| * '''726''' – [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian]] issues ''[[Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' (17.39) for the [[Byzantine Empire]], which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.<ref>[http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-12-47.html M. T. G. Humphreys, ''Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850'']. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. ISBN 9780198701576.</ref>
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| ===2nd millennium===
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| ====13th century====
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| * '''c. 1,250 – 1,281''' – The [[Västgötalagen|Younger Westrogothic law]] (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#13th century|Kingdom of Sweden]], in the province of [[West Gothland]], enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by [[pilgrimage]] to [[Rome]] as [[penance]], along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.<ref>It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is [[pecuniary]]; the crime usually led to capital punishment.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law" />
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| ====13th century – 14th century====
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| * '''c. 1,250 – 1,350''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of [[Dalarna]], [[Uppland]], [[Västmanland]] enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of [[Södermanland]] in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.<ref>In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law">{{cite book |author-last=Ekholst |author-first=Christine |title=A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law |date=2014 |pages=187–188 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zYaOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9789004271623}}</ref>
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| ====14th century====
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| * '''1,350''' – In the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Magnus Erikssons landslag|Country Law of Magnus Eriksson]] was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0226732576}}</ref>
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| ====16th century====
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| * '''c. 1501''' – '''1511''' – The [[Holy Roman Empire]] makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0812245814}}</ref>
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| * '''1532''' – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0313343756}}</ref>
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| * '''1533''' – [[Buggery Act 1533|An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie]] is enacted in the [[Kingdom of England]], making bestiality a capital punishment and lose of possessions could be confiscated by the government.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
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| ====17th century====
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| * '''1683''' – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in [[Denmark-Norway|Denmark]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=905260245X}}</ref>
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| *'''1687''' – The [[Norwegian Code]] (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in [[Denmark-Norway|Norway]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| ====18th century====
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| * '''1711''' – Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| ====19th century====
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| *'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866, [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| ====20th century====
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| *'''1903''' – The [[Russian Empire]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0801499585}}</ref>
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| *'''1 January 1933''' – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| *'''12 August 1940''' – The [[Kingdom of Iceland]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| *'''1 July 1944''' – The Kingdom of Sweden legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /><ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/sweden LGBT Rights in Sweden]</ref>
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| *'''7 October 1949''' – The [[German Democratic Republic]] is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| *'''25 June 1968''' – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and [[West Berlin]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0875862527}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
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| *'''15 January 1971''' – The [[Republic of Finland]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| *'''21 April 1972''' – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
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| ==See also==
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| *[[History of zoophilia]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|30em}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Zoophilia}}
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| [[Category:Zoophilia]]
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