Legality of bestiality by country or territory: Difference between revisions

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Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of [[Veterinarian|veterinary]] practice, or [[animal husbandry]] (breeding), is normally exempted where such laws exist. In public discussion for the recently passed Oregon law, however, one animal shelter's spokesperson wanted the husbandry exemption kept out, as he was concerned that someone might use these "accepted farming practices" as a legal loophole to then have (legal) sexual contact with an animal only for personal enjoyment. One of the legislators responded by asking if they were trying to outlaw an act (of sexual contact), or a state of mind. The veterinary and husbandry exemption was left out of Oregon's law in the final, enacted version.
Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of [[Veterinarian|veterinary]] practice, or [[animal husbandry]] (breeding), is normally exempted where such laws exist. In public discussion for the recently passed Oregon law, however, one animal shelter's spokesperson wanted the husbandry exemption kept out, as he was concerned that someone might use these "accepted farming practices" as a legal loophole to then have (legal) sexual contact with an animal only for personal enjoyment. One of the legislators responded by asking if they were trying to outlaw an act (of sexual contact), or a state of mind. The veterinary and husbandry exemption was left out of Oregon's law in the final, enacted version.
;Pornography laws
:''Main articles with legal sections: [[Obscenity]], [[Pornography]], [[Legal status of internet pornography]]''
Legality of any given pornographic material has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership. In general, animal pornography is legal to produce anywhere that zoophilia activity and the creation of pornography in general are both legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.
Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual incident, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.


=== National laws ===
=== National laws ===


{| class="wikitable"
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! width="12.5%"| Country or territory
! width="12.5%"| Zoosexual activity
! width="12.5%"| Allows zoophiles to serve in the military?
! width="12.5%"| Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
! width="12.5%"| Ownership of zoophilic pornography
|-
|-
! !! Legality
|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] / [[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]] Varies by state or territory.<br><small>(Illegal in [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[New South Wales]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria]], and [[Western Australia]])</small>[http://www.chiefminister.act.gov.au/media.php?v=10250&m=53&s=3 not a crime].<ref name="au_state_laws">Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662:
Criminal offence: [[New South Wales]] (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years imprisonment), [[Northern Territory]] (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years imprisonment), [[Queensland]] (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), [[South Australia]] (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years imprisonment), [[Tasmania]] (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years imprisonment), [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years imprisonment), [[Western Australia]] (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), [[Australian Capital Territory]] (Crimes Act 1900 [http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf s63A inserted in 2011], "Bestiality", not more than 10 years imprisonment).</ref><br><small>(Unclear in [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]], [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], [[Coral Sea Islands]], [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]], [[Jervis Bay Territory]], [[Norfolk Island]], and [[Northern Territory]])</small>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
| Laws are determined at the state and territory level. Illegal in all states and the [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] (the definition of the act is derived from case law and varies for each state) though for 23 years in the [[Australian Capital Territory]] between 1988 and 2011 it was [http://www.chiefminister.act.gov.au/media.php?v=10250&m=53&s=3 not a crime].<ref name="au_state_laws">Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662:
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/be/news/local_news/Bestiality-to-be-outlawed_3712.html Bestiality to be outlawd-Belgian News]</ref>
Criminal offence: [[New South Wales]] (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years imprisonment), [[Northern Territory]] (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years imprisonment), [[Queensland]] (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), [[South Australia]] (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years imprisonment), [[Tasmania]] (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years imprisonment), [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years imprisonment), [[Western Australia]] (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), [[Australian Capital Territory]] (Crimes Act 1900 [http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf s63A inserted in 2011], "Bestiality", not more than 10 years imprisonment).</ref> The status of zoosexuality in Australia's other territories (such as [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands|HIMI]]) is unclear.
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.vrtnieuws.net/nieuwsnet_master/versie2/english/details/061109_bestiality/index.shtml], no longer accessible</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
|-
|-
| [[Belgium]]
|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| Legal although moves have been made to recriminalize it<ref>[http://www.expatica.com/be/news/local_news/Bestiality-to-be-outlawed_3712.html Bestiality to be outlawd-Belgian News]</ref>. However, the spreading of zoophilia pornography is not, according to a court ruling in 2006 against a man who frequently had sex with dogs in a shelter he had worked for. He was acquitted from the charge of animal abuse and was only found guilty of violating public decency by spreading zoophilia pornographic material he had made at the shelter, which he did mainly via his website under the nickname ''Freki''. The Belgian animal rights organisation ''Gaia'', which filed the complaint, appealed unsuccessfully against the court ruling.<ref>[http://www.vrtnieuws.net/nieuwsnet_master/versie2/english/details/061109_bestiality/index.shtml], no longer accessible</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>{{pt}} [http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Saude-e-bem-estar/noticia/2011/10/sexo-com-animais-por-que-fingir-que-isso-nao-existe.html Revista Época – Sex with animals: why do pretend that it does not exist?]</ref><ref name="ecce bestia">{{pt}} [http://issuu.com/eziofb/docs/ezioflaviobazzo Ecce Bestia: Vice with Animals]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="ecce bestia"/><ref>{{pt}} [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-83332012000100009&script=sci_arttext Sex with animals as an extreme practice in the 'bizarre porn' genre in Brazil]</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal
|-
|-
| [[Brazil]]
|{{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]]
| Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal.<ref>{{pt}} [http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Saude-e-bem-estar/noticia/2011/10/sexo-com-animais-por-que-fingir-que-isso-nao-existe.html Revista Época – Sex with animals: why do pretend that it does not exist?]</ref><ref name="ecce bestia">{{pt}} [http://issuu.com/eziofb/docs/ezioflaviobazzo Ecce Bestia: Vice with Animals]</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Backpage/Crime_Court/0,,2-1343-1345_1655555,00.html News24 - Redirect]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Cambodia]]
|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
| Legal. {{As of|2005}}, police released a man suspected of zoophilia activity stating that while unusual, falling in love with a dog is not illegal.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/Backpage/Crime_Court/0,,2-1343-1345_1655555,00.html News24 - Redirect]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison</br>Maximum of 12 years if in presence of or by child)<ref>[http://yourlaws.ca/criminal-code-canada/160-bestiality [[Criminal Code of Canada]] - 160. Bestiality]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]]<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2012/10/24/mb-bestiality-charge-cfb-shilo.html Canadian Forces member faces 2nd bestiality charge]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
|-
|-
| [[Canada]]
|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
| Illegal. Section 160 <ref>[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/c-46/267262.html Criminal Code]</ref> forbidding "bestiality". In addition 'Compelling the commission of bestiality' and 'Bestiality in presence of or by child (under the age of 16) are also separate crimes and all of these offenses are subject to imprisonment up to 10 years.
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="zoocurrent">[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/2269/zoocurrent.html&date=2009-10-25+16:54:35 Sex law index and discussion]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Denmark]]
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]
| Legal.<ref name="zoocurrent">[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/2269/zoocurrent.html&date=2009-10-25+16:54:35 Sex law index and discussion]</ref> A 2006 bid by the [[Danish People's Party]] to outlaw bestiality failed after the a report by the Danish Animal Ethics Council determined that existing laws were sufficient protection against abuse.<ref name="dkjusticeanimalrights">[http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Udtalelser_og_tilhoerende_pressemeddelelser/Udtalelse_om_menneskers_seksuelle_omgang_med_dyr__november_2006_.pdf Det Dyreetiske Råd: Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr], ''The Animal Ethics Council: Statement on the sexual relations of humans with animals''</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 8 years in prison)<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=195753 Ecuador Penal Code - Art. 517]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
|[[Ecuador]]
|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]
|Illegal. According to Art. 517 of the Penal Code: "bestiality is punishable with imprisonment from 4 to 8 years".<ref>http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/noticias/sociedad/item/acciones-en-contra-de-la-zoofilia-se-fortalecen-desde-varios-frentes.html</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Imprisonment (no length given)<ref>[http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/arch/eth/TheRevisedCriminalCode.pdf Criminal Code of Ethiopia 2004 - Article 633.- Sexual Intercourse with an Animal.]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal since 1971<ref name="zoocurrent"/>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref name="finlex.fi">[http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1889/18890039001#L17 18 § (9.7.2004/650) Sukupuolisiveellisyyttä loukkaavan kuvan levittäminen]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
|[[Ethiopia]]
|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|Illegal. "In Ethiopian law bestiality is punishable by law"<ref>http://www.newsdire.com/news/1533-octogenerian-convicted-for-bestiality-in-addis-ababa.html</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2004</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and € 30,000 fine)<ref>[French Penal Code - Chapter one: Serious abuse or acts of cruelty animals. - Article 521-1]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Finland]]
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
| Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal;<ref name="zoocurrent"/> formerly illegal but legalized in 1971. Trading zoophilia pornography is illegal.<ref name="finlex.fi">[http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1889/18890039001#L17 18 § (9.7.2004/650) Sukupuolisiveellisyyttä loukkaavan kuvan levittäminen]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2013</br>(Penalty: Maximum of € 34,000 fine)<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/world/europe/german-legislators-vote-to-outlaw-bestiality.html German Legislators Vote to Outlaw Bestiality]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184a.html § 184a StGB Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften §184a StGB]</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal
|-
|-
| [[France]]
|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]
|Illegal since 2004, upheld by the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]].<ref>[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriJudi.do?idTexte=JURITEXT000017909898 Détail d'une jurisprudence judiciaire]</ref> It had been legal since 1791. Before 1791, bestiality was punished by death to the human and animal perpetrators.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 3 years in prison)<ref>[http://ghanalegal.com/?id=3&law=19&t=ghana-laws Section 104-Unnatural Carnal Knowledge]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Germany]]
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]]
| Legal
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison and $50,000 fine)<ref name="HongKong">[http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/da97f6a8ed400207482564820006b580/1659b5492cc3f751c8256483003225bd?OpenDocument Bestiality]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Ghana]]
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
| Illegal. {{As of|2006}} "Unnatural carnal knowledge" is not permitted under the Ghana criminal code.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5305658.stm Ghanaian gay conference banned]</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal
|-
|-
| [[Hong Kong]]
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| Illegal <ref name="HongKong">http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/da97f6a8ed400207482564820006b580/1659b5492cc3f751c8256483003225bd?OpenDocument</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of life in prison)<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=eTrDgPmgh7MC&pg=PA757&lpg=PA757&dq=Ireland+30.61+sodomy+and+bestiality&source=bl&ots=dlcKghaxUc&sig=XoLmu8jnRCzqY4FpoME67qIwXAU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UkRyUfvxIrix4APJlIGADg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Ireland%2030.61%20sodomy%20and%20bestiality&f=false [30.61] Sodomy and bestiality s. 61]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1836974/ Section 377. Unnatural offences.]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[India]]
|{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
| Section 377 of the IPC (Indian Penal Code) makes it illegal for a person to have sexual contact with an Animal. "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine." The punishment is tougher than the punishment for rape, however only penetration is considered under this section.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: First three convictions are punished by ''ta'zir'' as determined by a judge</br>Fourth offense is the [[death penalty]])<ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngo/NGO_submission_ELEI_Add.1.pdf e. Vaty-e heyvanat va Mayet-e-insan (bestiality and necrophilia), four offenses]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Japan]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Italy]]
| Legal, according to Japanese law.
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="History of Zoophilia and The Law" >[http://www.lectlaw.com/files/sex04.htm History of Zoophilia and The Law]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Malaysia]]
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
| Illegal under Act 574 of the Malaysian Penal Code. Those found guilty of the offense 'buggery with an animal' face a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment and shall also be liable to a fine or whipping. The law says penetration is sufficient to constitute carnal intercourse.<ref>http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20574.pdf Malaysian Penal Code (Page 147)</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Mexico]]
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]
| Legal. (Carl Franz, ''"The People's Guide to Mexico"'', 1988. pg. 398)<ref name="zoocurrent"/>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 20 years in prison, fines, and whipping)<ref>[http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20574.pdf Buggery with an animal - 377.]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Namibia]]
|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
| Illegal<ref>http://www.allafrica.com/stories/201210110779.html</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="zoocurrent"/>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[Netherlands]]
|{{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibia]]
| Illegal.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20523950</ref><br />Committing zoophilia is prohibited by article 254.<ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012</ref> Maximum imprisonment is one year or a fine of the fourth category (€ 19,500).
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201210110779.html Namibia: Rehoboth Man Arrested for Bestiality]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
| [[New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
| Illegal, under a variety of sections contained in the [[Crimes Act 1961]]. Section 143, makes "bestiality" an offence, but as in Canada, the meaning of bestiality is derived from case law. There are also associated offences of indecency with an animal (section 144) and compelling an indecent act with an animal (section 142A). It is interesting to note that in the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offence, and for it to be treated as a [[mental health]] issue. In ''Police v Sheary'' (1991) 7 CRNZ 107 (HC) Fisher J considered that "[t]he community is generally now more tolerant and understanding of unusual sexual practices that do not harm others." According to the recent ''New Zealand Book of Lists'' (2007, p59), however, only one offender apiece are currently serving prison sentences  under Sections 142A and 144.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2010</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and € 19,500 fine)<ref>[http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012 Article 254]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2010</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine)<ref>[http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2010</br>(Penalty:)
|-
|-
| [[Norway]]
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]
| Illegal. A law was made in November 2008
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 7 years in prison</br>Maximum of 3 years in prison)<ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329260.html Crimes Act 1961 - 143 - Bestiality]</ref><ref>[http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329261.html Crimes Act 1961 - 144 - Indecency with animal]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
|-
|-
| [[Philippines]]
|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
| Legal. In 2010 a Filipino farmer was jailed for raping another person's dog, but this was covered by existing animal cruelty laws (there are no anti-zoophilia laws)<ref>http://mindoropost.com/2010/11/27/jailed-man-over-dog-rape-loves-pig-too/</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2008</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/articles/arnogovtnotesAWA.htm With regard to § 14. Specific Bans]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2008
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2008
|-
|-
| [[Singapore]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Philippines]]
| Illegal. Penal Code Sexual penetration with living animal
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=24b_1316867350 catholic filipino charged for raping dog he also loves pigs too]</ref>
377B. —(1)  Any person (A) who —
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
 
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
 
(b) causes or permits A’s vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, to be penetrated by the penis of an animal,
 
shall be guilty of an offence.
 
(2)  A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.
 
(3)  Any person (A) who —
 
(a) causes any man (B) to penetrate, with B’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or
 
(b) causes the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person (B) to be penetrated with the penis of an animal,
 
shall be guilty of an offence if B did not consent to the penetration.
 
(4)  A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (3) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/]
|-
| [[South Africa]]
| Section 13 of the [[Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007]] prohibits anal, oral or vaginal penetration of or by an animal, and masturbation of an animal unless performed for scientific or breeding purposes.<ref>[http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2007-032.pdf Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007], s. 13.</ref> Before it was codfied by the act, bestiality was a [[common law offence]].
|-
| [[Sweden]]
| Legal, although plans are on the way for recriminalizing it<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/37614/20111128/#.UUI-BBetloQ Sweden proposes ban on sex with animals]</ref>. Supporters hoped it could be installed in 2012<ref>[http://www.theargus.ca/articles/news/2011/04/another-blow-for-bestiality Another blow for bestiality]</ref> but as of now it will more likely be put into practice from January 1, 2014 . Bestiality was legalized in 1944 along with homosexuality, it was punishable with death until 1864 (although no execution have taken place since 1778). A 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the Swedish government expressed strong concerns over the increase in reports of [[horse-ripping]] incidents, although noting that "the rise in documented cases did not necessarily mean that there was a de facto increase", and distinguished zoophilia activity from incidents involving physical injury (zoosadism). The Animal Welfare Agency gave as its opinion that current animal cruelty legislation needed updating as it was not sufficiently protecting animals from abuse, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357 Sweden highlights bestiality problem]</ref>
|-
| [[Switzerland]]
| Illegal.<ref>[http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/455_1/a16.html SR 455.1 Tierschutzverordnung Art. 16 j.]</ref> Pornography involving animals is illegal.<ref>See [[Official publications of Switzerland|FJ]] 2000 p. 2981.</ref>
|-
| [[Thailand]]
| Legal, under Thai law.<ref>http://www.traveltails.com/Updates/update_may2004.htm</ref>
|-
| [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| Illegal<ref>http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-04-25/mayaro-labourer-bestiality-charge</ref>
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|Illegal, Animal Rights issue
|-
| [[United Kingdom]]
| Anal and vaginal penetration of or by an animal is illegal, and carries a sentence of up to 2 years imprisonment. Historically an unspecified range of acts were illegal, however the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] <ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/30042--b.htm#69 section 69]</ref> which followed a major review of all sexual offences in UK law clarified this, removing the ambiguous activities from the scope of the law, and changing the sentence from [[life imprisonment]] (which had been criticized as over-harsh) to two years.
 
Possession of pornography was criminalised in the [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]]. The law on pornography is broader than that of actual acts: it also covers oral sex; it applies to dead animals as well as living; images are illegal even if they are faked. Thus an image of a legal act may be illegal to possess. The first prosecutions for bestiality pornography occurred in 2009.<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/16/extreme_pr0n_convictions/</ref>
|-
|-
| [[United States]]
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]
| {{Main|Zoophilia and the law in the United States#Zoophilia in the USA}}Laws are determined at the state level. Many [[U.S. state]]s<ref name="us_state_laws">US State Laws where known:
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="History of Zoophilia and The Law"/>
* [[Misdemeanor]]: [[Arkansas]] (Ark. Stat. Ann. @5-14-122 (2005): "Bestiality" - Class A Misdemeanor),  [[California]] (Penal Code Section 286.5 "Crime Against Nature" - misdemeanor), [[Connecticut]] (CT Penal Code 952.53a-73a "Sexual assault in the fourth degree" - Class A Misdemeanor), [[Iowa]] (2005 Merged Code 717C.1 "Bestiality" Aggravated Misdemeanor - up to 2yrs and $500-$5000 fine), [[Kansas]] (K.S.A. @HB2668-68-a-2 "Criminal Sodomy" Class B Nonperson Misdemeanor{{full|date=November 2012}}), [[Minnesota]] (Minn. Stat. @609.294, (1993): Either fine of not more than $3,000 or sentence of not more than 1 year), [[Missouri]] (Mo Rev. Stat. @566-111 "Unlawful Sex with an Animal" - Class A Misdemeanor (1st offense) thereafter Class D Felony), [[Nebraska]] (Neb. Statutes @28-1010 "Indecency with an animal" - Class III misdemeanor - up to 6 months and/or up to $500 fine), [[New York (state)|New York]] (NY CLS Penal @130.20 (1994): Class A misdemeanor), [[North Dakota]] (N.D. Cent. Code @12.1-20-12  "Deviate Sexual Act" is a Class A Misdemeanor), [[Oregon]] (Oregon Laws 2003 @167.333 "Sexual Assault of Animal" a class A misdemeanor), [[Utah]] (Bestiality 76-9-301.8: Class B Misdemeanor), [[Wisconsin]] (Wis. State. @944.17(2)(c) and (d)(1993) "Sexual Gratification" a class A misdemeanor).
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
* [[Felony]]: [[Arizona]] (Sec.2 Title 13 Ch.14, 13-1411, "bestiality" defined as "sexual contact or oral sexual contact", class 6 felony unless minor involved in which case class 3 felony), [[Delaware]] (11 Del. C. @777 (1993): Class D Criminal felony), [[Florida]] (Title XLVI defines several felonies involving children, the elderly, and institutionalized persons), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (O.C.G.A. @16-6-6 (1994): 1-5 yr. jail sentence), [[Idaho]] (Idaho Code @18-6605 (1994): "length of imprisonment in excess of 5 years is in discretion of court."), [[Illinois]] (720 ILCS 5/12-35 (2003): Sexual Conduct (or Contact) with an Animal - Class D Felony), [[Louisiana]] (RS 14:89 (2003) "Crime Against Nature" up to $2,000 fine and/or 5yrs with or without hard labor), [[Maine]] (17-A M.R.S. @ 1031: under Cruelty to Animals - Class D Crime), [[Maryland]] (Unnatural/Perverted Sexual Acts Article 27, Section 553: Up to $1,000 fine, max of 10 years prison), [[Massachusetts]] (Mass. Ann. Laws ch. 272 @34 (1994) "Crime against Nature" prison term of not more than 20 years), [[Michigan]] (MCL @750.185 (1992): Jail sentence not more than 15 years), [[Mississippi]] (Miss. Code. Ann, @97-29-59: Sentence of not more than 10 years), [[Montana]] (Mont. Code. Ann, @45-5-505 (1994): 10 year sentence and/or $50,000 fine), [[North Carolina]] (N.C. Gen. Stat. @14-177 (1994): Class I felony. 3-10 yrs), [[Oklahoma]] (Okl. St. @21-886 (1994): "imprisonment not to exceed 10 years"), [[Rhode Island]] (R.I. Gen. Laws @11-10-1 (1993): 7-20 years), [[South Carolina]] (S.C. Code Ann. @16-15-120 (1993): 5 yrs jail and/or fine of at least $500), [[South Dakota]] (SD Codified Laws 22-22-42 (1995): "Bestiality" - Class 6 Felony 1st offense, Class 5 subsequent offenses), [[Virginia]] (Va. Code. Ann. @18.2-361 (1994): Class 6 Felony), [[Washington D.C.]] (DC Code @22-3502 (1994) ("Sexual Psychopath" chapter): Fine not more than $1000 and/or sentence of not more than 10 yrs), [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (SB-6417, sexual contact defined as "animal cruelty", also likewise an offence to permit, abet, observe or record. Felony class C seriousness level III, seizure of animals).
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
* Other legislation in progress {{As of|2006|lc=on}}: [[New Jersey]].
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
* Believed illegal or 'other': [[Pennsylvania]] (18 Pa. C. S. @3101, 3123 and 3124 (1994)), [[Tennessee]] (Tenn. Code. Ann. @39-13-511 (1994) specifically mentioned under [[Public Indecency]] if done in a public place)</ref> explicitly outlaw sex with animals (sometimes under the term of "[[sodomy]]" or "unnatural [[crime against nature]]"). Others do not.
 
Many U.S. state laws against sodomy were repealed or struck down by the courts in [[Lawrence v. Texas]], which ruled that perceived moral disapproval on its own was an insufficient justification for banning a private act.<ref>Sodomy laws in the U.S. [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]], however, still stand, with the criterion being "penetration, however slight."</ref>  On the other hand, the 2004 conviction of a man in [[Florida]] ([http://pet-abuse.com/cases/2206/FL/US/1 State vs. Mitchell]) demonstrated that even in states with no specific laws against zoophilia acts, animal cruelty statutes would instead be applied. Similarly, in 2011 a [[Shelby, Ohio]] zoophile who regularly had sex with his dogs was arrested and charged with animal cruelty, even though there are no laws specifically prohibiting bestiality in Ohio.<ref name="shelby"/> An incident similar to the Shelby incident occurred in [[Metairie, Louisiana]] in 2012.<ref name="metairie">http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/01/metairie_man_admitted_to_havin.html</ref>
 
Zoosexual activity (bestiality) is officially illegal in 37 states. Zoosexual activity is a misdemeanor in the 20 states listed below:<ref name="MIlaw">[http://www.animallaw.info/articles/ovuszoophilia.htm Overview of Zoophilia and Bestiality Laws]</ref>
{|
|
* [[Alaska]]<ref name="AKlaw">http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusakst03_55_100.htm</ref>
* [[Arkansas]]
* [[California]]
|
* [[Colorado]]<ref name="zoocolorado"/>
* [[Connecticut]]<ref name="CTassault">http://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-73a.html</ref>**
* [[Florida]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/06/florida-bestiality-law-passes-third-attempt_n_858884.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Jason | last=Linkins | title=Florida Bestiality Law Passes On Third Attempt | date=6 May 2011}}</ref>
|
* [[Iowa]]
* [[Kansas]]<ref name="kansaslaw2">http://blogs.findlaw.com/legally_weird/2012/04/dog-molester-wont-have-to-register-as-sex-offender.html</ref><ref name="anlawkansas">http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusksst21_4310.htm</ref>
* [[Louisiana]]<ref name="metairie"/><ref name="zoolouisiana1">http://news.avn.com/articles/Louisiana-Finally-Knocks-Down-Crimes-Against-Nature-Law-439970.html</ref>*
|
* [[Maryland]]
* [[Maine]]
* [[Minnesota]]
|
* [[Missouri]]
* [[Nebraska]]
* [[New York]]
|
* [[North Dakota]]
* [[Oregon]]
* [[Pennsylvania]]
|
* [[Utah]]
* [[Wisconsin]]
|}
Zoosexual activity (bestiality) is a felony in the 17 states listed below:<ref name="MIlaw"/>
{|
|
* [[Arizona]]
* [[Delaware]]
* [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
 
|
* [[Idaho]]
* [[Illinois]]
* [[Indiana]]
 
|
* [[Massachusetts]]
* [[Michigan]]
* [[Mississippi]]
 
|
* [[North Carolina]]<ref name="cumberlandnc">{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/ray-lynn-mitchum-jr-sex-neighbors-dog_n_1197479.html | work=Huffington Post | first=David | last=Moye | title=Man Charged With Having Sex With Neighbor's Dog In North Carolina | date=12 January 2012}}</ref>*
* [[Oklahoma]]
* [[Rhode Island]]
 
|
* [[South Carolina]]
* [[South Dakota]]
* [[Tennessee]]<ref>http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-39/chapter-14/part-2/39-14-214/</ref>
 
|
* [[Virginia]]
* [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
 
|}
 
Two states have or had broad statutes which also covered zoophilia that have been challenged successfully in state courts on constitutional grounds: [[Montana]] and [[North Carolina]].<ref name="MIlaw"/> In North Carolina, the court ruled that the law was not unconstitutional on its face and could be applied constitutionally in some circumstances; the unconstitutionality of its application in that case was wholly unrelated to bestiality.<ref name="cumberlandnc"/><ref name="connelly">http://www.connellydefense.com/PracticeAreas/Sodomy-or-Crime-Against-Nature-FAQ.asp</ref><ref name="State v Whiteley">http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16792719054994872481&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr</ref> As of 2012 a repeal of the NC law is being considered in the North Carolina Senate.<ref>http://equalitync.org/leg/11/s208</ref> Zoosexual acts are still illegal in [[Kansas]] due to a sodomy law.<ref name="kansaslaw2"/><ref name="anlawkansas"/><ref name="statecoman">http://www.kscourts.org/cases-and-opinions/opinions/ctapp/2009/20090828/100494.htm</ref> In the [[District of Columbia]], a law against zoophilia (listed under "sodomy") was repealed.<ref name="zoolawDC">http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/dcofficialcode</ref>
 
Bestiality is a felony in [[Puerto Rico]]<ref>http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/penal%20code.pdf</ref> and is illegal in the U.S. Virgin Islands.<ref>http://www.michie.com/virginislands/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp=vicode</ref>
 
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Bestiality is prohibited in [[Louisiana]] and [[North Carolina]] because of [[crime against nature]] laws.<ref name="metairie"/><ref name="zoolouisiana1"/><ref name="cumberlandnc"/><ref name="connelly"/><ref>http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/06/house_votes_to_make_soliciting.html</ref><ref>http://www.sodomy.org/laws/louisiana/sodomy.html</ref><ref>http://www.salisburypost.com/Crime/032212-WEB-Man-arrested-on-bestiality-charges-qcd</ref><br>
<nowiki>**</nowiki>In Connecticut, "sexual assault in the fourth degree" (which includes bestiality) is normally a misdemeanor.<ref name="CTassault"/> However, if the subject is under sixteen years old, the penalty is a felony.<ref name="CTassault"/> It is likely that the Connecticut age requirement (and associated felony penalty) only applies when human minors are involved, and not non-human animals.<ref name="CTassault"/>
|-
|-
| [[Zambia]]
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
| Illegal. Penal code Cap 87 Section 115 forbids "Unnatural Offences" including "carnal knowledge of an animal".<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/archive/documents/ilga_2000.htm ILGA Africa 2000 Report]</ref>
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref name="History of Zoophilia and The Law"/>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
|-
|-
|}
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
 
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and fine)<ref>[http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;query=Status%3Acurinforce%20Type%3Aact,sl%20Content%3A%22Sexual%22%20Content%3A%22penetration%22%20Content%3A%22with%22%20Content%3A%22living%22%20Content%3A%22animal%22;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bquery%3DStatus%253Acurinforce%2520Type%253Aact,sl%2520Content%253A%2522Sexual%2522%2520Content%253A%2522penetration%2522%2520Content%253A%2522with%2522%2520Content%253A%2522living%2522%2520Content%253A%2522animal%2522 “Sexual penetration with living animal 377B.]</ref>
=== Pornography laws ===
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
:''Main articles with legal sections: [[Obscenity]], [[Pornography]], [[Legal status of internet pornography]]''
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
Animal pornography is governed in the United States by the same [[Miller test]] and [[obscenity law]]s as any other form of pornography. In many countries such as [[Canada]], [[Hungary]] and the Netherlands, such material is legal, although in some countries where zoophilia acts are legal, zoophilia pornography is not (Belgium, Russia).
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
 
Legality of any given pornographic material has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership.
 
In general, animal pornography is legal to produce anywhere that zoophilia activity and the creation of pornography in general are both legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! Sale and<br />distribution !! Ownership !! Relevant law<br />/ notes
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2007-032.pdf 13 Bestiality]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[Belgium]]
|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
| Legal || Unknown, probably legal due to distribution being legal. || In the same case cited above,<ref>[http://www.vrtnieuws.net/nieuwsnet_master/versie2/english/details/061109_bestiality/index.shtml]</ref> the man concerned was fined for "violating public decency legislation" as a result of distributing pornography, implying that distribution is illegal, but was not fined for ownership.
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>[http://www.thelocal.se/37614/20111128/#.UUI-BBetloQ Sweden proposes ban on sex with animals]</ref><ref>[http://www.theargus.ca/articles/news/2011/04/another-blow-for-bestiality Another blow for bestiality]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[Brazil]]
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]
| Legal || Legal || <ref name="ecce bestia"/><ref>{{pt}} [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0104-83332012000100009&script=sci_arttext Sex with animals as an extreme practice in the 'bizarre porn' genre in Brazil]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/455_1/a16.html SR 455.1 Tierschutzverordnung Art. 16 j.]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>See [[Official publications of Switzerland|FJ]] 2000 p. 2981.</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
|-
|-
! [[Canada]]
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]
| Illegal || Legal ||
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Legal<ref>[http://www.traveltails.com/Updates/update_may2004.htm May 2004 Update from the Land of Randy Pandas]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[Finland]]
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| Illegal || Legal || Rikoslaki 17. luku, 18 § (9.7.2004/650) <ref name="finlex.fi"/>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-04-25/mayaro-labourer-bestiality-charge Mayaro labourer on bestiality charge]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[Germany]]
|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
| Illegal || Legal || §184a StGB <ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184a.html § 184a StGB Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften]</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[Hungary]]
|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| Illegal || Legal ||
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 1290</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison for conviction on indictment</br>Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine for summary conviction)<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 Intercourse with an animal]</ref> (see [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]])
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty:)
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2008</br>(Penalty:)<ref>[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/16/extreme_pr0n_convictions/ Extreme porn law used on beastly Chinese DVD pirates]</ref> (see [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]])
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal since 2008</br>(Penalty:) (see [[Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]])
|-
|-
! [[Netherlands]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]</br>{{Main|Zoophilia and the law in the United States}}
| Illegal.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] / [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Varies by state, territory, or district.<br><small>(Illegal in [[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Connecticut]], [[Delaware]], [[Florida]], [[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maine]], [[Maryland]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[Mississippi]], [[Missouri]], [[Nebraska]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]], [[North Dakota]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Oregon]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Rhode Island]], [[South Carolina]], [[South Dakota]], [[Tennessee]], [[Utah]], [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]], [[Washington]], and [[Wisconsin]])</small><br><small>(Legal in [[Alabama]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Hawaii]], [[Montana]], [[Nevada]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Mexico]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Ohio]], [[Texas]], [[Vermont]], [[Virginia]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wyoming]])</small>
| Illegal.
||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Since 2011
| art. 254a [[Wetboek van Strafrecht]]<ref>http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012</ref>
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] / [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Varies by state, territory, or district.
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] / [[Image:Yes check.svg|15px|Yes]] Varies by state, territory, or district.
|-
|-
! [[New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambia]]
| Illegal || Illegal || s. 3(1) Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993
||[[Image:X mark.svg|15px|No]] Illegal</br>(Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison)<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/archive/documents/ilga_2000.htm Zambian Penal code Cap 87 Section 115; Unnatural Offences]</ref>
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
||[[File:Emblem-question.svg|15px]]
|-
|-
! [[United States]]
| {{Main|Zoophilia and the law in the United States#Zoophilic pornography in the USA}}As with all pornography, considered [[obscene]] if it does not meet the standards of the [[Miller Test]] and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' could include transmission across the [[internet]]. However may be some doubt.<ref>U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are {{As of|2005|lc=on}} in some doubt, having been ruled [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] in ''[[United States v. Extreme Associates]]'' (a judgement which was overturned on [[appeal]], December 2005).</ref> || Usually legal (unless prohibited by state law). Interstate transport or import of pornography even for personal use is technically an offence.<ref>''[[United States v. Extreme Associates]]'' - protection laws not equated to a zone of personal privacy outside the house, or freedom to transport obscenia.</ref> || various
|}
|}
Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual incident, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.


== Mentions in the press ==
== Mentions in the press ==

Revision as of 09:00, 20 April 2013

Zoophilia and the law looks at the laws governing humans having sex with animals around the world.

Legal context

Laws on bestiality tend to be shaped by animal welfare concerns, moral views and cultural beliefs. Animal welfare bodies usually, but not always, view zoophilia as a matter of animal abuse.

Recent legislation

For centuries, sexual acts with animals were penalized under sodomy or "crime against nature" laws. Since the 1950s most such general laws have been repealed and in some places they have been replaced by laws which are specifically anti-bestiality. Most of these new laws have been created in the 2000s and early 2010s; for example, bestiality was banned in Pennsylvania in 1999,[1] Iowa in 2001,[2] Illinois in 2002,[3] Maryland in 2002,[4] Washington (state) in 2006,[5] Arizona in 2006,[6] Indiana in 2007,[7] Tennessee in 2007,[8] Colorado in 2007,[9] Alaska in 2010,[10] and Florida in 2011 (by Nan Rich),;[11] outside the U.S., bestiality was banned in Norway in 2008,[12] The Netherlands in 2010,[13] and Australia's capital territory in 2011.[14]

Background

International differences

Some countries list laws very clearly, such as the United Kingdom, which specifically prohibits penetration of a human being by the penis of an animal, and penetration of an animal by a human's penis.[15]

By contrast, many countries and US states are less precise about the scope of law in that they outlaw sex with animals, without defining what constitutes "sex."[citation needed]

Even if bestiality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have animal cruelty laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all zoophilia activity is animal abuse.[16] In some U.S. states, a person who engages in bestiality can be charged with animal cruelty.[17]

Incidents without specific bestiality statutes

Some countries have a range laws on their books. Sometimes sodomy laws or "crime against nature" laws are used to prosecute people who have sex with animals.

In the case of Kenneth Pinyan, who died from injuries sustained from receiving anal sex from a horse, local law enforcement found that there were no laws that allowed them to prosecute his friend, who had filmed the event and also allowed himself to be sodomized by the horse. The friend was prosecuted for trespassing. That case prompted the Washington State legislature to draw up legislation outlawing sex with animals.[18]

In a 2005 Florida case, a man who had sex with his dog was charged with disorderly conduct, since the state had no anti-bestiality laws on the books at the time.[19] On October 1 2011 the state of Florida State Law 828.126, F.S went into effect, banning sex with animals.[20]

Common reasons given for laws

In many cultures across the world having sex with animals is seen as subhuman and immoral. In many cultures, humans are seen as fundamentally different from other animals and having sex with animals is seen as a defilement.[21] These beliefs have been criticized for being irrational and speciesist.[21][22]

Frequently, humans having sex with animals is seen as a form of animal cruelty or animal abuse. This belief has been bolstered by the practices of zoosadism and also fed by the distaste most cultures have for having sex with animals. Zoophiles claim that zoosadistic acts are rare and that most zoophiles do not abuse animals.[23]

Laws against zoophilia

Aggrawal has discussed extensively on laws against zoophilia.[24] It is permitted in a few countries, such as Sweden and Denmark, although ordinary animal treatment laws apply. In other countries, such as Russia, bestiality is legal, but zoophilia pornography is illegal.

There are also commonly laws against forcing another person to engage in zoophilia activity, especially minors (usually considered equivalent to rape), and laws related to exposing others (either non-consensually or minors) to the sight of a sexual act. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoophilia conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted.

Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of veterinary practice, or animal husbandry (breeding), is normally exempted where such laws exist. In public discussion for the recently passed Oregon law, however, one animal shelter's spokesperson wanted the husbandry exemption kept out, as he was concerned that someone might use these "accepted farming practices" as a legal loophole to then have (legal) sexual contact with an animal only for personal enjoyment. One of the legislators responded by asking if they were trying to outlaw an act (of sexual contact), or a state of mind. The veterinary and husbandry exemption was left out of Oregon's law in the final, enacted version.

Pornography laws
Main articles with legal sections: Obscenity, Pornography, Legal status of internet pornography

Legality of any given pornographic material has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership. In general, animal pornography is legal to produce anywhere that zoophilia activity and the creation of pornography in general are both legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.

Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual incident, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.

National laws

Country or territory Zoosexual activity Allows zoophiles to serve in the military? Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Australia Australia No / Varies by state or territory.
(Illegal in Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia)not a crime.[25]
(Unclear in Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Jervis Bay Territory, Norfolk Island, and Northern Territory)
Belgium Belgium Yes Legal[26] No Illegal
(Penalty:)[27] 		Yes
Brazil Brazil Yes Legal[28][29] Yes Legal[29][30] Yes Legal
Cambodia Cambodia Yes Legal[31]
Canada Canada No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison
Maximum of 12 years if in presence of or by child)[32] 		No[33] No Illegal
(Penalty:) 		Yes
Denmark Denmark Yes Legal[34] Yes
Ecuador Ecuador No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 8 years in prison)[35]
Ethiopia Ethiopia No Illegal
(Penalty: Imprisonment (no length given)[36]
Finland Finland Yes Legal since 1971[34] No Illegal
(Penalty:)[37]
France France No Illegal since 2004
(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and € 30,000 fine)[38]
Germany Germany No Illegal since 2013
(Penalty: Maximum of € 34,000 fine)[39] 		No Illegal
(Penalty:)[40] 		Yes Legal
Ghana Ghana No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 3 years in prison)[41]
Hong Kong Hong Kong No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison and $50,000 fine)[42]
Hungary Hungary Yes Legal No Illegal
(Penalty:) 		Yes Legal
Republic of Ireland Ireland No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of life in prison)[43]
India India No Illegal
(Penalty:)[44]
Iran Iran No Illegal
(Penalty: First three convictions are punished by ta'zir as determined by a judge
Fourth offense is the death penalty)[45]
India Italy Yes Legal[46]
Japan Japan Yes Legal
Malaysia Malaysia No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 20 years in prison, fines, and whipping)[47]
Mexico Mexico Yes Legal[34]
Namibia Namibia No Illegal
(Penalty:)[48]
Netherlands Netherlands No Illegal since 2010
(Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and € 19,500 fine)[49] 		No Illegal since 2010
(Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine)[50] 		No Illegal since 2010
(Penalty:)
New Zealand New Zealand No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 7 years in prison
Maximum of 3 years in prison)[51][52] 		No Illegal
(Penalty:) 		No Illegal
(Penalty:)
Norway Norway No Illegal since 2008
(Penalty:)[53] 		No Illegal since 2008 No Illegal since 2008
Portugal Philippines Yes Legal[54]
Portugal [[Portugal] Yes Legal[46]
Russia Russia Yes Legal[46] No Illegal
(Penalty:) 		No Illegal
(Penalty:)
Singapore Singapore No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and fine)[55]
South Africa South Africa No Illegal
(Penalty:)[56]
Sweden Sweden Yes Legal[57][58]
Switzerland Switzerland No Illegal
(Penalty:)[59] 		No Illegal
(Penalty:)[60] 		No Illegal
(Penalty:)
Thailand Thailand Yes Legal[61]
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago No Illegal
(Penalty:)[62]
Turkey Turkey No Illegal
(Penalty:)
United Kingdom United Kingdom No Illegal since 1290
(Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison for conviction on indictment
Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine for summary conviction)[63] (see Sexual Offences Act 2003) 		No Illegal
(Penalty:) 		No Illegal since 2008
(Penalty:)[64] (see Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008) 		No Illegal since 2008
(Penalty:) (see Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008)
United States United States
Main article: Zoophilia and the law in the United States
 No / Yes Varies by state, territory, or district.
(Illegal in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virgin Islands, Washington, and Wisconsin)
(Legal in Alabama, American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming) 		Yes Since 2011 No / Yes Varies by state, territory, or district. No / Yes Varies by state, territory, or district.
Zambia Zambia No Illegal
(Penalty: Maximum of 5 years in prison)[65]

Mentions in the press

  • "Freddie the Dolphin" (1991, UK) - man accused of masturbating a well known tame dolphin at sea. Charged with a "lewd act". Acquitted. Expert witnesses testified male dolphins use their erections not just sexually, but socially as well, and no sexual inference could be drawn. Judge summing up said of the £30,000 trial cost, "this has been the most expensive lesson in dolphin sociology that he has ever heard of". [3](dead link)
  • Kenneth Pinyan (2005, USA) - man died following anal penetration by a stallion, which was filmed by his friend. The death led to rapid introduction of laws in the state against sex with animals.
  • Sudan (February 2006) - man caught having sex with a neighbour's goat, is ordered by the council of elders to pay the neighbour a dowry of 15,000 Sudanese dinars ($50) and marry the animal. [4]
  • Cambodia (2005) - man caught having a "passionate embrace" in bed with dog, by wife, confessed he loved the dog more and they separated. Cambodian police commented: "As police, we could only solve the problem of his wife then wanting a divorce. We cannot solve the problem of his relationship with his dog, because under Cambodian law it is not strictly illegal... It is amazing, but this husband is not crazy. It seems he is a passionate human being who looked at a dog, and the more he looked, the more passionate he became."[66]
  • Wisconsin, USA (2007) - Bryan James Hathaway was convicted for having sex with a dead deer. The court case raised some interesting legal issues because the statute prohibits sex with animals, but not carcasses. The defence raised the issue that if a dead animal was an animal, at what point would it cease to be an animal.[67]
  • Kansas, USA (2012) - Joshua Coman was convicted in Kansas of criminal sodomy (a misdemeanor), but the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that he did not have to register as a sex offender.[68][69]
  • Vancouver, Canada (2012) - Brian Cutteridge, bestiality proponent, was arrested after the SPCA claims to have a video of him engaging in sex with one of his dogs.[70]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://articles.philly.com/1999-06-04/news/25497636_1_bestiality-pennsylvania-lawmakers-sexual-activity
  2. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusiast717B_1_717E.htm#s717C_1
  3. ↑ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html
  4. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmd10_601_622.htm#s3_322
  5. ↑ Sullivan, Jennifer (2 March 2006). "Lawmakers vote to make bestiality illegal in this state". The Seattle Times.
  6. ↑ http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/05/24/13598-governor-signs-bill-to-ban-bestiality/
  7. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusinst35_46_3_1_13.htm
  8. ↑ http://ohmygov.com/blogs/general_news/archive/2009/03/21/states-considering-laws-against-bestiality.aspx
  9. ↑ Brown, Jennifer. Denver Post http://www.denverpost.com/legislature/ci_5682180. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/
  11. ↑ http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/05/05/anti-bestiality-law-finally-passes-in-florida/
  12. ↑ http://africanpress.me/2007/11/17/sex-with-animals-to-be-banned-in-norway/
  13. ↑ http://www.last.fm/forum/23/_/599411
  14. ↑ http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf
  15. ↑ "Sexual Offences Act 2003", Office of Public Sector Information. Section 69.
  16. ↑ The argument that "all sexual activity with animals is automatically abuse" was made for example, in 1) the 2004 case of State vs. Mitchell (Florida), 2) the 2004 Pony case in Utrecht, Holland (cited below), and 3) the 2006 Washington state law which asserts as its foundational premise that "animal cruelty in the first degree is committed when a person knowingly engages in sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal." SB-6417 2006
  17. ↑ http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/article/20110616/NEWS01/106160306/Richland-Co-dog-warden-investigates-bestiality-case-Shelby
  18. ↑ "The Animal In You". The Stranger. February–March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  19. ↑ Man charged with having intercourse with his Guide Dog (dead link)
  20. ↑ http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2011/0344/BillText/er/PDF
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sciamer" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ http://ece.uprm.edu/artssciences/ingles/TT-Final-forWeb.pdf
  23. ↑ blogs.scientificamerican.com/bering-in-mind/2010/03/24/animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scientists-rethink-human-sexuality/
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  25. ↑ Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662: Criminal offence: New South Wales (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years imprisonment), Northern Territory (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years imprisonment), Queensland (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), South Australia (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years imprisonment), Tasmania (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years imprisonment), Victoria (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years imprisonment), Western Australia (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), Australian Capital Territory (Crimes Act 1900 s63A inserted in 2011, "Bestiality", not more than 10 years imprisonment).
  26. ↑ Bestiality to be outlawd-Belgian News
  27. ↑ [1], no longer accessible
  28. ↑ Template:Pt Revista Época – Sex with animals: why do pretend that it does not exist?
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Template:Pt Ecce Bestia: Vice with Animals
  30. ↑ Template:Pt Sex with animals as an extreme practice in the 'bizarre porn' genre in Brazil
  31. ↑ News24 - Redirect
  32. ↑ Criminal Code of Canada - 160. Bestiality
  33. ↑ Canadian Forces member faces 2nd bestiality charge
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Sex law index and discussion
  35. ↑ Ecuador Penal Code - Art. 517
  36. ↑ Criminal Code of Ethiopia 2004 - Article 633.- Sexual Intercourse with an Animal.
  37. ↑ 18 § (9.7.2004/650) Sukupuolisiveellisyyttä loukkaavan kuvan levittäminen
  38. ↑ [French Penal Code - Chapter one: Serious abuse or acts of cruelty animals. - Article 521-1]
  39. ↑ German Legislators Vote to Outlaw Bestiality
  40. ↑ § 184a StGB Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften §184a StGB
  41. ↑ Section 104-Unnatural Carnal Knowledge
  42. ↑ Bestiality
  43. ↑ [30.61 Sodomy and bestiality s. 61]
  44. ↑ Section 377. Unnatural offences.
  45. ↑ e. Vaty-e heyvanat va Mayet-e-insan (bestiality and necrophilia), four offenses
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 History of Zoophilia and The Law
  47. ↑ Buggery with an animal - 377.
  48. ↑ Namibia: Rehoboth Man Arrested for Bestiality
  49. ↑ Article 254
  50. ↑ [2]
  51. ↑ Crimes Act 1961 - 143 - Bestiality
  52. ↑ Crimes Act 1961 - 144 - Indecency with animal
  53. ↑ With regard to § 14. Specific Bans
  54. ↑ catholic filipino charged for raping dog he also loves pigs too
  55. ↑ “Sexual penetration with living animal 377B.
  56. ↑ 13 Bestiality
  57. ↑ Sweden proposes ban on sex with animals
  58. ↑ Another blow for bestiality
  59. ↑ SR 455.1 Tierschutzverordnung Art. 16 j.
  60. ↑ See FJ 2000 p. 2981.
  61. ↑ May 2004 Update from the Land of Randy Pandas
  62. ↑ Mayaro labourer on bestiality charge
  63. ↑ Intercourse with an animal
  64. ↑ Extreme porn law used on beastly Chinese DVD pirates
  65. ↑ Zambian Penal code Cap 87 Section 115; Unnatural Offences
  66. ↑ http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Off_Beat/0,,2-1225-2107_1655555,00.html
  67. ↑ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/22/deer_man_convicted/
  68. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named kansaslaw2
  69. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named statecoman
  70. ↑ "Vancouver man faces bestiality charge". CBC News. 26 February 2012.

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