Timeline of zoophilia: Difference between revisions

From Zoophilia Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
Punctuation & link corrections / removed info not backed up by given citation
meta>Citation bot
m Alter: url, isbn. Add: chapter-url. Removed parameters. You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | User-activated.
Line 4: Line 4:
===23rd millennium BCE===
===23rd millennium BCE===
====230th century BCE====
====230th century BCE====
* '''c. 22,995 BCE''' – A bone rod is engraves in a cave in [[Abri de la Madeleine]], [[France]], depicting a [[lion]]ess licking the opening of either a gigantic [[human penis]] or a [[vulva]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557534128}}</ref>
* '''c. 22,995 BCE''' – A bone rod is engraves in a cave in [[Abri de la Madeleine]], [[France]], depicting a [[lion]]ess licking the opening of either a gigantic [[human penis]] or a [[vulva]].<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals">{{cite book |editor-last=Podberscek |editor-first=Anthony |editor2-last=Beetz |editor2-first=Andrea |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |date=2005 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557534125}}</ref>


===2nd millennium BCE===
===2nd millennium BCE===
Line 12: Line 12:


====13th century BCE====
====13th century BCE====
* '''c. 1,300 BCE''' – '''c. 1,201 BCE''' – The [[Hittite laws]] are written for the [[Hittites|Hittite Empire]], which punished male bestiality with a [[pig]], a [[dog]], or a [[Cattle|cow]] with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a [[mule]] only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1557535655}}</ref>
* '''c. 1,300 BCE''' – '''c. 1,201 BCE''' – The [[Hittite laws]] are written for the [[Hittites|Hittite Empire]], which punished male bestiality with a [[pig]], a [[dog]], or a [[Cattle|cow]] with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a [[horse]] or a [[mule]] only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Ascione |editor-first=Frank |title=The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application |date=2008 |pages=205 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1557535658}}</ref>


===1st millennium BCE===
===1st millennium BCE===
Line 42: Line 42:
* '''c. 440 BCE''' – In ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Herodotus]] wrote that:
* '''c. 440 BCE''' – In ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', [[Herodotus]] wrote that:


{{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in [[Mendes|this district]]: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |title=Histories |chapter=2 |script-chapter=46 |trans-chapter=4 |url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=0674991303}}</ref>|source=[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}
{{quote|text="In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in [[Mendes|this district]]: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."<ref>{{cite book |title=Histories |chapter=2 |script-chapter=46 |trans-chapter=4 |chapter-url= http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D46%3Asection%3D4 |isbn=978-0674991309}}</ref>|source=[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4}}


====1st century BCE====
====1st century BCE====
Line 66: Line 66:


====14th century====
====14th century====
* '''1,350''' – In the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Magnus Erikssons landslag|Country Law of Magnus Eriksson]] was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0226732576}}</ref>
* '''1,350''' – In the [[History of Sweden (800–1521)#Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Magnus Erikssons landslag|Country Law of Magnus Eriksson]] was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950">{{cite book |author-last=Rydström |author-first=Jens |title=Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950 |date=2003 |pages=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JdBYeG_ZbIgC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0226732572}}</ref>


====15th century====
====15th century====
Line 72: Line 72:


====16th century====
====16th century====
* '''1510''' – The [[Holy Roman Empire]] makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0812245814}}</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy" />
* '''1510''' – The [[Holy Roman Empire]] makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Ben-Atar |author-first=Doron |author2-last=Brown |author2-first=Richard |title=Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic |date=2014 |pages=17 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0PfSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0812245813}}</ref><ref name="Burned for Sodomy" />
* '''1507''' – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the [[Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg]], making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook">{{cite book |author-last=Rabinbach |author-first=Anson |author2-last=Gilman |author2-first=Sander |title=The Third Reich Sourcebook |date=2013 |pages=378 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0520276833}}</ref>
* '''1507''' – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the [[Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg]], making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook">{{cite book |author-last=Rabinbach |author-first=Anson |author2-last=Gilman |author2-first=Sander |title=The Third Reich Sourcebook |date=2013 |pages=378 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0520276833}}</ref>
* '''1516''' – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1516''' – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]], making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.<ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1532''' – The [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina|1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V]] makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Homophobia: A History">{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0313343756}}</ref><ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /><ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1532''' – The [[Constitutio Criminalis Carolina|1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V]] makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Homophobia: A History">{{cite book |author-last=Fone |author-first=Byrne |title=Homophobia: A History |date=2000 |pages=213 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=gL_nAQGxI_IC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0312420307}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rampone Jr. |author-first=W. |title=Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare |date=2011 |pages=22 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dUyxnm_X14IC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0313343759}}</ref><ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /><ref name="The Third Reich Sourcebook" />
* '''1533''' – [[Buggery Act 1533|An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie]] is enacted in the [[Kingdom of England]], making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm  THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
* '''1533''' – [[Buggery Act 1533|An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie]] is enacted in the [[Kingdom of England]], making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/the_buggery_act.htm  THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)]</ref>
* '''1563''' – The [[History of Sweden (1523–1611)#Deepening involvements|Kingdom of Sweden]] makes bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://gayinsacramento.com/Chron-44-page.wps.htm GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II ]</ref>
* '''1563''' – The [[History of Sweden (1523–1611)#Deepening involvements|Kingdom of Sweden]] makes bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>[http://gayinsacramento.com/Chron-44-page.wps.htm GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II ]</ref>
Line 81: Line 81:
====17th century====
====17th century====
* '''1620''' – The [[Brandenburg-Prussia|Duchy of Prussia]] makes sodomy a capital punishment.<ref name="Homophobia: A History" />
* '''1620''' – The [[Brandenburg-Prussia|Duchy of Prussia]] makes sodomy a capital punishment.<ref name="Homophobia: A History" />
* '''1683''' – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in [[Denmark–Norway|Kingdom of Denmark]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=905260245X}}</ref>
* '''1683''' – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in [[Denmark–Norway|Kingdom of Denmark]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999">{{cite book |editor-last=Rydström |editor-first=Jens |editor2-last=Mustola |editor2-first=Kati |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |date=2007 |pages= |url= https://www.scribd.com/document/277795872/Criminally-Queer-Homosexuality-and-Criminal-Law-in-Scandinavia-1842-1999 |isbn=978-9052602455}}</ref>
*'''1687''' – The [[Norwegian Code]] (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in [[Denmark–Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1687''' – The [[Norwegian Code]] (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in [[Denmark–Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1692''' – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris [[Parlement]] in the Kingdom of France.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
*'''1692''' – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris [[Parlement]] in the Kingdom of France.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
Line 89: Line 89:
* '''March 1724''' – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of [[blasphemy]] and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
* '''March 1724''' – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of [[blasphemy]] and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.<ref name="Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France" />
* '''23 January 1736''' – In the [[Age of Liberty#Age of Liberty|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Civil Code of 1734]] was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''23 January 1736''' – In the [[Age of Liberty#Age of Liberty|Kingdom of Sweden]], the [[Civil Code of 1734]] was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" />
* '''1768''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] punishable with capital punishment by burning.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/austria_S.pdf Austria]</ref><ref name="Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison">{{cite book |editor-last=West |editor-first=Donald |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Richard |title=Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony |date=2002 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=37HdBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0306455323}}</ref>
* '''1768''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] punishable with capital punishment by burning.<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/austria_S.pdf Austria]</ref><ref name="Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparison">{{cite book |editor-last=West |editor-first=Donald |editor2-last=Green |editor2-first=Richard |title=Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony |date=2002 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/?id=37HdBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0306455322}}</ref>
[[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships">{{cite book |author-last=Benemann |author-first=William |title=Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships |date=2006 |pages=133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Isi3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1560233451}}</ref>]]
[[File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg|thumb|Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships">{{cite book |author-last=Benemann |author-first=William |title=Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships |date=2006 |pages=133 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Isi3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1560233459}}</ref>]]
* '''1779''' – [[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote a law in Commonwealth of [[Virginia]] which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the |url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/usa/virginia/virginia.htm |title=Virginia |publisher=Glapn.org |date= |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendVIIIs10.html |title=Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=March 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''1779''' – [[Thomas Jefferson]] wrote a law in Commonwealth of [[Virginia]] which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.<ref name="Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the |url=http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/usa/virginia/virginia.htm |title=Virginia |publisher=Glapn.org |date= |accessdate=August 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendVIIIs10.html |title=Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments |publisher=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=March 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''1787''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.<ref name="Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ...">{{cite book |author-last= Wintemute |author-first=Robert |author2-last= Andenas |author2-first= Mads |title=Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ... |date=2001 |pages=549 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eMzbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1841131385}}</ref>
* '''1787''' – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.<ref name="Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ...">{{cite book |author-last= Wintemute |author-first=Robert |author2-last= Andenas |author2-first= Mads |title=Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ... |date=2001 |pages=549 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eMzbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA549#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1841131382}}</ref>
* '''25 September''' – '''6 October 1791''' – The [[French Penal Code of 1791]] is adopted in the [[Kingdom of France]], legalizing bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Aldrich |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last= Wotherspoon |editor2-first=Garry |title=Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1) |date=2001 |pages=80 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkYkutHlyAC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0415159822}}</ref>
* '''25 September''' – '''6 October 1791''' – The [[French Penal Code of 1791]] is adopted in the [[Kingdom of France]], legalizing bestiality.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Aldrich |editor-first=Robert |editor2-last= Wotherspoon |editor2-first=Garry |title=Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1) |date=2001 |pages=80 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkYkutHlyAC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415159821}}</ref>
*'''1 June 1792''' – The Commonwealth of [[Kentucky]] becomes a [[U.S. state]] and receives all laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, making bestiality a capital punishment in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''1 June 1792''' – The Commonwealth of [[Kentucky]] becomes a [[U.S. state]] and receives all laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, making bestiality a capital punishment in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1792–1798''' – The [[French First Republic|French Republic]] adopts the Penal Code of 1791 and applies it to other territories annexed by France:  
* '''1792–1798''' – The [[French First Republic|French Republic]] adopts the Penal Code of 1791 and applies it to other territories annexed by France:  
Line 112: Line 112:
** the former [[Kingdom of Holland]].<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/netherlands_S.pdf The Netherlands by Gert Hekma]</ref>
** the former [[Kingdom of Holland]].<ref>[http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/netherlands_S.pdf The Netherlands by Gert Hekma]</ref>
*'''27 June 1828''' – A new law in [[England]] determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
*'''27 June 1828''' – A new law in [[England]] determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.<ref name="Calendar for June" />
* '''1829''' – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Johnson |author-first=Paul |author2-last=Vanderbeck |author2-first=Robert |title=Law, Religion and Homosexuality |date=2014 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QyLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0415832683}}</ref>
* '''1829''' – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], making bestiality a capital punishment.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Johnson |author-first=Paul |author2-last=Vanderbeck |author2-first=Robert |title=Law, Religion and Homosexuality |date=2014 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QyLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415832687}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1835''' – The [[Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire|Digest of Laws of the]] [[Russian Empire]] (excluding the [[Duke of Finland|Duchy of Finland]]) criminalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0801499585}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1835''' – The [[Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire|Digest of Laws of the]] [[Russian Empire]] (excluding the [[Duke of Finland|Duchy of Finland]]) criminalizes bestiality.<ref name="The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">{{cite book |author-last=Engelstein |author-first=Laura |title=The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia |date=1992 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sal0Ez_Q-pYC&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0801499586}}</ref>
* '''1838''' – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
* '''1838''' – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''20 August 1848''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''20 August 1848''' – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''14 April 1851''' – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref>{{cite book |author-last= Carr |author-first= Jamie |title=Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity |date=2006 |pages=157 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5afcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0415978416}}</ref><ref>[http://www.well.com/~aquarius/benkert-143.htm Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert) ]</ref>
*'''14 April 1851''' – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref>{{cite book |author-last= Carr |author-first= Jamie |title=Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity |date=2006 |pages=157 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5afcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0415978415}}</ref><ref>[http://www.well.com/~aquarius/benkert-143.htm Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert) ]</ref>
*'''1852''' – The [[Austrian Empire]] enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''1852''' – The [[Austrian Empire]] enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''1 November 1861''' – The countries of [[England]], [[Ireland]], and [[Wales]] in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the [[Offences Against the Person Act 1861]], reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/contents/enacted Offences Against the Person Act 1861]</ref>
*'''1 November 1861''' – The countries of [[England]], [[Ireland]], and [[Wales]] in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the [[Offences Against the Person Act 1861]], reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/100/contents/enacted Offences Against the Person Act 1861]</ref>
Line 123: Line 123:
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''22 June 1869''' – The Dominion of [[Canada]] reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref name="Calendar for June">[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref>
*'''22 June 1869''' – The Dominion of [[Canada]] reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref name="Calendar for June">[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref>
*'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code ([[Paragraph 175|§175 StGB]]) of the [[North German Confederation]] takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1939594057}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code ([[Paragraph 175|§175 StGB]]) of the [[North German Confederation]] takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-1939594051}}</ref>
*'''1 January 1872''' – The [[Strafgesetzbuch|Imperial Criminal Law]] (§175 StGB) takes effect in the [[German Empire]], making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" />
*'''1 January 1872''' – The [[Strafgesetzbuch|Imperial Criminal Law]] (§175 StGB) takes effect in the [[German Empire]], making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" />
*'''1878''' – The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT9&lpg=PT9&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&source=bl&ots=goUa6gjR1Q&sig=5uKE-tmILm9pQOCMU44pBC1oKrM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_cMVKmoO9SAsQSIy4GgDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Russia%20law%20zoophilia&f=false Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
*'''1878''' – The [[Kingdom of Hungary]] adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT9&lpg=PT9&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&source=bl&ots=goUa6gjR1Q&sig=5uKE-tmILm9pQOCMU44pBC1oKrM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_cMVKmoO9SAsQSIy4GgDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Russia%20law%20zoophilia&f=false Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
Line 148: Line 148:
*'''7 October 1949''' – The [[German Democratic Republic]] is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
*'''7 October 1949''' – The [[German Democratic Republic]] is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" />
<!-- Commented out the following, which concern short-lived changes of jurisdiction and has no direct relevance to the main subject of the article:    *'''26 January 1956''' – Porkkala Naval Base is returned to the Republic of Finland from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. -->
<!-- Commented out the following, which concern short-lived changes of jurisdiction and has no direct relevance to the main subject of the article:    *'''26 January 1956''' – Porkkala Naval Base is returned to the Republic of Finland from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. -->
*'''25 June 1968''' – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and [[West Berlin]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=0875862527}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
*'''25 June 1968''' – The [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] and [[West Berlin]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals" /><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Tamagne |author-first=Florence |title=A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1 |date=2006 |pages=400 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=978-0875862521}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/berlin_S.pdf|title=glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin|work=glbtq.com}}</ref>
*'''15 January 1971''' – The Republic of [[Finland]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''15 January 1971''' – The Republic of [[Finland]] legalizes bestiality.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" />
*'''16 August 1971''' – The Republic of [[Austria]] legalized bestiality.<ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/austria LGBT rights in Austria]</ref><ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
*'''16 August 1971''' – The Republic of [[Austria]] legalized bestiality.<ref>[http://www.equaldex.com/region/austria LGBT rights in Austria]</ref><ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />

Revision as of 03:13, 25 December 2018

The timeline of zoophilia covers the history of zoophilia and bestiality among humans and non-human animals.

Before the Common Era

23rd millennium BCE

230th century BCE

2nd millennium BCE

18th century BCE

13th century BCE

  • c. 1,300 BCE – c. 1,201 BCE – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a dog, or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a horse or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.[1][2]

1st millennium BCE

7th century BCE

6th century BCE – 4th century BCE

  • c. 538 BCE – 330 BCE – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

"Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"[3]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Deuteronomy, Chapter 27, Verses 21

6th century BCE – 3rd century BCE

  • c. 538 BCE – c. 250 BCE – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:

"You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."[4]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 18, Verses 23–24

"If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."[5]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Leviticus, Chapter 20, Verses 15–16

The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:

"Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."[6]

— Torah / Bible, Book of Exodus, Chapter 22, Verse 19

5th century BCE

"In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."[8]

— Herodotus, Histories, Book 2, Chapter 46, Section 4

1st century BCE

  • c. 27 BCE – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for sodomy, under which bestiality was included.[1]

Common Era

1st millennium

7th century

8th century

2nd millennium

13th century

13th century – 14th century

  • c. 1,250–1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.[14][13]
  • c. 1,272 – The Establishments of Saint Louis is enacted in the Kingdom of France, making bestiality a capital punishment.[15]

14th century

  • 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.[16]

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

  • 1711 – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.[1]
  • March 1724 – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of blasphemy and bestiality; however, he was executed only for blasphemy.[15]
  • 23 January 1736 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[16]
  • 1768 – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy punishable with capital punishment by burning.[24][25]
File:Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg
Thomas Jefferson believed bestiality should be decriminalized entirely because "it can never make any progress".[26]

19th century

  • 1810–1811 – The French Penal Code of 1810 reaffirms the legalisation of bestiality and is incorporated into laws of the French Empire, including territories such as:
  • 27 June 1828 – A new law in England determines that emission is not necessary to complete bestiality, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[31]
  • 1829 – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, making bestiality a capital punishment.[33]
  • 1 January 1835 – The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (excluding the Duchy of Finland) criminalizes bestiality.[34]
  • 1838 – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.[23]
  • 20 August 1848 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.[23]
  • 14 April 1851 – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the Kingdom of Prussia makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[35][36]
  • 1852 – The Austrian Empire enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.[37]
  • 1 November 1861 – The countries of England, Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.[38]
  • 1864 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years' hard labor.[16]
  • 1866 – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years' hard labor, which is further reduced with one-third penalty was served in solitude.[23]
  • 1869 – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.[23]
  • 22 June 1869 – The Dominion of Canada reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.[31]
  • 1 January 1871 – The Criminal Code (§175 StGB) of the North German Confederation takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[39]
  • 1 January 1872 – The Imperial Criminal Law (§175 StGB) takes effect in the German Empire, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[39]
  • 1878 – The Kingdom of Hungary adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.[40]
  • 1894 – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years' imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years' imprisonment.[23]

20th century

  • 1903 – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.[34]
  • 1905 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year; however, prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.[23]
  • 1922–1991 – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics replaces Russian Empire/First Russian Republic; Soviet criminal code does not alter 1903 legalization of bestiality. In most cases, this has also remained the case in post-Soviet states (since 1991).
  • 1 January 1933 – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.[23]
  • 1935 – The Criminal Code of the German Empire is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.[37]
  • 12 August 1940 – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes male bestiality.[23]
  • 1 July 1944 – The Republic of Sweden legalizes bestiality.[23][41]
  • 25 June 1968 – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.[1][42][43]
  • 15 January 1971 – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.[23]
  • 16 August 1971 – The Republic of Austria legalized bestiality.[44][37]
  • 21 April 1972 – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.[23]
  • 1 January 1974 – The U.S. state of Texas legalizes bestiality.[45][46]
  • 8 June 1989 – The U.S. state of South Carolina expands the penalty for commission of certain sexual offenses, including bestiality, to ten years in prison and/or a $10,000 fine if they occur within hundred yards of a day care facility.[31]
  • 14 June 1993 – The State of South Carolina bans foster care by persons convicted of bestiality.[31]
  • 29 June 1994 – The State of South Carolina creates a sex offender registry program and includes those convicted of bestiality.[31]
  • 1990 – 1999 – The first zoophile rights group, called Equality for All (EFA), is created.[47]

3rd millennium

21st century

  • 1 May 2004 – The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is enacted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.[48]
  • 26 January 2009 – The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Section 63) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months' imprisonment in England or six months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.[49]
  • 2009 – Zoophiles Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a zoophile rights organization, is created in Germany.[50]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Podberscek, Anthony; Beetz, Andrea, eds. (2005). Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals. ISBN 978-1557534125.
  2. ↑ Ascione, Frank, ed. (2008). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. p. 205. ISBN 978-1557535658.
  3. ↑ Deuteronomy 27:21
  4. ↑ Leviticus 18:23–18:24
  5. ↑ Leviticus 20:15–20:16
  6. ↑ Exodus 22:19
  7. ↑ Dynes, Wayne, ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2. p. 1418. ISBN 9781317368113.
  8. ↑ "2" 46 [4]. Histories. ISBN 978-0674991309. {{cite book}}: Invalid |script-chapter=: missing prefix (help)
  9. ↑ GLBT Spain
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 “Burned for Sodomy” Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ M. T. G. Humphreys, Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. ISBN 9780198701576.
  12. ↑ It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is pecuniary; the crime usually led to capital punishment.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ekholst, Christine (2014). A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9789004271623.
  14. ↑ In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Rydström, Jens (2003). Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950. p. 34. ISBN 978-0226732572.
  17. ↑ Ben-Atar, Doron; Brown, Richard (2014). Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic. p. 17. ISBN 978-0812245813.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. p. 378. ISBN 978-0520276833.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Fone, Byrne (2000). Homophobia: A History. p. 213. ISBN 978-0312420307.
  20. ↑ Rampone Jr., W. (2011). Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare. p. 22. ISBN 978-0313343759.
  21. ↑ THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)
  22. ↑ GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 Rydström, Jens; Mustola, Kati, eds. (2007). Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999. ISBN 978-9052602455.
  24. ↑ Austria
  25. ↑ West, Donald; Green, Richard, eds. (2002). Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony. ISBN 978-0306455322.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Benemann, William (2006). Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships. p. 133. ISBN 978-1560233459.
  27. ↑ Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the. "Virginia". Glapn.org. Retrieved August 31, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ "Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments". Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  29. ↑ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2001). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1). p. 80. ISBN 978-0415159821.
  30. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Calendar for June
  31. ↑ The Netherlands by Gert Hekma
  32. ↑ Johnson, Paul; Vanderbeck, Robert (2014). Law, Religion and Homosexuality. ISBN 978-0415832687.
  33. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Engelstein, Laura (1992). The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia. ISBN 978-0801499586.
  34. ↑ Carr, Jamie (2006). Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity. p. 157. ISBN 978-0415978415.
  35. ↑ Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert)
  36. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation
  37. ↑ Offences Against the Person Act 1861
  38. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Wackerfuss, Andrew (2015). Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement. p. 23. ISBN 978-1939594051.
  39. ↑ Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals
  40. ↑ LGBT Rights in Sweden
  41. ↑ Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1. p. 400. ISBN 978-0875862521.
  42. ↑ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
  43. ↑ LGBT rights in Austria
  44. ↑ "The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States - Texas". Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  45. ↑ We Are All Sodomites Now
  46. ↑ Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement
  47. ↑ Sexual Offences Act 2003
  48. ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
  49. ↑ ZETA Principles
Retrieved from "https://zoophilia.wiki/index.php?title=Timeline_of_zoophilia&oldid=9483"