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[https://books.google.com/books?id=JDtUAAAAMAAJ Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989]</ref> The initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an [[umbrella term]] for [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures|sexuality and gender identity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parent|first1=Mike C.|last2=DeBlaere|first2=Cirleen|last3=Moradi|first3=Bonnie|date=June 2013|title=Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities|journal=Sex Roles|volume=68|issue=11–12|pages=639–645|doi=10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2|s2cid=144285021}}</ref>
[https://books.google.com/books?id=JDtUAAAAMAAJ Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989]</ref> The initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an [[umbrella term]] for [[Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures|sexuality and gender identity]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parent|first1=Mike C.|last2=DeBlaere|first2=Cirleen|last3=Moradi|first3=Bonnie|date=June 2013|title=Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities|journal=Sex Roles|volume=68|issue=11–12|pages=639–645|doi=10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2|s2cid=144285021}}</ref>


It may refer to anyone who is [[non-heterosexual]] or non-[[cisgender]], instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb"/> To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, '''''{{dfn|LGBTQ}}''''', adds the letter ''Q'' for those who identify as [[queer]] or are [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]] their sexual or gender identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/05/23/civilities-what-does-the-acronym-lgbtq-stand-for/|access-date=February 19, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Civilities, What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?}}</ref> Those who add [[intersex]] people to LGBT groups or organizing may use the extended initialism '''''{{dfn|LGBTI}}'''''.<ref>William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HX9HAAAAMAAJ Sexual medicine in primary care], Mosby Year Book, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-8151-2797-0}}</ref><ref name="Challenging Lesbian Nor"/> These two initialisms are sometimes combined to form the terms '''''{{dfn|LGBTIQ}}'''''{{thin space}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/trans-women-march-for-their-rights-in-conservative-indonesia/4894550.html|title=Trans Women March for Their Rights in Conservative Indonesia|last=Siddharta|first=Amanda|date=April 28, 2019 |website=VOA |language=en|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> or '''''{{dfn|LGBT+}}''''' to encompass [[human sexuality spectrum|spectrums of sexuality]] and [[Gender identity|gender]].<ref name="udayton.edu">{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190426194739-w5zag/|title=Armenia's LGBT+ community still waits for change one year after revolution|last=Vikhrov|first=Natalie|date=April 26, 2019|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> Other, less common variants also exist, such as '''''LGBTQIA+''''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBTQIA+ Terminology - Gender and Sexuality Student Services - UIS|url=https://www.uis.edu/gendersexualitystudentservices/about/lgbtqaterminology/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.uis.edu|language=en}}</ref> with the ''A'' standing for "[[Asexuality|asexual]]" or "[[Aromanticism|aromantic]]". Longer acronyms, with some being over twice as long as ''LGBT'', have prompted criticism for their length,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1303522/the-new-rainbow-pride-flag-is-a-design-disaster-but-a-triumph-for-lgbtq-inclusiveness/ |title=The new rainbow pride flag is a design disaster—but a triumph for LGBTQ inclusiveness |publisher=Quartz |date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coming to terms with terms|url=http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/9-24-2019/Coming-to-terms-with-terms/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=www.oakpark.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Oli|date=2019-12-04|title=The challenge of generosity|url=https://oliverarditi.com/2019/12/04/the-challenge-of-generosity/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Oliver Arditi|language=en}}</ref> and the implication that the acronym refers to a single community is also controversial.<ref name="Counseling Lesbian, G">{{cite book |last1=Finnegan |first1=Dana G. |first2 = Emily B. |last2=McNally |title=Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Substance Abusers: Dual Identities |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2002|isbn= 978-1-56023-925-3 |url =https://archive.org/details/counselinglesbia2002finn |url-access=registration }}</ref>
It may refer to anyone who is [[non-heterosexual]] or non-[[cisgender]], instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb"/> To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, '''''{{dfn|LGBTQ}}''''', adds the letter ''Q'' for those who identify as [[queer]] or are [[Questioning (sexuality and gender)|questioning]] their sexual or gender identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/05/23/civilities-what-does-the-acronym-lgbtq-stand-for/|access-date=February 19, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Civilities, What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?}}</ref> Those who add [[intersex]] people to [[Portal:LGBT|LGBT]] groups or organizing may use the extended initialism '''''{{dfn|LGBTI}}'''''.<ref>William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HX9HAAAAMAAJ Sexual medicine in primary care], Mosby Year Book, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-8151-2797-0}}</ref><ref name="Challenging Lesbian Nor"/> These two initialisms are sometimes combined to form the terms '''''{{dfn|LGBTIQ}}'''''{{thin space}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/trans-women-march-for-their-rights-in-conservative-indonesia/4894550.html|title=Trans Women March for Their Rights in Conservative Indonesia|last=Siddharta|first=Amanda|date=April 28, 2019 |website=VOA |language=en|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> or '''''{{dfn|LGBT+}}''''' to encompass [[human sexuality spectrum|spectrums of sexuality]] and [[Gender identity|gender]].<ref name="udayton.edu">{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190426194739-w5zag/|title=Armenia's LGBT+ community still waits for change one year after revolution|last=Vikhrov|first=Natalie|date=April 26, 2019|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref> Other, less common variants also exist, such as '''''LGBTQIA+''''',<ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBTQIA+ Terminology - Gender and Sexuality Student Services - UIS|url=https://www.uis.edu/gendersexualitystudentservices/about/lgbtqaterminology/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=www.uis.edu|language=en}}</ref> with the ''A'' standing for "[[Asexuality|asexual]]" or "[[Aromanticism|aromantic]]". Longer acronyms, with some being over twice as long as ''LGBT'', have prompted criticism for their length,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1303522/the-new-rainbow-pride-flag-is-a-design-disaster-but-a-triumph-for-lgbtq-inclusiveness/ |title=The new rainbow pride flag is a design disaster—but a triumph for LGBTQ inclusiveness |publisher=Quartz |date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coming to terms with terms|url=http://www.oakpark.com/News/Articles/9-24-2019/Coming-to-terms-with-terms/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=www.oakpark.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Oli|date=2019-12-04|title=The challenge of generosity|url=https://oliverarditi.com/2019/12/04/the-challenge-of-generosity/|access-date=2020-06-25|website=Oliver Arditi|language=en}}</ref> and the implication that the acronym refers to a single community is also controversial.<ref name="Counseling Lesbian, G">{{cite book |last1=Finnegan |first1=Dana G. |first2 = Emily B. |last2=McNally |title=Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Substance Abusers: Dual Identities |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2002|isbn= 978-1-56023-925-3 |url =https://archive.org/details/counselinglesbia2002finn |url-access=registration }}</ref>


== History of the term ==
== History of the term ==
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The first widely used term, ''[[homosexual]]'', now carries negative connotations in the United States.<ref name=glaad>[https://www.glaad.org/reference/style Media Reference Guide] (citing AP, [[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] style guides), [[GLAAD]]. Retrieved 23 Dec 2019.</ref> It was replaced by  ''[[homophile]]'' in the 1950s and 1960s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Minton |first=Henry |title=Departing from Deviance |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-226-53043-7 |url= https://archive.org/details/departingfromdev0000mint |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/departingfromdev0000mint/page/238 238] |access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Marc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X5daAWEfxwC|title=Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement|date=2012-06-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33157-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunypress.edu/p-5329-masked-voices.aspx|title=Masked Voices|website=www.sunypress.edu|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>{{Dubious |Challenging the history of the term |reason=The term "homophile" was little used and never replaced "homosexual". |date=July 2017}} and subsequently ''[[gay]]'' in the 1970s; the latter term was adopted first by the homosexual community.<ref name="The Social Studies C">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=E. Wayne |title=The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2006|isbn= 978-0-7914-6909-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4qFMqjxte9IC }}</ref>
The first widely used term, ''[[homosexual]]'', now carries negative connotations in the United States.<ref name=glaad>[https://www.glaad.org/reference/style Media Reference Guide] (citing AP, [[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] style guides), [[GLAAD]]. Retrieved 23 Dec 2019.</ref> It was replaced by  ''[[homophile]]'' in the 1950s and 1960s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Minton |first=Henry |title=Departing from Deviance |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-226-53043-7 |url= https://archive.org/details/departingfromdev0000mint |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/departingfromdev0000mint/page/238 238] |access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Marc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6X5daAWEfxwC|title=Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement|date=2012-06-14|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33157-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunypress.edu/p-5329-masked-voices.aspx|title=Masked Voices|website=www.sunypress.edu|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>{{Dubious |Challenging the history of the term |reason=The term "homophile" was little used and never replaced "homosexual". |date=July 2017}} and subsequently ''[[gay]]'' in the 1970s; the latter term was adopted first by the homosexual community.<ref name="The Social Studies C">{{cite book |last=Ross |first=E. Wayne |title=The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2006|isbn= 978-0-7914-6909-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4qFMqjxte9IC }}</ref>


As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee"/> A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be [[feminism]] or [[gay rights]] led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including the [[Daughters of Bilitis]], which disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Esterberg | first1 = Kristen | year = 1994 | title = From Accommodation to Liberation: A Social Movement Analysis of Lesbians in the Homophile Movement | journal = Gender and Society | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 424–443 |doi=10.1177/089124394008003008 | s2cid = 144795512 }}</ref> As equality was a priority for [[lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]], disparity of roles between men and women or [[butch and femme]] were viewed as [[patriarchy|patriarchal]]. Lesbian feminists eschewed [[gender role]] play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived [[chauvinism]] of [[gay men]]; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.<ref>Faderman, Lillian (1991). ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America'', Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-017122-3}}, p. 210–211.</ref>
As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee"/> A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be [[feminism]] or [[gay rights]] led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including the [[Daughters of Bilitis]], which disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Esterberg | first1 = Kristen | year = 1994 | title = From Accommodation to Liberation: A Social Movement Analysis of Lesbians in the Homophile Movement | journal = Gender and Society | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 424–443 |doi=10.1177/089124394008003008 | s2cid = 144795512 }}</ref> As equality was a priority for [[lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]], disparity of roles between men and women or [[butch and femme]] were viewed as [[patriarchy|patriarchal]]. Lesbian feminists eschewed [[gender role]] play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived [[chauvinism]] of [[gay men]]; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.<ref>Faderman, Lillian (1991). ''Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A [[History]] of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America'', Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-017122-3}}, p. 210–211.</ref>


Lesbians who held the [[essentialism|essentialist]] view, that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.<ref>Faderman (1991), p. 217–218.</ref> Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee">{{cite news | last=Swain | first=Keith W. | title=Gay Pride Needs New Direction | newspaper=[[Denver Post]] | date=21 June 2007 |url = http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6198394?source=rss |access-date= 2008-07-05 }}</ref>
Lesbians who held the [[essentialism|essentialist]] view, that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.<ref>Faderman (1991), p. 217–218.</ref> Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.<ref name="Gay Pride Nee">{{cite news | last=Swain | first=Keith W. | title=Gay Pride Needs New Direction | newspaper=[[Denver Post]] | date=21 June 2007 |url = http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6198394?source=rss |access-date= 2008-07-05 }}</ref>


After the elation of change following group action in the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of [[bisexual]] or [[transgender]] people.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities">{{cite book |last1=Leli |first1=Ubaldo |first2=Jack | last2=Drescher |title=Transgender Subjectivities: A Clinician's Guide |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2005|isbn= 978-0-7890-2576-0|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QiJryCzrZmYC}}</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1= Jonathan |first2=Karen |last2=Yescavage |title= Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of The Others |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2004|isbn= 978-1-56023-287-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SOe4igsrbgC}}</ref> Critics{{like whom|date=September 2018}} said that transgender people were acting out [[stereotypes]] and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to [[coming out|come out]] and be honest about their identity.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities"/> Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other [[gender]] and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.<ref name="Exhibition Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.politicalgraphics.org/out-of-the-closet |website=[[Center for the Study of Political Graphics]]|access-date=1 October 2016|title=Out of the Closet and Into the Streets}}</ref>
After the elation of change following group action in the 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] in New York City, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of [[bisexual]] or [[transgender]] people.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities">{{cite book |last1=Leli |first1=Ubaldo |first2=Jack | last2=Drescher |title=Transgender Subjectivities: A Clinician's Guide |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2005|isbn= 978-0-7890-2576-0|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=QiJryCzrZmYC}}</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend">{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1= Jonathan |first2=Karen |last2=Yescavage |title= Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of The Others |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2004|isbn= 978-1-56023-287-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SOe4igsrbgC}}</ref> Critics{{like whom|date=September 2018}} said that transgender people were acting out [[stereotypes]] and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to [[coming out|come out]] and be honest about their identity.<ref name="Transgender Subjectivities"/> Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other [[gender]] and [[sexuality]]-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/> LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.<ref name="Exhibition Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.politicalgraphics.org/out-of-the-closet |website=[[Center for the Study of Political Graphics]]|access-date=1 October 2016|title=Out of the Closet and Into the Streets}}</ref>


From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism ''LGBT'' in the United States.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PiglAQAAIAAJ Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting], American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.</ref> Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>  This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the [[GLBT Historical Society]] did in 1999.  Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term ''LGBT'' has been a positive symbol of inclusion.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb">{{cite book |last=Shankle |first=Michael D. |title=The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2006|isbn= 978-1-56023-496-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC}}</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>
From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism ''LGBT'' in the United States.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PiglAQAAIAAJ Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting], American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.</ref> Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.<ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>  This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the [[GLBT Historical Society]] did in 1999.  Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term ''LGBT'' has been a positive symbol of inclusion.<ref name="The Handbook of Lesb">{{cite book |last=Shankle |first=Michael D. |title=The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service |publisher=Haworth Press |year=2006|isbn= 978-1-56023-496-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUUyLSKD5voC}}</ref><ref name="Bisexuality and Transgend"/>

Latest revision as of 20:16, 14 June 2021

This article is about the term LGBT. For the history of the movement, see LGBT history. For the people, see LGBT community. For other topics, see Outline of LGBT topics.

Template:Pp-semi-protected

File:Gay flag.svg
A six-band rainbow flag representing the LGBT community
Part of a series on
LGBT topics
      
Sexual orientation
History
Culture
Rights
Health
Social attitudes
Issues
Academic fields and discourse
File:Portal LGBT.svg LGBT portal

LGBT or GLBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender. In use since the 1990s, the term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB, which began to replace the term gay in reference to the broader LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s.[1] The initialism, as well as some of its common variants, functions as an umbrella term for sexuality and gender identity.[2]

It may refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender, instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.[3] To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant, LGBTQ, adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual or gender identity.[4] Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizing may use the extended initialism LGBTI.[5][6] These two initialisms are sometimes combined to form the terms LGBTIQ [7] or LGBT+ to encompass spectrums of sexuality and gender.[8] Other, less common variants also exist, such as LGBTQIA+,[9] with the A standing for "asexual" or "aromantic". Longer acronyms, with some being over twice as long as LGBT, have prompted criticism for their length,[10][11][12] and the implication that the acronym refers to a single community is also controversial.[13]

History of the term

Main article: Terminology of homosexuality
File:Stonewall Inn 5 pride weekend 2016.jpg
The Stonewall Inn in the gay village of Greenwich Village, Manhattan, site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots, the cradle of the modern LGBT rights movement and an icon of LGBT culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags.[14][15][16]
File:Palco BolognaPride08.jpg
LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy, increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title.[17]

The first widely used term, homosexual, now carries negative connotations in the United States.[18] It was replaced by homophile in the 1950s and 1960s,[19][20][21][dubious – discuss] and subsequently gay in the 1970s; the latter term was adopted first by the homosexual community.[22]

As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common.[23] A dispute as to whether the primary focus of their political aims should be feminism or gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including the Daughters of Bilitis, which disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.[24] As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.[25]

Lesbians who held the essentialist view, that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.[26] Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.[23]

After the elation of change following group action in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City, in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual or transgender people.[27][28] Critics

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said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity.[27] Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.[28] LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.[29]

From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States.[30] Not until the 1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people gain equal respect.[28] This spurred some organizations to adopt new names, as the GLBT Historical Society did in 1999. Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion.[3][28]

Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.[3][28] Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.[3][28] Transgender actress Candis Cayne in 2009 described the LGBT community as "the last great minority", noting that "We can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television".[31]

In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.[32] However, some people consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community.[33]

Variants

General

File:Plaza de Mayo LGBT.jpg
2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which uses the LGBTIQ initialism[34]
File:Helsinki Pride Parade I (5897488480).jpg
People gathering at the Senate Square, Helsinki, right before the 2011 Helsinki Pride parade started

Many variants exist including variations that change the order of the letters; LGBT or GLBT are the most common terms.[28] Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more feminist connotation than GLBT as it places the "L" (for "lesbian") first.[28] LGBT may also include additional Qs for "queer" or "questioning" (sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and sometimes used to mean anybody not literally L, G, B or T) producing the variants LGBTQ and LGBTQQ.[35][36][37] In the United Kingdom, it is sometimes stylized as LGB&T,[38][39] whilst the Green Party of England and Wales uses the term LGBTIQ in its manifesto and official publications.[40][41][42]

The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial "L" or "G", the mentioned, less common letters, if used, may appear in almost any order.[28] Longer initialisms based on LGBT are sometimes referred to as "alphabet soup".[43][44] Variant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups.[45]

The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-identified are regarded as falling under the umbrella term bisexual (and therefore are considered a part of the bisexual community).

Some use LGBT+ to mean "LGBT and related communities".[8] LGBTQIA is sometimes used and adds "queer, intersex, and asexual" to the basic term.[46] Other variants may have a "U" for "unsure"; a "C" for "curious"; another "T" for "transvestite"; a "TS", or "2" for "two-spirit" persons; or an "SA" for "straight allies".[47][48][49][50][51] However, the inclusion of straight allies in the LGBT acronym has proven controversial as many straight allies have been accused of using LGBT advocacy to gain popularity and status in recent years,[52] and various LGBT activists have criticised the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies.[53] Some may also add a "P" for "polyamorous", an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other".[28][54] Furthermore, the initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.[55][56]

The initialism LGBTTQQIAAP (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, ally, pansexual) has also resulted, although such initialisms are sometimes criticized for being confusing and leaving some people out, as well as issues of placement of the letters within the new title.[43] However, adding the term "allies" to the initialism has sparked controversy,[57] with some seeing the inclusion of "ally" in place of "asexual" as a form of asexual erasure.[58] There is also the acronym QUILTBAG (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer).[59]

Similarly LGBTIQA+ stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and many other terms (such as non-binary and pansexual)".[60] The + after the "A" may denote a second "A" representing "allies".[61]

In Canada, the community is sometimes identified as LGBTQ2 (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Two Spirit).[62] Depending on the which organization is using the acronym the choice of acronym changes. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer acronym, private activist groups often employ LGBTQ+,[63] whereas public health providers favour the more inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples.[64] For a time the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier acronym LGBTTIQQ2SA, but appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording.[65]

Transgender inclusion

The term trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive alternative to "transgender", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to describe trans men and trans women, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities, including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, genderfluid, non-binary, genderfuck, genderless, agender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman.[66][67] Likewise, the term transsexual commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.[28]

When not inclusive of transgender people, the shorter term LGB is used instead of LGBT.[28][68]

Intersex inclusion

Main article: Intersex and LGBT

The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex,[69] but intersex people are often added to the LGBT category to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex people prefer the initialism LGBTI, while others would rather that they not be included as part of the term.[6][70] Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.[71] Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms".[72][73] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".[74]

Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same sex attraction in intersex people,[75][76] with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual,[77][78] thus research on intersex subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality.[75][76] As an experience of being born with sex characteristics that do not fit social norms,[79] intersex can be distinguished from transgender,[80][81][82] while some intersex people are both intersex and transgender.[83]

Criticism of the term

File:Were a gay and happy family wagon.jpg
LGBT families, like these in a 2007 Boston pride parade, are labeled as non-heterosexual by researchers for a variety of reasons.[84]

The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass.[13] For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people.[85] This argument centers on the idea that being transgender or transsexual have to do more with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman irrespective of their sexual orientation.[28] LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction.[28] These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals.[28]

A belief in "lesbian & gay separatism" (not to be confused with the related "lesbian separatism"), holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.[86] While not always appearing of sufficient number or organization to be called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community.[87][86][88] In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality,[87] sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia.[87][86] In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be "political madness", stating that:[89]

Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and female behaviour, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms.[...]

The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT community" or "LGB community" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.[90][91] Some do not subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it including gay pride marches and events.[90][91] Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person deficiently different from other people.[90] These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists.[90][91] Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life in a different way from the majority.[90][91][92] In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people.[93]

Writing in the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now, "bracketed together" ... "share the same issues, values and goals?" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to be reformed or finally go "our separate ways".[94] In 2015, the slogan "Drop the T" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgender people; while receiving support from some feminists[95][96] as well as transgender individuals,[97] the campaign has been widely condemned by many LGBT groups as transphobic.[98][99][100][101]

In December 29, 2020, the Women's Liberation Front, an organisation noted for its opposition to gender identity legislation,[102] published a media style guide, in part as a response to the Trans Journalists Association's guide having been adopted by the Society of Professional Journalists.[103] Amongst other advice, the style guide recommended avoiding the term "LGBT" unless discussing topics relevant to "trans-identified individuals" as well as "lesbians, gays [and] bisexuals".[104]

Alternative terms

Queer

Many people have looked for a generic term to replace the numerous existing initialisms.[87] Words such as queer (an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities that are not heterosexual, or gender-binary) and rainbow have been tried, but most have not been widely adopted.[87][105] Queer has many negative connotations to older people who remember the word as a taunt and insult and such (negative) usage of the term continues.[87][105] Many younger people also understand queer to be more politically charged than LGBT.[105][106]

Rainbow

"Rainbow" has connotations that recall hippies, New Age movements, and groups such as the Rainbow Family or Jesse Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. SGL ("same gender loving") is sometimes favored among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.[107]

SGM/GSM

Main article: Sexual minority

SGM, or GSM,[108] an abbreviation for Sexual and Gender Minorities, has gained particular currency in government, academia, and medicine. It has been adopted by the National Institutes of Health;[109] the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services;[110] and the UCLA Williams Institute, which studies SGM law and policy.[111] An NIH paper recommends the term SGM because it is inclusive of "those who may not self-identify as LGBT … or those who have a specific medical condition affecting reproductive development,"[112] while a UK government paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for terms that, especially outside the Global North, are "not necessarily inclusive of local understandings and terms used to describe sexual and gender minorities."[113] An example of usage outside the Global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies "gender and sexual minorities" as a protected class.[114]

Further umbrella terms

Some people advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000), so as to explicitly include all people who are not cisgender and heterosexual; or gender, sexual, and romantic minorities (GSRM), which is more explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory; but those have not been widely adopted either.[115][116][117][118][119] Other rare umbrella terms are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD),[120] MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).[121][122]

Clinical

In public health settings, MSM ("men who have sex with men") is clinically used to describe men who have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation, with WSW ("women who have sex with women") also used as an analogous term.[123][124]

LGBT+ pride flags

See also: LGBT symbols

Various flags represent specific identities within the LGBT movement, from sexual or romantic orientations, to gender identities or expressions, to sexual characteristics.

Template:Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary, Volume 1, Part 1. Gale Research Co., 1985, ISBN 978-0-8103-0683-7. Factsheet five, Issues 32–36, Mike Gunderloy, 1989
  2. ↑ Parent, Mike C.; DeBlaere, Cirleen; Moradi, Bonnie (June 2013). "Approaches to Research on Intersectionality: Perspectives on Gender, LGBT, and Racial/Ethnic Identities". Sex Roles. 68 (11–12): 639–645. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2. S2CID 144285021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Shankle, Michael D. (2006). The Handbook of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Public Health: A Practitioner's Guide To Service. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-496-8.
  4. ↑ "Civilities, What does the acronym LGBTQ stand for?". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  5. ↑ William L. Maurice, Marjorie A. Bowman, Sexual medicine in primary care, Mosby Year Book, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8151-2797-0
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Aragon, Angela Pattatuchi (2006). Challenging Lesbian Norms: Intersex, Transgender, Intersectional, and Queer Perspectives. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-645-0. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  7. ↑ Siddharta, Amanda (April 28, 2019). "Trans Women March for Their Rights in Conservative Indonesia". VOA. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Vikhrov, Natalie (April 26, 2019). "Armenia's LGBT+ community still waits for change one year after revolution". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  9. ↑ "LGBTQIA+ Terminology - Gender and Sexuality Student Services - UIS". www.uis.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  10. ↑ "The new rainbow pride flag is a design disaster—but a triumph for LGBTQ inclusiveness". Quartz. 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  11. ↑ "Coming to terms with terms". www.oakpark.com. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  12. ↑ Oli (2019-12-04). "The challenge of generosity". Oliver Arditi. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Finnegan, Dana G.; McNally, Emily B. (2002). Counseling Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Substance Abusers: Dual Identities. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-925-3.
  14. ↑ Julia Goicichea (August 16, 2017). "Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers". The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  15. ↑ Eli Rosenberg (June 24, 2016). "Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  17. ↑ Cahill, Sean, and Bryan Kim-Butler. "Policy priorities for the LGBT community: Pride Survey 2006." New York, NY: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (2006).
  18. ↑ Media Reference Guide (citing AP, Washington Post style guides), GLAAD. Retrieved 23 Dec 2019.
  19. ↑ Minton, Henry (2002). Departing from Deviance. University of Chicago Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-226-53043-7. Retrieved 2009-01-01.
  20. ↑ Stein, Marc (2012-06-14). Rethinking the Gay and Lesbian Movement. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-33157-2.
  21. ↑ "Masked Voices". www.sunypress.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  22. ↑ Ross, E. Wayne (2006). The Social Studies Curriculum: Purposes, Problems, and Possibilities. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6909-5.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Swain, Keith W. (21 June 2007). "Gay Pride Needs New Direction". Denver Post. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  24. ↑ Esterberg, Kristen (1994). "From Accommodation to Liberation: A Social Movement Analysis of Lesbians in the Homophile Movement". Gender and Society. 8 (3): 424–443. doi:10.1177/089124394008003008. S2CID 144795512.
  25. ↑ Faderman, Lillian (1991). Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-017122-3, p. 210–211.
  26. ↑ Faderman (1991), p. 217–218.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Leli, Ubaldo; Drescher, Jack (2005). Transgender Subjectivities: A Clinician's Guide. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-0-7890-2576-0.
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 Alexander, Jonathan; Yescavage, Karen (2004). Bisexuality and Transgenderism: InterSEXions of The Others. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-287-2.
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  30. ↑ Research, policy and practice: Annual meeting, American Educational Research Association Verlag AERA, 1988.
  31. ↑ "I Advocate...". The Advocate. Issue #1024. March 2009. p. 80.
  32. ↑ Ring, Trudy (2016-10-26). "Expanding the Acronym: GLAAD Adds the Q to LGBT". Advocate. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  33. ↑ Nadal, Kevin (15 April 2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 1384. ISBN 978-1-4833-8427-6. OCLC 994139871. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
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  35. ↑ Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. (2007). In-Between Bodies: Sexual Difference, Race, and Sexuality. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7221-7.
  36. ↑ Alder, Christine; Worrall, Anne (2004). Girls' Violence: Myths and Realities. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6110-5.
  37. ↑ Cherland, Meredith Rogers; Harper, Helen J. (2007). Advocacy Research in Literacy Education: Seeking Higher Ground. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-8058-5056-7.
  38. ↑ "Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender couples urged to research honeymoon destinations". International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  39. ↑ "The National LGB&T Partnership". The National LGB&T Partnership. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  40. ↑ "Green Party LGBT Group Website". Lgbtiq-greens.greenparty.org.uk. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  41. ↑ "EQUALITY FOR ALL" (PDF). Green Party of England and Wales. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  42. ↑ Duffy, Nick (1 May 2015). "Green Party wants every teacher to be trained to teach LGBTIQ issues". PinkNews. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "LGBTQQIAAP - 'Alphabet Soup 101'". PugetSoundOff.org. Archived from the original on October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
  44. ↑ DeMarco, Linda; Bruni, Sylvain (18 July 2012) [1st pub. 18 May 2012]. "No More Alphabet Soup". The Huffington Post. 1527958. Archived from the original on 3 February 2015.
  45. ↑ Brown, Catrina; Augusta-Scott, Tod (2006). Narrative Therapy: Making Meaning, Making Lives. Sage Publications Inc. ISBN 978-1-4129-0988-4.
  46. ↑ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center". University of California, Davis. September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  47. ↑ Lebaron, Sarah; Pecsenye, Jessica; Roland, Becerra; Skindzier, Jon (2005). Oberlin College: Oberlin, Ohio. College Prowler, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59658-092-3.
  48. ↑ Chen, Edith Wen-Chu; Omatsu, Glenn (2006). Teaching about Asian Pacific Americans: Effective Activities, Strategies, and Assignments for Classrooms and Communities (Critical Perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5338-5.
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  50. ↑ Padilla, Yolanda C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Rights Organizing: Community-based Strategies. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-275-9.
  51. ↑ Swigonski, Mary E.; Mama, Robin S.; Ward, Kelly; Shepard, Matthew (2001). From Hate Crimes to Human Rights: A Tribute to Matthew Shepard. Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56023-257-5.
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  56. ↑ McCusker, Ros. "Gay Leeds — Your comprehensive guide to all things gay in Leeds". gayleeds.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
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  58. ↑ Richard, Katherine. "Column: "A" stands for asexuals and not allies". loyolamaroon.com. The Maroon. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2014. That "A" is not for allies[,] [t]hat "A" is for asexuals. [...] Much like bisexuality, asexuality suffers from erasure.
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  110. ↑ "Sexual and Gender Minority Clearinghouse". Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Retrieved 2020-11-23.
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  113. ↑ Gender and Strategic Communications in Conflict and Stabilisation Contexts (PDF), HM Government, January 2020, retrieved 2020-11-23
  114. ↑ Constitution of Nepal, Nepal Law Commission, 2015, retrieved 2020-11-24
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References

External links

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