Dipylidium caninum: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of flatworm}}
{{sex}}{{Essay}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Dipyl can worm1.JPG
| image_alt = Adult "Dipylidium caninum." The scolex of the worm is very narrow and the proglottids get larger as they mature
| image_caption = Adult ''Dipylidium caninum''. The [[scolex]] of the worm is very narrow and the [[proglottids]] get larger as they mature
| genus = Dipylidium
| species = caninum
| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
[[Image:Dipylidium LifeCycle.png|thumb|250px|''Dipylidium'' life cycle]]


'''''Dipylidium caninum,''''' also called the '''flea [[tapeworm]]''', '''double-pored tapeworm''', or '''cucumber tapeworm''' (in reference to the shape of its cucumber-seed-like [[proglottid]]s, though these also resemble grains of rice or sesame seeds), is a [[cyclophyllid]] [[cestode]] that infects organisms afflicted with [[flea]]s and [[Trichodectes canis|canine chewing lice]], including [[canids|dogs]], [[felid|cat]]s, and sometimes human pet-owners, especially children.
= Simple Summary =
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==Adult morphology==
== Abstract ==
The adult worm is about {{convert|18|in|cm}} long.  [[Gravid]] proglottids containing the worm's microscopic eggs are either passed in the definitive host's feces or may leave their host spontaneously and are then ingested by microscopic flea larvae (the intermediate hosts) in the surrounding environment. As in all members of [[family (biology)|family]] [[Dipylidiidae]], [[proglottid]]s of the adult worm have genital pores on both sides (hence the name ''double-pore tapeworm'').  Each side has a set of male and female reproductive organs.  The uterus is paired with 16 to 20 radial branches each. The [[scolex]] has a retractable [[Rostellum (helminth)|rostellum]] with four rows of hooks, along with the four suckers that all cyclophyllid cestodes have.
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==Life cycle==
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The definitive host within this life cycle is primarily canines, and occasionally felines, and in rare cases young children. The intermediate hosts include fleas (''Ctenocephalides'' spp.) and chewing lice.  The first stage in the life cycle is when the gravid proglottids are either passed out through fecal matter, or actively crawl out of the anus of the host. The gravid proglottids once out of the definitive host release eggs. Then, an intermediate host will ingest an egg, which develops into a [[cysticercoid]] larva. The adult flea or louse will then harbor the infective cysticercoid until a definitive host, such as a dog, becomes infected by ingesting an infected flea or louse while grooming themselves. Humans can also become infected by ''D. caninum'' by accidentally ingesting an infected flea. In the small intestine of the definitive host, the cysticercoid develops into an adult tapeworm, which reaches maturity about one month after infection. This adult tapeworm produces proglottids, and over time, the proglottids mature and become gravid and eventually detach from the tapeworm and the life cycle starts all over again.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dipylidium caninum Infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dipylidium/|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref>


== Geographic Distribution ==
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This parasite occurs worldwide in animals, such as dogs and cats, as well as in humans, though to a significantly lesser degree. It is the most common tapeworm of dogs and is relatively common in cats. Despite human diplydiasis being rare, instances have been reported from every inhabited continent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=CDC - DPDx - Dipylidium caninum|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dipylidium/index.html|date=2019-07-10|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>


Human instances of diplydiasis are reported globally, and unsurprisingly roughly one third of the cases occur in children less than 6 months of age. The most at-risk age group is those that range from 2 months to 4 years old.  <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neira O|first1=Patricia|last2=Jofré M|first2=Leonor|last3=Muñoz S|first3=Nelson|date=December 2008|title=Infección por Dipylidium caninum en un preescolar: Presentación del caso y revisión de la literatura|url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-10182008000600010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Revista chilena de infectología|language=en|volume=25|issue=6|doi=10.4067/S0716-10182008000600010|issn=0716-1018|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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==Pet infections==
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Tapeworm infection usually does not cause pathology in the dog or cat, and most pets show no adverse reaction to infection other than increased appetite. The bulk of infections are asymptomatic and the infections that do result in symptoms are generally mildly so. Pets behavior may reflect the presence of anal discomfort and itching, or pruritus. This could result in the ‘butt-scooching” across the floor, grass or carpeting. It may be accompanied by slight gastrointestinal disturbances, as this is the region where the worms inhabit. Though not a pathology of the diplydiasis, the most unnerving sign of the infection is the presence of proglottids in the animals, or child’s, feces.  These proglottids can also be found near the perianal region, in the feces, and in diapers (children). The motile proglottids can actively crawl out of the anus of the infected animal/person and migrate small distances, thus potentially covering this array of neighboring surfaces.  It is from these locations that the larval stage of the flea will come along and ingest them. Then the metacestode stage, a cysticercoid, develops in the coelomic cavity (abdominal cavity; [[Portal:Main|main]] body cavity) of the flea larvae and remains there as the flea matures into an adult. These freshly passed proglottids are motile, allowing them to also be found on the floor and furniture, from a migration out of a pets anus and could be compared to resembling fly larvae, or maggots.<ref name=":0" />


The other tapeworm infecting cats is ''[[Taenia taeniaeformis]]'', though this form is much less commonly encountered than ''D. caninum''.
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A recent (2018) study using genetical analysis and experimental infections and life-cycles showed that two different distinct genotypes of ''D. caninum'' occur respectively in dogs and in cats, and suggested that two different species might be involved.<ref name="LabuschagneBeugnet2018">{{cite journal|last1=Labuschagne|first1=Michel|last2=Beugnet|first2=Frédéric|last3=Rehbein|first3=Steffen|last4=Guillot|first4=Jacques|last5=Fourie|first5=Josephus|last6=Crafford|first6=Dionne|title=Analysis of ''Dipylidium caninum'' tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas. Part 1. Molecular characterization of ''Dipylidium caninum'': genetic analysis supporting two distinct species adapted to dogs and cats|journal=Parasite|volume=25|year=2018|pages=30|doi=10.1051/parasite/2018028|pmid=29806592|pmc=6013089|url=}} {{open access}}</ref><ref name="BeugnetLabuschagne2018">{{cite journal|last1=Beugnet|first1=Frédéric|last2=Labuschagne|first2=Michel|last3=Vos|first3=Christa de|last4=Crafford|first4=Dionne|last5=Fourie|first5=Josephus|title=Analysis of ''Dipylidium caninum'' tapeworms from dogs and cats, or their respective fleas. Part 2. Distinct canine and feline host association with two different ''Dipylidium caninum'' genotypes|journal=Parasite|volume=25|year=2018|pages=31|doi=10.1051/parasite/2018029|pmid=29806593|pmc=6013090|url=}} {{open access}}</ref>
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==Human infections==
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A human infection with ''D. caninum'' is rare, but if an infection does occur, it is more likely to occur in young children. As of the early 1960s, the number of cases of ''D. caninum'' in the U.S. was a mere 21. Therefore, human infection of Dipylidium caninum, or diplydiasis, is a rare occasion. It is largely agreed across the parasitology community that despite the reports of this disease occurring, there are very likely numerous cases that have gone unnoticed and unreported because of its subtle and minor pathology in humans, in addition to its scarceness in clinical records. The adult tapeworm grows within the host for 3–4 weeks after initial infection.  The number of parasites the host is initially infected with is directly related to the number of cysticercoid juveniles present in the fleas coelom. The load of parasites present in the humans is lower, luckily, as the life cycle is not occurring in the ideal conditions or species as humans are not the definitive host.<ref>Bowman DD. Georgis‘Parasitology for Veterinarians. Sixth edition Philadelphia. PA: Saunders Company; 1995:145–6</ref>


Many cases have an unexciting course of infection, as can be depicted in two cases occurring in the 1960s. The first case occurred in a 9-month-old female. Mother found motile proglottids the child’s diaper, later identified as D. caninum. The child had no apparent signs or symptoms. The presumed source of infections was one of the family’s  four Labrador retrievers, two of which were found to already have been infected with D. caninum. The second additional case occurred in an 18-month-old male. Mother found motile proglottids in the child’s diaper and again, the child was symptom-free.  A puppy in the household was found to be infected and thus was the source of the child infection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=James H.|date=1963|title=Human Dipylidium caninum Infection|journal=The Journal of Parasitology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=402|doi=10.2307/3275807|jstor=3275807|issn=0022-3395}}</ref> Young children and toddlers are at a greater risk of infection because of how they interact with their pets. A human may attain an infection by accidentally ingesting an infected flea through food contamination or through the saliva of pets. Most infections are asymptomatic, but sometimes these symptoms may be identified in an infected individual: mild diarrhea, abdominal colic, [[anorexia]], restlessness, constipation, rectal itching, and pain due to emerging proglottids through the anal cavity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Garcia-Martos |first1=Pedro |last2=Garcia-Agudo |first2=Lidia |last3=Rodriguez-Iglesias |first3=Manuel |title=Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant: a rare case report and literature review |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine |date=26 May 2014 |volume=4 |issue=2 |page=S565–S567 |doi=10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2014-0034 |url=http://www.apjtb.com/zz/2014S2/7.pdf |accessdate=20 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081154/http://www.apjtb.com/zz/2014S2/7.pdf |archivedate=18 May 2015 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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==Treatment and prevention==
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As with most tapeworm infections, the drugs of choice are [[niclosamide]] or [[praziquantel]]. The best way to prevent human infection is to treat infected animals with products <!-- such as: FrontLine, --> which aid in killing the fleas on the animal. One can also use oral medication prescribed by a veterinarian.


==Gallery==
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<gallery>
Image:Dipylidium caninum ovum 1.JPG|''Dipylidium caninum'' egg packet
Image:Dipylidium caninum proglottid 1.JPG|''D. caninum'' proglottid
Image:dipylidium caninum.jpg|''D. caninum''
File:Dipylidium caninum worm.JPG|''D. caninum'' worms
</gallery>


==References==
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{{Reflist}}


==External links==
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* [https://veterinarypartner.vin.com/default.aspx?pid=19239&id=4951442 ''tapeworms'' from The Pet Health Library]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q81125}}
 
[[Category:Cestoda]]
[[Category:Parasitic diseases]]
[[Category:Parasites of dogs]]
[[Category:Parasites of cats]]
[[Category:Parasitic helminths of humans]]
[[Category:Veterinary helminthology]]

Revision as of 16:25, 27 March 2026

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IMPORTED ESSAY

This article was originally either a forum post, text file, or other online-published guide. This article may or may not have proper formatting, and may represent the sole beliefs of a single person. We at the Zoophilia Wiki will make every attempt to ensure proper information is provided for Zoos to have proper education, however information may be inaccurate. The Zoophilia Wiki disowns all claims of Liability for misinformation spread by the archiving of these articles.

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Simple Summary

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Abstract

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