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Zoophilia

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Roman oil lamp depicting a zoophilic act, 1st–3rd century A.D.

<a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> having sex with a goat, statue from <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> (catalogued 1752)

Zoophilia is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality is <a href="/wiki/Cross-species_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-species sex">cross-species sexual activity</a> between <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and non-human <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. The terms are often used interchangeably, but some researchers make a distinction between the attraction (zoophilia) and the act (bestiality).^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>}

Although sex with animals <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">is not outlawed in some countries</a>, in most countries, bestiality is illegal under <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal abuse</a> laws or laws dealing with <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crimes against nature</a>.

Terminology

General

Three key terms commonly used in regards to the subject—zoophilia, bestiality, and zoosexuality—are often used somewhat interchangeably. Some researchers distinguish between zoophilia (as a persistent sexual interest in animals) and bestiality (as sexual acts with animals), because bestiality is often not driven by a sexual preference for animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>} Some studies have found a preference for animals is rare among people who engage in sexual contact with animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-earls-2">[2]</a>} Furthermore, some zoophiles report they have never had sexual contact with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>} People with zoophilia are known as "zoophiles", though also sometimes as "zoosexuals", or even very simply "zoos".^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>} Zooerasty, <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and zooerastia^{<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>} are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms, and are seldom used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became widely established.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bornemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bornemann">Ernest Bornemann</a> (1990, cited by Rosenbauer, 1997) coined the separate term <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">zoosadism</a> for those who derive pleasure – sexual or otherwise – from inflicting pain on animals. Zoosadism specifically is one member of the <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_triad" title="Macdonald triad">Macdonald triad</a> of precursors to <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">sociopathic behavior</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a>}

Zoophilia

The term zoophilia was introduced into the field of research on sexuality in <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a> (1886) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Freiherr_von_Krafft-Ebing" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing">Krafft-Ebing</a>, who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",^{<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>} as well as "zoophilia erotica",^{<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>} which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur. The term zoophilia derives from the combination of two nouns in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ζῷον (zṓion, meaning "animal") and φιλία (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-philia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-philia">philia</a>, meaning "(fraternal) love"). In general contemporary usage, the term zoophilia may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> (i.e., the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for non-human animals over humans as sexual partners. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term zooerasty for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,^{<a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">[9]</a>} that term has fallen out of general use.

Zoosexuality

<a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Hokusai</a>'s (1760–1849) <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Fisherman%27s_Wife" title="The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife">The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife</a>.

The term zoosexual was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> in 2002^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>} as a value-neutral term. Usage of zoosexual as a noun (in reference to a person) is synonymous with zoophile, while the adjectival form of the word – as, for instance, in the phrase "zoosexual act" – may indicate sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derivative noun "zoosexuality" is sometimes used by self-identified zoophiles in both support groups and on internet-based discussion forums to designate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> manifesting as romantic or emotional involvement with, or sexual attraction to, non-human animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>}

Bestiality

Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodblock print">woodblock print</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kunisada" title="Kunisada">Utagawa Kunisada</a>'s series, "Eight Canine Heroes of the House of Satomi", 1837.

An 18th-century Indian miniature depicting women practising zoophilia in the bottom register.

The legal term bestiality has three common pronunciations: [ˌbestʃiˈæləti] or [ˌbistʃiˈæləti] in the United States,^{<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>} and [ˌbestiˈæləti] in the United Kingdom.^{<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>} Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between zoophilia and bestiality, using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.^{<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>} Confusing the matter yet further, writing in 1962, Masters used the term bestialist specifically in his discussion of zoosadism.

Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ASPCA</a>, writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Colin_J._Williams" title="Colin J. Williams">Colin J. Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Weinberg">Martin Weinberg</a> studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and reported them as understanding the term zoophilia to involve concern for the animal's welfare, pleasure, and consent, as distinct from the self-labelled zoophiles' concept of "bestialists", whom the zoophiles in their study defined as focused on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that zoophilia is a term used by "apologists" for bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>}

Extent of occurrence

The <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey report">Kinsey reports</a> rated the percentage of people who had sexual interaction with animals at some point in their lives as 8% for men and 3.6% for women, and claimed it was 40–50% in people living near farms,^{<a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">[9]</a>} but some later writers dispute the figures, because the study lacked a random sample in that it included a disproportionate number of prisoners, causing <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> has written that it is difficult to get a random sample in sexual research, and that even when <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gebhard" title="Paul Gebhard">Paul Gebhard</a>, Kinsey's research successor, removed prison samples from the figures, he found the figures were not significantly changed.^{<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>}

By 1974, the farm population in the USA had declined by 80 percent compared with 1940, reducing the opportunity to live with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that these demographic changes led to a significant change in reported occurrences of bestiality. The percentage of males who reported sexual interactions with animals in 1974 was 4.9% (1948: 8.3%), and in females in 1974 was 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to a reduction in interest but merely a reduction in opportunity.^{<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Nancy_Friday" title="Nancy Friday">Nancy Friday</a>'s 1973 book on <a href="/wiki/Female_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sexuality">female sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Secret_Garden" title="My Secret Garden">My Secret Garden</a>, comprised around 190 fantasies from different women; of these, 23 involve zoophilic activity.^{<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>}

In one study, psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55 percent) of reported bestiality, both actual sexual contacts (45 percent) and sexual fantasy (30 percent) than the control groups of medical in-patients (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15 percent).^{<a href="#cite_note-psych-19">[19]</a>} Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they surveyed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse.^{<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>} In a 2014 study, 3% of women and 2.2% of men reported fantasies about having sex with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>} A 1982 study suggested that 7.5 percent of 186 university students had interacted sexually with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>}

Sexual arousal from watching animals mate is known as faunoiphilia.^{<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>} A frequent interest in and sexual excitement at watching animals <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> is cited as an indicator of latent zoophilia by Massen (1994). <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasies</a> about zoophilic acts can occur in people who do not have any wish to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-watching-24">[24]</a>}^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]}. Several studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films depicting <a href="/wiki/Bonobo#Sexual_social_behavior" title="Bonobo">bonobo copulation</a> than to non-sexual stimuli.^{<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>}

Perspectives on zoophilia

Art by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bayros" title="Franz von Bayros">Franz von Bayros</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> between an adolescent and a <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>

Research perspectives

Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> (the study of the human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> (a relatively new discipline primarily studying <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> (the study of <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">animal behavior</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">anthrozoology</a> (the study of human–animal interactions and bonds).

In the fifth edition of the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM-5), zoophilia is placed in the classification "other specified paraphilic disorder"^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">[27]</a>} ("<a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> not otherwise specified" in the DSM-III and IV^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM-28">[28]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Milner2008-29">[29]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Lovemaps-30">[30]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Seto2000-31">[31]</a>}). The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> takes the same position, listing a sexual preference for animals in its <a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">-10</a> as "other disorder of sexual preference".^{<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>} In the DSM-5, it rises to the level of a diagnosable disorder only when accompanied by distress or interference with normal functioning.^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">[27]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>}

Zoophilia may also be covered to some degree by other fields such as ethics, philosophy, law, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. It may also be touched upon by <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> which looks both at zoosadism in examining patterns and issues related to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> and at non-sexual zoophilia in examining the role of animals as emotional support and companionship in human lives, and may fall within the scope of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> if it becomes necessary to consider its significance in a clinical context.

The Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never a clinically significant problem by itself;^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>} it also states that there are several kinds of zoophiles:^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>}

Human-animal role-players
Romantic zoophiles
Zoophilic fantasizers
Tactile zoophiles
Fetishistic zoophiles
Sadistic bestials
Opportunistic zoophiles
Regular zoophiles
Exclusive zoophiles

Additionally, zoophiles in categories 2, 3, and 8 (romantic zoophiles, zoophilic fantasizers, and regular zoophiles) are the most common, while zoophiles found in categories 6 and 7 (sadistic bestials and opportunistic zoophiles) are the least common.^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>}

Zoophilia may reflect childhood experimentation, sexual abuse or lack of other avenues of sexual expression. Exclusive desire for animals rather than humans is considered a rare paraphilia, and sufferers often have other paraphilias^{<a href="#cite_note-LawsO'Donohue2008-35">[35]</a>} with which they present. Zoophiles will not usually seek help for their condition, and so do not come to the attention of psychiatrists for zoophilia itself.^{<a href="#cite_note-Roukema2008-36">[36]</a>}

The first detailed studies of zoophilia date from prior to 1910. Peer reviewed research into zoophilia in its own right started around 1960. However, a number of the most oft-quoted studies, such as Miletski, were not published in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> journals. There have been several significant modern books, from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002);^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>} their research arrived at the following conclusions:

Most zoophiles have (or have also had) long term human relationships as well or at the same time as zoosexual ones, and that zoosexual partners are usually dogs and/or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz)^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Aggrawal2008-38">[38]</a>}
Zoophiles' emotions and care for animals can be real, relational, authentic and (within animals' abilities) reciprocal, and not just a substitute or means of expression.^{<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>} Beetz believes zoophilia is not an inclination which is chosen.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}
Society in general at present is considerably misinformed about zoophilia, its stereotypes, and its meaning.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>} The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a critical one to these researchers, and is highlighted by each of these studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999) and Weinberg (2003) each comment significantly on the social harm caused by misunderstandings regarding zoophilia: "This destroy[s] the lives of many citizens".^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}

Beetz also states the following:

The phenomenon of sexual contact with animals is starting to lose its taboo: it is appearing more often in scholarly publications, and the public are being confronted with it, too. ... Sexual contact with animals – in the form of bestiality or zoophilia – needs to be discussed more openly and investigated in more detail by scholars working in disciplines such as animal ethics, animal behavior, anthrozoology, psychology, mental health, sociology, and the law.^{<a href="#cite_note-BeetzPodberseck-40">[40]</a>}

More recently, research has engaged three further directions: the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy a zoophilic relationship assuming <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and Masochism">sadism</a> is not present, and can form an affectionate bond.^{<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>} Similar findings are also reported by Kinsey (cited by Masters), and others earlier in history. Miletski (1999) notes that information on sex with animals on the internet is often very emphatic as to what the zoophile believes gives pleasure and how to identify what is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> beforehand. For instance, Jonathan Balcombe says animals do things for pleasure. But he himself says pet owners will be unimpressed by this statement, as this is not news to them.^{<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>}

Beetz described the phenomenon of zoophilia/bestiality as being somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, although she says that most research has been based on <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminological</a> reports, so the cases have frequently involved violence and psychiatric illness. She says only a few recent studies have taken data from volunteers in the community.^{<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>} As with all volunteer surveys and sexual ones in particular, these studies have a potential for <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a> bias.^{<a href="#cite_note-Slade2001-44">[44]</a>}

Medical research suggests that some zoophiles only become aroused by a specific species (such as horses), some zoophiles become aroused by multiple species (which may or may not include humans), and some zoophiles are not attracted to humans at all.^{<a href="#cite_note-earls-2">[2]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>}

Researchers who observed a monkey trying to mate with a deer in 2017 (interspecies sex) said that it may provide clues into why humans have interspecies sex.^{<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>}

Historical and cultural perspectives

The taboo of zoophilia has led to stigmatised groups being accused of it, as with <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>. This German illustration shows <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> performing bestiality on a <a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a>, while Satan watches.

Instances of this behavior have been found in the Bible.^{<a href="#cite_note-aggrawal_2009_16_3-49">[49]</a>} In a cave painting from at least 8000 BC in the Northern Italian <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> a man is shown about to penetrate an animal. Raymond Christinger interprets that as a show of power of a tribal chief,^{<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>} and so we do not know if this practice was then more acceptable, and if the scene depicted was usual or unusual or whether it was symbolic or imaginary.^{<a href="#cite_note-Bevan2006-51">[51]</a>} The "Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art" says the scene may be humorous, as the penetrating man seems to be waving cheerfully with his hand at the same time. Potters seem to have spent time depicting the practice, but this may be because they found the idea amusing.^{<a href="#cite_note-Bahn1998-52">[52]</a>} Dr "Jacobus X", said to be the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of a French author, said this was clearly "before any known taboos against sex with animals existed".^{<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>} Marc Epprecht states that authors such as Jacobus X do not deserve respect because their methodology is based on hearsay, and was designed for voyeuristic titillation of the reader.^{<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>} Masters said that since pre-historic man is <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> it goes without saying that we know little of his sexual behaviour;^{<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>} depictions in cave paintings may only show the artist's subjective preoccupations or thoughts.

<a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> claimed the Egyptians engaged in ritual congress with goats.^{<a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">[56]</a>} Such claims about other cultures do not necessarily reflect anything about which the author had evidence, but may be a form of propaganda or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

Bestiality was accepted in some North American and Middle Eastern indigenous cultures.^{<a href="#cite_note-Noram-57">[57]</a>} Sexual intercourse between humans and non-human animals was not uncommon among certain Native American indigenous peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Taleyesva-59">[59]</a>} Voget describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive", including bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>} In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Inuit" title="Copper Inuit">Copper Inuit</a> people had "no aversion to intercourse with live animals".^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>}

Several cultures built temples (<a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, India) or other structures (<a href="/wiki/Sagaholm" title="Sagaholm">Sagaholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a>, Sweden) with zoophilic carvings on the exterior, however at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, these depictions are not on the interior, perhaps depicting that these are things that belong to the profane world rather than the spiritual world, and thus are to be left outside.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

In the Church-oriented culture of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, zoophilic activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging, as "both a violation of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Biblical edicts</a> and a degradation of man as a spiritual being rather than one that is purely animal and carnal".^{<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>} Some witches were accused of having congress with the devil in the form of an animal. As with all accusations and confessions extracted under torture in the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">witch trials in Early Modern Europe</a>, their validity cannot be ascertained.^{<a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">[56]</a>}

Religious perspectives

Passages in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a> (Lev 18:23: "And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." RSV) and 20:15–16 ("If a man lies with a beast, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the beast. If a woman approaches any beast and lies with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them." RSV) are cited by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians as categorical denunciation of bestiality. However, the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> have been interpreted by some as not expressly forbidding bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Plummer-61">[61]</a>}

In Part II of his <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a>, medieval philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ranked various "unnatural vices" (sex acts resulting in "venereal pleasure" rather than procreation) by degrees of sinfulness, concluding that "the most grievous is the sin of bestiality".^{<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>} Some Christian theologians extend <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>'s view that <a href="/wiki/Antithesis_of_the_Law#Adultery" class="mw-redirect" title="Antithesis of the Law">even having thoughts of adultery is sinful</a> to imply that thoughts of committing bestial acts are likewise sinful.

Man having intercourse with a horse, pictured on the exterior of a temple in <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>.

There are a few references in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> scriptures to religious figures engaging in symbolic sexual activity with animals such as explicit depictions of people having sex with animals included amongst the thousands of sculptures of "Life events" on the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temple complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>. The depictions are largely symbolic depictions of the sexualization of some animals and are not meant to be taken literally.^{<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>} According to the Hindu tradition of erotic painting and sculpture, having sex with an animal is believed to be actually a human having sex with a god incarnated in the form of an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-PodberscekBeetz2005-64">[64]</a>} However, in some Hindu scriptures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, having sex with animals, especially the cow, leads one to <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">hell</a>, where one is tormented by having one's body rubbed on trees with razor-sharp thorns.^{<a href="#cite_note-mani-65">[65]</a>}

Legal status

In many jurisdictions, all forms of zoophilic acts are prohibited; others outlaw only the mistreatment of animals, without specific mention of sexual activity. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> (also known as the Extreme Pornography Act) outlaws images of a person performing or appearing to perform an act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive).^{<a href="#cite_note-opsisect63-66">[66]</a>} Despite the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">UK Ministry of Justice</a>'s explanatory note on extreme images saying "It is not a question of the intentions of those who produced the image. Nor is it a question of the sexual arousal of the defendant",^{<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>} "it could be argued that a person might possess such an image for the purposes of satire, political commentary or simple grossness," according to <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>}

Many new laws banning sex with animals have been made recently, such as in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">[69]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>}<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>} and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>} The number of jurisdictions around the world banning it has grown in the <a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" title="2000s (decade)">2000s</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s (decade)">2010s</a>.

The only EU countries where zoophilia remains legal are Finland, Hungary, and Romania.^{<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22-77">[77]</a>}

Laws on zoophilia are sometimes triggered by specific incidents.^{<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>} While some laws are very specific, others employ vague terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>" or "bestiality", which lack legal precision and leave it unclear exactly which acts are covered. In the past, some bestiality laws may have been made in the belief that sex with an animal could result in monstrous offspring, as well as offending the community. Current anti-cruelty laws focus more specifically on animal welfare while anti-bestiality laws are aimed only at offenses to community "standards".^{<a href="#cite_note-posner-79">[79]</a>}

Notable legal views include Sweden, where a 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the government expressed concern over the increase in reports of <a href="/wiki/Horse-ripping" title="Horse-ripping">horse-ripping</a> incidents. The agency believed current animal cruelty legislation was not sufficient in protecting animals from abuse and needed updating, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.^{<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>} In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offense, and instead viewing it as a mental health issue, but they did not, and people can still be prosecuted for it. Under Section 143 of the Crimes Act 1961, individuals can serve a sentence of seven years duration for animal sexual abuse and the offence is considered 'complete' in the event of 'penetration'.^{<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>} In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a clarification of the anti-bestiality law was made in 2016 which legalizes most forms of sexual contact with animals other than penetration.^{<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>}

Some countries once had laws against single males living with female animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} Copulating with a female alpaca is still specifically against the law in Peru.^{<a href="#cite_note-Leavitt2003-83">[83]</a>}

As of 2017, bestiality is illegal in 45 U.S. states. Most state bestiality laws were enacted between 1999 and 2017.^{<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-TableLaws2016-85">[85]</a>} Until 2005, there was a farm near <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw,_Washington" title="Enumclaw, Washington">Enumclaw, Washington</a> that was described as an “animal brothel”, where people paid to have sex with animals. After <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw_horse_sex_case" title="Enumclaw horse sex case">an incident on 2 July 2005</a>, when a man was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw community hospital after his colon ruptured due to having had anal sex with a horse, the farm garnered police attention. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">state legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">State of Washington</a>, which had been one of the few states in the United States without a law against bestiality, within six months passed a bill making bestiality illegal.^{<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>} Arizona,^{<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>} Alaska,^{<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>} Florida,^{<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>} Alabama,^{<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>} New Jersey,^{<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>} New Hampshire,^{<a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">[69]</a>} Ohio,^{<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>} Texas,^{<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>} Vermont,^{<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>} and Nevada^{<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>} have banned sex with animals between 2006 and the present, with the latter 5 all banning it in 2017. When such laws are proposed, they are never questioned or debated.^{<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>} Laws which prohibit non-abusive bestiality have been criticized for being discriminatory, unjust and unconstitutional.^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">[100]</a>}

Pornography

Ancient Greek sodomising a goat", plate XVII from '<a href="/wiki/De_Figuris_Veneris" class="mw-redirect" title="De Figuris Veneris">De Figuris Veneris</a>' by F.K. Forberg, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril" title="Édouard-Henri Avril">Édouard-Henri Avril</a>.

Pornography involving sex with animals is widely illegal, even in most countries where bestiality itself is not explicitly outlawed.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, zoophilic pornography would be considered <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a> if it did not meet the standards of the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a> and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' includes transmission across the Internet. Production and mere possession appears to be legal, however. U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are as of 2005 in some doubt, having been ruled <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Extreme_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Extreme Associates">United States v. Extreme Associates</a> (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005).

Similar restrictions apply in Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia#Legal_status" title="Zoophilia">above</a>). In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> the possession, making or distribution of material promoting bestiality is illegal.

The potential use of media for <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic movie">pornographic movies</a> was seen from the start of the era of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>. Polissons and Galipettes (re-released 2002 as "<a href="/wiki/The_Good_Old_Naughty_Days" title="The Good Old Naughty Days">The Good Old Naughty Days</a>") is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use, including some animal pornography, dating from around 1905 – 1930.

Material featuring sex with animals is widely available on the Internet, due to its ease of production.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} Prior to the advent of mass-market magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Bible">Tijuana Bibles</a> were a form of pornographic tract popular in America, sold as anonymous underground publications typically comprising a small number of stapled comic-strips representing characters and celebrities.^{<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>}

The promotion of "stars" began with the Danish <a href="/wiki/Bodil_Joensen" title="Bodil Joensen">Bodil Joensen</a>, in the period of 1969–72, along with other porn actors such as the Americans <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a> (Dogarama, 1969), Chessie Moore (multiple films, c. 1994), Kerri Downs (three films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film to attain great infamy was "<a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(video)" title="Animal Farm (video)">Animal Farm</a>", smuggled into Great Britain around 1980 without details as to makers or provenance.^{<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>} The film was later traced to a crude juxtaposition of smuggled cuts from many of Bodil Joensen's 1970s Danish movies.

Into the 1980s, the Dutch took the lead, creating figures like "Wilma" and the "Dutch Sisters". In the 1980s, "bestiality" was featured in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_Hedman" title="Marina Hedman">Marina Hedman</a>, manifested early in the softcore flick Bestialità in 1976.

Today, in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where production faces no legal limitations, zoophilic materials have become a substantial industry that produces a number of films and magazines, particularly for Dutch companies such as Topscore and Book & Film International, and the <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> has stars such as "Hector", a <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">great dane</a> dog starring in several films. Many Hungarian mainstream performers also appeared anonymously in animal pornography in their early careers, including for example, Suzy Spark.^{<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>}

In Japan, animal pornography is used to bypass censorship laws, often featuring Japanese and Swedish^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} female models performing <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not in the scope of Japanese mosaic censor. Sakura Sakurada is an <a href="/wiki/AV_idol" title="AV idol">AV idol</a> known to have appeared in animal pornography, specifically in the AV The Dog Game in 2006. While primarily underground, there are a number of animal pornography actresses who specialize in bestiality movies. A box-office success of the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/24_Horas_de_Sexo_Expl%C3%ADcito" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Horas de Sexo Explícito">24 Horas de Sexo Explícito</a> featured zoophilia.

In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> criminalises possession of realistic pornographic images depicting sex with animals (see <a href="/wiki/Extreme_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme pornography">extreme pornography</a>), including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images depicting sex with dead animals, where no crime has taken place in the production. The law provides for sentences of up to two years in prison; a sentence of 12 months was handed down in one case in 2011.^{<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>}

Pornography of this sort has become the business of certain <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spammers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jaynes" title="Jeremy Jaynes">Jeremy Jaynes</a> and owners of some fake <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail_gallery_post" title="Thumbnail gallery post">TGPs</a>, who use the promise of "extreme" material as a bid for users' attention.

Health and safety

Infections that are transmitted from animals to humans are called <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonoses</a>. Some zoonoses may be transferred through casual contact, but others are much more readily transferred by activities that expose humans to the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, vaginal fluids, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and blood of animals. Examples of zoonoses are <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>. Therefore, sexual activity with animals is, in some instances, a high risk activity. <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergic reactions</a> to animal semen may occur, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Bites and other trauma from penetration or trampling may occur.

Zoophiles

Non-sexual zoophilia

The love of animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> the word "zoophilia" is sometimes used without sexual implications. Being fond of animals in general, or as pets, is accepted in Western society, and is usually respected or tolerated. However, the word zoophilia is used to mean a sexual preference towards animals, which makes it^{<a href="#cite_note-CraigheadNemeroff2002-105">[105]</a>} a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>. Some zoophiles may not act on their sexual attraction to animals. People who identify as zoophiles may feel their love for animals is romantic rather than purely sexual, and say this makes them different from those committing entirely sexually motivated acts of bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Delaney2003-106">[106]</a>}

Zoophile community

Several companies (e.g., Bad Dragon) sell <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildos</a> in the shape of animal penises, both realistic and fantastical. This one is based on a <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf's penis">wolf's penis</a>.

An online survey which recruited participants over the internet concluded that prior to the arrival of widespread <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, most zoophiles would not have known other zoophiles, and for the most part, zoophiles engaged in bestiality secretly, or told only trusted friends, family or partners. The internet and its predecessors made people able to search for information on topics which were not otherwise easily accessible and to communicate with relative safety and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the internet, zoophiles had the ideal opportunity to "openly" express their sexuality.^{<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>} As with many other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternate lifestyles</a>, broader networks began forming in the 1980s when participating in <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">networked social groups</a> became more common at home and elsewhere.^{<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">[108]</a>} Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; the linking of computers meant that people thousands of miles apart could feel the intimacy akin to being in a small village together.^{<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>} The popular newsgroup <a href="/wiki/Alt.sex" title="Alt.sex">alt.sex.bestiality</a>, said to be in the top 1% of newsgroup interest (i.e. number 50 out of around 5000), – and reputedly started in humor^{<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>} – along with personal <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board" title="Bulletin board">bulletin boards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">talkers</a>, chief among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sleepy%27s_multiple_worlds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sleepy's multiple worlds (page does not exist)">Sleepy's multiple worlds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintilla_(talker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintilla (talker) (page does not exist)">Lintilla</a>, and Planes of Existence, were among the first group media of this kind in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups rapidly drew together zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and social websites and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Forum">internet forums</a>. By around 1992–1994, the wide social net had evolved.^{<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>} This was initially centered around the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a>, alt.sex.bestiality, which during the six years following 1990 had matured into a discussion and support group.^{<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>} The newsgroup included information about health issues, laws governing zoophilia, bibliography relating to the subject, and community events.^{<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>}

Weinberg and Williams observe that the internet can socially integrate an incredibly large number of people. In Kinsey's day contacts between animal lovers were more localized and limited to male compatriots in a particular rural community. Further, while the farm boys Kinsey researched might have been part of a rural culture in which sex with animals was a part, the sex itself did not define the community. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large compared to other subcultures which make use of the internet, so Weinberg and Williams surmised its aims and beliefs would likely change little as it grew. Those particularly active on the internet may not be aware of a wider subculture, as there is not much of a wider subculture, Weinberg and Williams felt the virtual zoophile group would lead the development of the subculture.^{<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">[108]</a>}

Websites aim to provide support and social assistance to zoophiles (including resources to help and rescue abused or mistreated animals), but these are not usually well publicized. Such work is often undertaken as needed by individuals and friends, within social networks, and by word of mouth.^{<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>}

Zoophiles tend to experience their first zoosexual feelings during adolescence, and tend to be secretive about it, hence limiting the ability for non-Internet communities to form.^{<a href="#cite_note-browplm2-118">[118]</a>}

Debate over zoophilia or zoophilic relations

<a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Michelangelo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)">Leda and the Swan</a>, copy of a lost Michelangelo.

Because of its controversial nature, people have developed arguments both for^{<a href="#cite_note-singer01-119">[119]</a>} and against^{<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>} zoophilia. Arguments for and against zoosexual activity from a variety of sources, including religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social.

Arguments against bestiality

Bestiality is seen by the government of the United Kingdom as profoundly disturbed behavior (as indicated by the UK <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> review on sexual offences in 2002).^{<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>} Andrea Beetz states there is evidence that there can be violent zoosadistic approaches to sex with animals. Beetz argues that animals might be traumatized even by a non-violent, sexual approach from a human;^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>} however, Beetz also says that in some cases, non-abusive bestiality can be reciprocally pleasurable for both the human and non-human animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>}

An argument from human dignity is given by Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a> proponent at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a> of the conservative Christian <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>: – "such behavior is profoundly degrading and utterly subversive to the crucial understanding that human beings are unique, special, and of the highest moral worth in the known universe—a concept known as '<a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human exceptionalism">human exceptionalism</a>' ... one of the reasons bestiality is condemned through law is that such degrading conduct unacceptably subverts standards of basic human dignity and is an affront to humankind's inestimable importance and intrinsic moral worth."^{<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>}

One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.^{<a href="#cite_note-Regan63-124">[124]</a>}

The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS) has said that as animals do not have the same capacity for thinking as humans, they are unable to give full consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual activity between humans and animals is abusive, whether it involves physical injury or not.^{<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>} In his 1993 article, Dr. Frank Ascione stated that "bestiality may be considered abusive even in cases when physical harm to an animal does not occur." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, Professor of Criminology at the University of Southern Maine, points out that 'for genuine consent to sexual relations to be present...both participants must be conscious, fully informed and positive in their desires.'^{<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>}

Arguments for bestiality

Book illustration depicting dog with woman, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 15th century.

Some defenders of bestiality argue that the issue of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> is irrelevant because many legal human practices (such as <a href="/wiki/Semen_collection" title="Semen collection">semen collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination_of_livestock_and_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial insemination of livestock and pets">artificial insemination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">laboratory testing</a>, and slaughtering animals for meat) do not involve the consent of the animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>} Brian Cutteridge states the following regarding this argument:

"Animal sexual autonomy is regularly violated for human financial gain through procedures such as [artificial insemination and slaughter]. Such procedures are probably more disturbing physically and psychologically than acts of zoophilia would be, yet the issue of consent on the part of the animal is never raised in the discussion of such procedures. To confine the 'right' of any animal strictly to acts of zoophilia is thus to make a law [against zoophilia] based not on reason but on moral prejudice, and to breach the constitutional rights of zoophiles to due process and equality before the law. [...] Laws which criminalize zoophilia based on societal abhorrence of such acts rather than any real harm caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional infringement on individual liberty."^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> believes that "Animals are capable of sexual consent – and even initiation – in their own way."^{<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>} It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt to copulate with ("hump") the legs of people of both genders.^{<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>} Rosenberger (1968) emphasizes that as far as cunnilingus is concerned, dogs require no training, and even Dekkers (1994) and Menninger (1951) admit that sometimes animals take the initiative and do so impulsively.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>} Those supporting zoophilic activity feel animals sometimes even seem to enjoy the sexual attention^{<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>} or voluntarily initiate sexual activity with humans.^{<a href="#cite_note-Dekkers,_1994-132">[132]</a>} Animals such as dogs can be willing participants in sexual activity with humans, and "seem to enjoy the attention provided by the sexual interaction with a human."^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>} Animal owners normally know what their own pets like or do not like. Most people can tell if an animal does not like how it is being petted, because it will move away. An animal that is liking being petted pushes against the hand, and seems to enjoy it. To those defending bestiality this is seen as a way in which animals give consent, or the fact that a dog might wag its tail.^{<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a> philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal liberation</a> author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> argues that bestiality is not unethical so long as it involves no harm or cruelty to the animal^{<a href="#cite_note-SingerNerve-134">[134]</a>} (see <a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a>). In the article "Heavy Petting,"^{<a href="#cite_note-Singer01-135">[135]</a>} Singer argues that zoosexual activity need not be abusive, and that relationships could form which were mutually enjoyed. Singer and others have argued that people's dislike of bestiality is partly caused by irrational <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>} Because interspecies sex occurs in nature,^{<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>} and because humans are animals,^{<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>} supporters argue that zoosexual activity is not "unnatural" and is not intrinsically wrong.^{<a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">[100]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>}

Research has proven that non-human animals can and do have <a href="/wiki/Animal_co-opted_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal co-opted sexual behavior">sex for non-reproductive purposes</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Sex_for_pleasure" title="Animal sexual behaviour">for pleasure</a>).^{<a href="#cite_note-Poiani-141">[141]</a>} In 2006, a Danish Animal Ethics Council report concluded that ethically performed zoosexual activity is capable of providing a positive experience for all participants, and that some non-human animals are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_imprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual imprinting">sexually attracted to humans</a>^{<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>} (for example, <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a>).^{<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>}

Some zoophiles claim that they are not abusive towards animals:^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>}

"In other recent surveys, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the notion that they were abusive toward animals in any way—far from it, they said. Many even consider themselves to be animal welfare advocates in addition to zoophiles."^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>}

Mentions in the media

Because of its controversial nature, different countries vary in the discussion of bestiality. Often sexual matters are the subject of legal or regulatory requirement. In 2005 the UK broadcasting regulator (<a href="/wiki/OFCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFCOM">OFCOM</a>) updated its code stating that freedom of expression is at the heart of any democratic state. Adult audiences should be informed as to what they will be viewing or hearing, and the young, who cannot make a fully informed choice for themselves, should be protected. Hence a <a href="/wiki/Watershed_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watershed (television)">watershed</a> and other precautions were set up for explicit sexual material, to protect young people. Zoophile activity and other sexual matters may be discussed, but only in an appropriate context and manner.^{<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>}

The IPT^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]} was replaced after the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act in 1993, replaced with bodies designed to allow both more debate and increased consistency, and possession and supply of material that it is decided are objectionable was made a criminal offence.

References and footnotes

^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-2">^c</a> Ranger, R.; Fedoroff, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full">"Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 42 (4): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492067">25492067</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style>
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^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1">^b</a> American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 705.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-DSM_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43483668">43483668</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0">^</a> Milner, J. S.; Dopke, C. A. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws, D. R.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Guilford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guilford Press">The Guilford Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385">384–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580827">152580827</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money, John</a> (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3">978-0-87975-456-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19340917">19340917</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0">^</a> Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias". In Hersen, M.; Van Hasselt, V. B. (eds.). Aggression and violence: an introductory text. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>. pp. 198–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7">978-0-205-26721-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41380492">41380492</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference"</a>. Who.int. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Miletski, H. (2015). "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 26 (2): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387">10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146150162">146150162</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2">^c</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2011). "A new classification of zoophilia". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (2): 73–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004">10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315301">21315301</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-LawsO'Donohue2008_35-0">^</a> D. Richard Laws; William T. O'Donohue (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</a>. Guilford Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0">^</a> Richard W. Roukema (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&pg=PA133&dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias">What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition</a>. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9">978-1-58562-750-9</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2">^c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3">^d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4">^e</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.
<a href="#cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0">^</a> Anil Aggrawal (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258">Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</a>. CRC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9">978-1-4200-4309-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)
<a href="#cite_ref-BeetzPodberseck_40-0">^</a> Anthony L. Podberscek; Andrea M. Beetz (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&lpg=PT91&dq=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&pg=PT94#v=onepage">Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals</a>. Berg. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9">978-0-85785-222-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Masters, 1962.
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<a href="#cite_ref-Slade2001_44-0">^</a> Joseph W. Slade (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Opv9nz2M5c0C&pg=PA980&dq=%22volunteer+selection%22+sex">Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3">978-0-313-31521-3</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bhatia, MS; Srivastava, S; Sharma, S (2005). "1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: A case report". Medicine, Science, and the Law. 45 (2): 174–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Frsmmsl.45.2.174">10.1258/rsmmsl.45.2.174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15895645">15895645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5744962">5744962</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Devlin, Hannah (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/10/snow-monkey-attempts-sex-with-deer-in-rare-example-of-interspecies-mating">"Snow monkey attempts sex with deer in rare example of interspecies mating"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/macaque-monkey-sika-deer-interspecies-mating/">"Monkey Tries to Mate With Deer in First Ever Video"</a>. Nationalgeographic.com. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Wenzke, Marissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2017/01/10/snow-monkey-deer/">"Sex between snow monkey and deer shows different species may mate if they're 'deprived', study says"</a>. Mashable.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-aggrawal_2009_16_3_49-0">^</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2009). "References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16 (3): 109–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2008.07.006">10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239958">19239958</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeometry.org/sxx.htm">Archaeometry.org</a>, Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org
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<a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense, 1901.
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<a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Masters, Robert E. L., Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality, p. 5.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-1">^b</a> Vern L. Bullough; Bonnie Bullough (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&pg=PA61&dq=bestiality+%22ancient+egypt%22+religious">Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7">978-0-8240-7972-7</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Noram_57-0">^</a> Judith Worell (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA298&dq=bestiality+indigenous+gender">"Cross-Cultural Sexual Practices"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298">Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender</a>. Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5">978-0-12-227245-5</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-2">^c</a> Voget, F. W. (1961) "Sex life of the American Indians", in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, pp. 90–109.
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<a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Masters (1962)
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<a href="#cite_ref-mani_65-0">^</a> Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft">Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/368">368–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0">978-0-8426-0822-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2198347">2198347</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-Leavitt2003_83-0">^</a> Fred Leavitt (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav">The Real Drug Abusers</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4">978-0-7425-2518-4</a>. female alpaca peru copulate.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality">"Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality"</a>. Washington Times. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sessions, David (27 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/">"Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a>. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Mandell, Nina (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill">"Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk"</a>. Daily News. New York.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/">"SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session"</a>. Openstate.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014">"New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session"</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015">"Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly"</a>. Legiscan.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html">"Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1"</a>. Star-telegram.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf">"No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice"</a> (PDF). Legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391">"AB391"</a>. Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html">"Senate again passes bestiality bill | Florida Politics | Sun Sentinel blog"</a>. Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2">^c</a> Bering, Jesse (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24">"Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-2">^c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">"Inter-disciplinary.net"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-1">^b</a> Roberts, Michael (2009). "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310">10.2139/ssrn.1328310</a>. Cite journal requires |journal= (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=0">tijuanabibles.org page link</a> (also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=1">full size</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search">search</a>).
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<a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html">EuroBabeIndex.com</a>, Suzy Spark
<a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer">‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Post" title="Reading Post">Reading Post</a>, 26 January 2011.
<a href="#cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0">^</a> W. Edward Craighead; Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. (11 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&dq=zoophilia+meaning&q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&q=zoophilia%20meaning&f=false">The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1050. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6">978-0-471-27083-6</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.
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^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2">^c</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.
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<a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> 28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html">"Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists"</a>. Breezejmu.org. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Miltski, 1999, p. 50.
<a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997.
<a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.
<a href="#cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0">^</a> Dekkers, 1994.
<a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"
<a href="#cite_ref-SingerNerve_134-0">^</a> Singer, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616055314/http://www.nerve.com/Opinions/Singer/heavyPetting/main.asp">Heavy Petting</a>, Nerve, 2001.
<a href="#cite_ref-Singer01_135-0">^</a> Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Utilitarian.com"</a>. Utilitarian.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Ruetenik, T. (2010). "Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved". Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. 17 (2): 317–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisq034">10.1093/isle/isq034</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Boggs, Colleen Glenney (Fall 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/summary/v076/76.boggs.html">"American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity"</a>. Cultural Critique. 76 (76): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcul.2010.0020">10.1353/cul.2010.0020</a> (inactive 22 January 2020). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40925347">40925347</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html">"Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/pwruab/cgi-bin/pwrofthepen/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/kerstin-grune1.pdf">"Changing Perspectives of Bestiality: Breaking the Human-Animal Distinction to Violating Animal Rights"</a> (PDF). Stanford.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 918–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Poiani_141-0">^</a> Aldo Poiani; A. F. Dixson (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EftT_1bsPOAC&lpg=PR7&dq=animals%20homosexuality&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=animals%20homosexuality&f=false;">Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2">978-1-139-49038-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Danish Animal Ethics Council report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009031312/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers/smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.
<a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321162034/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM%3AWORLD">"Bid to save over-friendly dolphin"</a>. CNN. 28 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM:WORLD">the original</a> on 21 March 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101">"OFCOM Broadcasting Code"</a>. Ofcom.org.uk. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a>
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[ranger-1] <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-2">^c</a> Ranger, R.; Fedoroff, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full">"Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 42 (4): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492067">25492067</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style>

[earls-2] <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-1">^b</a> Earls, C. M.; Lalumiere, M. L. (2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 14 (1): 83–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107906320201400106">10.1177/107906320201400106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803597">11803597</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[3] <a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the pooch: Legitimizing accounts in a zoophilia on-line community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Handbookth-4] <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-2">^c</a> Beetz, Andrea M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA201&dq=zoophilia#v=onepage&q=zoophilia&f=false">"Bestiality and Zoophilia: A Discussion of Sexual Contact With Animals"</a>. In Ascione, Frank (ed.). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8">978-1-55753-565-8</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[5] <a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zooerastia">"zooerastia definition"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 13 December 2011.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[MacDonald-6] <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-0">^</a> MacDonald, J. M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=149172">"The Threat to Kill"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (2): 125–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.120.2.125">10.1176/ajp.120.2.125</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[7] <a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 561.

[8] <a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 281.

[deviance_391-9] <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-1">^b</a> D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+paraphilia">Books.Google.co.uk</a>, Sexual Deviance, page 391. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.

[10] <a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoosexuality.org/?id=1">"What is zoosexuality"</a>. Zoosexuality.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[11] <a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[12] <a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[13] <a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sexuality.about.com/od/glossary/g/zoophilia.htm">"Sexuality.about.com"</a>. Sexuality.about.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[14] <a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Melinda Roth (15 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/">"All Opposed, Say Neigh"</a>. Riverfront Times. Retrieved 24 January 2009.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[15] <a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Williams CJ, Weinberg MS (December 2003). "Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (6): 523–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026085410617">10.1023/A:1026085410617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&##160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14574096">14574096</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[16] <a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Richard Duberman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">KinseyInstitute.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111215816/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kinsey's Urethra The Nation, 3 November 1997, pp. 40–43. Review of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. By James H. Jones.

[17] <a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)

[18] <a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Nancy Friday (1998) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=J9ZKmplu4agC&pg=PA180">"What do women fantasize about? The Zoo"</a>. My Secret Garden (Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7">978-0-671-01987-7</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[psych-19] <a href="#cite_ref-psych_19-0">^</a> Alvarez, WA; Freinhar, JP (1991). "A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff". International Journal of Psychosomatics. 38 (1–4): 45–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778686">1778686</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[20] <a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Crépault, Claude; Couture, Marcel (1980). "Men's erotic fantasies". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 9 (6): 565–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01542159">10.1007/BF01542159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7458662">7458662</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[21] <a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Joyal, C. C.; Cossette, A.; Lapierre, V. (2014). "What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (2): 328–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12734">10.1111/jsm.12734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359122">25359122</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[22] <a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Story, MD (1982). "A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980". Adolescence. 17 (68): 737–47. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7164870">7164870</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[23] <a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Aggrawal, Anil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=faunoiphilia&f=false">Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices</a>. CRC Press, 2008.

[watching-24] <a href="#cite_ref-watching_24-0">^</a> R.E.L. Masters: Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality. New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").

[25] <a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Chivers, Meredith L.; Seto, Michael C.; Blanchard, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b52fc27742c03a14ff61ccb1bff8f3421b2fe55">"Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 93 (6): 1108–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.6.1108">10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072857">18072857</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[26] <a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Chivers, Meredith L.; Bailey, J. Michael (2005). "A sex difference in features that elicit genital response". Biological Psychology. 70 (2): 115–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2004.12.002">10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168255">16168255</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[DSM_5-27] <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1">^b</a> American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 705.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[DSM-28] <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43483668">43483668</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Milner2008-29] <a href="#cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0">^</a> Milner, J. S.; Dopke, C. A. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws, D. R.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Guilford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guilford Press">The Guilford Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385">384–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580827">152580827</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Lovemaps-30] <a href="#cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money, John</a> (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3">978-0-87975-456-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19340917">19340917</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Seto2000-31] <a href="#cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0">^</a> Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias". In Hersen, M.; Van Hasselt, V. B. (eds.). Aggression and violence: an introductory text. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>. pp. 198–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7">978-0-205-26721-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41380492">41380492</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[32] <a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference"</a>. Who.int. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[33] <a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Miletski, H. (2015). "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 26 (2): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387">10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146150162">146150162</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[scidirectpii-34] <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2">^c</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2011). "A new classification of zoophilia". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (2): 73–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004">10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315301">21315301</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[LawsO'Donohue2008-35] <a href="#cite_ref-LawsO'Donohue2008_35-0">^</a> D. Richard Laws; William T. O'Donohue (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</a>. Guilford Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Roukema2008-36] <a href="#cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0">^</a> Richard W. Roukema (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&pg=PA133&dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias">What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition</a>. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9">978-1-58562-750-9</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Beetz2002-37] <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2">^c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3">^d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4">^e</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.

[Aggrawal2008-38] <a href="#cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0">^</a> Anil Aggrawal (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258">Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</a>. CRC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9">978-1-4200-4309-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[39] <a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)

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[TableLaws2016-85] <a href="#cite_ref-TableLaws2016_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/topic/table-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws">"Table of State Animal Sexual Assault Laws | Animal Legal & Historical Center"</a>. Animallaw.info. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[86] <a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Johnston, Lynda and <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Longhurst" title="Robyn Longhurst">Longhurst, Robyn</a> Space, Place, and Sex <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>:2010 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 110.

[87] <a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822194920/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1739698%2C00.html">Man dies after sex with horse</a>". News24, 19 July 2005.

[88] <a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality">"Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality"</a>. Washington Times. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[89] <a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sessions, David (27 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/">"Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a>. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[90] <a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Mandell, Nina (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill">"Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk"</a>. Daily News. New York.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[91] <a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/">"SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session"</a>. Openstate.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[92] <a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014">"New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session"</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[93] <a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015">"Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly"</a>. Legiscan.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[94] <a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html">"Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1"</a>. Star-telegram.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[95] <a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf">"No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice"</a> (PDF). Legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[96] <a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391">"AB391"</a>. Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[97] <a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html">"Senate again passes bestiality bill | Florida Politics | Sun Sentinel blog"</a>. Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[ScientificAmerican-98] <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2">^c</a> Bering, Jesse (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24">"Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[interdis-99] <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-2">^c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">"Inter-disciplinary.net"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[mroberts-100] <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-1">^b</a> Roberts, Michael (2009). "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310">10.2139/ssrn.1328310</a>. Cite journal requires |journal= (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[101] <a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=0">tijuanabibles.org page link</a> (also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=1">full size</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search">search</a>).

[102] <a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimedocumentary.com/dark-side-porn-season-2-2006/">"The Dark Side of Porn Season 2 (2006) - Documentary / TV-Show"</a>. Crimedocumentary.com. Retrieved 28 May 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[103] <a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html">EuroBabeIndex.com</a>, Suzy Spark

[104] <a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer">‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Post" title="Reading Post">Reading Post</a>, 26 January 2011.

[CraigheadNemeroff2002-105] <a href="#cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0">^</a> W. Edward Craighead; Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. (11 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&dq=zoophilia+meaning&q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&q=zoophilia%20meaning&f=false">The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1050. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6">978-0-471-27083-6</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Delaney2003-106] <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2003_106-0">^</a> David Delaney (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjqWw-9ZQfYC&pg=PA252&dq=zoophilia+romantic">Law and Nature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4">978-1-139-43700-4</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[107] <a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.

[Weinberg_and_Williams-108] <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-1">^b</a> Weinberg and Williams

[109] <a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Markoff, 1990.

[110] <a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Miletski p. 35.

[111] <a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Miletski (1999)

[112] <a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Milteski (1999), p. 35.

[113] <a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Andriette, 1996.

[114] <a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Fox, 1994.

[115] <a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Montclair, 1997.

[116] <a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Donofrio, 1996.

[117] <a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Miletski (1999), p. 22.

[browplm2-118] <a href="#cite_ref-browplm2_118-0">^</a> Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/2/">"Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 2 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach"</a>. Broward/Palm Beach. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[singer01-119] <a href="#cite_ref-singer01_119-0">^</a> Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer"</a>. Utilitarian.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[120] <a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stopbestiality.wordpress.com/2010/12/12/bestiality-and-lack-of-consent/">"Bestiality and Lack of Consent " StopBestiality"</a>. Stopbestiality.wordpress.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[121] <a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205100653/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">"Other offences"</a> (PDF). Protecting the Public: Strengthening Protection Against Sex Offenders and Reforming the Laws on Sexual Offences. 2002. pp. 32–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7">978-0-10-156682-7</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 December 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122] <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2">^c</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.

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[128] <a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> 28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html">"Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists"</a>. Breezejmu.org. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[129] <a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Miltski, 1999, p. 50.

[130] <a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997.

[131] <a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.

[Dekkers,_1994-132] <a href="#cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0">^</a> Dekkers, 1994.

[133] <a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"

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[138] <a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html">"Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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[140] <a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 918–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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[144] <a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101">"OFCOM Broadcasting Code"</a>. Ofcom.org.uk. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Zoophilia" title="Template:Zoophilia">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoophilia" title="Template talk:Zoophilia">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Zoophilia&action=edit">e</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a>
Zoophilia	<a href="/wiki/Anthropophilia" title="Anthropophilia">Anthropophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Formicophilia" title="Formicophilia">Formicophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoophilia" title="History of zoophilia">History of zoophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoophilia" title="Timeline of zoophilia">Timeline of zoophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal marriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Ophidiophilia" title="Ophidiophilia">Ophidiophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Zoophilia and the law</a> <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_bestiality_by_country_or_territory" title="Legality of bestiality by country or territory">Legality of bestiality by country or territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Bestiality" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Zoophilia in Ancient Rome</a>
Related subjects	<a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">Sodomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">Zoosadism</a>
<img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoophilia" title="Category:Zoophilia">Category</a>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sex&action=edit">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>
<a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and biology	<a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Erection</a> <a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a> <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a> <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a> <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a>
<a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" title="Reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a>	<a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a> <a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a> <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a> <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a>
<a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a>	<a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a> <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a>
<a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a>	<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a> <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a>
<a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a>	<a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a>
<a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>	<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a> <a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a> <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a>
<a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a>	<a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States">United States</a>
<a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a>	<a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a> <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a> <a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a> <a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a> <a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a> <a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a> <a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a> <a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a> <a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a> <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a> <a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a>
<a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a>	<a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">doll</a> <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a>
<a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a>	<a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a>
<a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sexual orientation - 4 symbols.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/16px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/24px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/32px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template:Sexual fetishism">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template talk:Sexual fetishism">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sexual_fetishism&action=edit">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a>
Actions, states	<a href="/wiki/Aquaphilia_(fetish)" title="Aquaphilia (fetish)">Aquaphilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">Cuckold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cuckquean" title="Cuckquean">Cuckquean</a> <a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Erotic lactation</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a> <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaining_and_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaining and feeding">Gaining and feeding</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a> (adult baby) <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_fetishism" title="Pregnancy fetishism">Pregnancy</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking</a> <a href="/wiki/Tickling_game" title="Tickling game">Tickling</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a> <a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tightlacing" title="Tightlacing">Tightlacing</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_and_messy_fetishism" title="Wet and messy fetishism">Wet and messy fetishism</a>
<a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Body parts</a>	<a href="/wiki/Armpit_fetishism" title="Armpit fetishism">Armpit</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_fetishism" title="Breast fetishism">Breast</a> <a href="/wiki/Alvinolagnia" title="Alvinolagnia">Belly</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks#Fetishism" title="Cultural history of the buttocks">Buttocks</a> <a href="/wiki/Oculolinctus" title="Oculolinctus">Eyeball</a> <a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Feet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_fetishism" title="Hand fetishism">Hands</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Height</a> <a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Hair</a> <a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Legs</a> <a href="/wiki/Navel_fetishism" title="Navel fetishism">Navels</a> <a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Noses</a>
Clothing	<a href="/wiki/Boot_fetishism" title="Boot fetishism">Boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballet_boot" title="Ballet boot">Ballet boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a> <a href="/wiki/Thigh-high_boots" title="Thigh-high boots">Thigh-high boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing</a> <a href="/wiki/Corset_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corset fetishism">Corset</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaper_fetishism" title="Diaper fetishism">Diapers</a> <a href="/wiki/Glove_fetishism" title="Glove fetishism">Gloves</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantyhose_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyhose fetishism">Pantyhose</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism" title="Rubber and PVC fetishism">Rubber and PVC</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoe_fetishism" title="Shoe fetishism">Shoes</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwear_fetishism" title="Underwear fetishism">Underwear</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniform_fetishism" title="Uniform fetishism">Uniforms</a>
<a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Objects</a>	<a href="/wiki/Balloon_fetish" title="Balloon fetish">Balloons</a> <a href="/wiki/Doll_fetish" title="Doll fetish">Dolls</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex and PVC</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot_fetishism" title="Robot fetishism">Robots</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a>
Controversial / illegal	<a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a> <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a>
Culture / media	<a href="/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists" title="List of fetish artists">Artists</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_art" title="Fetish art">Fetish art</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_club" title="Fetish club">Fetish clubs</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fashion</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_magazine" title="Fetish magazine">Magazines</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">Models</a>
<a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" title="Racial fetishism">Race</a>	<a href="/wiki/Asian_sexual_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian sexual fetishism">Asian sexual fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_racism" title="Sexual racism">Sexual racism</a>
Related topics	<a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> <a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">Kink</a> <a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a>
<img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Sexual_Fetishism" title="Book:Sexual Fetishism">Book</a> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism" title="Category:Sexual fetishism">Category</a>

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-{{For|plant pollination carried by animals|Zoophily}}
-{{pp-semi-indef}}
-{{pp-move-indef}}
-{{short description|Paraphilia involving a sexual fixation on non-human animal}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
-[[File:2014-01-26 Roman Oil Lamp with Erotic Motiv 09 anagoria.JPG|thumb|Roman oil lamp depicting a zoophilic act, 1st–3rd century A.D.]]
-[[File:Pan goat MAN Napoli Inv27709 n01.jpg|thumb|[[Pan (god)|Pan]] having sex with a goat, statue from [[Villa of the Papyri]], [[Herculaneum]] (catalogued 1752)]]
-'''Zoophilia''' is a [[paraphilia]] involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals. '''Bestiality''' is [[Cross-species sex|cross-species sexual activity]] between [[humans]] and non-human [[animals]]. The terms are often used interchangeably, but some researchers make a distinction between the attraction (zoophilia) and the act (bestiality).<ref name="ranger">{{cite journal |last1 = Ranger |first1=R. |last2=Fedoroff |first2=P. | year = 2014 | title = Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 421–426 | url = http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full | pmid = 25492067}}</ref>
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+	<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Zoophilia</h1>
+	<div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
+		<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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+		<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For plant pollination carried by animals, see <a href="/wiki/Zoophily" title="Zoophily">Zoophily</a>.</div>
+<p class="mw-empty-elt">
+</p>
+<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paraphilia involving a sexual fixation on non-human animal</div>
+<p class="mw-empty-elt">
+</p>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG/220px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG/330px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG/440px-2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4752" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-01-26_Roman_Oil_Lamp_with_Erotic_Motiv_09_anagoria.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Roman oil lamp depicting a zoophilic act, 1st–3rd century A.D.</div></div></div>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg/220px-Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg/330px-Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg/440px-Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2750" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_goat_MAN_Napoli_Inv27709_n01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> having sex with a goat, statue from <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> (catalogued 1752)</div></div></div>
+<p><b>Zoophilia</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals. <b>Bestiality</b> is <a href="/wiki/Cross-species_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-species sex">cross-species sexual activity</a> between <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and non-human <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. The terms are often used interchangeably, but some researchers make a distinction between the attraction (zoophilia) and the act (bestiality).<sup id="cite_ref-ranger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Although sex with animals <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">is not outlawed in some countries</a>, in most countries, bestiality is illegal under <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal abuse</a> laws or laws dealing with <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crimes against nature</a>.
+</p>
+<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#General"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">General</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Zoophilia"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Zoophilia</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Zoosexuality"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Zoosexuality</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bestiality"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bestiality</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Extent_of_occurrence"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Extent of occurrence</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Perspectives_on_zoophilia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Perspectives on zoophilia</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Research_perspectives"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Research perspectives</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Historical_and_cultural_perspectives"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Historical and cultural perspectives</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Religious_perspectives"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religious perspectives</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Legal_status"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Legal status</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Pornography"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Pornography</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Health_and_safety"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Health and safety</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Zoophiles"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Zoophiles</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Non-sexual_zoophilia"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-sexual zoophilia</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Zoophile_community"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Zoophile community</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Debate_over_zoophilia_or_zoophilic_relations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Debate over zoophilia or zoophilic relations</span></a>
+<ul>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Arguments_against_bestiality"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments against bestiality</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Arguments_for_bestiality"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arguments for bestiality</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Mentions_in_the_media"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Mentions in the media</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References_and_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References and footnotes</span></a></li>
+<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
-Although sex with animals [[Zoophilia and the law|is not outlawed in some countries]], in most countries, bestiality is illegal under [[cruelty to animals|animal abuse]] laws or laws dealing with [[buggery]] or [[crime against nature|crimes against nature]].
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="General">General</span></h3>
+<p>Three key terms commonly used in regards to the subject—<i>zoophilia</i>, <i>bestiality</i>, and <i>zoosexuality</i>—are often used somewhat interchangeably. Some researchers distinguish between zoophilia (as a persistent sexual interest in animals) and bestiality (as sexual acts with animals), because bestiality is often not driven by a sexual preference for animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ranger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> Some studies have found a preference for animals is rare among people who engage in sexual contact with animals.<sup id="cite_ref-earls_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earls-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> Furthermore, some zoophiles report they have never had sexual contact with an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> People with zoophilia are known as "zoophiles", though also sometimes as "zoosexuals", or even very simply "zoos".<sup id="cite_ref-ranger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Handbookth_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> Zooerasty, <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and zooerastia<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms, and are seldom used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became widely established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bornemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bornemann">Ernest Bornemann</a> (1990, cited by Rosenbauer, 1997) coined the separate term <i><a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">zoosadism</a></i> for those who derive pleasure – sexual or otherwise – from inflicting pain on animals. Zoosadism specifically is one member of the <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_triad" title="Macdonald triad">Macdonald triad</a> of precursors to <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">sociopathic behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoophilia">Zoophilia</span></h3>
+<p>The term <i>zoophilia</i> was introduced into the field of research on sexuality in <i><a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a></i> (1886) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Freiherr_von_Krafft-Ebing" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing">Krafft-Ebing</a>, who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> as well as "zoophilia erotica",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur. The term <i>zoophilia</i> derives from the combination of two nouns in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <i><b>ζῷον</b></i> (<i>zṓion</i>, meaning "animal") and <i><b>φιλία</b></i> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-philia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-philia">philia</a></i>, meaning "(fraternal) love"). In general contemporary usage, the term <i>zoophilia</i> may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> (<i>i.e.,</i> the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for non-human animals over humans as sexual partners. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term <i>zooerasty</i> for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,<sup id="cite_ref-deviance_391_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> that term has fallen out of general use.
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoosexuality">Zoosexuality</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg/220px-Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg/330px-Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg/440px-Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1116" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tako_to_ama_retouched.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Hokusai</a>'s (1760–1849) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Fisherman%27s_Wife" title="The Dream of the Fisherman&#39;s Wife">The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife</a></i>.</div></div></div>
+<p>The term <i>zoosexual</i> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-Handbookth_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> as a value-neutral term. Usage of <i>zoosexual</i> as a noun (in reference to a person) is synonymous with zoophile, while the adjectival form of the word – as, for instance, in the phrase "zoosexual act" – may indicate sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derivative noun "zoosexuality" is sometimes used by self-identified zoophiles in both support groups and on internet-based discussion forums to designate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> manifesting as romantic or emotional involvement with, or sexual attraction to, non-human animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbookth_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bestiality">Bestiality</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg/300px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg/450px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg/600px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="650" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%A5%E5%AE%AB%E5%86%8C%E9%A1%B5%E3%80%8A%E5%A5%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%92%8C%E7%8B%97%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodblock print">woodblock print</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kunisada" title="Kunisada">Utagawa Kunisada</a>'s series, "Eight Canine Heroes of the House of Satomi", 1837.</div></div></div>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiaerotic5.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indiaerotic5.jpg/350px-Indiaerotic5.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indiaerotic5.jpg/525px-Indiaerotic5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indiaerotic5.jpg/700px-Indiaerotic5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1573" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiaerotic5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An 18th-century Indian miniature depicting women practising zoophilia in the bottom register.</div></div></div>
+<p>The legal term <i>bestiality</i> has three common pronunciations: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˌbestʃiˈæləti]</span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˌbistʃiˈæləti]</span> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ˌbestiˈæləti]</span> in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between <i>zoophilia</i> and <i>bestiality</i>, using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> Confusing the matter yet further, writing in 1962, Masters used the term <i>bestialist</i> specifically in his discussion of zoosadism.
+</p><p>Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ASPCA</a>, writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colin_J._Williams" title="Colin J. Williams">Colin J. Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Weinberg">Martin Weinberg</a> studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and reported them as understanding the term <i>zoophilia</i> to involve concern for the animal's welfare, pleasure, and consent, as distinct from the self-labelled zoophiles' concept of "bestialists", whom the zoophiles in their study defined as focused on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that <i>zoophilia</i> is a term used by "apologists" for <i>bestiality</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extent_of_occurrence">Extent of occurrence</span></h2>
+<p>The <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey report">Kinsey reports</a> rated the percentage of people who had sexual interaction with animals at some point in their lives as 8% for men and 3.6% for women, and claimed it was 40–50% in people living near farms,<sup id="cite_ref-deviance_391_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> but some later writers dispute the figures, because the study lacked a random sample in that it included a disproportionate number of prisoners, causing <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> has written that it is difficult to get a random sample in sexual research, and that even when <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gebhard" title="Paul Gebhard">Paul Gebhard</a>, Kinsey's research successor, removed prison samples from the figures, he found the figures were not significantly changed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>By 1974, the farm population in the USA had declined by 80 percent compared with 1940, reducing the opportunity to live with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that these demographic changes led to a significant change in reported occurrences of bestiality. The percentage of males who reported sexual interactions with animals in 1974 was 4.9% (1948: 8.3%), and in females in 1974 was 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to a reduction in interest but merely a reduction in opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Friday" title="Nancy Friday">Nancy Friday</a>'s 1973 book on <a href="/wiki/Female_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sexuality">female sexuality</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Secret_Garden" title="My Secret Garden">My Secret Garden</a></i>, comprised around 190 fantasies from different women; of these, 23 involve zoophilic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>In one study, psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55 percent) of reported bestiality, both actual sexual contacts (45 percent) and sexual fantasy (30 percent) than the control groups of medical in-patients (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-psych_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psych-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they surveyed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> In a 2014 study, 3% of women and 2.2% of men reported fantasies about having sex with an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> A 1982 study suggested that 7.5 percent of 186 university students had interacted sexually with an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p><span id="Faunoiphilia"></span>
+Sexual arousal from watching animals mate is known as <i>faunoiphilia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> A frequent interest in and sexual excitement at watching animals <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> is cited as an indicator of latent zoophilia by Massen (1994). <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasies</a> about zoophilic acts can occur in people who do not have any wish to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.<sup id="cite_ref-watching_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watching-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2013)">failed verification</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>.
+Several studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films depicting <a href="/wiki/Bonobo#Sexual_social_behavior" title="Bonobo">bonobo copulation</a> than to non-sexual stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Perspectives_on_zoophilia">Perspectives on zoophilia</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg/260px-Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="276" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg/390px-Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg/520px-Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="849" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_von_Bayros_020.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Art by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bayros" title="Franz von Bayros">Franz von Bayros</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> between an adolescent and a <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a></div></div></div>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Research_perspectives">Research perspectives</span></h3>
+<p>Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> (the study of the human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> (a relatively new discipline primarily studying <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> (the study of <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">animal behavior</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">anthrozoology</a> (the study of human–animal interactions and bonds).
+</p><p>In the fifth edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (DSM-5), zoophilia is placed in the classification "other specified paraphilic disorder"<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> ("<a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> not otherwise specified" in the DSM-III and IV<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner2008-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovemaps-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seto2000-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup>). The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> takes the same position, listing a sexual preference for animals in its <a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">-10</a> as "other disorder of sexual preference".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> In the DSM-5, it rises to the level of a diagnosable disorder only when accompanied by distress or interference with normal functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Zoophilia may also be covered to some degree by other fields such as ethics, philosophy, law, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. It may also be touched upon by <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> which looks both at zoosadism in examining patterns and issues related to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> and at non-sexual zoophilia in examining the role of animals as emotional support and companionship in human lives, and may fall within the scope of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> if it becomes necessary to consider its significance in a clinical context.
+The <i>Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine</i> (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never a clinically significant problem by itself;<sup id="cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> it also states that there are several kinds of zoophiles:<sup id="cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
+<ul><li>Human-animal role-players</li>
+<li>Romantic zoophiles</li>
+<li>Zoophilic fantasizers</li>
+<li>Tactile zoophiles</li>
+<li>Fetishistic zoophiles</li>
+<li>Sadistic bestials</li>
+<li>Opportunistic zoophiles</li>
+<li>Regular zoophiles</li>
+<li>Exclusive zoophiles</li></ul>
+</div>
+<p>Additionally, zoophiles in categories 2, 3, and 8 (romantic zoophiles, zoophilic fantasizers, and regular zoophiles) are the most common, while zoophiles found in categories 6 and 7 (sadistic bestials and opportunistic zoophiles) are the least common.<sup id="cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Zoophilia may reflect childhood experimentation, sexual abuse or lack of other avenues of sexual expression. Exclusive desire for animals rather than humans is considered a rare paraphilia, and sufferers often have other paraphilias<sup id="cite_ref-LawsO&#39;Donohue2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LawsO&#39;Donohue2008-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> with which they present. Zoophiles will not usually seek help for their condition, and so do not come to the attention of psychiatrists for zoophilia itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roukema2008-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>The first detailed studies of zoophilia date from prior to 1910. Peer reviewed research into zoophilia in its own right started around 1960. However, a number of the most oft-quoted studies, such as Miletski, were not published in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> journals. There have been several significant modern books, from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002);<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> their research arrived at the following conclusions:
+</p>
+<ul><li>Most zoophiles have (or have also had) long term human relationships as well or at the same time as zoosexual ones, and that zoosexual partners are usually dogs and/or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz)<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aggrawal2008-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup></li>
+<li>Zoophiles' emotions and care for animals can be real, relational, authentic and (within animals' abilities) reciprocal, and not just a substitute or means of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> Beetz believes zoophilia is not an inclination which is chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup></li>
+<li>Society in general at present is considerably misinformed about zoophilia, its stereotypes, and its meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a critical one to these researchers, and is highlighted by each of these studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999) and Weinberg (2003) each comment significantly on the social harm caused by misunderstandings regarding zoophilia: "This destroy[s] the lives of many citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>
+<p>Beetz also states the following:
+</p>
+<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r960796168">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The phenomenon of sexual contact with animals is starting to lose its taboo: it is appearing more often in scholarly publications, and the public are being confronted with it, too.&#160;... Sexual contact with animals – in the form of bestiality or zoophilia – needs to be discussed more openly and investigated in more detail by scholars working in disciplines such as animal ethics, animal behavior, anthrozoology, psychology, mental health, sociology, and the law.<sup id="cite_ref-BeetzPodberseck_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeetzPodberseck-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup></p></blockquote>
+<p>More recently, research has engaged three further directions: the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy a zoophilic relationship assuming <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and Masochism">sadism</a> is not present, and can form an affectionate bond.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> Similar findings are also reported by Kinsey (cited by Masters), and others earlier in history. Miletski (1999) notes that information on sex with animals on the internet is often very emphatic as to what the zoophile believes gives pleasure and how to identify what is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> beforehand. For instance, Jonathan Balcombe says animals do things for pleasure. But he himself says pet owners will be unimpressed by this statement, as this is not news to them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Beetz described the phenomenon of zoophilia/bestiality as being somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, although she says that most research has been based on <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminological</a> reports, so the cases have frequently involved violence and psychiatric illness. She says only a few recent studies have taken data from volunteers in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> As with all volunteer surveys and sexual ones in particular, these studies have a potential for <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a> bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Slade2001_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slade2001-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Medical research suggests that some zoophiles only become aroused by a specific species (such as horses), some zoophiles become aroused by multiple species (which may or may not include humans), and some zoophiles are not attracted to humans at all.<sup id="cite_ref-earls_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earls-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Researchers who observed a monkey trying to mate with a deer in 2017 (interspecies sex) said that it may provide clues into why humans have interspecies sex.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_and_cultural_perspectives">Historical and cultural perspectives</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_cultural_perspectives_on_zoophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia">Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia</a></div>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg/220px-Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg/330px-Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="416" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Judensau_from_Frankfurt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The taboo of zoophilia has led to stigmatised groups being accused of it, as with <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>. This German illustration shows <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> performing bestiality on a <i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i>, while Satan watches.</div></div></div>
+<p>Instances of this behavior have been found in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-aggrawal_2009_16_3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggrawal_2009_16_3-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> In a cave painting from at least 8000 BC in the Northern Italian <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> a man is shown about to penetrate an animal. Raymond Christinger interprets that as a show of power of a tribal chief,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> and so we do not know if this practice was then more acceptable, and if the scene depicted was usual or unusual or whether it was symbolic or imaginary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan2006_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan2006-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> The "Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art" says the scene may be humorous, as the penetrating man seems to be waving cheerfully with his hand at the same time. Potters seem to have spent time depicting the practice, but this may be because they found the idea amusing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahn1998_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahn1998-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> Dr "Jacobus X", said to be the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of a French author, said this was clearly "before any known taboos against sex with animals existed".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> Marc Epprecht states that authors such as Jacobus X do not deserve respect because their methodology is based on hearsay, and was designed for voyeuristic titillation of the reader.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> Masters said that since pre-historic man is <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> it goes without saying that we know little of his sexual behaviour;<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> depictions in cave paintings may only show the artist's subjective preoccupations or thoughts.
+</p><p><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> claimed the Egyptians engaged in ritual congress with goats.<sup id="cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup> Such claims about other cultures do not necessarily reflect anything about which the author had evidence, but may be a form of propaganda or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>
+</p><p>Bestiality was accepted in some North American and Middle Eastern indigenous cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Noram_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noram-57">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> Sexual intercourse between humans and non-human animals was not uncommon among certain Native American indigenous peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Voget61_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taleyesva_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taleyesva-59">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> Voget describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive", including bestiality.<sup id="cite_ref-Voget61_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Inuit" title="Copper Inuit">Copper Inuit</a> people had "no aversion to intercourse with live animals".<sup id="cite_ref-Voget61_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Several cultures built temples (<a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, India) or other structures (<a href="/wiki/Sagaholm" title="Sagaholm">Sagaholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a>, Sweden) with zoophilic carvings on the exterior, however at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, these depictions are not on the interior, perhaps depicting that these are things that belong to the profane world rather than the spiritual world, and thus are to be left outside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>
+</p><p>In the Church-oriented culture of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, zoophilic activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging, as "both a violation of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Biblical edicts</a> and a degradation of man as a spiritual being rather than one that is purely animal and carnal".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup> Some witches were accused of having congress with the devil in the form of an animal. As with all accusations and confessions extracted under torture in the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">witch trials in Early Modern Europe</a>, their validity cannot be ascertained.<sup id="cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_perspectives">Religious perspectives</span></h3>
+<p>Passages in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a> (Lev 18:23: "And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." RSV) and 20:15–16 ("If a man lies with a beast, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the beast. If a woman approaches any beast and lies with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them." RSV) are cited by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians as categorical denunciation of bestiality. However, the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> have been interpreted by some as not expressly forbidding bestiality.<sup id="cite_ref-Plummer_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plummer-61">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>In Part II of his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>, medieval philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ranked various "unnatural vices" (sex acts resulting in "venereal pleasure" rather than procreation) by degrees of sinfulness, concluding that "the most grievous is the sin of bestiality".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> Some Christian theologians extend <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>'s view that <a href="/wiki/Antithesis_of_the_Law#Adultery" class="mw-redirect" title="Antithesis of the Law">even having thoughts of adultery is sinful</a> to imply that thoughts of committing bestial acts are likewise sinful.
+</p>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG/220px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG/330px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG/440px-Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho-Lakshmana_Temple_erotic_detal3.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Man having intercourse with a horse, pictured on the exterior of a temple in <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>.</div></div></div>
+<p>There are a few references in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> scriptures to religious figures engaging in symbolic sexual activity with animals such as explicit depictions of people having sex with animals included amongst the thousands of sculptures of "Life events" on the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temple complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>. The depictions are largely symbolic depictions of the sexualization of some animals and are not meant to be taken literally.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> According to the Hindu tradition of erotic painting and sculpture, having sex with an animal is believed to be actually a human having sex with a god incarnated in the form of an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-PodberscekBeetz2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PodberscekBeetz2005-64">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> However, in some Hindu scriptures, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, having sex with animals, especially the cow, leads one to <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">hell</a>, where one is tormented by having one's body rubbed on trees with razor-sharp thorns.<sup id="cite_ref-mani_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mani-65">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_status">Legal status</span></h2>
+<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Scale of justice 2.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#5CB3FF;">
+Social issues</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation (interracial relations)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers&#39; rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></td>
+</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#5CB3FF;">
+Specific offences<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a></i>)</span></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Bestiality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">Buggery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">Incest</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism#Criminology" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td>
+</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#5CB3FF;">
+Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td>
+</tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;background:#5CB3FF;">
+Portals</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sexual orientation - 4 symbols.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/32px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/48px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/64px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality&#32;portal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" class="image"><img alt="Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/32px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/48px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/64px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law&#32;portal</a></li></ul></td>
+</tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sex_and_the_law&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Zoophilia and the law</a></div>
+<p>In many jurisdictions, all forms of zoophilic acts are prohibited; others outlaw only the mistreatment of animals, without specific mention of sexual activity. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> (also known as the Extreme Pornography Act) outlaws images of a person performing or appearing to perform an act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive).<sup id="cite_ref-opsisect63_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opsisect63-66">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> Despite the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">UK Ministry of Justice</a>'s explanatory note on extreme images saying "It is not a question of the intentions of those who produced the image. Nor is it a question of the sexual arousal of the defendant",<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> "it could be argued that a person might possess such an image for the purposes of satire, political commentary or simple grossness," according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Many new laws banning sex with animals have been made recently, such as in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newhampshire_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup> The number of jurisdictions around the world banning it has grown in the <a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" title="2000s (decade)">2000s</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s (decade)">2010s</a>.
+</p><p>The only EU countries where zoophilia remains legal are Finland, Hungary, and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22-77">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Laws on zoophilia are sometimes triggered by specific incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup> While some laws are very specific, others employ vague terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>" or "bestiality", which lack legal precision and leave it unclear exactly which acts are covered. In the past, some bestiality laws may have been made in the belief that sex with an animal could result in monstrous offspring, as well as offending the community. Current anti-cruelty laws focus more specifically on animal welfare while anti-bestiality laws are aimed only at offenses to community "standards".<sup id="cite_ref-posner_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posner-79">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup>
+Notable legal views include Sweden, where a 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the government expressed concern over the increase in reports of <a href="/wiki/Horse-ripping" title="Horse-ripping">horse-ripping</a> incidents. The agency believed current animal cruelty legislation was not sufficient in protecting animals from abuse and needed updating, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offense, and instead viewing it as a mental health issue, but they did not, and people can still be prosecuted for it. Under Section 143 of the Crimes Act 1961, individuals can serve a sentence of seven years duration for animal sexual abuse and the offence is considered 'complete' in the event of 'penetration'.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a clarification of the anti-bestiality law was made in 2016 which legalizes most forms of sexual contact with animals other than penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Some countries once had laws against single males living with female animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Copulating with a female alpaca is still specifically against the law in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Leavitt2003_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leavitt2003-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>As of 2017, bestiality is illegal in 45 U.S. states. Most state bestiality laws were enacted between 1999 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TableLaws2016_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TableLaws2016-85">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup> Until 2005, there was a farm near <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw,_Washington" title="Enumclaw, Washington">Enumclaw, Washington</a> that was described as an “animal brothel”, where people paid to have sex with animals. After <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw_horse_sex_case" title="Enumclaw horse sex case">an incident on 2 July 2005</a>, when a man was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw community hospital after his colon ruptured due to having had anal sex with a horse, the farm garnered police attention. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">state legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">State of Washington</a>, which had been one of the few states in the United States without a law against bestiality, within six months passed a bill making bestiality illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup> Arizona,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> Alaska,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup> Florida,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup> Alabama,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup> New Jersey,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup> New Hampshire,<sup id="cite_ref-Newhampshire_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup> Ohio,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup> Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup> Vermont,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> and Nevada<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup> have banned sex with animals between 2006 and the present, with the latter 5 all banning it in 2017. When such laws are proposed, they are never questioned or debated.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup> Laws which prohibit non-abusive bestiality have been criticized for being discriminatory, unjust and unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-interdis_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mroberts_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pornography">Pornography</span></h3>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erotica_and_pornography&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erotica and pornography (page does not exist)">Erotica and pornography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Internet_pornography" title="Legal status of Internet pornography">Legal status of Internet pornography</a></div>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_pornography" title="Category:Animal pornography">Category:Animal pornography</a>.</div>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tbody><tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zoophilia_in_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zoophilia in art"><span style="">Zoophilia in art</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_(28).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg/300px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg/450px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg/600px-%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_(28).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Ancient Greek sodomising a goat"</i>, plate XVII from '<a href="/wiki/De_Figuris_Veneris" class="mw-redirect" title="De Figuris Veneris">De Figuris Veneris</a>' by F.K. Forberg, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril" title="Édouard-Henri Avril">Édouard-Henri Avril</a>.</div></div></div>
+<p>Pornography involving sex with animals is widely illegal, even in most countries where bestiality itself is not explicitly outlawed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>
+</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, zoophilic pornography would be considered <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a> if it did not meet the standards of the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a> and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' includes transmission across the Internet. Production and mere possession appears to be legal, however. U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoophilia&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> in some doubt, having been ruled <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Extreme_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Extreme Associates">United States v. Extreme Associates</a></i> (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005).
+</p><p>Similar restrictions apply in Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia#Legal_status" title="Zoophilia">above</a>). In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> the possession, making or distribution of material promoting bestiality is illegal.
+</p><p>The potential use of media for <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic movie">pornographic movies</a> was seen from the start of the era of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>. <i>Polissons and Galipettes</i> (re-released 2002 as "<a href="/wiki/The_Good_Old_Naughty_Days" title="The Good Old Naughty Days">The Good Old Naughty Days</a>") is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use, including some animal pornography, dating from around 1905 – 1930.
+</p><p>Material featuring sex with animals is widely available on the Internet, due to its ease of production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Prior to the advent of mass-market magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a></i>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Bible">Tijuana Bibles</a> were a form of pornographic tract popular in America, sold as anonymous underground publications typically comprising a small number of stapled comic-strips representing characters and celebrities.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup>
+The promotion of "stars" began with the Danish <a href="/wiki/Bodil_Joensen" title="Bodil Joensen">Bodil Joensen</a>, in the period of 1969–72, along with other porn actors such as the Americans <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a> (<i>Dogarama</i>, 1969), Chessie Moore (multiple films, c. 1994), Kerri Downs (three films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film to attain great infamy was "<a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(video)" title="Animal Farm (video)">Animal Farm</a>", smuggled into Great Britain around 1980 without details as to makers or provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> The film was later traced to a crude juxtaposition of smuggled cuts from many of Bodil Joensen's 1970s Danish movies.
+</p><p>Into the 1980s, the Dutch took the lead, creating figures like "Wilma" and the "Dutch Sisters". In the 1980s, "bestiality" was featured in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_Hedman" title="Marina Hedman">Marina Hedman</a>, manifested early in the softcore flick <i>Bestialità</i> in 1976.
+</p><p>Today, in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where production faces no legal limitations, zoophilic materials have become a substantial industry that produces a number of films and magazines, particularly for Dutch companies such as <i>Topscore</i> and <i>Book &amp; Film International</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> has stars such as "Hector", a <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">great dane</a> dog starring in several films. Many Hungarian mainstream performers also appeared anonymously in animal pornography in their early careers, including for example, Suzy Spark.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>In Japan, animal pornography is used to bypass censorship laws, often featuring Japanese and Swedish<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> female models performing <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not in the scope of Japanese mosaic censor. Sakura Sakurada is an <a href="/wiki/AV_idol" title="AV idol">AV idol</a> known to have appeared in animal pornography, specifically in the AV <i>The Dog Game</i> in 2006. While primarily underground, there are a number of animal pornography actresses who specialize in bestiality movies. A box-office success of the 1980s, <i><a href="/wiki/24_Horas_de_Sexo_Expl%C3%ADcito" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Horas de Sexo Explícito">24 Horas de Sexo Explícito</a></i> featured zoophilia.
+</p><p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> criminalises possession of realistic pornographic images depicting sex with animals (see <a href="/wiki/Extreme_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme pornography">extreme pornography</a>), including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images depicting sex with dead animals, where no crime has taken place in the production. The law provides for sentences of up to two years in prison; a sentence of 12 months was handed down in one case in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Pornography of this sort has become the business of certain <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spammers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jaynes" title="Jeremy Jaynes">Jeremy Jaynes</a> and owners of some fake <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail_gallery_post" title="Thumbnail gallery post">TGPs</a>, who use the promise of "extreme" material as a bid for users' attention.
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</span></h2>
+<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a></div>
+<p>Infections that are transmitted from animals to humans are called <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonoses</a>. Some zoonoses may be transferred through casual contact, but others are much more readily transferred by activities that expose humans to the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, vaginal fluids, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and blood of animals. Examples of zoonoses are <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>. Therefore, sexual activity with animals is, in some instances, a high risk activity. <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergic reactions</a> to animal semen may occur, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Bites and other trauma from penetration or trampling may occur.
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoophiles">Zoophiles</span></h2>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-sexual_zoophilia">Non-sexual zoophilia</span></h3>
+<p>The love of animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> the word "zoophilia" is sometimes used without sexual implications. Being fond of animals in general, or as pets, is accepted in Western society, and is usually respected or tolerated. However, the word zoophilia is used to mean a sexual preference towards animals, which makes it<sup id="cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CraigheadNemeroff2002-105">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>. Some zoophiles may not act on their sexual attraction to animals. People who identify as zoophiles may feel their love for animals is romantic rather than purely sexual, and say this makes them different from those committing entirely sexually motivated acts of bestiality.<sup id="cite_ref-Delaney2003_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delaney2003-106">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Zoophile_community">Zoophile community</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg/220px-Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg/330px-Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg/440px-Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="2545" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeta_toy_MMB_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Several companies (e.g., Bad Dragon) sell <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildos</a> in the shape of animal penises, both realistic and fantastical. This one is based on a <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf&#39;s penis">wolf's penis</a>.</div></div></div>
+<p>An online survey which recruited participants over the internet concluded that prior to the arrival of widespread <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, most zoophiles would not have known other zoophiles, and for the most part, zoophiles engaged in bestiality secretly, or told only trusted friends, family or partners. The internet and its predecessors made people able to search for information on topics which were not otherwise easily accessible and to communicate with relative safety and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the internet, zoophiles had the ideal opportunity to "openly" express their sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> As with many other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternate lifestyles</a>, broader networks began forming in the 1980s when participating in <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">networked social groups</a> became more common at home and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup> Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; the linking of computers meant that people thousands of miles apart could feel the intimacy akin to being in a small village together.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup> The popular newsgroup <a href="/wiki/Alt.sex" title="Alt.sex">alt.sex.bestiality</a>, said to be in the top 1% of newsgroup interest (i.e. number 50 out of around 5000), – and reputedly started in humor<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> – along with personal <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board" title="Bulletin board">bulletin boards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">talkers</a>, chief among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sleepy%27s_multiple_worlds&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sleepy&#39;s multiple worlds (page does not exist)">Sleepy's multiple worlds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintilla_(talker)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintilla (talker) (page does not exist)">Lintilla</a>, and Planes of Existence, were among the first group media of this kind in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups rapidly drew together zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and social websites and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Forum">internet forums</a>. By around 1992–1994, the wide social net had evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup> This was initially centered around the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a>, alt.sex.bestiality, which during the six years following 1990 had matured into a discussion and support group.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup> The newsgroup included information about health issues, laws governing zoophilia, bibliography relating to the subject, and community events.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Weinberg and Williams observe that the internet can socially integrate an incredibly large number of people. In Kinsey's day contacts between animal lovers were more localized and limited to male compatriots in a particular rural community. Further, while the farm boys Kinsey researched might have been part of a rural culture in which sex with animals was a part, the sex itself did not define the community. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large compared to other subcultures which make use of the internet, so Weinberg and Williams surmised its aims and beliefs would likely change little as it grew. Those particularly active on the internet may not be aware of a wider subculture, as there is not much of a wider subculture, Weinberg and Williams felt the virtual zoophile group would lead the development of the subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Websites aim to provide support and social assistance to zoophiles (including resources to help and rescue abused or mistreated animals), but these are not usually well publicized. Such work is often undertaken as needed by individuals and friends, within social networks, and by word of mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Zoophiles tend to experience their first zoosexual feelings during adolescence, and tend to be secretive about it, hence limiting the ability for non-Internet communities to form.<sup id="cite_ref-browplm2_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browplm2-118">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Debate_over_zoophilia_or_zoophilic_relations">Debate over zoophilia or zoophilic relations</span></h2>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/220px-Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/330px-Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg/440px-Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="500" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Leda_-_after_Michelangelo_Buonarroti.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Michelangelo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)"><i>Leda and the Swan</i></a>, copy of a lost Michelangelo.</div></div></div>
+<p>Because of its controversial nature, people have developed arguments both for<sup id="cite_ref-singer01_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer01-119">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup> and against<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup> zoophilia. Arguments for and against zoosexual activity from a variety of sources, including religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social.
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_against_bestiality">Arguments against bestiality</span></h3>
+<p>Bestiality is seen by the government of the United Kingdom as profoundly disturbed behavior (as indicated by the UK <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> review on sexual offences in 2002).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup> Andrea Beetz states there is evidence that there can be violent zoosadistic approaches to sex with animals. Beetz argues that animals might be traumatized even by a non-violent, sexual approach from a human;<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> however, Beetz also says that in some cases, non-abusive bestiality can be reciprocally pleasurable for both the human and non-human animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>An argument from human dignity is given by Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a> proponent at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a> of the conservative Christian <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>: – "such behavior is profoundly degrading and utterly subversive to the crucial understanding that human beings are unique, special, and of the highest moral worth in the known universe—a concept known as '<a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human exceptionalism">human exceptionalism</a>' ... one of the reasons bestiality is condemned through law is that such degrading conduct unacceptably subverts standards of basic human dignity and is an affront to humankind's inestimable importance and intrinsic moral worth."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan63_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan63-124">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS) has said that as animals do not have the same capacity for thinking as humans, they are unable to give full consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual activity between humans and animals is abusive, whether it involves physical injury or not.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> In his 1993 article, Dr. Frank Ascione stated that "bestiality may be considered abusive even in cases when physical harm to an animal does not occur." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, Professor of Criminology at the University of Southern Maine, points out that 'for genuine consent to sexual relations to be present...both participants must be conscious, fully informed and positive in their desires.'<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arguments_for_bestiality">Arguments for bestiality</span></h3>
+<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg/220px-Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg/330px-Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg/440px-Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="3869" /></a>  <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_woman_with_an_animal_Wellcome_L0033282.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Book illustration depicting dog with woman, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 15th century.</div></div></div>
+<p>Some defenders of bestiality argue that the issue of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> is irrelevant because many legal human practices (such as <a href="/wiki/Semen_collection" title="Semen collection">semen collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination_of_livestock_and_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial insemination of livestock and pets">artificial insemination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">laboratory testing</a>, and slaughtering animals for meat) do not involve the consent of the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> Brian Cutteridge states the following regarding this argument:
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>"Animal sexual autonomy is regularly violated for human financial gain through procedures such as [artificial insemination and slaughter]. Such procedures are probably more disturbing physically and psychologically than acts of zoophilia would be, yet the issue of consent on the part of the animal is never raised in the discussion of such procedures. To confine the 'right' of any animal strictly to acts of zoophilia is thus to make a law [against zoophilia] based not on reason but on moral prejudice, and to breach the constitutional rights of zoophiles to due process and equality before the law. [...] Laws which criminalize zoophilia based on societal abhorrence of such acts rather than any real harm caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional infringement on individual liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-interdis_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup></p></blockquote>
+<p><a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> believes that "Animals are capable of sexual consent – and even initiation – in their own way."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup> It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt to copulate with ("hump") the legs of people of both genders.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup> Rosenberger (1968) emphasizes that as far as cunnilingus is concerned, dogs require no training, and even Dekkers (1994) and Menninger (1951) admit that sometimes animals take the initiative and do so impulsively.<sup id="cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup> Those supporting zoophilic activity feel animals sometimes even seem to enjoy the sexual attention<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup> or voluntarily initiate sexual activity with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dekkers,_1994-132">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> Animals such as dogs can be willing participants in sexual activity with humans, and "seem to enjoy the attention provided by the sexual interaction with a human."<sup id="cite_ref-interdis_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> Animal owners normally know what their own pets like or do not like. Most people can tell if an animal does not like how it is being petted, because it will move away. An animal that is liking being petted pushes against the hand, and seems to enjoy it. To those defending bestiality this is seen as a way in which animals give consent, or the fact that a dog might wag its tail.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p><a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a> philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal liberation</a> author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> argues that bestiality is not unethical so long as it involves no harm or cruelty to the animal<sup id="cite_ref-SingerNerve_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SingerNerve-134">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></i>). In the article "Heavy Petting,"<sup id="cite_ref-Singer01_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer01-135">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup> Singer argues that zoosexual activity need not be abusive, and that relationships could form which were mutually enjoyed. Singer and others have argued that people's dislike of bestiality is partly caused by irrational <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup> Because interspecies sex occurs in nature,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup> and because humans <i>are</i> animals,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup> supporters argue that zoosexual activity is not "unnatural" and is not intrinsically wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-mroberts_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Research has proven that non-human animals can and do have <a href="/wiki/Animal_co-opted_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal co-opted sexual behavior">sex for non-reproductive purposes</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Sex_for_pleasure" title="Animal sexual behaviour">for pleasure</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Poiani_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poiani-141">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup> In 2006, a Danish Animal Ethics Council report concluded that ethically performed zoosexual activity is capable of providing a positive experience for all participants, and that some non-human animals are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_imprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual imprinting">sexually attracted to humans</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>Some zoophiles claim that they are not abusive towards animals:<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup>
+</p>
+<blockquote><p>"In other recent surveys, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the notion that they were abusive toward animals in any way—far from it, they said. Many even consider themselves to be animal welfare advocates in addition to zoophiles."<sup id="cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup></p></blockquote>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mentions_in_the_media">Mentions in the media</span></h2>
+<p>Because of its controversial nature, different countries vary in the discussion of bestiality. Often sexual matters are the subject of legal or regulatory requirement. In 2005 the UK broadcasting regulator (<a href="/wiki/OFCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFCOM">OFCOM</a>) updated its code stating that freedom of expression is at the heart of any democratic state. Adult audiences should be informed as to what they will be viewing or hearing, and the young, who cannot make a fully informed choice for themselves, should be protected. Hence a <a href="/wiki/Watershed_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watershed (television)">watershed</a> and other precautions were set up for explicit sexual material, to protect young people. Zoophile activity and other sexual matters may be discussed, but only in an appropriate context and manner.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup>
+</p><p>The IPT<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> was replaced after the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act in 1993, replaced with bodies designed to allow both more debate and increased consistency, and possession and supply of material that it is decided are objectionable was made a criminal offence.
+</p>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
+<div>
-== Terminology ==
+&#32;
-===General===
+<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"><tbody><tr>
-Three key terms commonly used in regards to the subject—''zoophilia'', ''bestiality'', and ''zoosexuality''—are often used somewhat interchangeably. Some researchers distinguish between zoophilia (as a persistent sexual interest in animals) and bestiality (as sexual acts with animals), because bestiality is often not driven by a sexual preference for animals.<ref name="ranger" /> Some studies have found a preference for animals is rare among people who engage in sexual contact with animals.<ref name="earls">{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/107906320201400106 |pmid=11803597 |title=A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia) |year=2002 |last1=Earls |first1=C. M. |last2=Lalumiere |first2=M. L. |journal=Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=83–88}}</ref> Furthermore, some zoophiles report they have never had sexual contact with an animal.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Maratea, R. J. | year = 2011 | title = Screwing the pooch: Legitimizing accounts in a zoophilia on-line community | journal = Deviant Behavior | volume = 32 | issue = 10 | page = 938 | doi=10.1080/01639625.2010.538356}}</ref> People with zoophilia are known as "zoophiles", though also sometimes as "zoosexuals", or even very simply "zoos".<ref name="ranger" /><ref name="Handbookth">{{Cite book | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA201&dq=zoophilia#v=onepage&q=zoophilia&f=false | title = The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application | chapter = Bestiality and Zoophilia: A Discussion of Sexual Contact With Animals | isbn = 978-1-55753-565-8 | editor = Ascione, Frank | author = Beetz, Andrea M. | year = 2010}}</ref> Zooerasty, [[sodomy]], and zooerastia<ref>{{cite web|title=zooerastia definition|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zooerastia|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms, and are seldom used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became widely established.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} [[Ernest Bornemann]] (1990, cited by Rosenbauer, 1997) coined the separate term ''[[zoosadism]]'' for those who derive pleasure – sexual or otherwise – from inflicting pain on animals. Zoosadism specifically is one member of the [[Macdonald triad]] of precursors to [[Psychopathy|sociopathic behavior]].<ref name=MacDonald>{{cite journal|last=MacDonald|first=J. M.|title=The Threat to Kill|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|year=1963|volume=120|issue=2|pages=125–30|url=http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=149172|accessdate=19 January 2013|format=PDF|doi=10.1176/ajp.120.2.125}}</ref>
+<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
+<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;">
-===Zoophilia===
+<tbody><tr>
-The term ''zoophilia'' was introduced into the field of research on sexuality in ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' (1886) by [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Krafft-Ebing]], who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing: [[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]], p. 561.</ref> as well as "zoophilia erotica",<ref>Richard von Krafft-Ebing: [[Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]], p. 281.</ref> which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur. The term ''zoophilia'' derives from the combination of two nouns in [[Greek language|Greek]]: '''''ζῷον''''' (''zṓion'', meaning "animal") and '''''φιλία''''' (''[[wiktionary:-philia|philia]]'', meaning "(fraternal) love"). In general contemporary usage, the term ''zoophilia'' may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific [[paraphilia]] (''i.e.,'' the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for non-human animals over humans as sexual partners. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term ''zooerasty'' for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,<ref name="deviance 391">D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: [https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+paraphilia Books.Google.co.uk], Sexual Deviance, page 391. [[Guilford Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59385-605-2}}.</ref> that term has fallen out of general use.
+<th>Human/nonhuman interaction
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semen_collection" title="Semen collection">Semen collection from male animals</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_bovine_semen#How_semen_is_collected" title="Frozen bovine semen">Semen collection from bulls</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Canine_semen_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine semen collection">Semen collection from male dogs</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_loss" title="Animal loss">Animal loss</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–animal bonding">Human–animal bonding</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_imprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual imprinting">Sexual imprinting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal marriage">Animal marriage</a></li></ul></li></ul>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Animal studies
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-human_animal_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human animal sexuality">Non-human animal sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-reproductive_sexual_behavior_in_animals" title="Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals">Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin#Actions_of_oxytocin_within_the_brain" title="Oxytocin">Bonding in mammals</a></li></ul>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Human sexuality<br />
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_roleplay#Erotic_scenarios" title="Animal roleplay">Animal roleplay#Erotic scenarios</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fur_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur fetishism">Fur fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bestiality_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality in ancient Rome">Bestiality in ancient Rome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">Sodomy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li></ul>
+</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<p>&#32;
+</p>
+</td>
+<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
+<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;">
-===Zoosexuality===
+<tbody><tr>
-[[File:Tako to ama retouched.jpg|thumb|right|[[Katsushika Hokusai|Hokusai]]<!--Katsushika is the family name so it is put first, BUT he is called by his given name-->'s (1760–1849) ''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]''.]]
+<th>Ethics, morality and philosophy
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_repugnance" title="Wisdom of repugnance">Wisdom of repugnance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_incredulity" title="Argument from incredulity">Argument from incredulity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Anthropocentrism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human exceptionalism">Human exceptionalism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoophile_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophile rights by country or territory">Zoophile rights by country or territory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_personhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ape personhood">Great Ape personhood</a></li></ul>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Animal welfare
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal abuse">Animal abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li></ul>
+</td></tr>
+<tr>
+<th>Other
+</th>
+<td>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_and_cultural_perspectives_on_zoophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia">Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/John_Travers_(murderer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Travers (murderer)">John Travers</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">zoosadist</a>)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoophilia" title="Timeline of zoophilia">Timeline of zoophilia</a></li></ul>
+</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<p><br />&#160;<br />
+&#32;
+</p>
+</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_footnotes">References and footnotes</span></h2>
+<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+<ol class="references">
+<li id="cite_note-ranger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRangerFedoroff2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ranger, R.; Fedoroff, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full">"Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492067">25492067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law+Online&amp;rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Zoophilia+and+the+Law&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=421-426&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25492067&amp;rft.aulast=Ranger&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Fedoroff%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaapl.org%2Fcontent%2F42%2F4%2F421.full&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-earls-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEarlsLalumiere2002" class="citation journal cs1">Earls, C. M.; Lalumiere, M. L. (2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". <i>Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 83–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107906320201400106">10.1177/107906320201400106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803597">11803597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sexual+Abuse%3A+A+Journal+of+Research+and+Treatment&amp;rft.atitle=A+Case+Study+of+Preferential+Bestiality+%28Zoophilia%29&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=83-88&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107906320201400106&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11803597&amp;rft.aulast=Earls&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+M.&amp;rft.au=Lalumiere%2C+M.+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaratea,_R._J.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the pooch: Legitimizing accounts in a zoophilia on-line community". <i>Deviant Behavior</i>. <b>32</b> (10): 938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Screwing+the+pooch%3A+Legitimizing+accounts+in+a+zoophilia+on-line+community&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=938&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356&amp;rft.au=Maratea%2C+R.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Handbookth-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBeetz,_Andrea_M.2010" class="citation book cs1">Beetz, Andrea M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&amp;pg=PA201&amp;dq=zoophilia#v=onepage&amp;q=zoophilia&amp;f=false">"Bestiality and Zoophilia: A Discussion of Sexual Contact With Animals"</a>.  In Ascione, Frank (ed.). <i>The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Bestiality+and+Zoophilia%3A+A+Discussion+of+Sexual+Contact+With+Animals&amp;rft.btitle=The+International+Handbook+of+Animal+Abuse+and+Cruelty%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+and+Application&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55753-565-8&amp;rft.au=Beetz%2C+Andrea+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DG_MwT9OHj4AC%26pg%3DPA201%26dq%3Dzoophilia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dzoophilia%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zooerastia">"zooerastia definition"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&amp;rft.atitle=zooerastia+definition&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fzooerastia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-MacDonald-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1963" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, J. M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=149172">"The Threat to Kill"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>120</b> (2): 125–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.120.2.125">10.1176/ajp.120.2.125</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&amp;rft.atitle=The+Threat+to+Kill&amp;rft.volume=120&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=125-30&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.120.2.125&amp;rft.aulast=MacDonald&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psychiatryonline.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D149172&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 561.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 281.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-deviance_391-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&amp;pg=PA391&amp;dq=zoophilia+paraphilia">Books.Google.co.uk</a>, Sexual Deviance, page 391. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoosexuality.org/?id=1">"What is zoosexuality"</a>. <i>Zoosexuality.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Zoosexuality.org&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+zoosexuality&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzoosexuality.org%2F%3Fid%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pronunciation+of+bestiality&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Fpronunciation%2Famerican%2Fbestiality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pronunciation+of+bestiality&amp;rft.pub=MacMillan+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Fpronunciation%2Fbritish%2Fbestiality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sexuality.about.com/od/glossary/g/zoophilia.htm">"Sexuality.about.com"</a>. <i>Sexuality.about.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sexuality.about.com&amp;rft.atitle=Sexuality.about.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsexuality.about.com%2Fod%2Fglossary%2Fg%2Fzoophilia.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMelinda_Roth1991" class="citation news cs1">Melinda Roth (15 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/">"All Opposed, Say Neigh"</a>. <i>Riverfront Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Riverfront+Times&amp;rft.atitle=All+Opposed%2C+Say+Neigh&amp;rft.date=1991-12-15&amp;rft.au=Melinda+Roth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverfronttimes.com%2F1999-12-15%2Fnews%2Fall-opposed-say-neigh%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsWeinberg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Williams CJ, Weinberg MS (December 2003). "Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>32</b> (6): 523–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026085410617">10.1023/A:1026085410617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&##160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14574096">14574096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Zoophilia+in+men%3A+a+study+of+sexual+interest+in+animals&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=523-35&amp;rft.date=2003-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1026085410617&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14574096&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=CJ&amp;rft.au=Weinberg%2C+MS&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Duberman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">KinseyInstitute.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111215816/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kinsey's Urethra <i>The Nation,</i> 3 November 1997, pp. 40–43. Review of <i>Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life.</i> By James H. Jones.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Friday1998" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Friday (1998) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=J9ZKmplu4agC&amp;pg=PA180">"What do women fantasize about? The Zoo"</a>. <i>My Secret Garden</i> (Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. pp.&#160;180–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7"><bdi>978-0-671-01987-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=What+do+women+fantasize+about%3F+The+Zoo&amp;rft.btitle=My+Secret+Garden&amp;rft.pages=180-185&amp;rft.edition=Revised&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-671-01987-7&amp;rft.au=Nancy+Friday&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJ9ZKmplu4agC%26pg%3DPA180&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-psych-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psych_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezFreinhar1991" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez, WA; Freinhar, JP (1991). "A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff". <i>International Journal of Psychosomatics</i>. <b>38</b> (1–4): 45–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778686">1778686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Psychosomatics&amp;rft.atitle=A+prevalence+study+of+bestiality+%28zoophilia%29+in+psychiatric+in-patients%2C+medical+in-patients%2C+and+psychiatric+staff&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=45-7&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1778686&amp;rft.aulast=Alvarez&amp;rft.aufirst=WA&amp;rft.au=Freinhar%2C+JP&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrépaultCouture1980" class="citation journal cs1">Crépault, Claude; Couture, Marcel (1980). "Men's erotic fantasies". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>9</b> (6): 565–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01542159">10.1007/BF01542159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7458662">7458662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Men%27s+erotic+fantasies&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=565-81&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01542159&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7458662&amp;rft.aulast=Cr%C3%A9pault&amp;rft.aufirst=Claude&amp;rft.au=Couture%2C+Marcel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoyalCossetteLapierre2014" class="citation journal cs1">Joyal, C. C.; Cossette, A.; Lapierre, V. (2014). "What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?". <i>The Journal of Sexual Medicine</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 328–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12734">10.1111/jsm.12734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359122">25359122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sexual+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=What+Exactly+Is+an+Unusual+Sexual+Fantasy%3F&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=328-340&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsm.12734&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25359122&amp;rft.aulast=Joyal&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+C.&amp;rft.au=Cossette%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Lapierre%2C+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStory1982" class="citation journal cs1">Story, MD (1982). "A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980". <i>Adolescence</i>. <b>17</b> (68): 737–47. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7164870">7164870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Adolescence&amp;rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+university+student+experience+with+various+sexual+outlets+in+1974+and+1980&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=68&amp;rft.pages=737-47&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7164870&amp;rft.aulast=Story&amp;rft.aufirst=MD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aggrawal, Anil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q=faunoiphilia&amp;f=false">Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices</a>. CRC Press, 2008.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-watching-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watching_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.E.L. Masters: <i>Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality.</i> New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChiversSetoBlanchard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chivers, Meredith L.; Seto, Michael C.; Blanchard, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b52fc27742c03a14ff61ccb1bff8f3421b2fe55">"Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films"</a>. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>. <b>93</b> (6): 1108–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.6.1108">10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072857">18072857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=Gender+and+sexual+orientation+differences+in+sexual+response+to+sexual+activities+versus+gender+of+actors+in+sexual+films&amp;rft.volume=93&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1108-21&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.6.1108&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18072857&amp;rft.aulast=Chivers&amp;rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&amp;rft.au=Seto%2C+Michael+C.&amp;rft.au=Blanchard%2C+Ray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F5b52fc27742c03a14ff61ccb1bff8f3421b2fe55&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChiversBailey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chivers, Meredith L.; Bailey, J. Michael (2005). "A sex difference in features that elicit genital response". <i>Biological Psychology</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 115–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2004.12.002">10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168255">16168255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychology&amp;rft.atitle=A+sex+difference+in+features+that+elicit+genital+response&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=115-20&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2004.12.002&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16168255&amp;rft.aulast=Chivers&amp;rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&amp;rft.au=Bailey%2C+J.+Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-DSM_5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychiatric_Association2013" class="citation book cs1">American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition</i>. American Psychiatric Publishing. p.&#160;705.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Other+Specified+Paraphilic+Disorder%2C+302.89+%28F65.89%29&amp;rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%2C+Fifth+Edition&amp;rft.pages=705&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-DSM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSM_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
+<cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6"><bdi>978-0-89042-025-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43483668">43483668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%3A+DSM-IV&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43483668&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-89042-025-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Milner2008-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
+<cite id="CITEREFMilnerDopke,_C._A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Milner, J. S.; Dopke, C. A. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory".  In Laws, D. R.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). <i>Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Guilford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guilford Press">The Guilford Press</a>. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&amp;pg=PA385">384–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2"><bdi>978-1-59385-605-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580827">152580827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Paraphilia+Not+Otherwise+Specified%3A+Psychopathology+and+theory&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Deviance%2C+Second+Edition%3A+Theory%2C+Assessment%2C+and+Treatment&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=384-418&amp;rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152580827&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59385-605-2&amp;rft.aulast=Milner&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+S.&amp;rft.au=Dopke%2C+C.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Lovemaps-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
+<cite id="CITEREFMoney,_John1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money, John</a> (1988). <i>Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity</i>. Buffalo, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3"><bdi>978-0-87975-456-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19340917">19340917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lovemaps%3A+Clinical+Concepts+of+Sexual%2FErotic+Health+and+Pathology%2C+Paraphilia%2C+and+Gender+Transposition+in+Childhood%2C+Adolescence%2C+and+Maturity&amp;rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y&amp;rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19340917&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87975-456-3&amp;rft.au=Money%2C+John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Seto2000-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
+<cite id="CITEREFSetoBarbaree_HE2000" class="citation book cs1">Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias".  In Hersen, M.; Van Hasselt, V. B. (eds.). <i>Aggression and violence: an introductory text</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn &amp; Bacon">Allyn &amp; Bacon</a>. pp.&#160;198–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7"><bdi>978-0-205-26721-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41380492">41380492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Paraphilias&amp;rft.btitle=Aggression+and+violence%3A+an+introductory+text&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pages=198-213&amp;rft.pub=Allyn+%26+Bacon&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41380492&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-205-26721-7&amp;rft.aulast=Seto&amp;rft.aufirst=MC&amp;rft.au=Barbaree+HE&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference"</a>. <i>Who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Who.int&amp;rft.atitle=International+Statistical+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems+10%2C+F65.8+Other+disorders+of+sexual+preference&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fclassifications%2Fapps%2Ficd%2Ficd10online%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiletski2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miletski, H. (2015). "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy". <i>Journal of Sex Education and Therapy</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387">10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146150162">146150162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Education+and+Therapy&amp;rft.atitle=Zoophilia+%E2%80%93+Implications+for+Therapy&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=85-86&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146150162&amp;rft.aulast=Miletski&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-scidirectpii-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAggrawal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Aggrawal, Anil (2011). "A new classification of zoophilia". <i>Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 73–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004">10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315301">21315301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+and+Legal+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=A+new+classification+of+zoophilia&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=73-8&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21315301&amp;rft.aulast=Aggrawal&amp;rft.aufirst=Anil&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-LawsO&#39;Donohue2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LawsO&#39;Donohue2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFD._Richard_LawsWilliam_T._O&#39;Donohue2008" class="citation book cs1">D. Richard Laws; William T. O'Donohue (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&amp;pg=PA391&amp;dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage"><i>Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</i></a>. Guilford Press. p.&#160;391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2"><bdi>978-1-59385-605-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sexual+Deviance%3A+Theory%2C+Assessment%2C+and+Treatment&amp;rft.pages=391&amp;rft.pub=Guilford+Press&amp;rft.date=2008-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59385-605-2&amp;rft.au=D.+Richard+Laws&amp;rft.au=William+T.+O%27Donohue&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIXG9FuqbaIC%26pg%3DPA391%26dq%3Dzoophilia%2Brare%23v%3Donepage&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Roukema2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._Roukema2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard W. Roukema (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&amp;pg=PA133&amp;dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias"><i>What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition</i></a>. American Psychiatric Pub. p.&#160;133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9"><bdi>978-1-58562-750-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=What+Every+Patient%2C+Family%2C+Friend%2C+and+Caregiver+Needs+to+Know+About+Psychiatry%2C+Second+Edition&amp;rft.pages=133&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Pub&amp;rft.date=2008-08-13&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58562-750-9&amp;rft.au=Richard+W.+Roukema&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7Mg3iuc9ygC%26pg%3DPA133%26dq%3Dzoophilia%2Bother%2Bparaphilias&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Beetz2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Aggrawal2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Aggrawal2008" class="citation book cs1">Anil Aggrawal (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&amp;pg=PA257&amp;dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258"><i>Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</i></a>. CRC Press. p.&#160;257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9"><bdi>978-1-4200-4309-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Forensic+and+Medico-legal+Aspects+of+Sexual+Crimes+and+Unusual+Sexual+Practices&amp;rft.pages=257&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2008-12-22&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4309-9&amp;rft.au=Anil+Aggrawal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNkNhPZQprcC%26pg%3DPA257%26dq%3Dzoophilia%2Bmost%2Bcommon%2Banimal%23PPA258&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-BeetzPodberseck-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BeetzPodberseck_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_L._PodberscekAndrea_M._Beetz2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony L. Podberscek; Andrea M. Beetz (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&amp;lpg=PT91&amp;dq=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&amp;pg=PT94#v=onepage"><i>Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals</i></a>. Berg. p.&#160;94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9"><bdi>978-0-85785-222-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bestiality+and+Zoophilia%3A+Sexual+Relations+with+Animals&amp;rft.pages=94&amp;rft.pub=Berg&amp;rft.date=2005-09-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85785-222-9&amp;rft.au=Anthony+L.+Podberscek&amp;rft.au=Andrea+M.+Beetz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-GbOvrbniQC%26lpg%3DPT91%26dq%3Dbeetz%25202002%2520zoophilia%26pg%3DPT94%23v%3Donepage&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters, 1962.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Balcombe2006" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Balcombe (29 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/29/animalbehaviour.evolution">"Animals can be happy too"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Animals+can+be+happy+too&amp;rft.date=2006-05-29&amp;rft.au=Jonathan+Balcombe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2006%2Fmay%2F29%2Fanimalbehaviour.evolution&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp?guid=fac3acab-5377-4f9a-a9f0-007248ee2e43">"Bestiality/Zoophilia: A Scarcely-Investigated Phenomenon Between Crime, Paraphilia, and Love"</a>. Scie-SocialCareOnline.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115133416/http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp?guid=fac3acab-5377-4f9a-a9f0-007248ee2e43">Archived</a> 15 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Slade2001-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Slade2001_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_W._Slade2001" class="citation book cs1">Joseph W. Slade (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Opv9nz2M5c0C&amp;pg=PA980&amp;dq=%22volunteer+selection%22+sex"><i>Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&#160;980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3"><bdi>978-0-313-31521-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Pornography+and+Sexual+Representation%3A+A+Reference+Guide&amp;rft.pages=980&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-313-31521-3&amp;rft.au=Joseph+W.+Slade&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpv9nz2M5c0C%26pg%3DPA980%26dq%3D%2522volunteer%2Bselection%2522%2Bsex&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBhatiaSrivastavaSharma2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatia, MS; Srivastava, S; Sharma, S (2005). "1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: A case report". <i>Medicine, Science, and the Law</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 174–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Frsmmsl.45.2.174">10.1258/rsmmsl.45.2.174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15895645">15895645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5744962">5744962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine%2C+Science%2C+and+the+Law&amp;rft.atitle=1.+An+uncommon+case+of+zoophilia%3A+A+case+report&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=174-75&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5744962&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15895645&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Frsmmsl.45.2.174&amp;rft.aulast=Bhatia&amp;rft.aufirst=MS&amp;rft.au=Srivastava%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Sharma%2C+S&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2017" class="citation web cs1">Devlin, Hannah (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/10/snow-monkey-attempts-sex-with-deer-in-rare-example-of-interspecies-mating">"Snow monkey attempts sex with deer in rare example of interspecies mating"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Snow+monkey+attempts+sex+with+deer+in+rare+example+of+interspecies+mating&amp;rft.date=2017-01-10&amp;rft.aulast=Devlin&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2017%2Fjan%2F10%2Fsnow-monkey-attempts-sex-with-deer-in-rare-example-of-interspecies-mating&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/macaque-monkey-sika-deer-interspecies-mating/">"Monkey Tries to Mate With Deer in First Ever Video"</a>. <i>Nationalgeographic.com</i>. 11 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft.atitle=Monkey+Tries+to+Mate+With+Deer+in+First+Ever+Video&amp;rft.date=2017-01-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fmacaque-monkey-sika-deer-interspecies-mating%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWenzke" class="citation web cs1">Wenzke, Marissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2017/01/10/snow-monkey-deer/">"Sex between snow monkey and deer shows different species may mate if they're 'deprived', study says"</a>. <i>Mashable.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mashable.com&amp;rft.atitle=Sex+between+snow+monkey+and+deer+shows+different+species+may+mate+if+they%27re+%27deprived%27%2C+study+says&amp;rft.aulast=Wenzke&amp;rft.aufirst=Marissa&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2017%2F01%2F10%2Fsnow-monkey-deer%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-aggrawal_2009_16_3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aggrawal_2009_16_3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAggrawal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Aggrawal, Anil (2009). "References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible". <i>Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 109–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2008.07.006">10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239958">19239958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Forensic+and+Legal+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=References+to+the+paraphilias+and+sexual+crimes+in+the+Bible&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=109-14&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2008.07.006&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19239958&amp;rft.aulast=Aggrawal&amp;rft.aufirst=Anil&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeometry.org/sxx.htm">Archaeometry.org</a>, Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bevan2006-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bevan2006_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLynne_Bevan2006" class="citation book cs1">Lynne Bevan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=WzxmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Coren+del+Valento+animal&amp;dq=Coren+del+Valento+animal"><i>Worshippers and warriors: reconstructing gender and gender relations in the prehistoric rock art of Naquane National Park, Valcamonica, Brecia, northern Italy</i></a>. Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-920-7"><bdi>978-1-84171-920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Worshippers+and+warriors%3A+reconstructing+gender+and+gender+relations+in+the+prehistoric+rock+art+of+Naquane+National+Park%2C+Valcamonica%2C+Brecia%2C+northern+Italy&amp;rft.pub=Archaeopress&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84171-920-7&amp;rft.au=Lynne+Bevan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWzxmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCoren%2Bdel%2BValento%2Banimal%26dq%3DCoren%2Bdel%2BValento%2Banimal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Bahn1998-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bahn1998_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_G._Bahn1998" class="citation book cs1">Paul G. Bahn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=xwm_D1u_UTsC&amp;pg=PA188&amp;dq=%22prehistoric+art%22+bestiality"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45473-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45473-5"><bdi>978-0-521-45473-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+Prehistoric+Art&amp;rft.pages=188&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-45473-5&amp;rft.au=Paul+G.+Bahn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dxwm_D1u_UTsC%26pg%3DPA188%26dq%3D%2522prehistoric%2Bart%2522%2Bbestiality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense</i>, 1901.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Epprecht2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marc Epprecht (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=dJdErRqoBeQC&amp;pg=PA193&amp;dq=%22Jacobus+X%22+taboos">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>Bisexuality" and the politics of normal in African Ethnography"</a>. <i>Anthropologica</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 187–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25605310">10.2307/25605310</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/25605310">25605310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anthropologica&amp;rft.atitle=%22Bisexuality%22+and+the+politics+of+normal+in+African+Ethnography&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=187-201&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25605310&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25605310&amp;rft.au=Marc+Epprecht&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DdJdErRqoBeQC%26pg%3DPA193%26dq%3D%2522Jacobus%2BX%2522%2Btaboos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters, Robert E. L., <i>Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality</i>, p. 5.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVern_L._BulloughBonnie_Bullough1994" class="citation book cs1">Vern L. Bullough; Bonnie Bullough (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&amp;pg=PA61&amp;dq=bestiality+%22ancient+egypt%22+religious"><i>Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor &amp; Francis. p.&#160;61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7"><bdi>978-0-8240-7972-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Sexuality%3A+An+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pages=61&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=1994-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8240-7972-7&amp;rft.au=Vern+L.+Bullough&amp;rft.au=Bonnie+Bullough&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5HFtMkmFMYC%26pg%3DPA61%26dq%3Dbestiality%2B%2522ancient%2Begypt%2522%2Breligious&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Noram-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noram_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Worell2001" class="citation book cs1">Judith Worell (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&amp;pg=PA298&amp;dq=bestiality+indigenous+gender">"Cross-Cultural Sexual Practices"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298"><i>Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender</i></a>. Academic Press. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5"><bdi>978-0-12-227245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Cross-Cultural+Sexual+Practices&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Gender%3A+Sex+Similarities+and+Differences+and+the+Impact+of+Society+on+Gender&amp;rft.pages=298&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2001-09&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-227245-5&amp;rft.au=Judith+Worell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7SXhBdqejgYC%26pg%3DPA298%26dq%3Dbestiality%2Bindigenous%2Bgender&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Voget61-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voget, F. W. (1961) "Sex life of the American Indians", in Ellis, A. &amp; Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) <i>The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior</i>, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, pp. 90–109.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Taleyesva-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taleyesva_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTalayesvaSimmons,_Leo_William1942" class="citation book cs1">Talayesva, Don C; Simmons, Leo William (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ebB-BbI0wx8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;vq=zoophilia#v=onepage&amp;q=intercourse%20chicken&amp;f=false"><i>Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian</i></a>. Yale University Press. p.&#160;78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300002270" title="Special:BookSources/9780300002270"><bdi>9780300002270</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sun+Chief%3A+The+Autobiography+of+a+Hopi+Indian&amp;rft.pages=78&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1942&amp;rft.isbn=9780300002270&amp;rft.aulast=Talayesva&amp;rft.aufirst=Don+C&amp;rft.au=Simmons%2C+Leo+William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DebB-BbI0wx8C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26vq%3Dzoophilia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dintercourse%2520chicken%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masters (1962)</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Plummer-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plummer_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2001" class="citation conference cs1">Plummer, Keith (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://place.asburyseminary.edu/trenpapers/892"><i>To beast or not to beast: does the law of Christ forbid zoophilia?</i></a>. 53rd National Conference of the Evangelical Theological Society. Colorado Springs, CO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=To+beast+or+not+to+beast%3A+does+the+law+of+Christ+forbid+zoophilia%3F&amp;rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+CO&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.aulast=Plummer&amp;rft.aufirst=Keith&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplace.asburyseminary.edu%2Ftrenpapers%2F892&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/aquinas-homo.html">Fordham.edu</a> Aquinas on Unnatural Sex</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati, <i>The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana</i>, p. 415.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-PodberscekBeetz2005-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PodberscekBeetz2005_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPodberscekBeetz2005" class="citation book cs1">Podberscek, Anthony L.; Beetz, Andrea M. (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&amp;pg=PT12"><i>Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals</i></a>. Berg. p.&#160;12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9"><bdi>978-0-85785-222-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bestiality+and+Zoophilia%3A+Sexual+Relations+with+Animals&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft.pub=Berg&amp;rft.date=2005-09-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85785-222-9&amp;rft.aulast=Podberscek&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+L.&amp;rft.au=Beetz%2C+Andrea+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-GbOvrbniQC%26pg%3DPT12&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-mani-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mani_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMani,_Vettam1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft"><i>Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/368">368–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2198347">2198347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopaedia%3A+A+Comprehensive+Dictionary+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Epic+and+Puranic+Literature&amp;rft.place=Delhi&amp;rft.pages=368-70&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2198347&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&amp;rft.au=Mani%2C+Vettam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-opsisect63-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opsisect63_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/section/63">"Section 63 – Possession of extreme pornographic images"</a>. <i>Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</i>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+and+Immigration+Act+2008&amp;rft.atitle=Section+63+%E2%80%93+Possession+of+extreme+pornographic+images&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2008%2F4%2Fsection%2F63&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/">"Extreme Pornography"</a>. Crown Prosecution Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Extreme+Pornography&amp;rft.pub=Crown+Prosecution+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal%2Fd_to_g%2Fextreme_pornography%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackman2015" class="citation news cs1">Jackman, Myles (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/is-it-illegal-to-have-sex-with-a-dead-pig-heres-what-the-law-says-about-the-allegations-surrounding-10510743.html">"Is it illegal to have sex with a dead pig? Here's what the law says about the allegations surrounding David Cameron's biography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.atitle=Is+it+illegal+to+have+sex+with+a+dead+pig%3F+Here%27s+what+the+law+says+about+the+allegations+surrounding+David+Cameron%27s+biography&amp;rft.date=2015-09-21&amp;rft.aulast=Jackman&amp;rft.aufirst=Myles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fis-it-illegal-to-have-sex-with-a-dead-pig-heres-what-the-law-says-about-the-allegations-surrounding-10510743.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Newhampshire-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newhampshire_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newhampshire_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NH/text/HB1547/id/1286995">"New Hampshire HB1547 - 2016 - Regular Session"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=New+Hampshire+HB1547+-+2016+-+Regular+Session&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegiscan.com%2FNH%2Ftext%2FHB1547%2Fid%2F1286995&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dejure.org/gesetze/TierSchG/3.html">"§ 3 TierSchG - dejure.org"</a>. <i>Dejure.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dejure.org&amp;rft.atitle=%C2%A7+3+TierSchG+-+dejure.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdejure.org%2Fgesetze%2FTierSchG%2F3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webpronews.com/sweden-joins-an-increasing-number-of-european-countries-that-ban-bestiality-2013-06">"Sweden Joins An Increasing Number Of European Countries That Ban Bestiality"</a>. <i>Webpronews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Webpronews.com&amp;rft.atitle=Sweden+Joins+An+Increasing+Number+Of+European+Countries+That+Ban+Bestiality&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webpronews.com%2Fsweden-joins-an-increasing-number-of-european-countries-that-ban-bestiality-2013-06&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politik.tv2.dk/2015-04-21-flertal-for-lovaendring-nu-bliver-sex-med-dyr-ulovligt">"Flertal for lovændring: Nu bliver sex med dyr ulovligt"</a>. 21 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Flertal+for+lov%C3%A6ndring%3A+Nu+bliver+sex+med+dyr+ulovligt&amp;rft.date=2015-04-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitik.tv2.dk%2F2015-04-21-flertal-for-lovaendring-nu-bliver-sex-med-dyr-ulovligt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thailawforum.com/blog/what-are-the-laws-in-thailand-regarding-sex-with-animalsand">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link since October 2018">dead link</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.cr/2016/03/09/diputados-aclaran-alcances-y-limites-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bienestar-animal/">"Diputados aclaran alcances y límites de la nueva Ley de Bienestar Animal"</a>. <i>Elpais.cr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Elpais.cr&amp;rft.atitle=Diputados+aclaran+alcances+y+l%C3%ADmites+de+la+nueva+Ley+de+Bienestar+Animal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.cr%2F2016%2F03%2F09%2Fdiputados-aclaran-alcances-y-limites-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bienestar-animal%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/ley-no-700-del-01-de-junio-de-2015/">"LEY No 700 del 01 de Junio de 2015&#160;» Derechoteca"</a>. <i>Derechoteca.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Derechoteca.com&amp;rft.atitle=LEY+No+700+del+01+de+Junio+de+2015+%C2%BB+Derechoteca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechoteca.com%2Fgacetabolivia%2Fley-no-700-del-01-de-junio-de-2015%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gt.transdoc.com/articulos/archivos-leyes/Ley-de-Proteccin-y-Bienestar-Animal/62680">"Transdoc&#160;:: Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal&#160;:: transdoc.com"</a>. <i>Transdoc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Transdoc.com&amp;rft.atitle=Transdoc+%3A%3A+Ley+de+Protecci%C3%B3n+y+Bienestar+Animal+%3A%3A+transdoc.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgt.transdoc.com%2Farticulos%2Farchivos-leyes%2FLey-de-Proteccin-y-Bienestar-Animal%2F62680&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality">"Denmark passes law to ban bestiality"</a>. <i>BBC Newsbeat</i>. 22 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Newsbeat&amp;rft.atitle=Denmark+passes+law+to+ban+bestiality&amp;rft.date=2015-04-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2Farticle%2F32411241%2Fdenmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Fischer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515222156/http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/122006">Lawmakers hope to outlaw bestiality</a>,
+<i>Arizona Daily Star,</i> 28 March 2006. In Arizona, the motive for legislation was a "spate of recent cases."</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-posner-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-posner_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Posner, Richard, A Guide to America's Sex Laws, The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67564-0">978-0-226-67564-0</a>. Page 207.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515124451/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357">"TheLocal.se"</a>. TheLocal.se. 26 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357">the original</a> on 15 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TheLocal.se&amp;rft.pub=TheLocal.se&amp;rft.date=2012-01-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2Farticle.php%3FID%3D1357&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329260.html">"Crimes Act 1961 No 43 (as at 01 October 2012), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"</a>. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Crimes+Act+1961+No+43+%28as+at+01+October+2012%29%2C+Public+Act+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Legislation&amp;rft.pub=Legislation.govt.nz&amp;rft.date=2012-10-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1961%2F0043%2Flatest%2FDLM329260.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/info/sum-som-eng.aspx?cas=36450">"Her Majesty the Queen v. D.L.W."</a> Office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court of Canada (ORSCC). 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Her+Majesty+the+Queen+v.+D.L.W.&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+Registrar+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+Canada+%28ORSCC%29&amp;rft.date=2016-05-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scc-csc.ca%2Fcase-dossier%2Finfo%2Fsum-som-eng.aspx%3Fcas%3D36450&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Leavitt2003-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leavitt2003_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Leavitt2003" class="citation book cs1">Fred Leavitt (1 January 2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav"><i>The Real Drug Abusers</i></a></span>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-2518-4</bdi></a>. <q>female alpaca peru copulate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Real+Drug+Abusers&amp;rft.pages=195&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2003-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2518-4&amp;rft.au=Fred+Leavitt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealdrugabusers0000leav&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info">"Michigan State University College of Law"</a>. Animallaw.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Michigan+State+University+College+of+Law&amp;rft.pub=Animallaw.info&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animallaw.info&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-TableLaws2016-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TableLaws2016_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/topic/table-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws">"Table of State Animal Sexual Assault Laws &#124; Animal Legal &amp; Historical Center"</a>. <i>Animallaw.info</i>. 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Animallaw.info&amp;rft.atitle=Table+of+State+Animal+Sexual+Assault+Laws+%26%23124%3B+Animal+Legal+%26+Historical+Center&amp;rft.date=2016-06-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animallaw.info%2Ftopic%2Ftable-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Lynda and <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Longhurst" title="Robyn Longhurst">Longhurst, Robyn</a> <i>Space, Place, and Sex</i> <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>:2010 Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers, p. 110.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822194920/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1739698%2C00.html">Man dies after sex with horse</a>". News24, 19 July 2005.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality">"Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i>. 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Sheriff+says+Craigslist+facilitates+bestiality&amp;rft.date=2011-03-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fmar%2F16%2Fsheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSessions2010" class="citation news cs1">Sessions, David (27 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/">"Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a></i>. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Politics+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Bill+to+Criminalize+Bestiality+Advances+in+Alaska+Legislature&amp;rft.date=2010-01-27&amp;rft.aulast=Sessions&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsdaily.com%2F2010%2F01%2F27%2Fbill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMandell2011" class="citation news cs1">Mandell, Nina (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill">"Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+News&amp;rft.atitle=Legislation+outlawing+bestiality+makes+it+to+Florida+governor%27s+desk&amp;rft.date=2011-05-06&amp;rft.aulast=Mandell&amp;rft.aufirst=Nina&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.nydailynews.com%2F2011-05-06%2Fnews%2F29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/">"SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session"</a>. <i>Openstate.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Openstate.org&amp;rft.atitle=SB+151+-+Alabama+2014+Regular+Session&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenstates.org%2Fal%2Fbills%2F2014rs%2FSB151%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014">"New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=New+Jersey+A3012+-+2014-2015+-+Regular+Session&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegiscan.com%2FNJ%2Ftext%2FA3012%2F2014&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015">"Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly"</a>. <i>Legiscan.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Legiscan.com&amp;rft.atitle=Ohio+SB195+-+2015-2016+-+131st+General+Assembly&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegiscan.com%2FOH%2Ftext%2FSB195%2F2015&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html">"Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1"</a>. <i>Star-telegram.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Star-telegram.com&amp;rft.atitle=Texas%3A+Crackdown+on+animal+cruelty%2C+bestiality%2C+starts+Sept.+1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.star-telegram.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-government%2Fstate-politics%2Fpolitex-blog%2Farticle160220199.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf">"No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Legislature.vermont.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Legislature.vermont.gov&amp;rft.atitle=No.+62.+An+act+relating+to+criminal+justice&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislature.vermont.gov%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2F2018%2FDocs%2FACTS%2FACT062%2FACT062%2520As%2520Enacted.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391">"AB391"</a>. <i>Leg.state.nv.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Leg.state.nv.us&amp;rft.atitle=AB391&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.nv.us%2FSession%2F79th2017%2FReports%2Fhistory.cfm%3FBillName%3DAB391&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html">"Senate again passes bestiality bill &#124; Florida Politics &#124; Sun Sentinel blog"</a>. Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. 24 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Senate+again+passes+bestiality+bill+%26%23124%3B+Florida+Politics+%26%23124%3B+Sun+Sentinel+blog&amp;rft.pub=Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com&amp;rft.date=2011-03-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fdcblog%2F2011%2F03%2Fsenate_again_passes_bestiality.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBering2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Bering, Jesse (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24">"Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality &#124; Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+Lovers%3A+Zoophiles+Make+Scientists+Rethink+Human+Sexuality+%26%23124%3B+Bering+in+Mind%2C+Scientific+American+Blog+Network&amp;rft.date=2010-03-24&amp;rft.aulast=Bering&amp;rft.aufirst=Jesse&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Danimal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-interdis-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">"Inter-disciplinary.net"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Inter-disciplinary.net&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inter-disciplinary.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F04%2Fcutteridgepaper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-mroberts-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Michael (2009). "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310">10.2139/ssrn.1328310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Unjustified+Prohibition+against+Bestiality%3A+Why+the+Laws+in+Opposition+Can+Find+No+Support+under+the+Harm+Principle&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310&amp;rft.aulast=Roberts&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled <i>The Pet</i> from the 1960s is linked at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&amp;item=TB073&amp;fullsize=0">tijuanabibles.org page link</a> (also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&amp;item=TB073&amp;fullsize=1">full size</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&amp;SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&amp;SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search">search</a>).</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimedocumentary.com/dark-side-porn-season-2-2006/">"The Dark Side of Porn Season 2 (2006) - Documentary / TV-Show"</a>. <i>Crimedocumentary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Crimedocumentary.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Porn+Season+2+%282006%29+-+Documentary+%2F+TV-Show&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrimedocumentary.com%2Fdark-side-porn-season-2-2006%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html">EuroBabeIndex.com</a>, Suzy Spark</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer">‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reading_Post" title="Reading Post">Reading Post</a></i>, 26 January 2011.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-CraigheadNemeroff2002-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFW._Edward_CraigheadCharles_B._Nemeroff2002" class="citation book cs1">W. Edward Craighead; Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. (11 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&amp;dq=zoophilia+meaning&amp;q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&amp;q=zoophilia%20meaning&amp;f=false"><i>The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science</i></a>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.&#160;1050. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6"><bdi>978-0-471-27083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Corsini+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Behavioral+Science&amp;rft.pages=1050&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2002-11-11&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-27083-6&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DJQMRmyOfpJ8C%26dq%3Dzoophilia%2Bmeaning%26q%3Dzoophilia%2Bmeaning%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dzoophilia%2520meaning%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Delaney2003-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2003_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Delaney2003" class="citation book cs1">David Delaney (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjqWw-9ZQfYC&amp;pg=PA252&amp;dq=zoophilia+romantic"><i>Law and Nature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4"><bdi>978-1-139-43700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Law+and+Nature&amp;rft.pages=252&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-139-43700-4&amp;rft.au=David+Delaney&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjqWw-9ZQfYC%26pg%3DPA252%26dq%3Dzoophilia%2Bromantic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg and Williams</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markoff, 1990.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miletski p. 35.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miletski (1999)</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milteski (1999), p. 35.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andriette, 1996.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, 1994.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montclair, 1997.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donofrio, 1996.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miletski (1999), p. 22.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-browplm2-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-browplm2_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Francis2009" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/2/">"Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 2 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach"</a>. Broward/Palm Beach<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Those+Who+Practice+Bestiality+Say+They%27re+Part+of+the+Next+Sexual+Rights+Movement+%E2%80%93+Page+2+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Broward%2FPalm+Beach+%E2%80%93+New+Times+Broward-Palm+Beach&amp;rft.pub=Broward%2FPalm+Beach&amp;rft.date=2009-08-20&amp;rft.au=Thomas+Francis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.browardpalmbeach.com%2F2009-08-20%2Fnews%2Fthose-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement%2F2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-singer01-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singer01_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Stafforini" class="citation web cs1">Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer"</a>. Utilitarian.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Heavy+Petting%2C+by+Peter+Singer&amp;rft.pub=Utilitarian.net&amp;rft.au=Pablo+Stafforini&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utilitarian.net%2Fsinger%2Fby%2F2001----.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stopbestiality.wordpress.com/2010/12/12/bestiality-and-lack-of-consent/">"Bestiality and Lack of Consent " StopBestiality"</a>. Stopbestiality.wordpress.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bestiality+and+Lack+of+Consent+%22+StopBestiality&amp;rft.pub=Stopbestiality.wordpress.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstopbestiality.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F12%2F12%2Fbestiality-and-lack-of-consent%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205100653/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">"Other offences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Protecting the Public: Strengthening Protection Against Sex Offenders and Reforming the Laws on Sexual Offences</i>. 2002. pp.&#160;32–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7"><bdi>978-0-10-156682-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Other+offences&amp;rft.btitle=Protecting+the+Public%3A+Strengthening+Protection+Against+Sex+Offenders+and+Reforming+the+Laws+on+Sexual+Offences&amp;rft.pages=32-3&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-10-156682-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive2.official-documents.co.uk%2Fdocument%2Fcm56%2F5668%2F5668.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyjsmith.com/blog/2005/08/bestiality-and-varied-attacks-on-human.html">Wesleyjsmith.com</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/985pgwjh.asp">Weeklystandard.com</a>, 31 August 2005.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Regan63-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regan63_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regan, Tom. <i>Animal Rights, Human Wrongs</i>. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/">Sex Abuse</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071214033934/http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/">Archived</a> 14 December 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>, NManimalControl.com</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010653/http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/">"The First Strike Campaign: ANIMAL SEXUAL ABUSE FACT SHEET"</a>. <i>NManimalControl.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/">the original</a> on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NManimalControl.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+First+Strike+Campaign%3A+ANIMAL+SEXUAL+ABUSE+FACT+SHEET&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmanimalcontrol.com%2Faco_fo%2Fsex_abuse%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAscione1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ascione, Frank R. (1993). "Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology". <i>Anthrozoös: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People and Animals</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 226–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F089279393787002105">10.2752/089279393787002105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Anthrozo%C3%B6s%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Journal+of+the+Interactions+of+People+and+Animals&amp;rft.atitle=Children+Who+are+Cruel+to+Animals%3A+A+Review+of+Research+and+Implications+for+Developmental+Psychopathology&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=226-47&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F089279393787002105&amp;rft.aulast=Ascione&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF28_February_2011_by_Lucas_Wachob2011" class="citation web cs1">28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html">"Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists"</a>. <i>Breezejmu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Breezejmu.org&amp;rft.atitle=Column%3A+In+defense+of+chicken+%27lovers%27+%E2%80%93+The+Breeze%3A+Columnists&amp;rft.date=2011-02-28&amp;rft.au=28+February+2011+by+Lucas+Wachob&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breezejmu.org%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Farticle_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miltski, 1999, p. 50.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cauldwell, 1948 &amp; 1968; Queen, 1997.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Dekkers,_1994-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dekkers, 1994.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-SingerNerve-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SingerNerve_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616055314/http://www.nerve.com/Opinions/Singer/heavyPetting/main.asp">Heavy Petting</a>, <i>Nerve</i>, 2001.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Singer01-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singer01_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPablo_Stafforini" class="citation web cs1">Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Utilitarian.com"</a>. <i>Utilitarian.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Utilitarian.com&amp;rft.atitle=Utilitarian.com&amp;rft.au=Pablo+Stafforini&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utilitarian.net%2Fsinger%2Fby%2F2001----.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRuetenik2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ruetenik, T. (2010). "Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved". <i>Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 317–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisq034">10.1093/isle/isq034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Literature+and+Environment&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+Liberation+or+Human+Redemption%3A+Racism+and+Speciesism+in+Toni+Morrison%27s+Beloved&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=317-326&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisq034&amp;rft.aulast=Ruetenik&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs2010" class="citation journal cs1">Boggs, Colleen Glenney (Fall 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/summary/v076/76.boggs.html">"American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity"</a>. <i>Cultural Critique</i>. <b>76</b> (76): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcul.2010.0020">10.1353/cul.2010.0020</a> (inactive 22 January 2020). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40925347">40925347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&amp;rft.atitle=American+Bestiality%3A+Sex%2C+Animals%2C+and+the+Construction+of+Subjectivity&amp;rft.ssn=fall&amp;rft.volume=76&amp;rft.issue=76&amp;rft.pages=98-125&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcul.2010.0020&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40925347&amp;rft.aulast=Boggs&amp;rft.aufirst=Colleen+Glenney&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fcultural_critique%2Fsummary%2Fv076%2F76.boggs.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html">"Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?"</a>. <i>News.nationalgeographic.com</i>. 28 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=News.nationalgeographic.com&amp;rft.atitle=Interspecies+Sex%3A+Evolution%27s+Hidden+Secret%3F&amp;rft.date=2010-10-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F070314-hybrids.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/pwruab/cgi-bin/pwrofthepen/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/kerstin-grune1.pdf">"Changing Perspectives of Bestiality: Breaking the Human-Animal Distinction to Violating Animal Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Stanford.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Changing+Perspectives+of+Bestiality%3A+Breaking+the+Human-Animal+Distinction+to+Violating+Animal+Rights&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fpwruab%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpwrofthepen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F04%2Fkerstin-grune1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaratea2011" class="citation journal cs1">Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community". <i>Deviant Behavior</i>. <b>32</b> (10): 918–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Deviant+Behavior&amp;rft.atitle=Screwing+the+Pooch%3A+Legitimizing+Accounts+in+a+Zoophilia+On-line+Community&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=918-943&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356&amp;rft.aulast=Maratea&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-Poiani-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poiani_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAldo_PoianiA._F._Dixson2010" class="citation book cs1">Aldo Poiani; A. F. Dixson (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EftT_1bsPOAC&amp;lpg=PR7&amp;dq=animals%20homosexuality&amp;pg=PR7#v=onepage&amp;q=animals%20homosexuality&amp;f=false;"><i>Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.&#160;7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2"><bdi>978-1-139-49038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+Homosexuality%3A+A+Biosocial+Perspective&amp;rft.pages=7&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010-08-19&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-139-49038-2&amp;rft.au=Aldo+Poiani&amp;rft.au=A.+F.+Dixson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DEftT_1bsPOAC%26lpg%3DPR7%26dq%3Danimals%2520homosexuality%26pg%3DPR7%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Danimals%2520homosexuality%26f%3Dfalse%3B&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Danish Animal Ethics Council report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009031312/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr</i> published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers/smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.</span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321162034/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM%3AWORLD">"Bid to save over-friendly dolphin"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 28 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM:WORLD">the original</a> on 21 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=Bid+to+save+over-friendly+dolphin&amp;rft.date=2002-05-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2002-06-04%2Fworld%2Fuk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101">"OFCOM Broadcasting Code"</a>. <i>Ofcom.org.uk</i>. 28 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ofcom.org.uk&amp;rft.atitle=OFCOM+Broadcasting+Code&amp;rft.date=2011-02-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Ftv%2Fifi%2Fcodes%2Fbcode%2F%3Fa%3D87101&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoophilia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tbody><tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoophilia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zoophilia">zoophilia</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zoosexuality" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zoosexuality">zoosexuality</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bestiality" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bestiality">bestiality</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
+<tbody><tr>
+<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
+<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zoophilia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zoophilia"><span style="">Zoophilia</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
+</tbody></table>
+<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033652/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY">Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality entry for "Bestiality"</a> at Sexology Department of Humboldt University, Berlin.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122115903/http://www.zoofolio.com/?database%2F">Zoophilia References Database</a> Bestiality and zoosadism criminal executions.</li>
+<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pet-abuse.com/database/">Animal Abuse Crime Database</a> search form for the U.S. and UK.</li></ul>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoophilia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoophilia" title="Template:Zoophilia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoophilia" title="Template talk:Zoophilia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Zoophilia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoophilia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoophilia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophilia" title="Anthropophilia">Anthropophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Formicophilia" title="Formicophilia">Formicophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoophilia" title="History of zoophilia">History of zoophilia</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoophilia" title="Timeline of zoophilia">Timeline of zoophilia</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal  marriage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophilia" title="Ophidiophilia">Ophidiophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Zoophilia and the law</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_bestiality_by_country_or_territory" title="Legality of bestiality by country or territory">Legality of bestiality by country or territory</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Bestiality" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Zoophilia in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">Sodomy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">Zoosadism</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoophilia" title="Category:Zoophilia">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paraphilias" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paraphilias" title="Template:Paraphilias"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paraphilias" title="Template talk:Paraphilias"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Paraphilias&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paraphilias" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilias</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List"><a href="/wiki/List_of_paraphilias" title="List of paraphilias">List</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abasiophilia" title="Abasiophilia">Abasiophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Acrotomophilia" title="Acrotomophilia">Acrotomophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Agalmatophilia" title="Agalmatophilia">Agalmatophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Algolagnia" title="Algolagnia">Algolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Apotemnophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotemnophilia">Apotemnophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Biastophilia" title="Biastophilia">Biastophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Capnolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chremastistophilia" title="Chremastistophilia">Chremastistophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Chronophilia" title="Chronophilia">Chronophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">Coprophagia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Crurophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Crush_fetish" title="Crush fetish">Crush fetish</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dacryphilia" title="Dacryphilia">Dacryphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Dendrophilia_(paraphilia)" title="Dendrophilia (paraphilia)">Dendrophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flatulence_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatulence fetishism">Eproctophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Erotophonophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Formicophilia" title="Formicophilia">Formicophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frotteurism" title="Frotteurism">Frotteurism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophilia" title="Gerontophilia">Gerontophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Homeovestism" title="Homeovestism">Homeovestism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hybristophilia" title="Hybristophilia">Hybristophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Infantophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantophilia">Infantophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kleptolagnia" title="Kleptolagnia">Kleptolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Klismaphilia" title="Klismaphilia">Klismaphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Lactaphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Macrophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_masochism_disorder" title="Sexual masochism disorder">Masochism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanophilia" title="Mechanophilia">Mechanophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Microphilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphilia">Microphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Narratophilia" title="Narratophilia">Narratophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Nasophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Object sexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Odaxelagnia" title="Odaxelagnia">Odaxelagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Olfactophilia" title="Olfactophilia">Olfactophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Partialism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pecattiphilia" title="Pecattiphilia">Pecattiphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">Pedophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Podophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Plushophilia" title="Plushophilia">Plushophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophilia" title="Pyrophilia">Pyrophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sadism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Salirophilia" title="Salirophilia">Salirophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Scopophilia" title="Scopophilia">Scopophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Somnophilia" title="Somnophilia">Somnophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_worship" title="Muscle worship">Sthenolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Symphorophilia" title="Symphorophilia">Symphorophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_phone_call" title="Obscene phone call">Telephone scatologia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Trichophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Troilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Troilism">Troilism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">Zoosadism</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_paraphilic_disorder" title="Other specified paraphilic disorder">Other specified paraphilic disorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_disorder" title="Courtship disorder">Courtship disorder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphous_perversity" title="Polymorphous perversity">Polymorphous perversity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Perversion" title="Perversion">Perversion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
+<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Book:Paraphilias" title="Book:Paraphilias">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Paraphilias" title="Category:Paraphilias">Category</a></b></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sex&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and biology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Erection</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" title="Reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual<br />activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">doll</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sexual orientation - 4 symbols.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/16px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/24px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/32px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality&#32;portal</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_fetishism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template:Sexual fetishism"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template talk:Sexual fetishism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sexual_fetishism&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_fetishism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions, states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaphilia_(fetish)" title="Aquaphilia (fetish)">Aquaphilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">Cuckold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cuckquean" title="Cuckquean">Cuckquean</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Erotic lactation</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Gaining_and_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaining and feeding">Gaining and feeding</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a> (adult baby)</li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_fetishism" title="Pregnancy fetishism">Pregnancy</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tickling_game" title="Tickling game">Tickling</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tightlacing" title="Tightlacing">Tightlacing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Wet_and_messy_fetishism" title="Wet and messy fetishism">Wet and messy fetishism</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Body parts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armpit_fetishism" title="Armpit fetishism">Armpit</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Breast_fetishism" title="Breast fetishism">Breast</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Alvinolagnia" title="Alvinolagnia">Belly</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks#Fetishism" title="Cultural history of the buttocks">Buttocks</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Oculolinctus" title="Oculolinctus">Eyeball</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Feet</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fetishism" title="Hand fetishism">Hands</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Height</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Hair</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Legs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Navel_fetishism" title="Navel fetishism">Navels</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Noses</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot_fetishism" title="Boot fetishism">Boots</a>
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_boot" title="Ballet boot">Ballet boots</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Thigh-high_boots" title="Thigh-high boots">Thigh-high boots</a></li></ul></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Corset_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corset fetishism">Corset</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_fetishism" title="Diaper fetishism">Diapers</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Glove_fetishism" title="Glove fetishism">Gloves</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyhose fetishism">Pantyhose</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism" title="Rubber and PVC fetishism">Rubber and PVC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_fetishism" title="Shoe fetishism">Shoes</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Underwear_fetishism" title="Underwear fetishism">Underwear</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_fetishism" title="Uniform fetishism">Uniforms</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_fetish" title="Balloon fetish">Balloons</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Doll_fetish" title="Doll fetish">Dolls</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex and PVC</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_fetishism" title="Robot fetishism">Robots</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversial / illegal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li>
+<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture / media</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists" title="List of fetish artists">Artists</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_art" title="Fetish art">Fetish art</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_club" title="Fetish club">Fetish clubs</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fashion</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_magazine" title="Fetish magazine">Magazines</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">Models</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" title="Racial fetishism">Race</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_sexual_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian sexual fetishism">Asian sexual fetishism</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_racism" title="Sexual racism">Sexual racism</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">Kink</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a></li>
+<li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
+<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Book:Sexual_Fetishism" title="Book:Sexual Fetishism">Book</a></b></li>
+<li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism" title="Category:Sexual fetishism">Category</a></b></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
+<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8392&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8392&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8392" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12405379f">cb12405379f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12405379f">(data)</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4181721-7">4181721-7</a></span></span></li>
+<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575090">00575090</a></span></span></li></ul>
+</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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-The term ''zoosexual'' was proposed by [[Hani Miletski]] in 2002<ref name="Handbookth"/> as a value-neutral term. Usage of ''zoosexual'' as a noun (in reference to a person) is synonymous with zoophile, while the adjectival form of the word – as, for instance, in the phrase "zoosexual act" – may indicate sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derivative noun "zoosexuality" is sometimes used by self-identified zoophiles in both support groups and on internet-based discussion forums to designate [[sexual orientation]] manifesting as romantic or emotional involvement with, or sexual attraction to, non-human animals.<ref name="Handbookth"/><ref>{{cite web|title=What is zoosexuality|url=http://zoosexuality.org/?id=1|website=Zoosexuality.org|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref>
+<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14529239-0!canonical and timestamp 20200817195959 and revision id 972379260
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+<div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoophilia&amp;oldid=972379260">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoophilia&amp;oldid=972379260</a>"</div></div>
+		<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoophilia" title="Category:Zoophilia">Zoophilia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animals_and_humans" title="Category:Animals and humans">Animals and humans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paraphilias" title="Category:Paraphilias">Paraphilias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_pornography" title="Category:Animal pornography">Animal pornography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruelty_to_animals" title="Category:Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_misconduct" title="Category:Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" 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-===Bestiality===
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-[[File:日本春宫册页《女人和狗》.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Japanese ''[[ukiyo-e]]'' [[woodblock print]] from [[Kunisada|Utagawa Kunisada]]'s series, "Eight Canine Heroes of the House of Satomi", 1837. ]]
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-[[File:Indiaerotic5.jpg|thumb|right|350px|An 18th-century Indian miniature depicting women practising zoophilia in the bottom register.]]
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-The legal term ''bestiality'' has three common pronunciations: {{IPA|[ˌbestʃiˈæləti]}} or {{IPA|[ˌbistʃiˈæləti]}} in the United States,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pronunciation of bestiality|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/bestiality|publisher=MacMillan Dictionary|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref> and {{IPA|[ˌbestiˈæləti]}} in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pronunciation of bestiality|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/bestiality|publisher=MacMillan Dictionary|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref> Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between ''zoophilia'' and ''bestiality'', using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sexuality.about.com/od/glossary/g/zoophilia.htm |title=Sexuality.about.com |website=Sexuality.about.com |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Confusing the matter yet further, writing in 1962, Masters used the term ''bestialist'' specifically in his discussion of zoosadism.
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-Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the [[American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals|ASPCA]], writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals.<ref>{{cite news|title=All Opposed, Say Neigh |url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/ |author=Melinda Roth |work=Riverfront Times |date=15 December 1991 |accessdate=24 January 2009}}</ref> [[Colin J. Williams]] and [[Martin Weinberg]] studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and reported them as understanding the term ''zoophilia'' to involve concern for the animal's welfare, pleasure, and consent, as distinct from the self-labelled zoophiles' concept of "bestialists", whom the zoophiles in their study defined as focused on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that ''zoophilia'' is a term used by "apologists" for ''bestiality''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams CJ, Weinberg MS |title=Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=523–35 |date=December 2003 |pmid=14574096 |doi=10.1023/A:1026085410617}}</ref>
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-==Extent of occurrence==
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-The [[Kinsey report]]s rated the percentage of people who had sexual interaction with animals at some point in their lives as 8% for men and 3.6% for women, and claimed it was 40–50% in people living near farms,<ref name="deviance 391" /> but some later writers dispute the figures, because the study lacked a random sample in that it included a disproportionate number of prisoners, causing [[sampling bias]]. [[Martin Duberman]] has written that it is difficult to get a random sample in sexual research, and that even when [[Paul Gebhard]], Kinsey's research successor, removed prison samples from the figures, he found the figures were not significantly changed.<ref>Richard Duberman: [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html KinseyInstitute.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111215816/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html |date=11 January 2009 }}, Kinsey's Urethra ''The Nation,'' 3 November 1997, pp. 40–43. Review of ''Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life.'' By James H. Jones.</ref>
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-By 1974, the farm population in the USA had declined by 80 percent compared with 1940, reducing the opportunity to live with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that these demographic changes led to a significant change in reported occurrences of bestiality. The percentage of males who reported sexual interactions with animals in 1974 was 4.9% (1948: 8.3%), and in females in 1974 was 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to a reduction in interest but merely a reduction in opportunity.<ref>Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)</ref>
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-[[Nancy Friday]]'s 1973 book on [[female sexuality]], ''[[My Secret Garden]]'', comprised around 190 fantasies from different women; of these, 23 involve zoophilic activity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nancy Friday|title=My Secret Garden|publisher=Simon and Schuster|edition=Revised|year=1998|isbn=978-0-671-01987-7|pages=180–185|chapter=What do women fantasize about? The Zoo|origyear=1973|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=J9ZKmplu4agC&pg=PA180}}</ref>
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-In one study, psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55 percent) of reported bestiality, both actual sexual contacts (45 percent) and sexual fantasy (30 percent) than the control groups of medical in-patients (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15 percent).<ref name="psych">{{cite journal |pmid=1778686 |year=1991 |last1=Alvarez |first1=WA |last2=Freinhar |first2=JP |title=A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff |volume=38 |issue=1–4 |pages=45–7 |journal=International Journal of Psychosomatics}}</ref> Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they surveyed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01542159 |title=Men's erotic fantasies |year=1980 |last1=Crépault |first1=Claude |last2=Couture |first2=Marcel |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=565–81 |pmid=7458662}}</ref> In a 2014 study, 3% of women and 2.2% of men reported fantasies about having sex with an animal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Joyal |first1=C. C. |last2=Cossette |first2=A. |last3=Lapierre |first3=V. | year = 2014 | title = What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy? | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 328–340 | doi=10.1111/jsm.12734|pmid=25359122 }}</ref> A 1982 study suggested that 7.5 percent of 186 university students had interacted sexually with an animal.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7164870 |year=1982 |last1=Story |first1=MD |title=A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980 |volume=17 |issue=68 |pages=737–47 |journal=Adolescence}}</ref>
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-{{anchor|Faunoiphilia}}
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-Sexual arousal from watching animals mate is known as ''faunoiphilia''.<ref>Aggrawal, Anil. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=faunoiphilia&f=false Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices]. CRC Press, 2008.</ref> A frequent interest in and sexual excitement at watching animals [[mating|mate]] is cited as an indicator of latent zoophilia by Massen (1994). [[Sexual fantasy|Sexual fantasies]] about zoophilic acts can occur in people who do not have any wish to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.<ref name="watching">R.E.L. Masters: ''Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality.'' New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").</ref>{{failed verification|Where in the book does it say that? I couldn't find that anywhere in the book, and I also dispute the credibility of that book|date=November 2013}}.
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-Several studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films depicting [[Bonobo#Sexual social behavior|bonobo copulation]] than to non-sexual stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108 |title=Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films |year=2007 |last1=Chivers |first1=Meredith L. |last2=Seto |first2=Michael C. |last3=Blanchard |first3=Ray |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=1108–21 |pmid=18072857|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b52fc27742c03a14ff61ccb1bff8f3421b2fe55 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002 |title=A sex difference in features that elicit genital response |year=2005 |last1=Chivers |first1=Meredith L. |last2=Bailey |first2=J. Michael |journal=Biological Psychology |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=115–20 |pmid=16168255}}</ref>
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-==Perspectives on zoophilia==
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-[[File:Franz von Bayros 020.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Art by [[Franz von Bayros]] depicting [[oral sex]] between an adolescent and a [[deer]]]]
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-=== Research perspectives ===
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-Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: [[psychology]] (the study of the human [[mind]]), [[sexology]] (a relatively new discipline primarily studying [[human sexuality]]), [[ethology]] (the study of [[ethology|animal behavior]]), and [[anthrozoology]] (the study of human–animal interactions and bonds).
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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Заафілія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоофилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoof%C3%ADlia" title="Zoofília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilie" title="Zoofilie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6offilia" title="Söoffilia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofili" title="Zoofili – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilie" title="Zoophilie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofiilia" title="Zoofiilia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ζωοφιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilio" title="Zoofilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="حیوان‌خواهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilie" title="Zoophilie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पशु-रति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilija" title="Zoofilija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="זואופיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზოოფილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilija" title="Zoofilija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilija" title="Zoofilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoof%C3%ADlia" title="Zoofília – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Зоофилија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ზოოფილია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%B6filie" title="Zoöfilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofili" title="Zoofili – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofiliya" title="Zoofiliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilie" title="Zoofilie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Зоофилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoof%C3%ADlia_(sexu%C3%A1lna_porucha)" title="Zoofília (sexuálna porucha) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilija" title="Zoofilija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Зоофилија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilija" title="Zoofilija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofili" title="Zoofili – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="விலங்குகளுடனான பாலுறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4" title="పశుప్రాయత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="อาการกระสันสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofili" title="Zoofili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Зоофілія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ACnh_d%E1%BB%A5c_v%E1%BB%9Bi_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Tình dục với động vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%88%80" title="動物戀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul>
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-In the fifth edition of the ''[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]]'' (DSM-5), zoophilia is placed in the classification "other specified paraphilic disorder"<ref name="DSM 5">{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition | chapter = Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89) | editor = American Psychiatric Association | year = 2013 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing | page = 705}}</ref> ("[[paraphilia]]s not otherwise specified" in the DSM-III and IV<ref name=DSM>
+</div>
-{{cite book |title= Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]] | location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |pages= |isbn=978-0-89042-025-6 |oclc=43483668 |doi=| title-link = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders }}
-</ref><ref name = Milner2008>
-{{cite book | editor1 = Laws, D. R. | editor2 = O'Donohue, W. T. | last = Milner | first = J. S. | author2 = Dopke, C. A. | title = Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment | publisher = [[The Guilford Press]] | location = New York | year = 2008 | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385 384–418] |isbn=978-1-59385-605-2 |oclc=152580827| chapter = Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory}}
-</ref><ref name = Lovemaps>
-{{cite book |author=Money, John |author-link = John Money |title=Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity |publisher=[[Prometheus Books]] |location=Buffalo, N.Y |year=1988 |pages= |isbn=978-0-87975-456-3 |oclc=19340917 }}
-</ref><ref name = Seto2000>
-{{cite book |editor1 = Hersen, M. |editor2 = Van Hasselt, V. B. | title = Aggression and violence: an introductory text |publisher= [[Allyn & Bacon]] |location=Boston |year=2000 |pages= 198–213 |isbn=978-0-205-26721-7 |oclc=41380492 | last = Seto| first = MC| author2 = Barbaree HE | chapter = Paraphilias}}
-</ref>). The [[World Health Organization]] takes the same position, listing a sexual preference for animals in its [[ICD]][[ICD-10|-10]] as "other disorder of sexual preference".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ |title=International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference |website=Who.int |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> In the DSM-5, it rises to the level of a diagnosable disorder only when accompanied by distress or interference with normal functioning.<ref name="DSM 5" /><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Miletski | first1 = H. | s2cid = 146150162 | year = 2015| title = Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy | url = | journal =  Journal of Sex Education and Therapy| volume = 26 | issue = 2| pages = 85–86 | doi=10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387}}</ref>
-Zoophilia may also be covered to some degree by other fields such as ethics, philosophy, law, [[animal rights]] and [[animal welfare]]. It may also be touched upon by [[sociology]] which looks both at zoosadism in examining patterns and issues related to [[sexual abuse]] and at non-sexual zoophilia in examining the role of animals as emotional support and companionship in human lives, and may fall within the scope of [[psychiatry]] if it becomes necessary to consider its significance in a clinical context.
+</div>
-The ''Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine'' (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never a clinically significant problem by itself;<ref name="scidirectpii">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004 |title=A new classification of zoophilia |year=2011 |last1=Aggrawal |first1=Anil |journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=73–8 |pmid=21315301}}</ref> it also states that there are several kinds of zoophiles:<ref name="scidirectpii"/>
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-*Human-animal role-players
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-*Romantic zoophiles
+		<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 August 2020, at 18:45<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li>
-*Zoophilic fantasizers
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-*Tactile zoophiles
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-*Fetishistic zoophiles
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-*Sadistic bestials
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-*Opportunistic zoophiles
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-Additionally, zoophiles in categories 2, 3, and 8 (romantic zoophiles, zoophilic fantasizers, and regular zoophiles) are the most common, while zoophiles found in categories 6 and 7 (sadistic bestials and opportunistic zoophiles) are the least common.<ref name="scidirectpii"/>
-Zoophilia may reflect childhood experimentation, sexual abuse or lack of other avenues of sexual expression. Exclusive desire for animals rather than humans is considered a rare paraphilia, and sufferers often have other paraphilias<ref name="LawsO'Donohue2008">{{cite book|author1=D. Richard Laws|author2=William T. O'Donohue|title=Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage|date=January 2008|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-59385-605-2|page=391}}</ref> with which they present. Zoophiles will not usually seek help for their condition, and so do not come to the attention of psychiatrists for zoophilia itself.<ref name="Roukema2008">{{cite book|author=Richard W. Roukema|title=What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&pg=PA133&dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias|date=August 13, 2008|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|isbn=978-1-58562-750-9|page=133}}</ref>
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-The first detailed studies of zoophilia date from prior to 1910. Peer reviewed research into zoophilia in its own right started around 1960. However, a number of the most oft-quoted studies, such as Miletski, were not published in [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] journals. There have been several significant modern books, from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002);<ref name="Beetz2002">Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.</ref> their research arrived at the following conclusions:
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-*Most zoophiles have (or have also had) long term human relationships as well or at the same time as zoosexual ones, and that zoosexual partners are usually dogs and/or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz)<ref name="Beetz2002"/><ref name="Aggrawal2008">{{cite book|author=Anil Aggrawal|title=Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258|accessdate=13 May 2012|date=December 22, 2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-4309-9|page=257}}</ref>
-*Zoophiles' emotions and care for animals can be real, relational, authentic and (within animals' abilities) reciprocal, and not just a substitute or means of expression.<ref>(Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)</ref> Beetz believes zoophilia is not an inclination which is chosen.<ref name="Beetz2002"/>
-* Society in general at present is considerably misinformed about zoophilia, its stereotypes, and its meaning.<ref name="Beetz2002"/> The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a critical one to these researchers, and is highlighted by each of these studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999) and Weinberg (2003) each comment significantly on the social harm caused by misunderstandings regarding zoophilia: "This destroy[s] the lives of many citizens".<ref name="Beetz2002"/>
-Beetz also states the following:
-{{quote|The phenomenon of sexual contact with animals is starting to lose its taboo: it is appearing more often in scholarly publications, and the public are being confronted with it, too.&nbsp;... Sexual contact with animals – in the form of bestiality or zoophilia – needs to be discussed more openly and investigated in more detail by scholars working in disciplines such as animal ethics, animal behavior, anthrozoology, psychology, mental health, sociology, and the law.<ref name="BeetzPodberseck">{{cite book|author1=Anthony L. Podberscek|author2=Andrea M. Beetz|title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&lpg=PT91&dq=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&pg=PT94#v=onepage|accessdate=13 May 2012|date=September 1, 2005|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-0-85785-222-9|page=94}}</ref>}}
-More recently, research has engaged three further directions: the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy a zoophilic relationship assuming [[Sadism and Masochism|sadism]] is not present, and can form an affectionate bond.<ref>Masters, 1962.</ref> Similar findings are also reported by Kinsey (cited by Masters), and others earlier in history. Miletski (1999) notes that information on sex with animals on the internet is often very emphatic as to what the zoophile believes gives pleasure and how to identify what is perceived as [[consent]] beforehand. For instance, Jonathan Balcombe says animals do things for pleasure. But he himself says pet owners will be unimpressed by this statement, as this is not news to them.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Balcombe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/29/animalbehaviour.evolution |title=Animals can be happy too |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=13 May 2012 |location=London |date=29 May 2006}}</ref>
-Beetz described the phenomenon of zoophilia/bestiality as being somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, although she says that most research has been based on [[criminology|criminological]] reports, so the cases have frequently involved violence and psychiatric illness. She says only a few recent studies have taken data from volunteers in the community.<ref>[http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp?guid=fac3acab-5377-4f9a-a9f0-007248ee2e43 "Bestiality/Zoophilia: A Scarcely-Investigated Phenomenon Between Crime, Paraphilia, and Love"]. Scie-SocialCareOnline.org.uk. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115133416/http://www.scie-socialcareonline.org.uk/profile.asp?guid=fac3acab-5377-4f9a-a9f0-007248ee2e43 |date=15 November 2010 }}</ref> As with all volunteer surveys and sexual ones in particular, these studies have a potential for [[self-selection]] bias.<ref name="Slade2001">{{cite book|author=Joseph W. Slade|title=Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Opv9nz2M5c0C&pg=PA980&dq=%22volunteer+selection%22+sex|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-31521-3|page=980}}</ref>
-Medical research suggests that some zoophiles only become aroused by a specific species (such as horses), some zoophiles become aroused by multiple species (which may or may not include humans), and some zoophiles are not attracted to humans at all.<ref name="earls" /><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15895645 |year=2005 |last1=Bhatia |first1=MS |last2=Srivastava |first2=S |last3=Sharma |first3=S |s2cid=5744962 |title=1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: A case report |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=174–75 |journal=Medicine, Science, and the Law |doi=10.1258/rsmmsl.45.2.174}}</ref>
-Researchers who observed a monkey trying to mate with a deer in 2017 (interspecies sex) said that it may provide clues into why humans have interspecies sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/10/snow-monkey-attempts-sex-with-deer-in-rare-example-of-interspecies-mating|title=Snow monkey attempts sex with deer in rare example of interspecies mating|first=Hannah|last=Devlin|date=10 January 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/macaque-monkey-sika-deer-interspecies-mating/|title=Monkey Tries to Mate With Deer in First Ever Video|date=11 January 2017|website=Nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2017/01/10/snow-monkey-deer/|title=Sex between snow monkey and deer shows different species may mate if they're 'deprived', study says|first=Marissa|last=Wenzke|website=Mashable.com|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref>
-===Historical and cultural perspectives===
-{{Main|Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia}}
-[[File:Judensau from Frankfurt.jpg|thumb|right|The taboo of zoophilia has led to stigmatised groups being accused of it, as with [[blood libel]]. This German illustration shows [[Jews]] performing bestiality on a ''[[Judensau]]'', while Satan watches.]]
-Instances of this behavior have been found in the Bible.<ref name="aggrawal_2009_16_3">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.006 |title=References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible |year=2009 |last1=Aggrawal |first1=Anil |journal=Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=109–14 |pmid=19239958}}</ref> In a cave painting from at least 8000 BC in the Northern Italian [[Val Camonica]] a man is shown about to penetrate an animal. Raymond Christinger interprets that as a show of power of a tribal chief,<ref>[http://www.archaeometry.org/sxx.htm Archaeometry.org], Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org</ref> and so we do not know if this practice was then more acceptable, and if the scene depicted was usual or unusual or whether it was symbolic or imaginary.<ref name="Bevan2006">{{cite book|author=Lynne Bevan|title=Worshippers and warriors: reconstructing gender and gender relations in the prehistoric rock art of Naquane National Park, Valcamonica, Brecia, northern Italy|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WzxmAAAAMAAJ&q=Coren+del+Valento+animal&dq=Coren+del+Valento+animal|year=2006|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=978-1-84171-920-7|page=}}</ref> The "Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art" says the scene may be humorous, as the penetrating man seems to be waving cheerfully with his hand at the same time. Potters seem to have spent time depicting the practice, but this may be because they found the idea amusing.<ref name="Bahn1998">{{cite book|author=Paul G. Bahn|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xwm_D1u_UTsC&pg=PA188&dq=%22prehistoric+art%22+bestiality|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45473-5|page=188}}</ref> Dr "Jacobus X", said to be the [[pen name]] of a French author, said this was clearly "before any known taboos against sex with animals existed".<ref>''Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense'', 1901.</ref> Marc Epprecht states that authors such as Jacobus X do not deserve respect because their methodology is based on hearsay, and was designed for voyeuristic titillation of the reader.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dJdErRqoBeQC&pg=PA193&dq=%22Jacobus+X%22+taboos|title="Bisexuality" and the politics of normal in African Ethnography|journal= Anthropologica|volume=48|pages=187–201|number=2|year=2006|author=Marc Epprecht|jstor=25605310|doi=10.2307/25605310}}</ref> Masters said that since pre-historic man is [[prehistoric]] it goes without saying that we know little of his sexual behaviour;<ref>Masters, Robert E. L., ''Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality'', p. 5.</ref> depictions in cave paintings may only show the artist's subjective preoccupations or thoughts.
-[[Pindar]], [[Herodotus]], and [[Plutarch]] claimed the Egyptians engaged in ritual congress with goats.<ref name="BulloughBullough1994">{{cite book|author1=Vern L. Bullough|author2=Bonnie Bullough|title=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&pg=PA61&dq=bestiality+%22ancient+egypt%22+religious |date=January 1, 1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-7972-7|page=61}}</ref> Such claims about other cultures do not necessarily reflect anything about which the author had evidence, but may be a form of propaganda or [[xenophobia]], similar to [[blood libel]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
-Bestiality was accepted in some North American and Middle Eastern indigenous cultures.<ref name="Noram">{{cite book|author=Judith Worell|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA298&dq=bestiality+indigenous+gender|date=September 2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227245-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298 298]|chapter=Cross-Cultural Sexual Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298}}</ref> Sexual intercourse between humans and non-human animals was not uncommon among certain Native American indigenous peoples, including the [[Hopi]].<ref name="Voget61">Voget, F. W. (1961) "Sex life of the American Indians", in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) ''The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior'', Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, pp. 90–109.</ref><ref name=Taleyesva>{{cite book|last=Talayesva|first=Don C|title=Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian|year=1942|publisher=Yale University Press|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ebB-BbI0wx8C&printsec=frontcover&vq=zoophilia#v=onepage&q=intercourse%20chicken&f=false|author2=Simmons, Leo William|accessdate=12 December 2012|isbn=9780300002270}}</ref> Voget describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive", including bestiality.<ref name="Voget61"/> In addition, the [[Copper Inuit]] people had "no aversion to intercourse with live animals".<ref name="Voget61"/>
-Several cultures built temples ([[Khajuraho]], India) or other structures ([[Sagaholm]], [[tumulus|barrow]], Sweden) with zoophilic carvings on the exterior, however at [[Khajuraho]], these depictions are not on the interior, perhaps depicting that these are things that belong to the profane world rather than the spiritual world, and thus are to be left outside.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
-In the Church-oriented culture of the [[Middle Ages]], zoophilic activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging, as "both a violation of [[Religion and sexuality|Biblical edicts]] and a degradation of man as a spiritual being rather than one that is purely animal and carnal".<ref>Masters (1962)</ref> Some witches were accused of having congress with the devil in the form of an animal. As with all accusations and confessions extracted under torture in the [[witch trials in Early Modern Europe]], their validity cannot be ascertained.<ref name="BulloughBullough1994"/>
-===Religious perspectives===
-Passages in [[Leviticus 18]] (Lev 18:23: "And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." RSV) and 20:15–16 ("If a man lies with a beast, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the beast. If a woman approaches any beast and lies with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them." RSV) are cited by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians as categorical denunciation of bestiality. However, the teachings of the [[New Testament]] have been interpreted by some as not expressly forbidding bestiality.<ref name="Plummer">{{cite conference |last=Plummer |first=Keith |title=To beast or not to beast: does the law of Christ forbid zoophilia? |year=2001 |url=http://place.asburyseminary.edu/trenpapers/892 |conference=53rd National Conference of the Evangelical Theological Society |location=Colorado Springs, CO}}</ref>
-In Part II of his ''[[Summa Theologica]]'', medieval philosopher [[Thomas Aquinas]] ranked various "unnatural vices" (sex acts resulting in "venereal pleasure" rather than procreation) by degrees of sinfulness, concluding that "the most grievous is the sin of bestiality".<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/aquinas-homo.html Fordham.edu] Aquinas on Unnatural Sex</ref> Some Christian theologians extend [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]'s view that [[Antithesis of the Law#Adultery|even having thoughts of adultery is sinful]] to imply that thoughts of committing bestial acts are likewise sinful.
-[[File:Khajuraho-Lakshmana Temple erotic detal3.JPG|thumb|right|Man having intercourse with a horse, pictured on the exterior of a temple in [[Khajuraho]].]]
-There are a few references in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] scriptures to religious figures engaging in symbolic sexual activity with animals such as explicit depictions of people having sex with animals included amongst the thousands of sculptures of "Life events" on the exterior of the [[Hindu temple|temple complex]] at [[Khajuraho]]. The depictions are largely symbolic depictions of the sexualization of some animals and are not meant to be taken literally.<ref>Swami Satya Prakash Saraswati, ''The Critical and Cultural Study of the Shatapatha Brahmana'', p. 415.</ref> According to the Hindu tradition of erotic painting and sculpture, having sex with an animal is believed to be actually a human having sex with a god incarnated in the form of an animal.<ref name="PodberscekBeetz2005">{{cite book|first1=Anthony L. |last1=Podberscek |first2=Andrea M. |last2=Beetz |title=Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT12 |accessdate=4 January 2013 |date=1 September 2005 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-0-85785-222-9 |page=12}}</ref> However, in some Hindu scriptures, such as the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', having sex with animals, especially the cow, leads one to [[Naraka (Hinduism)|hell]], where one is tormented by having one's body rubbed on trees with razor-sharp thorns.<ref name = "mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 978-0-8426-0822-0|oclc=2198347|pages = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/368 368–70]}}</ref>
-== Legal status ==
-{{Sex and the Law}}
-{{Main|Zoophilia and the law}}
-In many jurisdictions, all forms of zoophilic acts are prohibited; others outlaw only the mistreatment of animals, without specific mention of sexual activity. In the United Kingdom, [[Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]] (also known as the Extreme Pornography Act) outlaws images of a person performing or appearing to perform an act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive).<ref name=opsisect63>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/section/63|work=Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008|title=Section 63 – Possession of extreme pornographic images|year=2008}}</ref> Despite the [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|UK Ministry of Justice]]'s explanatory note on extreme images saying "It is not a question of the intentions of those who produced the image. Nor is it a question of the sexual arousal of the defendant",<ref>{{cite web|title=Extreme Pornography|url=http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/d_to_g/extreme_pornography/|publisher=Crown Prosecution Service|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref> "it could be argued that a person might possess such an image for the purposes of satire, political commentary or simple grossness," according to ''[[The Independent]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jackman|first1=Myles|title=Is it illegal to have sex with a dead pig? Here's what the law says about the allegations surrounding David Cameron's biography|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/is-it-illegal-to-have-sex-with-a-dead-pig-heres-what-the-law-says-about-the-allegations-surrounding-10510743.html|accessdate=23 September 2015|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=21 September 2015}}</ref>
-Many new laws banning sex with animals have been made recently, such as in [[New Hampshire]],<ref name="Newhampshire" /> [[Ohio]],{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dejure.org/gesetze/TierSchG/3.html|title=§ 3 TierSchG - dejure.org|website=Dejure.org|accessdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/sweden-joins-an-increasing-number-of-european-countries-that-ban-bestiality-2013-06|title=Sweden Joins An Increasing Number Of European Countries That Ban Bestiality|website=Webpronews.com|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politik.tv2.dk/2015-04-21-flertal-for-lovaendring-nu-bliver-sex-med-dyr-ulovligt|title=Flertal for lovændring: Nu bliver sex med dyr ulovligt|date=21 April 2015|accessdate=20 October 2018}}</ref>[[Thailand]],<ref>[http://www.thailawforum.com/blog/what-are-the-laws-in-thailand-regarding-sex-with-animalsand] {{dead link|date=October 2018}}</ref> [[Costa Rica]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.cr/2016/03/09/diputados-aclaran-alcances-y-limites-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bienestar-animal/|title=Diputados aclaran alcances y límites de la nueva Ley de Bienestar Animal|website=Elpais.cr|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[Bolivia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/ley-no-700-del-01-de-junio-de-2015/|title=LEY No 700 del 01 de Junio de 2015 » Derechoteca|website=Derechoteca.com|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> and [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gt.transdoc.com/articulos/archivos-leyes/Ley-de-Proteccin-y-Bienestar-Animal/62680|title=Transdoc :: Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal :: transdoc.com|website=Transdoc.com|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> The number of jurisdictions around the world banning it has grown in the [[2000s (decade)|2000s]] and [[2010s (decade)|2010s]].
-The only EU countries where zoophilia remains legal are Finland, Hungary, and Romania.<ref name="BBC Newsbeat 2015-04-22">{{cite web |title=Denmark passes law to ban bestiality |website=BBC Newsbeat |date=2015-04-22 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality |access-date=2018-08-18}}</ref>
-Laws on zoophilia are sometimes triggered by specific incidents.<ref>Howard Fischer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515222156/http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/122006 Lawmakers hope to outlaw bestiality],
-''Arizona Daily Star,'' 28 March 2006. In Arizona, the motive for legislation was a "spate of recent cases."</ref> While some laws are very specific, others employ vague terms such as "[[sodomy]]" or "bestiality", which lack legal precision and leave it unclear exactly which acts are covered. In the past, some bestiality laws may have been made in the belief that sex with an animal could result in monstrous offspring, as well as offending the community. Current anti-cruelty laws focus more specifically on animal welfare while anti-bestiality laws are aimed only at offenses to community "standards".<ref name="posner">Posner, Richard, A Guide to America's Sex Laws, The [[University of Chicago Press]], 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-226-67564-0}}. Page 207.</ref>
-Notable legal views include Sweden, where a 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the government expressed concern over the increase in reports of [[horse-ripping]] incidents. The agency believed current animal cruelty legislation was not sufficient in protecting animals from abuse and needed updating, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357 |title=TheLocal.se |publisher=TheLocal.se |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515124451/http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357 |archivedate=15 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In [[New Zealand]], the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offense, and instead viewing it as a mental health issue, but they did not, and people can still be prosecuted for it. Under Section 143 of the Crimes Act 1961, individuals can serve a sentence of seven years duration for animal sexual abuse and the offence is considered 'complete' in the event of 'penetration'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329260.html |title=Crimes Act 1961 No 43 (as at 01 October 2012), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |publisher=Legislation.govt.nz |date=2012-10-01 |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref> In [[Canada]], a clarification of the anti-bestiality law was made in 2016 which legalizes most forms of sexual contact with animals other than penetration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scc-csc.ca/case-dossier/info/sum-som-eng.aspx?cas=36450|title=Her Majesty the Queen v. D.L.W.|publisher=Office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court of Canada (ORSCC)|date=2016-05-02|accessdate=2016-06-20}}</ref>
-Some countries once had laws against single males living with female animals, such as [[alpaca]]s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Copulating with a female alpaca is still specifically against the law in Peru.<ref name="Leavitt2003">{{cite book|author=Fred Leavitt|title=The Real Drug Abusers|url=https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav|url-access=registration|quote=female alpaca peru copulate.|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-2518-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav/page/195 195]}}</ref>
-As of 2017, bestiality is illegal in 45 U.S. states. Most state bestiality laws were enacted between 1999 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animallaw.info |title=Michigan State University College of Law |publisher=Animallaw.info |date= |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref><ref name="TableLaws2016">{{cite web|url=http://www.animallaw.info/topic/table-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws |title=Table of State Animal Sexual Assault Laws &#124; Animal Legal & Historical Center |website=Animallaw.info |date=2016-06-24 |accessdate=2017-04-17}}</ref> Until 2005, there was a farm near [[Enumclaw, Washington]] that was described as an “animal brothel”, where people paid to have sex with animals. After [[Enumclaw horse sex case|an incident on 2 July 2005]], when a man was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw community hospital after his colon ruptured due to having had anal sex with a horse, the farm garnered police attention. The [[Washington State Legislature|state legislature]] of the [[State of Washington]], which had been one of the few states in the United States without a law against bestiality, within six months passed a bill making bestiality illegal.<ref>Johnston, Lynda and [[Robyn Longhurst|Longhurst, Robyn]] ''Space, Place, and Sex'' [[Lanham, Maryland]]:2010 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 110.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20080822194920/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1739698%2C00.html Man dies after sex with horse]". News24, 19 July 2005.</ref> Arizona,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality |title=Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality |newspaper=Washington Times |date=2011-03-16 |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref> Alaska,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sessions |first1=David |title=Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature |url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature |accessdate=2020-02-10 |work=[[Politics Daily]] |date=27 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/ |archivedate=2012-09-08 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Florida,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill |location=New York |work=Daily News |first=Nina |last=Mandell |title=Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk |date=6 May 2011}}</ref> Alabama,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/|title=SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session|website=Openstate.org|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> New Jersey,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014|title=New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> New Hampshire,<ref name="Newhampshire">{{cite web|url=http://legiscan.com/NH/text/HB1547/id/1286995|title=New Hampshire HB1547 - 2016 - Regular Session|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref> Ohio,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015|title=Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly|website=Legiscan.com|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> Texas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html|title=Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1|website=Star-telegram.com|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref> Vermont,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf|title=No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice|website=Legislature.vermont.gov|accessdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> and Nevada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391|title=AB391|website=Leg.state.nv.us|accessdate=12 March 2018}}</ref> have banned sex with animals between 2006 and the present, with the latter 5 all banning it in 2017. When such laws are proposed, they are never questioned or debated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html |title=Senate again passes bestiality bill &#124; Florida Politics &#124; Sun Sentinel blog |publisher=Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com |date=2011-03-24 |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref><ref name="ScientificAmerican">{{cite magazine|last=Bering |first=Jesse |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24 |title=Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality &#124; Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network |magazine=Scientific American|date=2010-03-24 |accessdate=2013-01-04}}</ref> Laws which prohibit non-abusive bestiality have been criticized for being discriminatory, unjust and unconstitutional.<ref name="interdis"/><ref name="mroberts" />
-=== Pornography ===
-{{Main|Obscenity|Erotica and pornography|Legal status of Internet pornography}}
-{{category see also|Animal pornography}}
-{{commons category|Zoophilia in art}}
-[[File:Édouard-Henri Avril (28).jpg|thumb|300px|''Ancient Greek sodomising a goat"'', plate XVII from '[[De Figuris Veneris]]' by F.K. Forberg, illustrated by [[Édouard-Henri Avril]].]]
-Pornography involving sex with animals is widely illegal, even in most countries where bestiality itself is not explicitly outlawed.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
-In the [[United States]], zoophilic pornography would be considered [[obscene]] if it did not meet the standards of the [[Miller Test]] and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' includes transmission across the Internet. Production and mere possession appears to be legal, however. U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are {{As of|2005|lc=on}} in some doubt, having been ruled [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] in ''[[United States v. Extreme Associates]]'' (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005).
-Similar restrictions apply in Germany (see [[Zoophilia#Legal status|above]]). In [[New Zealand]] the possession, making or distribution of material promoting bestiality is illegal.
-The potential use of media for [[pornographic movie]]s was seen from the start of the era of [[silent film]]. ''Polissons and Galipettes'' (re-released 2002 as "[[The Good Old Naughty Days]]") is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use, including some animal pornography, dating from around 1905 – 1930.
-Material featuring sex with animals is widely available on the Internet, due to its ease of production.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Prior to the advent of mass-market magazines such as ''[[Playboy]]'', so-called [[Tijuana Bible]]s were a form of pornographic tract popular in America, sold as anonymous underground publications typically comprising a small number of stapled comic-strips representing characters and celebrities.<ref>An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled ''The Pet'' from the 1960s is linked at [http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=0 tijuanabibles.org page link] (also see [http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=1 full size] and [http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search search]).</ref>
-The promotion of "stars" began with the Danish [[Bodil Joensen]], in the period of 1969–72, along with other porn actors such as the Americans [[Linda Lovelace]] (''Dogarama'', 1969), Chessie Moore (multiple films, c. 1994), Kerri Downs (three films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film to attain great infamy was "[[Animal Farm (video)|Animal Farm]]", smuggled into Great Britain around 1980 without details as to makers or provenance.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Dark Side of Porn Season 2 (2006) - Documentary / TV-Show|url=http://crimedocumentary.com/dark-side-porn-season-2-2006/|website=Crimedocumentary.com|accessdate=28 May 2018}}</ref> The film was later traced to a crude juxtaposition of smuggled cuts from many of Bodil Joensen's 1970s Danish movies.
-Into the 1980s, the Dutch took the lead, creating figures like "Wilma" and the "Dutch Sisters". In the 1980s, "bestiality" was featured in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and [[Marina Hedman]], manifested early in the softcore flick ''Bestialità'' in 1976.
-Today, in [[Hungary]], where production faces no legal limitations, zoophilic materials have become a substantial industry that produces a number of films and magazines, particularly for Dutch companies such as ''Topscore'' and ''Book & Film International'', and the [[genre]] has stars such as "Hector", a [[Great Dane|great dane]] dog starring in several films. Many Hungarian mainstream performers also appeared anonymously in animal pornography in their early careers, including for example, Suzy Spark.<ref>[http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html EuroBabeIndex.com], Suzy Spark</ref>
-In Japan, animal pornography is used to bypass censorship laws, often featuring Japanese and Swedish{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} female models performing [[fellatio]] on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not in the scope of Japanese mosaic censor. Sakura Sakurada is an [[AV idol]] known to have appeared in animal pornography, specifically in the AV ''The Dog Game'' in 2006. While primarily underground, there are a number of animal pornography actresses who specialize in bestiality movies. A box-office success of the 1980s, ''[[24 Horas de Sexo Explícito]]'' featured zoophilia.
-In the United Kingdom, [[Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008]] criminalises possession of realistic pornographic images depicting sex with animals (see [[extreme pornography]]), including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images depicting sex with dead animals, where no crime has taken place in the production. The law provides for sentences of up to two years in prison; a sentence of 12 months was handed down in one case in 2011.<ref>[http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer ‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer], ''[[Reading Post]]'', 26 January 2011.</ref>
-Pornography of this sort has become the business of certain [[spam (electronic)|spammers]] such as [[Jeremy Jaynes]] and owners of some fake [[Thumbnail gallery post|TGP]]s, who use the promise of "extreme" material as a bid for users' attention.
-==Health and safety==
-{{Main|Zoonosis}}
-Infections that are transmitted from animals to humans are called [[Zoonosis|zoonoses]]. Some zoonoses may be transferred through casual contact, but others are much more readily transferred by activities that expose humans to the [[semen]], vaginal fluids, [[urine]], [[saliva]], [[feces]] and blood of animals. Examples of zoonoses are [[Brucellosis]], [[Q fever]], [[leptospirosis]], and [[toxocariasis]]. Therefore, sexual activity with animals is, in some instances, a high risk activity. [[Allergy|Allergic reactions]] to animal semen may occur, including [[anaphylaxis]]. Bites and other trauma from penetration or trampling may occur.
-==Zoophiles==
-=== Non-sexual zoophilia ===
-The love of animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In [[psychology]] and [[sociology]] the word "zoophilia" is sometimes used without sexual implications. Being fond of animals in general, or as pets, is accepted in Western society, and is usually respected or tolerated. However, the word zoophilia is used to mean a sexual preference towards animals, which makes it<ref name="CraigheadNemeroff2002">{{cite book|editor1=W. Edward Craighead|editor2=Charles B. Nemeroff|title=The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&dq=zoophilia+meaning&q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&q=zoophilia%20meaning&f=false|date=November 11, 2002|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-27083-6|page=1050}}</ref> a [[paraphilia]]. Some zoophiles may not act on their sexual attraction to animals. People who identify as zoophiles may feel their love for animals is romantic rather than purely sexual, and say this makes them different from those committing entirely sexually motivated acts of bestiality.<ref name="Delaney2003">{{cite book|author=David Delaney|title=Law and Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjqWw-9ZQfYC&pg=PA252&dq=zoophilia+romantic|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43700-4|page=252}}</ref>
-===Zoophile community===
-[[File:Zeta toy MMB 01.jpg|thumb|right|Several companies (e.g., Bad Dragon) sell [[dildo]]s in the shape of animal penises, both realistic and fantastical. This one is based on a [[wolf's penis]].]]
-An online survey which recruited participants over the internet concluded that prior to the arrival of widespread [[computer network]]ing, most zoophiles would not have known other zoophiles, and for the most part, zoophiles engaged in bestiality secretly, or told only trusted friends, family or partners. The internet and its predecessors made people able to search for information on topics which were not otherwise easily accessible and to communicate with relative safety and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the internet, zoophiles had the ideal opportunity to "openly" express their sexuality.<ref>Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.</ref> As with many other [[alternative lifestyle|alternate lifestyles]], broader networks began forming in the 1980s when participating in [[online community|networked social groups]] became more common at home and elsewhere.<ref name="Weinberg and Williams">Weinberg and Williams</ref> Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; the linking of computers meant that people thousands of miles apart could feel the intimacy akin to being in a small village together.<ref>Markoff, 1990.</ref> The popular newsgroup [[alt.sex|alt.sex.bestiality]], said to be in the top 1% of newsgroup interest (i.e. number 50 out of around 5000), – and reputedly started in humor<ref>Miletski p. 35.</ref> – along with personal [[bulletin board]]s and [[talker]]s, chief among them [[Sleepy's multiple worlds]], [[Lintilla (talker)|Lintilla]], and Planes of Existence, were among the first group media of this kind<!-- Clarify: Of what kind? Of all internet groups? Or of zoophilia-related internet groups? --> in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups rapidly drew together zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and social websites and [[Internet Forum|internet forums]]. By around 1992–1994, the wide social net had evolved.<ref>Miletski (1999)</ref> This was initially centered around the above-mentioned [[newsgroup]], alt.sex.bestiality, which during the six years following 1990 had matured into a discussion and support group.<ref>Milteski (1999), p. 35.</ref><ref>Andriette, 1996.</ref><ref>Fox, 1994.</ref><ref>Montclair, 1997.</ref> The newsgroup included information about health issues, laws governing zoophilia, bibliography relating to the subject, and community events.<ref>Donofrio, 1996.</ref>
-Weinberg and Williams observe that the internet can socially integrate an incredibly large number of people. In Kinsey's day contacts between animal lovers were more localized and limited to male compatriots in a particular rural community. Further, while the farm boys Kinsey researched might have been part of a rural culture in which sex with animals was a part, the sex itself did not define the community. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large compared to other subcultures which make use of the internet, so Weinberg and Williams surmised its aims and beliefs would likely change little as it grew. Those particularly active on the internet may not be aware of a wider subculture, as there is not much of a wider subculture, Weinberg and Williams felt the virtual zoophile group would lead the development of the subculture.<ref name="Weinberg and Williams"/>
-Websites aim to provide support and social assistance to zoophiles (including resources to help and rescue abused or mistreated animals), but these are not usually well publicized. Such work is often undertaken as needed by individuals and friends, within social networks, and by word of mouth.<ref>Miletski (1999), p. 22.</ref>
-Zoophiles tend to experience their first zoosexual feelings during adolescence, and tend to be secretive about it, hence limiting the ability for non-Internet communities to form.<ref name="browplm2">{{cite web|author=Thomas Francis |url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/2/ |title=Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 2 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach |publisher=Broward/Palm Beach |date=20 August 2009 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>
-== Debate over zoophilia or zoophilic relations ==
-[[File:Leda - after Michelangelo Buonarroti.jpg|thumb|[[Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)|''Leda and the Swan'']], copy of a lost Michelangelo.]]
-Because of its controversial nature, people have developed arguments both for<ref name="singer01">{{cite web|author=Pablo Stafforini |url=http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm |title=Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer |publisher=Utilitarian.net |accessdate=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm |archivedate=6 June 2012 }}</ref> and against<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopbestiality.wordpress.com/2010/12/12/bestiality-and-lack-of-consent/ |title=Bestiality and Lack of Consent " StopBestiality |publisher=Stopbestiality.wordpress.com |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> zoophilia. Arguments for and against zoosexual activity from a variety of sources, including religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social.
-=== Arguments against bestiality ===
-Bestiality is seen by the government of the United Kingdom as profoundly disturbed behavior (as indicated by the UK [[Home Office]] review on sexual offences in 2002).<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf |title=Protecting the Public: Strengthening Protection Against Sex Offenders and Reforming the Laws on Sexual Offences |chapter=Other offences |pages=32–3 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-10-156682-7 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205100653/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf |archivedate=5 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Andrea Beetz states there is evidence that there can be violent zoosadistic approaches to sex with animals. Beetz argues that animals might be traumatized even by a non-violent, sexual approach from a human;<ref name="Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8">Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.</ref> however, Beetz also says that in some cases, non-abusive bestiality can be reciprocally pleasurable for both the human and non-human animal.<ref name="Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8"/>
-An argument from human dignity is given by Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow and [[Intelligent Design]] proponent at the [[Center for Science and Culture]] of the conservative Christian [[Discovery Institute]]: – "such behavior is profoundly degrading and utterly subversive to the crucial understanding that human beings are unique, special, and of the highest moral worth in the known universe—a concept known as '[[human exceptionalism]]' ... one of the reasons bestiality is condemned through law is that such degrading conduct unacceptably subverts standards of basic human dignity and is an affront to humankind's inestimable importance and intrinsic moral worth."<ref>[http://www.wesleyjsmith.com/blog/2005/08/bestiality-and-varied-attacks-on-human.html Wesleyjsmith.com] and [http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/985pgwjh.asp Weeklystandard.com], 31 August 2005.</ref>
-One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.<ref name=Regan63>Regan, Tom. ''Animal Rights, Human Wrongs''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.</ref>
-The [[Humane Society of the United States]] (HSUS) has said that as animals do not have the same capacity for thinking as humans, they are unable to give full consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual activity between humans and animals is abusive, whether it involves physical injury or not.<ref>[http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/ Sex Abuse] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20071214033934/http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/ |date=14 December 2007 }}, NManimalControl.com</ref> In his 1993 article, Dr. Frank Ascione stated that "bestiality may be considered abusive even in cases when physical harm to an animal does not occur." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, Professor of Criminology at the University of Southern Maine, points out that 'for genuine consent to sexual relations to be present...both participants must be conscious, fully informed and positive in their desires.'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/ |title=The First Strike Campaign: ANIMAL SEXUAL ABUSE FACT SHEET |website=NManimalControl.com |accessdate=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010653/http://www.nmanimalcontrol.com/aco_fo/sex_abuse/ |archive-date=2007-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2752/089279393787002105 |title=Children Who are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychopathology |year=1993 |last1=Ascione |first1=Frank R. |journal=Anthrozoös: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions of People and Animals |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=226–47}}</ref>
-=== Arguments for bestiality ===
-[[File:Persian woman with an animal Wellcome L0033282.jpg|thumb|Book illustration depicting dog with woman, [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]], 15th century.]]
-Some defenders of bestiality argue that the issue of [[sexual consent]] is irrelevant because many legal human practices (such as [[semen collection]], [[Artificial insemination of livestock and pets|artificial insemination]], [[hunting]], [[animal testing|laboratory testing]], and slaughtering animals for meat) do not involve the consent of the animal.<ref>{{cite web|author=28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob |url=http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html |title=Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists |website=Breezejmu.org |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Brian Cutteridge states the following regarding this argument:
-<blockquote>"Animal sexual autonomy is regularly violated for human financial gain through procedures such as [artificial insemination and slaughter]. Such procedures are probably more disturbing physically and psychologically than acts of zoophilia would be, yet the issue of consent on the part of the animal is never raised in the discussion of such procedures. To confine the 'right' of any animal strictly to acts of zoophilia is thus to make a law [against zoophilia] based not on reason but on moral prejudice, and to breach the constitutional rights of zoophiles to due process and equality before the law. [...] Laws which criminalize zoophilia based on societal abhorrence of such acts rather than any real harm caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional infringement on individual liberty."<ref name="interdis">{{cite web |url=http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf |title=Inter-disciplinary.net |accessdate=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote>
-[[Hani Miletski]] believes that "Animals are capable of sexual consent – and even initiation – in their own way."<ref>Miltski, 1999, p. 50.</ref> It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt to copulate with ("hump") the legs of people of both genders.<ref>Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997.</ref> Rosenberger (1968) emphasizes that as far as cunnilingus is concerned, dogs require no training, and even Dekkers (1994) and Menninger (1951) admit that sometimes animals take the initiative and do so impulsively.<ref name="Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8"/> Those supporting zoophilic activity feel animals sometimes even seem to enjoy the sexual attention<ref>Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.</ref> or voluntarily initiate sexual activity with humans.<ref name="Dekkers, 1994">Dekkers, 1994.</ref> Animals such as dogs can be willing participants in sexual activity with humans, and "seem to enjoy the attention provided by the sexual interaction with a human."<ref name="interdis"/> Animal owners normally know what their own pets like or do not like. Most people can tell if an animal does not like how it is being petted, because it will move away. An animal that is liking being petted pushes against the hand, and seems to enjoy it. To those defending bestiality this is seen as a way in which animals give consent, or the fact that a dog might wag its tail.<ref>(Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"</ref>
-[[Preference utilitarianism|Utilitarian]] philosopher and [[Animal rights|animal liberation]] author [[Peter Singer]] argues that bestiality is not unethical so long as it involves no harm or cruelty to the animal<ref name=SingerNerve>Singer, Peter. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080616055314/http://www.nerve.com/Opinions/Singer/heavyPetting/main.asp Heavy Petting], ''Nerve'', 2001.</ref> (see ''[[Harm principle]]''). In the article "Heavy Petting,"<ref name="Singer01">{{cite web|author=Pablo Stafforini |url=http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm |title=Utilitarian.com |website=Utilitarian.com |accessdate=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm |archivedate=6 June 2012 }}</ref> Singer argues that zoosexual activity need not be abusive, and that relationships could form which were mutually enjoyed. Singer and others have argued that people's dislike of bestiality is partly caused by irrational [[speciesism]] and [[anthropocentrism]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/isle/isq034 |title=Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved |year=2010 |last1=Ruetenik |first1=T. |journal=Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=317–326}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/cul.2010.0020 |first=Colleen Glenney |last=Boggs |date=Fall 2010 |title=American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity |journal=Cultural Critique |volume=76 |issue=76|pages=98–125 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/summary/v076/76.boggs.html |jstor=40925347|doi-broken-date=2020-01-22 }}</ref> Because interspecies sex occurs in nature,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html |title=Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret? |website=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> and because humans ''are'' animals,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/pwruab/cgi-bin/pwrofthepen/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/kerstin-grune1.pdf|title=Changing Perspectives of Bestiality: Breaking the Human-Animal Distinction to Violating Animal Rights|website=Stanford.edu|accessdate=20 October 2018}}</ref> supporters argue that zoosexual activity is not "unnatural" and is not intrinsically wrong.<ref name="mroberts">{{cite journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1328310 |title=The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle |year=2009 |last1=Roberts |first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01639625.2010.538356 |title=Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community |year=2011 |last1=Maratea |first1=R. J. |journal=Deviant Behavior |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=918–943}}</ref>
-Research has proven that non-human animals can and do have [[Animal co-opted sexual behavior|sex for non-reproductive purposes]] (and [[Animal sexual behaviour#Sex for pleasure|for pleasure]]).<ref name="Poiani">{{cite book|author1=Aldo Poiani|author2=A. F. Dixson|title=Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/?id=EftT_1bsPOAC&lpg=PR7&dq=animals%20homosexuality&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=animals%20homosexuality&f=false;|date=19 August 2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-49038-2|page=7}}</ref> In 2006, a Danish Animal Ethics Council report concluded that ethically performed zoosexual activity is capable of providing a positive experience for all participants, and that some non-human animals are [[Sexual imprinting|sexually attracted to humans]]<ref>[http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf Danish Animal Ethics Council report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009031312/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf |date=9 October 2011 }} ''Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr'' published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers/smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.</ref> (for example, [[dolphins]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM:WORLD |work=CNN |title=Bid to save over-friendly dolphin |date=28 May 2002 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321162034/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archivedate=21 March 2012 }}</ref>
-Some zoophiles claim that they are not abusive towards animals:<ref name="ScientificAmerican" />
-<blockquote>"In other recent surveys, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the notion that they were abusive toward animals in any way—far from it, they said. Many even consider themselves to be animal welfare advocates in addition to zoophiles."<ref name="ScientificAmerican" /></blockquote>
-==Mentions in the media==
-Because of its controversial nature, different countries vary in the discussion of bestiality. Often sexual matters are the subject of legal or regulatory requirement. In 2005 the UK broadcasting regulator ([[OFCOM]]) updated its code stating that freedom of expression is at the heart of any democratic state. Adult audiences should be informed as to what they will be viewing or hearing, and the young, who cannot make a fully informed choice for themselves, should be protected. Hence a [[Watershed (television)|watershed]] and other precautions were set up for explicit sexual material, to protect young people. Zoophile activity and other sexual matters may be discussed, but only in an appropriate context and manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101 |title=OFCOM Broadcasting Code |website=Ofcom.org.uk |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>
-The IPT {{clarify|date=December 2019}} was replaced after the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act in 1993, replaced with bodies designed to allow both more debate and increased consistency, and possession and supply of material that it is decided are objectionable was made a criminal offence.
-==See also==
-{{Col-begin}}
-{{Col-break}}
-{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;"
-|-
-! Human/nonhuman interaction
-|
-* [[Semen collection|Semen collection from male animals]]
-** [[Frozen bovine semen#How semen is collected|Semen collection from bulls]]
-** [[Canine semen collection|Semen collection from male dogs]]
-* [[Anthrozoology]]
-* [[Animal loss]]
-* [[Exogamy]]
-* [[Human–animal bonding]]
-** [[Sexual imprinting]]
-** [[Animal marriage]]
-|-
-! Animal studies
-|
-* [[Non-human animal sexuality]]
-* [[Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals]]
-* [[Animal cognition]]
-* [[Animal communication]]
-* [[Oxytocin#Actions of oxytocin within the brain|Bonding in mammals]]
-|-
-! Human sexuality<br />
-|
-* [[Animal roleplay#Erotic scenarios]]
-* [[Fur fetishism]]
-* [[Bestiality in ancient Rome]]
-* [[Sexual norm]]
-* [[Sodomy]]
-* [[Paraphilia]]
-|}
-{{Col-break}}
-{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:.5em; font-size:90%;"
-|-
-! Ethics, morality and philosophy
-|
-* [[Wisdom of repugnance]]
-* [[Argument from incredulity]]
-* [[Anthropocentrism]]
-* [[Human exceptionalism]]
-* [[Religion and sexuality]]
-* [[Zoophile rights by country or territory]]
-* [[Great Ape personhood]]
-|-
-! Animal welfare
-|
-* [[Animal welfare]]
-* [[Animal abuse]]
-* [[Animal rights]]
-|-
-! Other
-|
-* [[Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia]]
-* [[John Travers (murderer)|John Travers]] (a [[zoosadism|zoosadist]])
-* [[Timeline of zoophilia]]
-|}
-<br />&nbsp;<br />
-{{col-end}}
-==References and footnotes==
-<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-==External links==
-{{Wiktionary|zoophilia|zoosexuality|bestiality}}
-{{Commons category|Zoophilia}}
-<!--Please do not add commercial links or links to your own website-->
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033652/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality entry for "Bestiality"] at Sexology Department of Humboldt University, Berlin.
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160122115903/http://www.zoofolio.com/?database%2F Zoophilia References Database] Bestiality and zoosadism criminal executions.
-* [http://www.pet-abuse.com/database/ Animal Abuse Crime Database] search form for the U.S. and UK.
-{{Zoophilia}}
-{{Paraphilia}}
-{{Sex}}
-{{Sex fetish}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Zoophilia| ]]
-[[Category:Animals and humans]]
-[[Category:Paraphilias]]
-[[Category:Animal pornography]]
-[[Category:Cruelty to animals]]
-[[Category:Sexual misconduct]]

Zoophilia: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 21:20, 20 August 2020

Zoophilia

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