Timeline of zoophilia: Difference between revisions
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* '''1864''' – In the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years hard labor.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /> | * '''1864''' – In the [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Kingdom of Sweden]], the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years hard labor.<ref name="Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950" /> | ||
*'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | *'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | ||
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> The [[Dominion of Canada]] reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref> | *'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | ||
*'''22 June 1869''' – The [[Dominion of Canada]] reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.<ref>[http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/calendar_for_june.htm Calendar for June]</ref> | |||
*'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code ([[Paragraph 175|§175 StGB]]) of the [[North German Confederation]] takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1939594057}}</ref> | *'''1 January 1871''' – The Criminal Code ([[Paragraph 175|§175 StGB]]) of the [[North German Confederation]] takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement">{{cite book |author-last=Wackerfuss |author-first=Andrew |title=Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement |date=2015 |pages=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-4dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR23#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=1939594057}}</ref> | ||
*'''1 January 1872''' – The [[Strafgesetzbuch|Imperial Criminal Law]] (§175 StGB) takes effect in the [[German Empire]], making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" /> | *'''1 January 1872''' – The [[Strafgesetzbuch|Imperial Criminal Law]] (§175 StGB) takes effect in the [[German Empire]], making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.<ref name="Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement" /> |
Revision as of 21:13, 29 January 2017
The timeline of zoophilia covers the history of zoophilia and bestiality among humans and non-human animals.
Before the Common Era
23rd millennium BCE
230th century BCE
- c. 22,995 BCE – A bone rod is engraves in a cave in Abri de la Madeleine, France, depicting a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva.[1]
2nd millennium BCE
18th century BCE
- c. 1,750 BCE – The Code of Hammurabi is written and in the code, King Hammurabi of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.[1]
15th century BCE
- c. 1,406 BCE – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the:
"Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"[2]
13th century BCE
- c. 1,300 BCE – c. 1,201 BCE – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a dog, or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a horse or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.[1][3]
1st millennium BCE
7th century BCE
- c. 700 BCE – c. 601 BCE – A cave painting is painted in Val Camonica, Italy depicting a man inserting his penis into the vagina or anus of a donkey.[1]
7th century BCE – 5th century BCE
- c. 700 BCE – c. 401 BCE – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:
"You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."[4]
"If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."[5]
6th century BCE – 4th century BCE
- c. 600 BCE – c. 301 BCE – The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:
"Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."[6]
5th century BCE
- c. 486 BCE – King Darius I adopts the Holiness Code of the Book of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting capital punishment for bestiality.[7]
- c. 440 BCE – In Histories, Herodotus wrote that:
"In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."[8]
1st century BCE
- c. 27 BCE – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for sodomy, under which bestiality was included.[1]
Common Era
1st millennium
7th century
- 654 – The Visigothic Code for the Kingdom of the Visigoths criminalizes bestiality with a penalty of castration.[9][10]
8th century
- 726 – Emperor Leo III the Isaurian issues Ecloga (17.39) for the Byzantine Empire, which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.[11]
2nd millennium
13th century
- c. 1,250 – 1,281 – The Younger Westrogothic law (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the Kingdom of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland, enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by pilgrimage to Rome as penance, along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.[12][13]
13th century – 14th century
- c. 1,250 – 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.[14][13]
- c. 1,272 – The Establishments of Saint Louis is enacted in the Kingdom of France, making bestiality a capital punishment.[15]
14th century
- 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.[16]
15th century
- 1,442 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Christopher (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.[16]
16th century
- 1510 – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[17][10]
- 1507 – The Bamberg Criminal Code of 1507 is enacted in the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.[18]
- 1516 – The Brandenburg Criminal Code of 1516 is enacted in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, making bestiality punishable with a penalty of burning.[18]
- 1532 – The 1532 Criminal Jurisdiction of Emperor Charles V makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.[19][20][16][18]
- 1533 – An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie is enacted in the Kingdom of England, making bestiality a capital punishment and lose of possessions could be confiscated by the government.[21]
- 1563 – The Kingdom of Sweden makes bestiality a capital punishment.[22]
17th century
- 1620 – The Duchy of Prussia makes sodomy a capital punishment.[19]
- 1683 – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in Kingdom of Denmark a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[1][23]
- 1687 – The Norwegian Code (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in Kingdom of Norway a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[23]
- 1692 – The last execution for bestiality was ordered by Paris Parlement in the Kingdom of France.[15]
18th century
- 1711 – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.[1]
- March 1724 – In the Kingdom of France, an execution is carried out for someone accused of blasphemy and bestiality, however he was executed only for blasphemy.[15]
- 23 January 1736 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[16]
- 1768 – The Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (Article 74) makes bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy punishable with capital punishment by burning.[24][25]
- 1779 – Thomas Jefferson wrote a law in Commonwealth of Virginia which contained a punishment of castration for those who engage in bestiality. However, what was intended by Jefferson's law was a liberalization of the sodomy laws in Virginia at that time, which continued to prescribe capital punishment by hanging as the maximum penalty for the crime of bestiality in the commonwealth. Jefferson's law was rejected by the Virginia Legislature.[26][27][28]
- 1787 – The Constitutio Criminalis Josephina reduced the crime of bestiality in the Habsburg Monarchy from the penalty of capital punishment to a misdemeanor.[29]
- 25 September – 6 October 1791 – The French Penal Code of 1791 is adopted in the Kingdom of France, legalizing bestiality.[30]
- 27 November 1792 – The French Republic annexes Savoy.
- 31 January 1793 – The French Republic annexes the County of Nice.
- 14 February 1793 – The French Republic annexes the Principality of Monaco.
- 2 March 1793 – The French Republic annexes the Principality of Salm-Salm.
- 11 October 1793 – The French Republic annexes the County of Montbéliard.
- 1793 – The French Republic annexes the County of Dagsburg, County of Hanau-Lichtenberg, County of Kriechingen, County of La Petite-Pierre, and the County of Sarrewerden.
- 18 September 1794 – The French Republic annexes Austrian Netherlands.
- 1795 – The French Republic annexes the Left Bank of the Rhine, the Lordship of Lixing, and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
- 1796 – The French Republic annexes Riquewihr and the County of Horbourg.
- 28 January 1798 – The French Republic annexes the Republic of Mulhouse.
- 1798 – The French Republic annexes the Republic of Geneva.
19th century
- 1811 – The French Penal Code of 1810 is incorporated into the former territories of the Kingdom of Holland within the French Empire.[31]
- 1829 – The Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 is enacted in the county of Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, making bestiality a capital punishment.[32]
- 1 January 1835 – The Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (excluding the Duchy of Finland) criminalizes bestiality.[33]
- 1838 – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.[23]
- 20 August 1848 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.[23]
- 14 April 1851 – The Prussian Penal Code (Paragraph 143) in the Kingdom of Prussia makes bestiality punishable with imprisonment of six months to four years, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[34][35]
- 1852 – The Austrian Empire enacts § 130 which punishes bestiality with a penalty of a maximum of five years in prison.[36]
- 1 November 1861 – The countries of England, Ireland, and Wales in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland adopts the Offences against the Person Act 1861, reducing the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to life imprisonment.[37]
- 1864 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years hard labor.[16]
- 1866 – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.[23]
- 1869 – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.[23]
- 22 June 1869 – The Dominion of Canada reduces the penalty for bestiality from capital punishment to a term of two years to life.[38]
- 1 January 1871 – The Criminal Code (§175 StGB) of the North German Confederation takes effect, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[39]
- 1 January 1872 – The Imperial Criminal Law (§175 StGB) takes effect in the German Empire, making bestiality punishable with imprisonment, with the further punishment of a prompt loss of civil rights.[39]
- 1878 – The Kingdom of Hungary adopted a penal code which criminalizes bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.[40]
- 1894 – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years imprisonment.[23]
20th century
- 1903 – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.[33]
- 1905 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year, however prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.[23]
- 1 January 1933 – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes male bestiality.[23]
- 1935 – The Criminal Code of the German Empire is moves the prohibition on bestiality to §175b StGB, along with making it a crime punishable by five years in prison.[36]
- 1 December 1939 – The Finnish Democratic Republic is created.
- 12 March 1940 – The Finnish Democratic Republic is annexed into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
- 22 March 1940 – The Hanko Naval Base is created.
- 12 August 1940 – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes male bestiality.[23]
- 25 June 1941 – 4 June 1944 – The Republic of Finland annexes parts of Gulf of Finland islands, Hanko Naval Base, parts of Karelia, Rybachy Peninsula, and Old Salla. The Porkkala Naval Base is created.
- 15 July 1941 – The Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia is created.
- 4 June – 19 September 1944 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic annexes parts of Karelian Isthmus.
- 1 July 1944 – The Kingdom of Sweden legalizes bestiality.[23][41]
- 19 September 1944 – The Union of Soviet Socialist Republic annexes parts of Gulf of Finland islands, parts of Karelia, Petsamo, and Old Salla. The Porkkala Naval Base is created.
- 7 October 1949 – The German Democratic Republic is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.[1]
- 26 January 1956 – Porkkala Naval Base is returned to the Republic of Finland from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.
- 25 June 1968 – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.[1][42][43]
- 15 January 1971 – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.[23]
- 16 August 1971 – The Republic of Austria legalized bestiality.[44][36]
- 21 April 1972 – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.[23]
3rd millennium
21st century
- 1 May 2004 – The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is enacted in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, reducing the penalty of bestiality from life imprisonment in the countries of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales to a penalty of a maximum of two years in prison for conviction on indictment or a maximum of six months in prison and a fine for summary conviction.[45]
- 26 January 2009 – The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (Section 63) makes zoophile porn illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, with a maximum of twelve months imprisonment in England or six months imprisonment in North Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction or a maximum of two years imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment.[46]
- 2009 – Zoophiles Commitment for Tolerance and Awareness, later called the Zoophiles for Ethical Treatment of Animals (ZETA), a zoophile rights organization, is created in Germany.[47]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Podberscek, Anthony; Beetz, Andrea, eds. (2005). Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals. ISBN 1557534128.
- ↑ Deuteronomy 27:21
- ↑ Ascione, Frank, ed. (2008). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. p. 205. ISBN 1557535655.
- ↑ Leviticus 18:23–18:24
- ↑ Leviticus 20:15–20:16
- ↑ Exodus 22:19
- ↑ Dynes, Wayne, ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2. p. 1418. ISBN 9781317368113.
- ↑ "2" 46 [4]. Histories. ISBN 0674991303.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|script-chapter=
: missing prefix (help) - ↑ GLBT Spain
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 “Burned for Sodomy”
- ↑ M. T. G. Humphreys, Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. ISBN 9780198701576.
- ↑ It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is pecuniary; the crime usually led to capital punishment.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ekholst, Christine (2014). A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9789004271623.
- ↑ In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth-century France
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Rydström, Jens (2003). Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950. p. 34. ISBN 0226732576.
- ↑ Ben-Atar, Doron; Brown, Richard (2014). Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic. p. 17. ISBN 0812245814.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. p. 378. ISBN 0520276833.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Fone, Byrne (2000). Homophobia: A History. p. 213. ISBN 0312420307.
- ↑ Rampone Jr., W. (2011). Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare. p. 22. ISBN 0313343756.
- ↑ THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)
- ↑ GAY CHRONICLES FROM THE BEGINING(Sic) OF TIME TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II
- ↑ Austria
- ↑ West, Donald; Green, Richard, eds. (2002). Sociolegal Control of Homosexuality: A Multi-Nation Comparisony. ISBN 0306455323.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Benemann, William (2006). Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendshipsy. p. 133. ISBN 1560233451.
- ↑ Patricia S. Ticer, State Senator (D-30) in the. "Virginia". Glapn.org. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Amendment VIII: Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments". Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
- ↑ Wintemute, Robert; Andenas, Mads (2001). Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European ... p. 549. ISBN 1841131385.
- ↑ Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry, eds. (2001). Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II (Vol 1). p. 80. ISBN 0415159822.
- ↑ The Netherlands by Gert Hekma
- ↑ Johnson, Paul; Vanderbeck, Robert (2014). Law, Religion and Homosexuality. ISBN 0415832683.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Engelstein, Laura (1992). The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia. ISBN 0801499585.
- ↑ Carr, Jamie (2006). Queer Times: Christopher Isherwood's Modernity. p. 157. ISBN 0415978416.
- ↑ Karl Maria Kertbeny (aka Karl Maria Benkert)
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation
- ↑ Offences Against the Person Act 1861
- ↑ Calendar for June
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Wackerfuss, Andrew (2015). Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement. p. 23. ISBN 1939594057.
- ↑ Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Sweden
- ↑ Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1. p. 400. ISBN 0875862527.
- ↑ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
- ↑ LGBT rights in Austria
- ↑ Sexual Offences Act 2003
- ↑ Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
- ↑ ZETA Principles