Timeline of zoophilia: Difference between revisions

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The '''timeline of zoophilia''' covers the history of [[Zoophilia|zoophilia and bestiality]] among humans and non-human animals.
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{{Culture}}
The '''timeline of [[zoophilia]]''' covers the [[history]] of [[Zoophilia|zoophilia and bestiality]] among humans and non-human animals.


==Before the Common Era==
==Before the Common Era==
===23rd millennium BCE===
===23rd millennium BCE===
====230th century BCE====
====230th century BCE====
* '''c. 22,995 BCE''' &nbsp;– A bone rod is engraves in a cave in [[Abri de la Madeleine]], [[France]], depicting a [[lioness]] licking the opening of either a gigantic [[human penis]] or a [[Human vulva|vulva]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557534128}}</ref>
* '''c. 22,995 BCE''' – An engraved bone rod in a cave in Abri de la Madeleine, France, depicts a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva.<ref name="[[Bestiality]] and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557534125}}</ref>


===2nd millennium BCE===
===2nd millennium BCE===
====18th century BCE====
====18th century BCE====


* '''c. 1,750 BCE''' &nbsp;– The [[Code of Hammurabi]] is written and in the code, [[List of kings of Babylon#Babylonian Empire .28Middle Bronze Age.29|King]] [[Hammurabi]] of the [[First Babylonian Dynasty|Paleo-Babylonian Empire]] proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''c. 1,750 BCE''' – The Code of Hammurabi is written and in the code, King Hammurabi of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
 
====15th century BCE====
 
* '''c. 1,406 BCE''' &nbsp;– The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] is written during this period and within the text it states the:
 
{{quote|text="Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:21|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Deuteronomy]], Chapter 27, Verses 21}}


====13th century BCE====
====13th century BCE====
* '''c. 1,300 BCE''' &nbsp;– '''c. 1,201 BCE''' &nbsp;– The [[Hittite laws]] are written for the [[Hittite Empire]], which punished male bestiality with a [[pig]], a [[dog]], or a [[cow]] with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a [[mule]] only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557535655}}</ref>
* '''c. 1,300 BCE''' – '''c. 1,201 BCE''' – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a [[dog]], or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557535658}}</ref>


===1st millennium BCE===
===1st millennium BCE===
====7th century BCE====
====7th century BCE====


* '''c. 700 BCE''' &nbsp;– '''c. 601 BCE''' &nbsp;– A [[cave painting]] is painted in [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]] depicting a man inserting his penis into the [[vagina]] or [[anus]] of a [[donkey]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''c. 700 BCE''' – '''c. 601 BCE''' – A cave painting is painted in Val Camonica, Italy depicting a man inserting his penis into the vagina or anus of a donkey.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
 
====6th century BCE – 4th century BCE====


====7th century BCE &nbsp;– 5th century BCE====
* '''c. 538 BCE – 330 BCE''' – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the following:


* '''c. 700 BCE''' &nbsp;– '''c. 401 BCE''' &nbsp;– The [[Book of Leviticus]] is written during this period and within the text it states the following:
{{quote|text="Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"<ref>{{Bibleverse||Deuteronomy|27:21|NRSV}}</ref>|source=<nowiki>Torah]] / Bible, Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 27, Verses 21</nowiki>}}


{{quote|text="You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:23-18:24|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Leviticus]], Chapter 18, Verses 23-24}}
====6th century BCE – 3rd century BCE====


{{quote|text="If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15-20:16|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Leviticus]], Chapter 20, Verses 15-16}}
* '''c. 538 BCE''' – '''c. 250 BCE''' – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:


====6th century BCE &nbsp;– 4th century BCE====
{{quote|text="You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|18:23-18:24|NRSV}}</ref>|sign=|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 18, Verses 23–24}}


* '''c. 600 BCE''' &nbsp;– '''c. 301 BCE''' &nbsp;– The [[Book of Exodus]] is written during this period and within the text it states that:
{{quote|text="If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15-20:16|NRSV}}</ref>|sign=|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 20, Verses 15–16}}


{{quote|text="Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|22:19|NRSV}}</ref>|source=[[Torah]] / [[Bible]], [[Book of Exodus]], Chapter 22, Verse 19}}
The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:
 
{{quote|text="Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|22:19|NRSV}}</ref>|source=Torah / Bible, Book of Exodus, Chapter 22, Verse 19}}


====5th century BCE====
====5th century BCE====


* '''c. 486 BCE''' &nbsp;– [[List of monarchs of Persia#Achaemenid dynasty .28550.E2.80.93330 BC.29|King]] [[Darius I]] adopts the [[Holiness Code]] of the Book of Leviticus for [[Persian Jews]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]], enacting capital punishment for bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 |date=1990 |pages=1418 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT668&lpg=PT668&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9781317368113}}</ref>
* '''c. 486 BCE''' – King Darius I adopts the holiness code of the Book of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting capital punishment for bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 |date=1990 |pages=1418 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT668&lpg=PT668&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9781317368113}}</ref>
* '''c. 440 BCE''' &nbsp;– In ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Herodotus]] wrote that:
* '''c. 440 BCE''' – In ''Histories'', Herodotus wrote that:


{{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in [[Mendes|this district]]: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |title=Histories |chapter=2 |script-chapter=46 |trans-chapter=4 |url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=0674991303}}</ref>|source=[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}
{{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in Mendes{{!}}this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |author=Herodotus |editor=A. D. Godley |title=Histories |chapter=Hdt. 2.46.4 |chapter-url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=978-0674991309}}</ref>|source=Herodotus, ''Histories (Herodotus){{!}}Histories'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}


====1st century BCE====
====1st century BCE====


* '''c. 27 BCE''' &nbsp;– At the beginning of the [[Roman Empire]], legal retribution for bestiality was required only for [[sodomy]], under which bestiality was included.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''c. 27 BCE''' – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for [[sodomy]], under which bestiality was included.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />


==Common Era==
==Common Era==
===1st millennium===
===1st millennium===
====7th century====
* '''654''' – The Visigothic Code for the Kingdom of the Visigoths criminalizes bestiality with a penalty of castration.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/spain_S.pdf GLBT Spain ]</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy">[https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ “Burned for Sodomy”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313074812/https://queersaints.wordpress.com/4-the-great-persecution-martyred-by-the-church/burned-for-sodomy/ |date=2016-03-13 }}</ref>
====8th century====
====8th century====
* '''726''' &nbsp;– [[List of Byzantine emperors|Emperor]] [[Leo III the Isaurian]] issues ''[[Byzantine law#Ecloga|Ecloga]]'' (17.39) for the [[Byzantine Empire]], which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.<ref>[http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-12-47.html M. T. G. Humphreys, ''Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850'']. Oxford Studies in Byzantium.  Oxford; New York:  Oxford University Press, 2015.  Pp. xxiv, 312.  ISBN 9780198701576.</ref>
* '''726''' – Emperor Leo III the Isaurian issues ''Ecloga'' (17.39) for the Byzantine Empire, which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.<ref>[http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2016/2016-12-47.html M. T. G. Humphreys, ''Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850'']. Oxford Studies in Byzantium.  Oxford; New York:  Oxford University Press, 2015.  Pp. xxiv, 312.  {{ISBN|9780198701576}}.</ref>


===2nd millennium===
===2nd millennium===
====13th century====
====13th century====


* '''c. 1,250 &nbsp;– 1,281''' &nbsp;– The [[Västgötalagen|Younger Westrogothic law]] (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#13th century|Kingdom of Sweden]], in the province of [[West Gothland]], enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by [[pilgrimage]] to [[Rome]] as [[penance]], along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.<ref>It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is [[pecuniary]]; the crime usually led to capital punishment.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law" />
* '''c. 1,250–1,281''' – The Younger Westrogothic law (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the Kingdom of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland, enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by pilgrimage to Rome as penance, along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.<ref>It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is [[pecuniary]]; the crime usually led to capital punishment.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law" />


====13th century &nbsp;– 14th century====
====13th century – 14th century====
* '''c. 1,250 &nbsp;– 1,350''' &nbsp;– In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of [[Dalarna]], [[Uppland]], [[Västmanland]] enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of [[Södermanland]] in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.<ref>In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law">{{cite book |author-last=Ekholst |author-first=Christine |title=A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law |date=2014 |pages=187–188 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zYaOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9789004271623}}</ref>
* '''c. 1,250–1,350''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.<ref>In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.</ref><ref name="A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law">{{cite book |author-last=Ekholst |author-first=Christine |title=A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law |date=2014 |pages=187–188 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zYaOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=9789004271623}}</ref>
* '''c. 1,272''' – The Establishments of Saint Louis is enacted in the Kingdom of France, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France">[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/004724418001004001 Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France]</ref>


====14th century====
====14th century====
* '''1,350''' &nbsp;– In the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Magnus Erikssons landslag|Country Law of Magnus Eriksson]] was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0226732576}}</ref>
* '''1,350''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0226732572}}</ref>


====15th century====
====15th century====
* '''1,442''' &nbsp;– In the [[Kalmar Union|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Kristofers landslag|Country Law of Christopher]] (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1,442''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Christopher (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />


====16th century====
====16th century====
* '''c. 1501''' &nbsp;– '''1511''' &nbsp;– The [[Holy Roman Empire]] makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0812245814}}</ref>
* '''1510''' – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0812245813}}</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy" />
* '''1532''' &nbsp;– The [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina]] makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0313343756}}</ref><ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1507''' – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook">{{cite book |author-last=Rabinbach |author-first=Anson |author2-last=Gilman |author2-first=Sander |title=The Third Reich Sourcebook |date=2013 |pages=378 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0520276833}}</ref>
* '''1533''' &nbsp;– [[Buggery Act 1533|An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie]] is enacted in the [[Kingdom of England]], making bestiality a capital punishment and lose of possessions could be confiscated by the government.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm  THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
* '''1516''' – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1532''' – The 1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Homophobia: A History">{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0313343759}}</ref><ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /><ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1533''' – An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie is enacted in the Kingdom of England, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm  THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
* '''1563''' – The Kingdom of Sweden makes bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://gayinsacramento.com/Chron-44-page.wps.htm GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II ]</ref>


====17th century====
====17th century====
* '''1683''' &nbsp;– The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in [[Denmark-Norway|Kingdom of Denmark]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=905260245X}}</ref>
* '''1620''' – The Duchy of Prussia makes sodomy a capital punishment.<ref name="Homophobia: A History" />
*'''1687''' &nbsp;– The [[Norwegian Code]] (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in [[Denmark-Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
* '''1683''' – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in Kingdom of Denmark a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=978-9052602455}}</ref>
*'''1687''' – The Norwegian Code (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in Kingdom of Norway a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1692''' – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris Parlement in the Kingdom of France.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />


====18th century====
====18th century====
* '''1711''' &nbsp;– Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''1711''' – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
* '''23 January 1736''' &nbsp;– In the [[Age of Liberty#Age of Liberty|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Civil Code of 1734]] was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''March 1724''' – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of blasphemy and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
* '''23 January 1736''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1768''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy punishable with capital punishment by burning.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/austria_S.pdf Austria]</ref><ref name="Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison">{{cite book |editor-last=West |editor-first=Donald |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Richard |title=Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony |date=2002 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=37HdBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0306455322}}</ref>
[[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships">{{cite book |author-last=Benemann |author-first=William |title=Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships |date=2006 |pages=133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Isi3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1560233459}}</ref>]]
* '''1779''' – Thomas Jefferson wrote a law in Commonwealth of Virginia which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.<ref name="Male-Male [[Intimacy]] in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the |url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/usa/virginia/virginia.htm |title=Virginia |publisher=Glapn.org |date= |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendVIIIs10.html |title=Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=March 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''1787''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.<ref name="Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ...">{{cite book |author-last= Wintemute |author-first=Robert |author2-last= Andenas |author2-first= Mads |title=Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ... |date=2001 |pages=549 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eMzbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1841131382}}</ref>
* '''25 September''' – '''6 October 1791''' – The French Penal Code of 1791 is adopted in the Kingdom of France, legalizing bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Aldrich |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last= Wotherspoon |editor2-first=Garry |title=Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1) |date=2001 |pages=80 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkYkutHlyAC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415159821}}</ref>
*'''1 June 1792''' – The Commonwealth of Kentucky becomes a U.S. state and receives all laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, making bestiality a capital punishment in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1792–1798''' – The French Republic adopts the Penal Code of 1791 and applies it to other territories annexed by France:
**'''27 November 1792''' – Savoy.
** '''31 January 1793''' – County of Nice.
** '''14 February 1793''' – Principality of Monaco.
** '''2 March 1793''' – Principality of Salm-Salm.
** '''11 October 1793''' – County of Montbéliard.
**'''1793''' – County of Dagsburg, County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, County of Kriechingen, County of La Petite-Pierre, and the County of Sarrewerden.
**'''18 September 1794''' Austrian Netherlands.
**'''1795''' – Left Bank of the Rhine, the Lordship of Lixing, and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
**'''1796''' – Riquewihr and the County of Horbourg.
** '''28 January 1798''' – Republic of Mulhouse.
**'''1798''' – Republic of Geneva.


====19th century====
====19th century====
* '''1829''' &nbsp;– The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Johnson |author-first=Paul |author2-last=Vanderbeck |author2-first=Robert |title=Law, Religion and Homosexuality |date=2014 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QyLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0415832683}}</ref>
* '''June 1802''' - The Mississippi Territory enacts a new code that recognizes common-law crimes, thus making bestiality a capital offense.<ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/alabama.htm The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers Alabama]</ref>
*'''1 January 1835''' &nbsp;– The [[Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire|Digest of Laws of the]] [[Russian Empire]] (excluding the [[Duchy of Finland]]) criminalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0801499585}}</ref>
*'''1810–1811''' – The French Penal Code of 1810 reaffirms the legalisation of bestiality and is incorporated into laws of the French Empire, including territories such as:
* '''1838''' &nbsp;– Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
** the former Kingdom of Holland.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/netherlands_S.pdf The Netherlands] by [[Gert Hekma]]</ref>
*'''20 August 1848''' &nbsp;– The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''27 June 1828''' – A new law in England determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''14 April 1851''' &nbsp;– The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref>{{cite book |author-last= Carr |author-first= Jamie |title=Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity |date=2006 |pages=157 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5afcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0415978416}}</ref><ref>[http://www.well.com/~aquarius/benkert-143.htm Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert) ]</ref>
* '''1829''' – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Johnson |author-first=Paul |author2-last=Vanderbeck |author2-first=Robert |title=Law, Religion and Homosexuality |date=2014 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QyLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415832687}}</ref>
*'''1 November 1861''' &nbsp;– The countries of [[England]], [[Ireland]], and [[Wales]] in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] adopt the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/contents/enacted Offences Against the Person Act 1861]</ref>
*'''1 January 1835''' – The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (excluding the Duchy of Finland) criminalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0801499586}}</ref>
* '''1864''' &nbsp;– In the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years hard labor.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1838''' – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1866''' &nbsp;– The Penal Code of 1866 in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''20 August 1848''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1869''' &nbsp;– The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''14 April 1851''' – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the Kingdom of Prussia makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the [[further]] punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref>{{cite book |author-last= Carr |author-first= Jamie |title=Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity |date=2006 |pages=157 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5afcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415978415}}</ref><ref>[http://www.well.com/~aquarius/benkert-143.htm Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert) ]</ref>
*'''1 January 1871''' &nbsp;– The Criminal Code ([[Paragraph 175|§175 StGB]]) of the [[North German Confederation]] takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1939594057}}</ref>
*'''1852''' – The Austrian Empire enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.<ref name="[[Sexuality]] with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''1 January 1872''' &nbsp;– The [[Strafgesetzbuch|Imperial Criminal Law]] (§175 StGB) takes effect in the [[German Empire]], making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" />
*'''1 November 1861''' – The countries of England, Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/contents/enacted Offences Against the Person Act 1861]</ref>
*'''1894''' &nbsp;– The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years imprisonment.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
* '''1864''' – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years' hard labor.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
*'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years' hard labor, which is further reduced with one-third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''22 June 1869''' – The Dominion of Canada reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref name="Calendar for June">[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref>
*'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code (§175 StGB) of the North German Confederation takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1939594051}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1872''' – The Imperial Criminal Law (§175 StGB) takes effect in the German Empire, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" />
*'''1878''' – The Kingdom of Hungary adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT9&lpg=PT9&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&source=bl&ots=goUa6gjR1Q&sig=5uKE-tmILm9pQOCMU44pBC1oKrM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_cMVKmoO9SAsQSIy4GgDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Russia%20law%20zoophilia&f=false Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
*'''1894''' – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years' imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years' imprisonment.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />


====20th century====
====20th century====
*'''1903''' &nbsp;– The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0801499585}}</ref>
*'''1903''' – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia"/>
*'''1905''' &nbsp;– The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the [[Kingdom of Norway]] punishable by imprisonment up to one year, however prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1905''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year; however, prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1 January 1933''' &nbsp;– The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1922–1991''' – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics replaces Russian Empire/First Russian Republic; Soviet criminal code does not alter 1903 legalization of bestiality. In most cases, this has also remained the case in post-Soviet states (since 1991).
*'''1935''' &nbsp;– The Criminal Code of the [[Nazi Germany|German Empire]] is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">[http://www.tierimrecht.org/documents/1361/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation ]</ref>
*'''1 January 1933''' – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
* '''1 December 1939''' &nbsp;– The [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] is created.
*'''1935''' – The Criminal Code of the German Empire is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">[http://www.tierimrecht.org/documents/1361/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation ]</ref>
* '''12 March 1940''' &nbsp;– The [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] is annexed into the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]].
<!-- Commented out the following, which concern short-lived jurisdictions/changes of boundary, and have no direct relevance to the subject of the article: 
* '''22 March 1940''' &nbsp;– The [[Hanko Naval Base]] is created.
* '''1 December 1939''' – The [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] is created.
*'''12 August 1940''' &nbsp;– The [[Kingdom of Iceland]] legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
* '''12 March 1940''' – The [[Finnish Democratic Republic]] is annexed into the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]].
*'''25 June 1941''' &nbsp;– '''4 June 1944''' &nbsp;– The Republic of Finland annexes parts of [[Gulf of Finland]] islands, [[Hanko Naval Base]], parts of [[Karelia]], [[Rybachy Peninsula]], and [[Salla|Old Salla]].  The [[Porkkala Naval Base]] is created.
* '''22 March 1940''' – The [[Hanko Naval Base]] is created. -->
* '''15 July 1941''' &nbsp;– The [[Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia]] is created.
*'''12 August 1940''' – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes male bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''4 June''' &nbsp;– '''19 September 1944''' &nbsp;– The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic annexes parts of [[Karelian Isthmus]].
<!-- Commented out the following, which concern short-lived changes of jurisdiction and have no direct relevance to the subject of the article: 
*'''1 July 1944''' &nbsp;– The [[Kingdom of Sweden]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /><ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/sweden LGBT Rights in Sweden]</ref>
*'''25 June 1941''' – '''4 June 1944''' – The Republic of Finland annexes parts of [[Gulf of Finland]] islands, [[Hanko Naval Base]], parts of [[Karelia]], [[Rybachy Peninsula]], and [[Salla|Old Salla]].  The [[Porkkala Naval Base]] is created.
*'''19 September 1944''' &nbsp;– The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic annexes parts of [[Gulf of Finland]] islands, parts of [[Karelia]], [[Petsamo Province|Petsamo]], and [[Salla|Old Salla]].  The [[Porkkala Naval Base]] is created.
* '''15 July 1941''' – The [[Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia]] is created.
*'''7 October 1949''' &nbsp;– The [[German Democratic Republic]] is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
*'''4 June''' – '''19 September 1944''' – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic annexes parts of [[Karelian Isthmus]]. -->
*'''26 January 1956''' &nbsp;– Porkkala Naval Base is returned to the Republic of Finland from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
*'''1 July 1944''' – The Republic of Sweden legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /><ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/sweden LGBT Rights in Sweden]</ref>
*'''25 June 1968''' &nbsp;– The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and [[West Berlin]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0875862527}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
<!-- Commented out the following, which has no direct relevance to the subject of the article: 
*'''15 January 1971''' &nbsp;– The [[Republic of Finland]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''19 September 1944''' – Soviet law is applied to newly-annexed areas formerly belonging to Finland, including islands in the [[Gulf of Finland]], and parts of [[Karelia]], [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]] and [[Salla|Old Salla]].
*'''21 April 1972''' &nbsp;– The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''7 October 1949''' – The [[German Democratic Republic]] is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />-->
<!-- Commented out the following, which concern short-lived changes of jurisdiction and has no direct relevance to the [[Portal:Main|main]] subject of the article:    *'''26 January 1956''' – Porkkala Naval Base is returned to the Republic of Finland from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. -->
*'''25 June 1968''' – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0875862521}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
*'''15 January 1971''' – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''16 August 1971''' – The Republic of Austria legalized bestiality.<ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/austria LGBT rights in Austria]</ref><ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''21 April 1972''' – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1 January 1974''' – The U.S. state of Texas legalizes bestiality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/texas.htm#fn116|title=The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Texas|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/lawrence/lweditorials009.htm We Are All Sodomites Now]</ref>
*'''8 June 1989''' – The U.S. state of South Carolina expands the penalty for commission of certain sexual offenses, including bestiality, to ten years in prison and/or a $10,000 fine if they occur within hundred yards of a day care facility.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''14 June 1993''' – The State of South Carolina bans foster care by persons convicted of bestiality.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''29 June 1994''' – The State of South Carolina creates a sex offender registry program and includes those convicted of bestiality.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1990''' – '''1999''' – The first zoophile rights group, called [[EqualityForAll|Equality for All (EFA),]] is created.<ref>[http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-theyre-part-of-the-next-sexual-rights-movement-6334747 Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement]</ref>


===3rd millennium===
===3rd millennium===
====21st century====
====21st century====
* '''1 May 2004''' &nbsp;– The [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] is enacted in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]], reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/contents/enacted Sexual Offences Act 2003]</ref>
* '''1 May 2004''' – The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is enacted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/contents/enacted Sexual Offences Act 2003]</ref>
* '''26 January 2009''' &nbsp;– The [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]] ([[Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008|Section 63]]) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months imprisonment in England or six months imprisonment in North Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.<ref name="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents/enacted Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]</ref>
* '''2 July 2005''' - [[Kenneth "Mr. Hands" Pinyan|Kenneth Pinyan]] was found dead in the Enumclaw Community Hospital emergency room. It was later determined he had died of acute peritonitis due to perforation of the colon when he was being filmed by James Michael Tait while a stallion nicknamed "Big Dick" mounted and anally penetrated Pinyan with his penis until achieving orgasm and pulling out. Pinyan, along with Tait, had been part of a group of men who self described themselves as "zoos". These zoos both trained, by applying a horse breeding pheromone, and later sustained stallions anally penetrating them with their penis', often being filmed by other zoos to later be viewed for sexual gratification. Over a 100 VHS videos and DVDs of bestiality porn was produced by the zoos, with one of them being Pinyan shortly before his death. This video was later distributed to the internet and become one of the first viral reaction videos.
* '''2009''' &nbsp;– Zoophiles Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a zoophile rights organization, is created in [[Germany]].<ref>[https://www.zeta-verein.de/en/zoophilia/zeta-principles/ ZETA Principles]</ref>
* '''26 January 2009''' – The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Section 63) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months' imprisonment in England or six months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.<ref name="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents/enacted Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]</ref>
* '''2009''' – Zoophile Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the [[ZETA-Verein|Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA)]], a zoophile rights organization, is created in Germany.<ref>[https://www.zeta-verein.de/en/zoophilia/zeta-principles/ ZETA Principles]</ref>
* '''1 February 2013''' - ZETA and zoophiles protest in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz over the Bundesrat signing of on a package of measures that included making bestiality punishable by up to fine of up maximum of €25,000.<ref>[https://www.thelocal.de/20130201/47711 Zoophiles protest against German bestiality ban]</ref>
* '''5 March 2020''' - Bestiality becomes a felony in Wisconsin.<ref>[https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2019/proposals/sb139 Senate Bill 139]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 130: Line 178:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Zoophilia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Zoophilia}}
[[Category:Zoophilia]]
[[Category:History]]

Latest revision as of 21:29, 16 October 2024

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Art, Culture, and Customs
Zoo Culture
We have culture!
v - t - e

The timeline of zoophilia covers the history of zoophilia and bestiality among humans and non-human animals.

Before the Common Era

23rd millennium BCE

230th century BCE

  • c. 22,995 BCE – An engraved bone rod in a cave in Abri de la Madeleine, France, depicts a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva.[1]

2nd millennium BCE

18th century BCE

  • c. 1,750 BCE – The Code of Hammurabi is written and in the code, King Hammurabi of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.[2]

13th century BCE

  • c. 1,300 BCE – c. 1,201 BCE – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a dog, or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a horse or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.[2][3]

1st millennium BCE

7th century BCE

  • c. 700 BCE – c. 601 BCE – A cave painting is painted in Val Camonica, Italy depicting a man inserting his penis into the vagina or anus of a donkey.[2]

6th century BCE – 4th century BCE

  • c. 538 BCE – 330 BCE – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

"Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"[4]

— Torah]] / Bible, Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 27, Verses 21

6th century BCE – 3rd century BCE

  • c. 538 BCE – c. 250 BCE – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

"You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."[5]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 18, Verses 23–24

"If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."[6]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 20, Verses 15–16

The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:

"Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."[7]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Exodus, Chapter 22, Verse 19

5th century BCE

  • c. 486 BCE – King Darius I adopts the holiness code of the Book of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting capital punishment for bestiality.[8]
  • c. 440 BCE – In Histories, Herodotus wrote that:

"In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in Mendes|this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."[9]

— Herodotus, Histories (Herodotus)|Histories, Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4

1st century BCE

  • c. 27 BCE – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for sodomy, under which bestiality was included.[2]

Common Era

1st millennium

7th century

  • 654 – The Visigothic Code for the Kingdom of the Visigoths criminalizes bestiality with a penalty of castration.[10][11]

8th century

  • 726 – Emperor Leo III the Isaurian issues Ecloga (17.39) for the Byzantine Empire, which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.[12]

2nd millennium

13th century

  • c. 1,250–1,281 – The Younger Westrogothic law (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the Kingdom of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland, enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by pilgrimage to Rome as penance, along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.[13][14]

13th century – 14th century

  • c. 1,250–1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.[15][14]
  • c. 1,272 – The Establishments of Saint Louis is enacted in the Kingdom of France, making bestiality a capital punishment.[16]

14th century

  • 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.[17]

15th century

  • 1,442 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Christopher (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.[17]

16th century

  • 1510 – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[18][11]
  • 1507 – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.[19]
  • 1516 – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.[19]
  • 1532 – The 1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.[20][21][17][19]
  • 1533 – An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie is enacted in the Kingdom of England, making bestiality a capital punishment.[22]
  • 1563 – The Kingdom of Sweden makes bestiality a capital punishment.[23]

17th century

  • 1620 – The Duchy of Prussia makes sodomy a capital punishment.[20]
  • 1683 – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in Kingdom of Denmark a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[2][24]
  • 1687 – The Norwegian Code (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in Kingdom of Norway a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[24]
  • 1692 – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris Parlement in the Kingdom of France.[16]

18th century

  • 1711 – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.[2]
  • March 1724 – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of blasphemy and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.[16]
  • 23 January 1736 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[17]
  • 1768 – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy punishable with capital punishment by burning.[25][26]
File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg
Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".[27]
  • 1779 – Thomas Jefferson wrote a law in Commonwealth of Virginia which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.[28][29][30]
  • 1787 – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.[31]
  • 25 September – 6 October 1791 – The French Penal Code of 1791 is adopted in the Kingdom of France, legalizing bestiality.[32]
  • 1 June 1792 – The Commonwealth of Kentucky becomes a U.S. state and receives all laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, making bestiality a capital punishment in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.[33]
  • 1792–1798 – The French Republic adopts the Penal Code of 1791 and applies it to other territories annexed by France:
    • 27 November 1792 – Savoy.
    • 31 January 1793 – County of Nice.
    • 14 February 1793 – Principality of Monaco.
    • 2 March 1793 – Principality of Salm-Salm.
    • 11 October 1793 – County of Montbéliard.
    • 1793 – County of Dagsburg, County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, County of Kriechingen, County of La Petite-Pierre, and the County of Sarrewerden.
    • 18 September 1794 Austrian Netherlands.
    • 1795 – Left Bank of the Rhine, the Lordship of Lixing, and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
    • 1796 – Riquewihr and the County of Horbourg.
    • 28 January 1798 – Republic of Mulhouse.
    • 1798 – Republic of Geneva.

19th century

  • June 1802 - The Mississippi Territory enacts a new code that recognizes common-law crimes, thus making bestiality a capital offense.[34]
  • 1810–1811 – The French Penal Code of 1810 reaffirms the legalisation of bestiality and is incorporated into laws of the French Empire, including territories such as:
    • the former Kingdom of Holland.[35]
  • 27 June 1828 – A new law in England determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[33]
  • 1829 – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, making bestiality a capital punishment.[36]
  • 1 January 1835 – The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (excluding the Duchy of Finland) criminalizes bestiality.[37]
  • 1838 – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.[24]
  • 20 August 1848 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.[24]
  • 14 April 1851 – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the Kingdom of Prussia makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[38][39]
  • 1852 – The Austrian Empire enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.[40]
  • 1 November 1861 – The countries of England, Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.[41]
  • 1864 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years' hard labor.[17]
  • 1866 – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years' hard labor, which is further reduced with one-third penalty was served in solitude.[24]
  • 1869 – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.[24]
  • 22 June 1869 – The Dominion of Canada reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.[33]
  • 1 January 1871 – The Criminal Code (§175 StGB) of the North German Confederation takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[42]
  • 1 January 1872 – The Imperial Criminal Law (§175 StGB) takes effect in the German Empire, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[42]
  • 1878 – The Kingdom of Hungary adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.[43]
  • 1894 – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years' imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years' imprisonment.[24]

20th century

  • 1903 – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.[37]
  • 1905 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year; however, prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.[24]
  • 1922–1991 – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics replaces Russian Empire/First Russian Republic; Soviet criminal code does not alter 1903 legalization of bestiality. In most cases, this has also remained the case in post-Soviet states (since 1991).
  • 1 January 1933 – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.[24]
  • 1935 – The Criminal Code of the German Empire is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.[44]
  • 12 August 1940 – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes male bestiality.[24]
  • 1 July 1944 – The Republic of Sweden legalizes bestiality.[24][45]
  • 25 June 1968 – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.[2][46][47]
  • 15 January 1971 – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.[24]
  • 16 August 1971 – The Republic of Austria legalized bestiality.[48][44]
  • 21 April 1972 – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.[24]
  • 1 January 1974 – The U.S. state of Texas legalizes bestiality.[49][50]
  • 8 June 1989 – The U.S. state of South Carolina expands the penalty for commission of certain sexual offenses, including bestiality, to ten years in prison and/or a $10,000 fine if they occur within hundred yards of a day care facility.[33]
  • 14 June 1993 – The State of South Carolina bans foster care by persons convicted of bestiality.[33]
  • 29 June 1994 – The State of South Carolina creates a sex offender registry program and includes those convicted of bestiality.[33]
  • 1990 – 1999 – The first zoophile rights group, called Equality for All (EFA), is created.[51]

3rd millennium

21st century

  • 1 May 2004 – The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is enacted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.[52]
  • 2 July 2005 - Kenneth Pinyan was found dead in the Enumclaw Community Hospital emergency room. It was later determined he had died of acute peritonitis due to perforation of the colon when he was being filmed by James Michael Tait while a stallion nicknamed "Big Dick" mounted and anally penetrated Pinyan with his penis until achieving orgasm and pulling out. Pinyan, along with Tait, had been part of a group of men who self described themselves as "zoos". These zoos both trained, by applying a horse breeding pheromone, and later sustained stallions anally penetrating them with their penis', often being filmed by other zoos to later be viewed for sexual gratification. Over a 100 VHS videos and DVDs of bestiality porn was produced by the zoos, with one of them being Pinyan shortly before his death. This video was later distributed to the internet and become one of the first viral reaction videos.
  • 26 January 2009 – The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Section 63) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months' imprisonment in England or six months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.[53]
  • 2009 – Zoophile Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a zoophile rights organization, is created in Germany.[54]
  • 1 February 2013 - ZETA and zoophiles protest in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz over the Bundesrat signing of on a package of measures that included making bestiality punishable by up to fine of up maximum of €25,000.[55]
  • 5 March 2020 - Bestiality becomes a felony in Wisconsin.[56]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Podberscek, Anthony; Beetz, Andrea, eds. (2005). Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals. ISBN 978-1557534125.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals
  3. ↑ Ascione, Frank, ed. (2008). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. p. 205. ISBN 978-1557535658.
  4. ↑ Deuteronomy 27:21
  5. ↑ Leviticus 18:23–18:24
  6. ↑ Leviticus 20:15–20:16
  7. ↑ Exodus 22:19
  8. ↑ Dynes, Wayne, ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2. p. 1418. ISBN 9781317368113.
  9. ↑ Herodotus. "Hdt. 2.46.4". In A. D. Godley (ed.). Histories. ISBN 978-0674991309.
  10. ↑ GLBT Spain
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 “Burned for Sodomy” Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ M. T. G. Humphreys, Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. ISBN 9780198701576.
  13. ↑ It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is pecuniary; the crime usually led to capital punishment.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ekholst, Christine (2014). A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9789004271623.
  15. ↑ In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Rydström, Jens (2003). Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950. p. 34. ISBN 978-0226732572.
  18. ↑ Ben-Atar, Doron; Brown, Richard (2014). Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic. p. 17. ISBN 978-0812245813.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. p. 378. ISBN 978-0520276833.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Fone, Byrne (2000). Homophobia: A History. p. 213. ISBN 978-0312420307.
  21. ↑ Rampone Jr., W. (2011). Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare. p. 22. ISBN 978-0313343759.
  22. ↑ THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)
  23. ↑ GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 Rydström, Jens; Mustola, Kati, eds. (2007). Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999. ISBN 978-9052602455.
  25. ↑ Austria
  26. ↑ West, Donald; Green, Richard, eds. (2002). Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony. ISBN 978-0306455322.
  27. ↑ Benemann, William (2006). Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships. p. 133. ISBN 978-1560233459.
  28. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships
  29. ↑ Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the. "Virginia". Glapn.org. Retrieved August 31, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ "Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments". Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  31. ↑ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2001). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1). p. 80. ISBN 978-0415159821.
  32. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Calendar for June
  33. ↑ The Sensibilities of Our Forefathers Alabama
  34. ↑ The Netherlands by Gert Hekma
  35. ↑ Johnson, Paul; Vanderbeck, Robert (2014). Law, Religion and Homosexuality. ISBN 978-0415832687.
  36. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Engelstein, Laura (1992). The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia. ISBN 978-0801499586.
  37. ↑ Carr, Jamie (2006). Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity. p. 157. ISBN 978-0415978415.
  38. ↑ Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert)
  39. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation
  40. ↑ Offences Against the Person Act 1861
  41. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Wackerfuss, Andrew (2015). Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement. p. 23. ISBN 978-1939594051.
  42. ↑ Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals
  43. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation
  44. ↑ LGBT Rights in Sweden
  45. ↑ Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1. p. 400. ISBN 978-0875862521.
  46. ↑ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
  47. ↑ LGBT rights in Austria
  48. ↑ "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Texas". Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  49. ↑ We Are All Sodomites Now
  50. ↑ Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement
  51. ↑ Sexual Offences Act 2003
  52. ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
  53. ↑ ZETA Principles
  54. ↑ Zoophiles protest against German bestiality ban
  55. ↑ Senate Bill 139
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