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Zoophilia

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Roman oil lamp depicting a zoophilic act, 1st–3rd century A.D.

<a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> having sex with a goat, statue from <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> (catalogued 1752)

Zoophilia is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> involving a sexual fixation on non-human animals. Bestiality is <a href="/wiki/Cross-species_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-species sex">cross-species sexual activity</a> between <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> and non-human <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>. The terms are often used interchangeably, but some researchers make a distinction between the attraction (zoophilia) and the act (bestiality).^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>}

Although sex with animals <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">is not outlawed in some countries</a>, in most countries, bestiality is illegal under <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal abuse</a> laws or laws dealing with <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_nature" title="Crime against nature">crimes against nature</a>.

Terminology

General

Three key terms commonly used in regards to the subject—zoophilia, bestiality, and zoosexuality—are often used somewhat interchangeably. Some researchers distinguish between zoophilia (as a persistent sexual interest in animals) and bestiality (as sexual acts with animals), because bestiality is often not driven by a sexual preference for animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>} Some studies have found a preference for animals is rare among people who engage in sexual contact with animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-earls-2">[2]</a>} Furthermore, some zoophiles report they have never had sexual contact with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>} People with zoophilia are known as "zoophiles", though also sometimes as "zoosexuals", or even very simply "zoos".^{<a href="#cite_note-ranger-1">[1]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>} Zooerasty, <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and zooerastia^{<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>} are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms, and are seldom used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became widely established.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bornemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bornemann">Ernest Bornemann</a> (1990, cited by Rosenbauer, 1997) coined the separate term <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">zoosadism</a> for those who derive pleasure – sexual or otherwise – from inflicting pain on animals. Zoosadism specifically is one member of the <a href="/wiki/Macdonald_triad" title="Macdonald triad">Macdonald triad</a> of precursors to <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">sociopathic behavior</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a>}

Zoophilia

The term zoophilia was introduced into the field of research on sexuality in <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a> (1886) by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Freiherr_von_Krafft-Ebing" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing">Krafft-Ebing</a>, who described a number of cases of "violation of animals (bestiality)",^{<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>} as well as "zoophilia erotica",^{<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>} which he defined as a sexual attraction to animal skin or fur. The term zoophilia derives from the combination of two nouns in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ζῷον (zṓion, meaning "animal") and φιλία (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-philia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-philia">philia</a>, meaning "(fraternal) love"). In general contemporary usage, the term zoophilia may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> (i.e., the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for non-human animals over humans as sexual partners. Although Krafft-Ebing also coined the term zooerasty for the paraphilia of exclusive sexual attraction to animals,^{<a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">[9]</a>} that term has fallen out of general use.

Zoosexuality

<a href="/wiki/Katsushika_Hokusai" class="mw-redirect" title="Katsushika Hokusai">Hokusai</a>'s (1760–1849) <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Fisherman%27s_Wife" title="The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife">The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife</a>.

The term zoosexual was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> in 2002^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>} as a value-neutral term. Usage of zoosexual as a noun (in reference to a person) is synonymous with zoophile, while the adjectival form of the word – as, for instance, in the phrase "zoosexual act" – may indicate sexual activity between a human and a non-human animal. The derivative noun "zoosexuality" is sometimes used by self-identified zoophiles in both support groups and on internet-based discussion forums to designate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> manifesting as romantic or emotional involvement with, or sexual attraction to, non-human animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-Handbookth-4">[4]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>}

Bestiality

Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodblock print">woodblock print</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kunisada" title="Kunisada">Utagawa Kunisada</a>'s series, "Eight Canine Heroes of the House of Satomi", 1837.

An 18th-century Indian miniature depicting women practising zoophilia in the bottom register.

The legal term bestiality has three common pronunciations: [ˌbestʃiˈæləti] or [ˌbistʃiˈæləti] in the United States,^{<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>} and [ˌbestiˈæləti] in the United Kingdom.^{<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>} Some zoophiles and researchers draw a distinction between zoophilia and bestiality, using the former to describe the desire to form sexual relationships with animals, and the latter to describe the sex acts alone.^{<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>} Confusing the matter yet further, writing in 1962, Masters used the term bestialist specifically in his discussion of zoosadism.

Stephanie LaFarge, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School, and Director of Counseling at the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">ASPCA</a>, writes that two groups can be distinguished: bestialists, who rape or abuse animals, and zoophiles, who form an emotional and sexual attachment to animals.^{<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Colin_J._Williams" title="Colin J. Williams">Colin J. Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Weinberg">Martin Weinberg</a> studied self-defined zoophiles via the internet and reported them as understanding the term zoophilia to involve concern for the animal's welfare, pleasure, and consent, as distinct from the self-labelled zoophiles' concept of "bestialists", whom the zoophiles in their study defined as focused on their own gratification. Williams and Weinberg also quoted a British newspaper saying that zoophilia is a term used by "apologists" for bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>}

Extent of occurrence

The <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinsey report">Kinsey reports</a> rated the percentage of people who had sexual interaction with animals at some point in their lives as 8% for men and 3.6% for women, and claimed it was 40–50% in people living near farms,^{<a href="#cite_note-deviance_391-9">[9]</a>} but some later writers dispute the figures, because the study lacked a random sample in that it included a disproportionate number of prisoners, causing <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> has written that it is difficult to get a random sample in sexual research, and that even when <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gebhard" title="Paul Gebhard">Paul Gebhard</a>, Kinsey's research successor, removed prison samples from the figures, he found the figures were not significantly changed.^{<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>}

By 1974, the farm population in the USA had declined by 80 percent compared with 1940, reducing the opportunity to live with animals; Hunt's 1974 study suggests that these demographic changes led to a significant change in reported occurrences of bestiality. The percentage of males who reported sexual interactions with animals in 1974 was 4.9% (1948: 8.3%), and in females in 1974 was 1.9% (1953: 3.6%). Miletski believes this is not due to a reduction in interest but merely a reduction in opportunity.^{<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Nancy_Friday" title="Nancy Friday">Nancy Friday</a>'s 1973 book on <a href="/wiki/Female_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Female sexuality">female sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Secret_Garden" title="My Secret Garden">My Secret Garden</a>, comprised around 190 fantasies from different women; of these, 23 involve zoophilic activity.^{<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>}

In one study, psychiatric patients were found to have a statistically significant higher prevalence rate (55 percent) of reported bestiality, both actual sexual contacts (45 percent) and sexual fantasy (30 percent) than the control groups of medical in-patients (10 percent) and psychiatric staff (15 percent).^{<a href="#cite_note-psych-19">[19]</a>} Crépault and Couture (1980) reported that 5.3 percent of the men they surveyed had fantasized about sexual activity with an animal during heterosexual intercourse.^{<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>} In a 2014 study, 3% of women and 2.2% of men reported fantasies about having sex with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>} A 1982 study suggested that 7.5 percent of 186 university students had interacted sexually with an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>}

Sexual arousal from watching animals mate is known as faunoiphilia.^{<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>} A frequent interest in and sexual excitement at watching animals <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mate</a> is cited as an indicator of latent zoophilia by Massen (1994). <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasies</a> about zoophilic acts can occur in people who do not have any wish to experience them in real life. Nancy Friday notes that zoophilia as a fantasy may provide an escape from cultural expectations, restrictions, and judgements in regard to sex. Masters (1962) says that some brothel madams used to stage exhibitions of animals mating, as they found it aroused potential clientele, and that this may have encouraged the clients to engage in bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-watching-24">[24]</a>}^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]}. Several studies have found that women show stronger vaginal responses to films depicting <a href="/wiki/Bonobo#Sexual_social_behavior" title="Bonobo">bonobo copulation</a> than to non-sexual stimuli.^{<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>}

Perspectives on zoophilia

Art by <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bayros" title="Franz von Bayros">Franz von Bayros</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</a> between an adolescent and a <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>

Research perspectives

Zoophilia has been partly discussed by several sciences: <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> (the study of the human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a> (a relatively new discipline primarily studying <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> (the study of <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">animal behavior</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">anthrozoology</a> (the study of human–animal interactions and bonds).

In the fifth edition of the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM-5), zoophilia is placed in the classification "other specified paraphilic disorder"^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">[27]</a>} ("<a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> not otherwise specified" in the DSM-III and IV^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM-28">[28]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Milner2008-29">[29]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Lovemaps-30">[30]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Seto2000-31">[31]</a>}). The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> takes the same position, listing a sexual preference for animals in its <a href="/wiki/ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD">ICD</a><a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">-10</a> as "other disorder of sexual preference".^{<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>} In the DSM-5, it rises to the level of a diagnosable disorder only when accompanied by distress or interference with normal functioning.^{<a href="#cite_note-DSM_5-27">[27]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>}

Zoophilia may also be covered to some degree by other fields such as ethics, philosophy, law, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. It may also be touched upon by <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> which looks both at zoosadism in examining patterns and issues related to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a> and at non-sexual zoophilia in examining the role of animals as emotional support and companionship in human lives, and may fall within the scope of <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> if it becomes necessary to consider its significance in a clinical context.

The Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine (Vol. 18, February 2011) states that sexual contact with animals is almost never a clinically significant problem by itself;^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>} it also states that there are several kinds of zoophiles:^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>}

Human-animal role-players
Romantic zoophiles
Zoophilic fantasizers
Tactile zoophiles
Fetishistic zoophiles
Sadistic bestials
Opportunistic zoophiles
Regular zoophiles
Exclusive zoophiles

Additionally, zoophiles in categories 2, 3, and 8 (romantic zoophiles, zoophilic fantasizers, and regular zoophiles) are the most common, while zoophiles found in categories 6 and 7 (sadistic bestials and opportunistic zoophiles) are the least common.^{<a href="#cite_note-scidirectpii-34">[34]</a>}

Zoophilia may reflect childhood experimentation, sexual abuse or lack of other avenues of sexual expression. Exclusive desire for animals rather than humans is considered a rare paraphilia, and sufferers often have other paraphilias^{<a href="#cite_note-LawsO'Donohue2008-35">[35]</a>} with which they present. Zoophiles will not usually seek help for their condition, and so do not come to the attention of psychiatrists for zoophilia itself.^{<a href="#cite_note-Roukema2008-36">[36]</a>}

The first detailed studies of zoophilia date from prior to 1910. Peer reviewed research into zoophilia in its own right started around 1960. However, a number of the most oft-quoted studies, such as Miletski, were not published in <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> journals. There have been several significant modern books, from Masters (1962) to Beetz (2002);^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>} their research arrived at the following conclusions:

Most zoophiles have (or have also had) long term human relationships as well or at the same time as zoosexual ones, and that zoosexual partners are usually dogs and/or horses (Masters, Miletski, Beetz)^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Aggrawal2008-38">[38]</a>}
Zoophiles' emotions and care for animals can be real, relational, authentic and (within animals' abilities) reciprocal, and not just a substitute or means of expression.^{<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>} Beetz believes zoophilia is not an inclination which is chosen.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}
Society in general at present is considerably misinformed about zoophilia, its stereotypes, and its meaning.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>} The distinction between zoophilia and zoosadism is a critical one to these researchers, and is highlighted by each of these studies. Masters (1962), Miletski (1999) and Weinberg (2003) each comment significantly on the social harm caused by misunderstandings regarding zoophilia: "This destroy[s] the lives of many citizens".^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz2002-37">[37]</a>}

Beetz also states the following:

The phenomenon of sexual contact with animals is starting to lose its taboo: it is appearing more often in scholarly publications, and the public are being confronted with it, too. ... Sexual contact with animals – in the form of bestiality or zoophilia – needs to be discussed more openly and investigated in more detail by scholars working in disciplines such as animal ethics, animal behavior, anthrozoology, psychology, mental health, sociology, and the law.^{<a href="#cite_note-BeetzPodberseck-40">[40]</a>}

More recently, research has engaged three further directions: the speculation that at least some animals seem to enjoy a zoophilic relationship assuming <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and Masochism">sadism</a> is not present, and can form an affectionate bond.^{<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>} Similar findings are also reported by Kinsey (cited by Masters), and others earlier in history. Miletski (1999) notes that information on sex with animals on the internet is often very emphatic as to what the zoophile believes gives pleasure and how to identify what is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> beforehand. For instance, Jonathan Balcombe says animals do things for pleasure. But he himself says pet owners will be unimpressed by this statement, as this is not news to them.^{<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>}

Beetz described the phenomenon of zoophilia/bestiality as being somewhere between crime, paraphilia and love, although she says that most research has been based on <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminological</a> reports, so the cases have frequently involved violence and psychiatric illness. She says only a few recent studies have taken data from volunteers in the community.^{<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>} As with all volunteer surveys and sexual ones in particular, these studies have a potential for <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a> bias.^{<a href="#cite_note-Slade2001-44">[44]</a>}

Medical research suggests that some zoophiles only become aroused by a specific species (such as horses), some zoophiles become aroused by multiple species (which may or may not include humans), and some zoophiles are not attracted to humans at all.^{<a href="#cite_note-earls-2">[2]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>}

Researchers who observed a monkey trying to mate with a deer in 2017 (interspecies sex) said that it may provide clues into why humans have interspecies sex.^{<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>}

Historical and cultural perspectives

The taboo of zoophilia has led to stigmatised groups being accused of it, as with <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>. This German illustration shows <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> performing bestiality on a <a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a>, while Satan watches.

Instances of this behavior have been found in the Bible.^{<a href="#cite_note-aggrawal_2009_16_3-49">[49]</a>} In a cave painting from at least 8000 BC in the Northern Italian <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a> a man is shown about to penetrate an animal. Raymond Christinger interprets that as a show of power of a tribal chief,^{<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>} and so we do not know if this practice was then more acceptable, and if the scene depicted was usual or unusual or whether it was symbolic or imaginary.^{<a href="#cite_note-Bevan2006-51">[51]</a>} The "Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art" says the scene may be humorous, as the penetrating man seems to be waving cheerfully with his hand at the same time. Potters seem to have spent time depicting the practice, but this may be because they found the idea amusing.^{<a href="#cite_note-Bahn1998-52">[52]</a>} Dr "Jacobus X", said to be the <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of a French author, said this was clearly "before any known taboos against sex with animals existed".^{<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>} Marc Epprecht states that authors such as Jacobus X do not deserve respect because their methodology is based on hearsay, and was designed for voyeuristic titillation of the reader.^{<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>} Masters said that since pre-historic man is <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> it goes without saying that we know little of his sexual behaviour;^{<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>} depictions in cave paintings may only show the artist's subjective preoccupations or thoughts.

<a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> claimed the Egyptians engaged in ritual congress with goats.^{<a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">[56]</a>} Such claims about other cultures do not necessarily reflect anything about which the author had evidence, but may be a form of propaganda or <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

Bestiality was accepted in some North American and Middle Eastern indigenous cultures.^{<a href="#cite_note-Noram-57">[57]</a>} Sexual intercourse between humans and non-human animals was not uncommon among certain Native American indigenous peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-Taleyesva-59">[59]</a>} Voget describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive", including bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>} In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Inuit" title="Copper Inuit">Copper Inuit</a> people had "no aversion to intercourse with live animals".^{<a href="#cite_note-Voget61-58">[58]</a>}

Several cultures built temples (<a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, India) or other structures (<a href="/wiki/Sagaholm" title="Sagaholm">Sagaholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a>, Sweden) with zoophilic carvings on the exterior, however at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, these depictions are not on the interior, perhaps depicting that these are things that belong to the profane world rather than the spiritual world, and thus are to be left outside.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

In the Church-oriented culture of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, zoophilic activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging, as "both a violation of <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Biblical edicts</a> and a degradation of man as a spiritual being rather than one that is purely animal and carnal".^{<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>} Some witches were accused of having congress with the devil in the form of an animal. As with all accusations and confessions extracted under torture in the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">witch trials in Early Modern Europe</a>, their validity cannot be ascertained.^{<a href="#cite_note-BulloughBullough1994-56">[56]</a>}

Religious perspectives

Passages in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a> (Lev 18:23: "And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is a perversion." RSV) and 20:15–16 ("If a man lies with a beast, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the beast. If a woman approaches any beast and lies with it, you shall kill the woman and the beast; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them." RSV) are cited by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theologians as categorical denunciation of bestiality. However, the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> have been interpreted by some as not expressly forbidding bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Plummer-61">[61]</a>}

In Part II of his <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a>, medieval philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ranked various "unnatural vices" (sex acts resulting in "venereal pleasure" rather than procreation) by degrees of sinfulness, concluding that "the most grievous is the sin of bestiality".^{<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>} Some Christian theologians extend <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>'s view that <a href="/wiki/Antithesis_of_the_Law#Adultery" class="mw-redirect" title="Antithesis of the Law">even having thoughts of adultery is sinful</a> to imply that thoughts of committing bestial acts are likewise sinful.

Man having intercourse with a horse, pictured on the exterior of a temple in <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>.

There are a few references in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> scriptures to religious figures engaging in symbolic sexual activity with animals such as explicit depictions of people having sex with animals included amongst the thousands of sculptures of "Life events" on the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temple complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" class="mw-redirect" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>. The depictions are largely symbolic depictions of the sexualization of some animals and are not meant to be taken literally.^{<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>} According to the Hindu tradition of erotic painting and sculpture, having sex with an animal is believed to be actually a human having sex with a god incarnated in the form of an animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-PodberscekBeetz2005-64">[64]</a>} However, in some Hindu scriptures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, having sex with animals, especially the cow, leads one to <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Hinduism)" title="Naraka (Hinduism)">hell</a>, where one is tormented by having one's body rubbed on trees with razor-sharp thorns.^{<a href="#cite_note-mani-65">[65]</a>}

Legal status

In many jurisdictions, all forms of zoophilic acts are prohibited; others outlaw only the mistreatment of animals, without specific mention of sexual activity. In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> (also known as the Extreme Pornography Act) outlaws images of a person performing or appearing to perform an act of intercourse or oral sex with an animal (whether dead or alive).^{<a href="#cite_note-opsisect63-66">[66]</a>} Despite the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">UK Ministry of Justice</a>'s explanatory note on extreme images saying "It is not a question of the intentions of those who produced the image. Nor is it a question of the sexual arousal of the defendant",^{<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>} "it could be argued that a person might possess such an image for the purposes of satire, political commentary or simple grossness," according to <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>}

Many new laws banning sex with animals have been made recently, such as in <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">[69]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>}<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>} <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>,^{<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>} and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>} The number of jurisdictions around the world banning it has grown in the <a href="/wiki/2000s_(decade)" title="2000s (decade)">2000s</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010s_(decade)" class="mw-redirect" title="2010s (decade)">2010s</a>.

The only EU countries where zoophilia remains legal are Finland, Hungary, and Romania.^{<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Newsbeat_2015-04-22-77">[77]</a>}

Laws on zoophilia are sometimes triggered by specific incidents.^{<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>} While some laws are very specific, others employ vague terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>" or "bestiality", which lack legal precision and leave it unclear exactly which acts are covered. In the past, some bestiality laws may have been made in the belief that sex with an animal could result in monstrous offspring, as well as offending the community. Current anti-cruelty laws focus more specifically on animal welfare while anti-bestiality laws are aimed only at offenses to community "standards".^{<a href="#cite_note-posner-79">[79]</a>}

Notable legal views include Sweden, where a 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the government expressed concern over the increase in reports of <a href="/wiki/Horse-ripping" title="Horse-ripping">horse-ripping</a> incidents. The agency believed current animal cruelty legislation was not sufficient in protecting animals from abuse and needed updating, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.^{<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>} In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offense, and instead viewing it as a mental health issue, but they did not, and people can still be prosecuted for it. Under Section 143 of the Crimes Act 1961, individuals can serve a sentence of seven years duration for animal sexual abuse and the offence is considered 'complete' in the event of 'penetration'.^{<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>} In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a clarification of the anti-bestiality law was made in 2016 which legalizes most forms of sexual contact with animals other than penetration.^{<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>}

Some countries once had laws against single males living with female animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} Copulating with a female alpaca is still specifically against the law in Peru.^{<a href="#cite_note-Leavitt2003-83">[83]</a>}

As of 2017, bestiality is illegal in 45 U.S. states. Most state bestiality laws were enacted between 1999 and 2017.^{<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-TableLaws2016-85">[85]</a>} Until 2005, there was a farm near <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw,_Washington" title="Enumclaw, Washington">Enumclaw, Washington</a> that was described as an “animal brothel”, where people paid to have sex with animals. After <a href="/wiki/Enumclaw_horse_sex_case" title="Enumclaw horse sex case">an incident on 2 July 2005</a>, when a man was pronounced dead in the emergency room of the Enumclaw community hospital after his colon ruptured due to having had anal sex with a horse, the farm garnered police attention. The <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">state legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">State of Washington</a>, which had been one of the few states in the United States without a law against bestiality, within six months passed a bill making bestiality illegal.^{<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>} Arizona,^{<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>} Alaska,^{<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>} Florida,^{<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>} Alabama,^{<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>} New Jersey,^{<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>} New Hampshire,^{<a href="#cite_note-Newhampshire-69">[69]</a>} Ohio,^{<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>} Texas,^{<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>} Vermont,^{<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>} and Nevada^{<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>} have banned sex with animals between 2006 and the present, with the latter 5 all banning it in 2017. When such laws are proposed, they are never questioned or debated.^{<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>} Laws which prohibit non-abusive bestiality have been criticized for being discriminatory, unjust and unconstitutional.^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">[100]</a>}

Pornography

Ancient Greek sodomising a goat", plate XVII from '<a href="/wiki/De_Figuris_Veneris" class="mw-redirect" title="De Figuris Veneris">De Figuris Veneris</a>' by F.K. Forberg, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril" title="Édouard-Henri Avril">Édouard-Henri Avril</a>.

Pornography involving sex with animals is widely illegal, even in most countries where bestiality itself is not explicitly outlawed.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]}

In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, zoophilic pornography would be considered <a href="/wiki/Obscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene">obscene</a> if it did not meet the standards of the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a> and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' includes transmission across the Internet. Production and mere possession appears to be legal, however. U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are as of 2005 in some doubt, having been ruled <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Extreme_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Extreme Associates">United States v. Extreme Associates</a> (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005).

Similar restrictions apply in Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia#Legal_status" title="Zoophilia">above</a>). In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> the possession, making or distribution of material promoting bestiality is illegal.

The potential use of media for <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic movie">pornographic movies</a> was seen from the start of the era of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>. Polissons and Galipettes (re-released 2002 as "<a href="/wiki/The_Good_Old_Naughty_Days" title="The Good Old Naughty Days">The Good Old Naughty Days</a>") is a collection of early French silent films for brothel use, including some animal pornography, dating from around 1905 – 1930.

Material featuring sex with animals is widely available on the Internet, due to its ease of production.^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} Prior to the advent of mass-market magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, so-called <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Bible">Tijuana Bibles</a> were a form of pornographic tract popular in America, sold as anonymous underground publications typically comprising a small number of stapled comic-strips representing characters and celebrities.^{<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>}

The promotion of "stars" began with the Danish <a href="/wiki/Bodil_Joensen" title="Bodil Joensen">Bodil Joensen</a>, in the period of 1969–72, along with other porn actors such as the Americans <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lovelace" title="Linda Lovelace">Linda Lovelace</a> (Dogarama, 1969), Chessie Moore (multiple films, c. 1994), Kerri Downs (three films, 1998) and Calina Lynx (aka Kelly G'raffe) (two films, 1998). Another early film to attain great infamy was "<a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(video)" title="Animal Farm (video)">Animal Farm</a>", smuggled into Great Britain around 1980 without details as to makers or provenance.^{<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>} The film was later traced to a crude juxtaposition of smuggled cuts from many of Bodil Joensen's 1970s Danish movies.

Into the 1980s, the Dutch took the lead, creating figures like "Wilma" and the "Dutch Sisters". In the 1980s, "bestiality" was featured in Italian adult films with actresses like Denise Dior, Francesca Ray, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_Hedman" title="Marina Hedman">Marina Hedman</a>, manifested early in the softcore flick Bestialità in 1976.

Today, in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where production faces no legal limitations, zoophilic materials have become a substantial industry that produces a number of films and magazines, particularly for Dutch companies such as Topscore and Book & Film International, and the <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> has stars such as "Hector", a <a href="/wiki/Great_Dane" title="Great Dane">great dane</a> dog starring in several films. Many Hungarian mainstream performers also appeared anonymously in animal pornography in their early careers, including for example, Suzy Spark.^{<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>}

In Japan, animal pornography is used to bypass censorship laws, often featuring Japanese and Swedish^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]} female models performing <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">fellatio</a> on animals, because oral penetration of a non-human penis is not in the scope of Japanese mosaic censor. Sakura Sakurada is an <a href="/wiki/AV_idol" title="AV idol">AV idol</a> known to have appeared in animal pornography, specifically in the AV The Dog Game in 2006. While primarily underground, there are a number of animal pornography actresses who specialize in bestiality movies. A box-office success of the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/24_Horas_de_Sexo_Expl%C3%ADcito" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Horas de Sexo Explícito">24 Horas de Sexo Explícito</a> featured zoophilia.

In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> criminalises possession of realistic pornographic images depicting sex with animals (see <a href="/wiki/Extreme_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme pornography">extreme pornography</a>), including fake images and simulated acts, as well as images depicting sex with dead animals, where no crime has taken place in the production. The law provides for sentences of up to two years in prison; a sentence of 12 months was handed down in one case in 2011.^{<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>}

Pornography of this sort has become the business of certain <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spammers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Jaynes" title="Jeremy Jaynes">Jeremy Jaynes</a> and owners of some fake <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail_gallery_post" title="Thumbnail gallery post">TGPs</a>, who use the promise of "extreme" material as a bid for users' attention.

Health and safety

Infections that are transmitted from animals to humans are called <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonoses</a>. Some zoonoses may be transferred through casual contact, but others are much more readily transferred by activities that expose humans to the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, vaginal fluids, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and blood of animals. Examples of zoonoses are <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">toxocariasis</a>. Therefore, sexual activity with animals is, in some instances, a high risk activity. <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergic reactions</a> to animal semen may occur, including <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. Bites and other trauma from penetration or trampling may occur.

Zoophiles

Non-sexual zoophilia

The love of animals is not necessarily sexual in nature. In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> the word "zoophilia" is sometimes used without sexual implications. Being fond of animals in general, or as pets, is accepted in Western society, and is usually respected or tolerated. However, the word zoophilia is used to mean a sexual preference towards animals, which makes it^{<a href="#cite_note-CraigheadNemeroff2002-105">[105]</a>} a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a>. Some zoophiles may not act on their sexual attraction to animals. People who identify as zoophiles may feel their love for animals is romantic rather than purely sexual, and say this makes them different from those committing entirely sexually motivated acts of bestiality.^{<a href="#cite_note-Delaney2003-106">[106]</a>}

Zoophile community

Several companies (e.g., Bad Dragon) sell <a href="/wiki/Dildo" title="Dildo">dildos</a> in the shape of animal penises, both realistic and fantastical. This one is based on a <a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf's penis">wolf's penis</a>.

An online survey which recruited participants over the internet concluded that prior to the arrival of widespread <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, most zoophiles would not have known other zoophiles, and for the most part, zoophiles engaged in bestiality secretly, or told only trusted friends, family or partners. The internet and its predecessors made people able to search for information on topics which were not otherwise easily accessible and to communicate with relative safety and anonymity. Because of the diary-like intimacy of blogs and the anonymity of the internet, zoophiles had the ideal opportunity to "openly" express their sexuality.^{<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>} As with many other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_lifestyle" title="Alternative lifestyle">alternate lifestyles</a>, broader networks began forming in the 1980s when participating in <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">networked social groups</a> became more common at home and elsewhere.^{<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">[108]</a>} Such developments in general were described by Markoff in 1990; the linking of computers meant that people thousands of miles apart could feel the intimacy akin to being in a small village together.^{<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>} The popular newsgroup <a href="/wiki/Alt.sex" title="Alt.sex">alt.sex.bestiality</a>, said to be in the top 1% of newsgroup interest (i.e. number 50 out of around 5000), – and reputedly started in humor^{<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>} – along with personal <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board" title="Bulletin board">bulletin boards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">talkers</a>, chief among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sleepy%27s_multiple_worlds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sleepy's multiple worlds (page does not exist)">Sleepy's multiple worlds</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintilla_(talker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintilla (talker) (page does not exist)">Lintilla</a>, and Planes of Existence, were among the first group media of this kind in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These groups rapidly drew together zoophiles, some of whom also created personal and social websites and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Forum">internet forums</a>. By around 1992–1994, the wide social net had evolved.^{<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>} This was initially centered around the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a>, alt.sex.bestiality, which during the six years following 1990 had matured into a discussion and support group.^{<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>} The newsgroup included information about health issues, laws governing zoophilia, bibliography relating to the subject, and community events.^{<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>}

Weinberg and Williams observe that the internet can socially integrate an incredibly large number of people. In Kinsey's day contacts between animal lovers were more localized and limited to male compatriots in a particular rural community. Further, while the farm boys Kinsey researched might have been part of a rural culture in which sex with animals was a part, the sex itself did not define the community. The zoophile community is not known to be particularly large compared to other subcultures which make use of the internet, so Weinberg and Williams surmised its aims and beliefs would likely change little as it grew. Those particularly active on the internet may not be aware of a wider subculture, as there is not much of a wider subculture, Weinberg and Williams felt the virtual zoophile group would lead the development of the subculture.^{<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg_and_Williams-108">[108]</a>}

Websites aim to provide support and social assistance to zoophiles (including resources to help and rescue abused or mistreated animals), but these are not usually well publicized. Such work is often undertaken as needed by individuals and friends, within social networks, and by word of mouth.^{<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>}

Zoophiles tend to experience their first zoosexual feelings during adolescence, and tend to be secretive about it, hence limiting the ability for non-Internet communities to form.^{<a href="#cite_note-browplm2-118">[118]</a>}

Debate over zoophilia or zoophilic relations

<a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan_(Michelangelo)" title="Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)">Leda and the Swan</a>, copy of a lost Michelangelo.

Because of its controversial nature, people have developed arguments both for^{<a href="#cite_note-singer01-119">[119]</a>} and against^{<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>} zoophilia. Arguments for and against zoosexual activity from a variety of sources, including religious, moral, ethical, psychological, medical and social.

Arguments against bestiality

Bestiality is seen by the government of the United Kingdom as profoundly disturbed behavior (as indicated by the UK <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> review on sexual offences in 2002).^{<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>} Andrea Beetz states there is evidence that there can be violent zoosadistic approaches to sex with animals. Beetz argues that animals might be traumatized even by a non-violent, sexual approach from a human;^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>} however, Beetz also says that in some cases, non-abusive bestiality can be reciprocally pleasurable for both the human and non-human animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>}

An argument from human dignity is given by Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Design">Intelligent Design</a> proponent at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture" title="Center for Science and Culture">Center for Science and Culture</a> of the conservative Christian <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>: – "such behavior is profoundly degrading and utterly subversive to the crucial understanding that human beings are unique, special, and of the highest moral worth in the known universe—a concept known as '<a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Human exceptionalism">human exceptionalism</a>' ... one of the reasons bestiality is condemned through law is that such degrading conduct unacceptably subverts standards of basic human dignity and is an affront to humankind's inestimable importance and intrinsic moral worth."^{<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>}

One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.^{<a href="#cite_note-Regan63-124">[124]</a>}

The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> (HSUS) has said that as animals do not have the same capacity for thinking as humans, they are unable to give full consent. The HSUS takes the position that all sexual activity between humans and animals is abusive, whether it involves physical injury or not.^{<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>} In his 1993 article, Dr. Frank Ascione stated that "bestiality may be considered abusive even in cases when physical harm to an animal does not occur." In a 1997 article, Piers Beirne, Professor of Criminology at the University of Southern Maine, points out that 'for genuine consent to sexual relations to be present...both participants must be conscious, fully informed and positive in their desires.'^{<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>}

Arguments for bestiality

Book illustration depicting dog with woman, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, 15th century.

Some defenders of bestiality argue that the issue of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">sexual consent</a> is irrelevant because many legal human practices (such as <a href="/wiki/Semen_collection" title="Semen collection">semen collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination_of_livestock_and_pets" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial insemination of livestock and pets">artificial insemination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">laboratory testing</a>, and slaughtering animals for meat) do not involve the consent of the animal.^{<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>} Brian Cutteridge states the following regarding this argument:

"Animal sexual autonomy is regularly violated for human financial gain through procedures such as [artificial insemination and slaughter]. Such procedures are probably more disturbing physically and psychologically than acts of zoophilia would be, yet the issue of consent on the part of the animal is never raised in the discussion of such procedures. To confine the 'right' of any animal strictly to acts of zoophilia is thus to make a law [against zoophilia] based not on reason but on moral prejudice, and to breach the constitutional rights of zoophiles to due process and equality before the law. [...] Laws which criminalize zoophilia based on societal abhorrence of such acts rather than any real harm caused by such acts are an unjust and unconstitutional infringement on individual liberty."^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> believes that "Animals are capable of sexual consent – and even initiation – in their own way."^{<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>} It is not an uncommon practice for dogs to attempt to copulate with ("hump") the legs of people of both genders.^{<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>} Rosenberger (1968) emphasizes that as far as cunnilingus is concerned, dogs require no training, and even Dekkers (1994) and Menninger (1951) admit that sometimes animals take the initiative and do so impulsively.^{<a href="#cite_note-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122">[122]</a>} Those supporting zoophilic activity feel animals sometimes even seem to enjoy the sexual attention^{<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>} or voluntarily initiate sexual activity with humans.^{<a href="#cite_note-Dekkers,_1994-132">[132]</a>} Animals such as dogs can be willing participants in sexual activity with humans, and "seem to enjoy the attention provided by the sexual interaction with a human."^{<a href="#cite_note-interdis-99">[99]</a>} Animal owners normally know what their own pets like or do not like. Most people can tell if an animal does not like how it is being petted, because it will move away. An animal that is liking being petted pushes against the hand, and seems to enjoy it. To those defending bestiality this is seen as a way in which animals give consent, or the fact that a dog might wag its tail.^{<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>}

<a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a> philosopher and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal liberation</a> author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> argues that bestiality is not unethical so long as it involves no harm or cruelty to the animal^{<a href="#cite_note-SingerNerve-134">[134]</a>} (see <a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a>). In the article "Heavy Petting,"^{<a href="#cite_note-Singer01-135">[135]</a>} Singer argues that zoosexual activity need not be abusive, and that relationships could form which were mutually enjoyed. Singer and others have argued that people's dislike of bestiality is partly caused by irrational <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>.^{<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>} Because interspecies sex occurs in nature,^{<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>} and because humans are animals,^{<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>} supporters argue that zoosexual activity is not "unnatural" and is not intrinsically wrong.^{<a href="#cite_note-mroberts-100">[100]</a>}^{<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>}

Research has proven that non-human animals can and do have <a href="/wiki/Animal_co-opted_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal co-opted sexual behavior">sex for non-reproductive purposes</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Sex_for_pleasure" title="Animal sexual behaviour">for pleasure</a>).^{<a href="#cite_note-Poiani-141">[141]</a>} In 2006, a Danish Animal Ethics Council report concluded that ethically performed zoosexual activity is capable of providing a positive experience for all participants, and that some non-human animals are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_imprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual imprinting">sexually attracted to humans</a>^{<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>} (for example, <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a>).^{<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>}

Some zoophiles claim that they are not abusive towards animals:^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>}

"In other recent surveys, the majority of zoophiles scoffed at the notion that they were abusive toward animals in any way—far from it, they said. Many even consider themselves to be animal welfare advocates in addition to zoophiles."^{<a href="#cite_note-ScientificAmerican-98">[98]</a>}

Mentions in the media

Because of its controversial nature, different countries vary in the discussion of bestiality. Often sexual matters are the subject of legal or regulatory requirement. In 2005 the UK broadcasting regulator (<a href="/wiki/OFCOM" class="mw-redirect" title="OFCOM">OFCOM</a>) updated its code stating that freedom of expression is at the heart of any democratic state. Adult audiences should be informed as to what they will be viewing or hearing, and the young, who cannot make a fully informed choice for themselves, should be protected. Hence a <a href="/wiki/Watershed_(television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watershed (television)">watershed</a> and other precautions were set up for explicit sexual material, to protect young people. Zoophile activity and other sexual matters may be discussed, but only in an appropriate context and manner.^{<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>}

The IPT^{[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]} was replaced after the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act in 1993, replaced with bodies designed to allow both more debate and increased consistency, and possession and supply of material that it is decided are objectionable was made a criminal offence.

References and footnotes

^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-2">^c</a> Ranger, R.; Fedoroff, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full">"Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 42 (4): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492067">25492067</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style>
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^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1">^b</a> American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 705.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-DSM_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43483668">43483668</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0">^</a> Milner, J. S.; Dopke, C. A. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws, D. R.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Guilford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guilford Press">The Guilford Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385">384–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580827">152580827</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money, John</a> (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3">978-0-87975-456-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19340917">19340917</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0">^</a> Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias". In Hersen, M.; Van Hasselt, V. B. (eds.). Aggression and violence: an introductory text. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>. pp. 198–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7">978-0-205-26721-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41380492">41380492</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference"</a>. Who.int. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Miletski, H. (2015). "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 26 (2): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387">10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146150162">146150162</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2">^c</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2011). "A new classification of zoophilia". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (2): 73–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004">10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315301">21315301</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-LawsO'Donohue2008_35-0">^</a> D. Richard Laws; William T. O'Donohue (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</a>. Guilford Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0">^</a> Richard W. Roukema (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&pg=PA133&dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias">What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition</a>. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9">978-1-58562-750-9</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2">^c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3">^d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4">^e</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.
<a href="#cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0">^</a> Anil Aggrawal (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258">Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</a>. CRC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9">978-1-4200-4309-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)
<a href="#cite_ref-BeetzPodberseck_40-0">^</a> Anthony L. Podberscek; Andrea M. Beetz (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&lpg=PT91&dq=beetz%202002%20zoophilia&pg=PT94#v=onepage">Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals</a>. Berg. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85785-222-9">978-0-85785-222-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Masters, 1962.
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<a href="#cite_ref-Slade2001_44-0">^</a> Joseph W. Slade (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Opv9nz2M5c0C&pg=PA980&dq=%22volunteer+selection%22+sex">Pornography and Sexual Representation: A Reference Guide</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31521-3">978-0-313-31521-3</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bhatia, MS; Srivastava, S; Sharma, S (2005). "1. An uncommon case of zoophilia: A case report". Medicine, Science, and the Law. 45 (2): 174–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Frsmmsl.45.2.174">10.1258/rsmmsl.45.2.174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15895645">15895645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5744962">5744962</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Devlin, Hannah (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jan/10/snow-monkey-attempts-sex-with-deer-in-rare-example-of-interspecies-mating">"Snow monkey attempts sex with deer in rare example of interspecies mating"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/01/macaque-monkey-sika-deer-interspecies-mating/">"Monkey Tries to Mate With Deer in First Ever Video"</a>. Nationalgeographic.com. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Wenzke, Marissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2017/01/10/snow-monkey-deer/">"Sex between snow monkey and deer shows different species may mate if they're 'deprived', study says"</a>. Mashable.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-aggrawal_2009_16_3_49-0">^</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2009). "References to the paraphilias and sexual crimes in the Bible". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 16 (3): 109–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2008.07.006">10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239958">19239958</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeometry.org/sxx.htm">Archaeometry.org</a>, Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org
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<a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense, 1901.
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<a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Masters, Robert E. L., Forbidden Sexual Behavior and Morality, p. 5.
^ <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BulloughBullough1994_56-1">^b</a> Vern L. Bullough; Bonnie Bullough (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5HFtMkmFMYC&pg=PA61&dq=bestiality+%22ancient+egypt%22+religious">Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-7972-7">978-0-8240-7972-7</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Noram_57-0">^</a> Judith Worell (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA298&dq=bestiality+indigenous+gender">"Cross-Cultural Sexual Practices"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298">Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender</a>. Academic Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_g9b9/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-227245-5">978-0-12-227245-5</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voget61_58-2">^c</a> Voget, F. W. (1961) "Sex life of the American Indians", in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, pp. 90–109.
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<a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Masters (1962)
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<a href="#cite_ref-mani_65-0">^</a> Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft">Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature</a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/368">368–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0">978-0-8426-0822-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/2198347">2198347</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-Leavitt2003_83-0">^</a> Fred Leavitt (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav">The Real Drug Abusers</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realdrugabusers0000leav/page/195">195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2518-4">978-0-7425-2518-4</a>. female alpaca peru copulate.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality">"Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality"</a>. Washington Times. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sessions, David (27 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/">"Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a>. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Mandell, Nina (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill">"Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk"</a>. Daily News. New York.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/">"SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session"</a>. Openstate.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014">"New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session"</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015">"Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly"</a>. Legiscan.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html">"Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1"</a>. Star-telegram.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf">"No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice"</a> (PDF). Legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391">"AB391"</a>. Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html">"Senate again passes bestiality bill | Florida Politics | Sun Sentinel blog"</a>. Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2">^c</a> Bering, Jesse (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24">"Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-2">^c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">"Inter-disciplinary.net"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
^ <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-1">^b</a> Roberts, Michael (2009). "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310">10.2139/ssrn.1328310</a>. Cite journal requires |journal= (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=0">tijuanabibles.org page link</a> (also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=1">full size</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search">search</a>).
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<a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html">EuroBabeIndex.com</a>, Suzy Spark
<a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer">‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Post" title="Reading Post">Reading Post</a>, 26 January 2011.
<a href="#cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0">^</a> W. Edward Craighead; Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. (11 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&dq=zoophilia+meaning&q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&q=zoophilia%20meaning&f=false">The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1050. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6">978-0-471-27083-6</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
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<a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.
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^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2">^c</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.
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<a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> 28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html">"Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists"</a>. Breezejmu.org. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Miltski, 1999, p. 50.
<a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997.
<a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.
<a href="#cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0">^</a> Dekkers, 1994.
<a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"
<a href="#cite_ref-SingerNerve_134-0">^</a> Singer, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616055314/http://www.nerve.com/Opinions/Singer/heavyPetting/main.asp">Heavy Petting</a>, Nerve, 2001.
<a href="#cite_ref-Singer01_135-0">^</a> Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Utilitarian.com"</a>. Utilitarian.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Ruetenik, T. (2010). "Animal Liberation or Human Redemption: Racism and Speciesism in Toni Morrison's Beloved". Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment. 17 (2): 317–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisq034">10.1093/isle/isq034</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Boggs, Colleen Glenney (Fall 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cultural_critique/summary/v076/76.boggs.html">"American Bestiality: Sex, Animals, and the Construction of Subjectivity"</a>. Cultural Critique. 76 (76): 98–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcul.2010.0020">10.1353/cul.2010.0020</a> (inactive 22 January 2020). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40925347">40925347</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html">"Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/pwruab/cgi-bin/pwrofthepen/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/kerstin-grune1.pdf">"Changing Perspectives of Bestiality: Breaking the Human-Animal Distinction to Violating Animal Rights"</a> (PDF). Stanford.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 918–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-Poiani_141-0">^</a> Aldo Poiani; A. F. Dixson (19 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=EftT_1bsPOAC&lpg=PR7&dq=animals%20homosexuality&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=animals%20homosexuality&f=false;">Animal Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49038-2">978-1-139-49038-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Danish Animal Ethics Council report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009031312/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Seksuel%20omgang%20med%20dyr.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr published November 2006. Council members included two academics, two farmers/smallholders, and two veterinary surgeons, as well as a third veterinary surgeon acting as secretary.
<a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321162034/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM%3AWORLD">"Bid to save over-friendly dolphin"</a>. CNN. 28 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-04/world/uk.dolphin_1_ric-o-barry-dolphin-swimmers?_s=PM:WORLD">the original</a> on 21 March 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>
<a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101">"OFCOM Broadcasting Code"</a>. Ofcom.org.uk. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoofilia" title="Zoofilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a>
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[ranger-1] <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranger_1-2">^c</a> Ranger, R.; Fedoroff, P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/content/42/4/421.full">"Commentary: Zoophilia and the Law"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 42 (4): 421–426. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25492067">25492067</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style>

[earls-2] <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earls_2-1">^b</a> Earls, C. M.; Lalumiere, M. L. (2002). "A Case Study of Preferential Bestiality (Zoophilia)". Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. 14 (1): 83–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107906320201400106">10.1177/107906320201400106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803597">11803597</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[3] <a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the pooch: Legitimizing accounts in a zoophilia on-line community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Handbookth-4] <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbookth_4-2">^c</a> Beetz, Andrea M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=G_MwT9OHj4AC&pg=PA201&dq=zoophilia#v=onepage&q=zoophilia&f=false">"Bestiality and Zoophilia: A Discussion of Sexual Contact With Animals"</a>. In Ascione, Frank (ed.). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-565-8">978-1-55753-565-8</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[5] <a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/zooerastia">"zooerastia definition"</a>. Dictionary.com. Retrieved 13 December 2011.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[MacDonald-6] <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-0">^</a> MacDonald, J. M. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=149172">"The Threat to Kill"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (2): 125–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.120.2.125">10.1176/ajp.120.2.125</a>. Retrieved 19 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[7] <a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 561.

[8] <a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Richard von Krafft-Ebing: <a href="/wiki/Psychopathia_Sexualis_(Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathia Sexualis (Richard von Krafft-Ebing book)">Psychopathia Sexualis</a>, p. 281.

[deviance_391-9] <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deviance_391_9-1">^b</a> D. Richard Laws and William T. O'Donohue: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+paraphilia">Books.Google.co.uk</a>, Sexual Deviance, page 391. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.

[10] <a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoosexuality.org/?id=1">"What is zoosexuality"</a>. Zoosexuality.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[11] <a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/american/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[12] <a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/bestiality">"Pronunciation of bestiality"</a>. MacMillan Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[13] <a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sexuality.about.com/od/glossary/g/zoophilia.htm">"Sexuality.about.com"</a>. Sexuality.about.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[14] <a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Melinda Roth (15 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfronttimes.com/1999-12-15/news/all-opposed-say-neigh/">"All Opposed, Say Neigh"</a>. Riverfront Times. Retrieved 24 January 2009.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[15] <a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Williams CJ, Weinberg MS (December 2003). "Zoophilia in men: a study of sexual interest in animals". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 32 (6): 523–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026085410617">10.1023/A:1026085410617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&##160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14574096">14574096</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[16] <a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Richard Duberman: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">KinseyInstitute.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111215816/http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/publications/duberman.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Kinsey's Urethra The Nation, 3 November 1997, pp. 40–43. Review of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. By James H. Jones.

[17] <a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Hunt 1974, cited and re-examined by Miletski (1999)

[18] <a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Nancy Friday (1998) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=J9ZKmplu4agC&pg=PA180">"What do women fantasize about? The Zoo"</a>. My Secret Garden (Revised ed.). Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01987-7">978-0-671-01987-7</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[psych-19] <a href="#cite_ref-psych_19-0">^</a> Alvarez, WA; Freinhar, JP (1991). "A prevalence study of bestiality (zoophilia) in psychiatric in-patients, medical in-patients, and psychiatric staff". International Journal of Psychosomatics. 38 (1–4): 45–7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1778686">1778686</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[20] <a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Crépault, Claude; Couture, Marcel (1980). "Men's erotic fantasies". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 9 (6): 565–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01542159">10.1007/BF01542159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7458662">7458662</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[21] <a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Joyal, C. C.; Cossette, A.; Lapierre, V. (2014). "What Exactly Is an Unusual Sexual Fantasy?". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (2): 328–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12734">10.1111/jsm.12734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25359122">25359122</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[22] <a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Story, MD (1982). "A comparison of university student experience with various sexual outlets in 1974 and 1980". Adolescence. 17 (68): 737–47. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7164870">7164870</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[23] <a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Aggrawal, Anil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=faunoiphilia&f=false">Forensic and medico-legal aspects of sexual crimes and unusual sexual practices</a>. CRC Press, 2008.

[watching-24] <a href="#cite_ref-watching_24-0">^</a> R.E.L. Masters: Forbidden Sexual behavior and Morality. New York, NY 1962, Lancer Books, Inc. (Section "Psychical bestiality").

[25] <a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Chivers, Meredith L.; Seto, Michael C.; Blanchard, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5b52fc27742c03a14ff61ccb1bff8f3421b2fe55">"Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 93 (6): 1108–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.93.6.1108">10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072857">18072857</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[26] <a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Chivers, Meredith L.; Bailey, J. Michael (2005). "A sex difference in features that elicit genital response". Biological Psychology. 70 (2): 115–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsycho.2004.12.002">10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168255">16168255</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[DSM_5-27] <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_5_27-1">^b</a> American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2013). "Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder, 302.89 (F65.89)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 705.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[DSM-28] <a href="#cite_ref-DSM_28-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV</a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-025-6">978-0-89042-025-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43483668">43483668</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Milner2008-29] <a href="#cite_ref-Milner2008_29-0">^</a> Milner, J. S.; Dopke, C. A. (2008). "Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified: Psychopathology and theory". In Laws, D. R.; O'Donohue, W. T. (eds.). Sexual Deviance, Second Edition: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Guilford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guilford Press">The Guilford Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA385">384–418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/152580827">152580827</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Lovemaps-30] <a href="#cite_ref-Lovemaps_30-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money, John</a> (1988). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. Buffalo, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-456-3">978-0-87975-456-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/19340917">19340917</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Seto2000-31] <a href="#cite_ref-Seto2000_31-0">^</a> Seto, MC; Barbaree HE (2000). "Paraphilias". In Hersen, M.; Van Hasselt, V. B. (eds.). Aggression and violence: an introductory text. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>. pp. 198–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-26721-7">978-0-205-26721-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/41380492">41380492</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[32] <a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/">"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10, F65.8 Other disorders of sexual preference"</a>. Who.int. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[33] <a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Miletski, H. (2015). "Zoophilia – Implications for Therapy". Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 26 (2): 85–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01614576.2001.11074387">10.1080/01614576.2001.11074387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146150162">146150162</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[scidirectpii-34] <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidirectpii_34-2">^c</a> Aggrawal, Anil (2011). "A new classification of zoophilia". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 18 (2): 73–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jflm.2011.01.004">10.1016/j.jflm.2011.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21315301">21315301</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[LawsO'Donohue2008-35] <a href="#cite_ref-LawsO'Donohue2008_35-0">^</a> D. Richard Laws; William T. O'Donohue (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIXG9FuqbaIC&pg=PA391&dq=zoophilia+rare#v=onepage">Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment</a>. Guilford Press. p. 391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-605-2">978-1-59385-605-2</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Roukema2008-36] <a href="#cite_ref-Roukema2008_36-0">^</a> Richard W. Roukema (13 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Mg3iuc9ygC&pg=PA133&dq=zoophilia+other+paraphilias">What Every Patient, Family, Friend, and Caregiver Needs to Know About Psychiatry, Second Edition</a>. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-750-9">978-1-58562-750-9</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Beetz2002-37] <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-2">^c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-3">^d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz2002_37-4">^e</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.4 – 5.2.7.

[Aggrawal2008-38] <a href="#cite_ref-Aggrawal2008_38-0">^</a> Anil Aggrawal (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNkNhPZQprcC&pg=PA257&dq=zoophilia+most+common+animal#PPA258">Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</a>. CRC Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4309-9">978-1-4200-4309-9</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[39] <a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> (Masters, Miletski, Weinberg, Beetz)

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[TableLaws2016-85] <a href="#cite_ref-TableLaws2016_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animallaw.info/topic/table-state-animal-sexual-assault-laws">"Table of State Animal Sexual Assault Laws | Animal Legal & Historical Center"</a>. Animallaw.info. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[86] <a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Johnston, Lynda and <a href="/wiki/Robyn_Longhurst" title="Robyn Longhurst">Longhurst, Robyn</a> Space, Place, and Sex <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>:2010 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 110.

[87] <a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822194920/http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0%2C%2C2-10-1462_1739698%2C00.html">Man dies after sex with horse</a>". News24, 19 July 2005.

[88] <a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/mar/16/sheriff-says-craigslist-facilitates-bestiality">"Sheriff says Craigslist facilitates bestiality"</a>. Washington Times. 16 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[89] <a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Sessions, David (27 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20120908120705/http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/">"Bill to Criminalize Bestiality Advances in Alaska Legislature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politics_Daily" title="Politics Daily">Politics Daily</a>. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2020.CS1 maint: unfit url (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit url">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[90] <a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Mandell, Nina (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-06/news/29534132_1_bestiality-bill-house-leaders-new-bill">"Legislation outlawing bestiality makes it to Florida governor's desk"</a>. Daily News. New York.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[91] <a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openstates.org/al/bills/2014rs/SB151/">"SB 151 - Alabama 2014 Regular Session"</a>. Openstate.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[92] <a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/NJ/text/A3012/2014">"New Jersey A3012 - 2014-2015 - Regular Session"</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[93] <a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legiscan.com/OH/text/SB195/2015">"Ohio SB195 - 2015-2016 - 131st General Assembly"</a>. Legiscan.com. Retrieved 16 November 2017.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[94] <a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star-telegram.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/politex-blog/article160220199.html">"Texas: Crackdown on animal cruelty, bestiality, starts Sept. 1"</a>. Star-telegram.com. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[95] <a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Documents/2018/Docs/ACTS/ACT062/ACT062%20As%20Enacted.pdf">"No. 62. An act relating to criminal justice"</a> (PDF). Legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved 20 October 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[96] <a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Session/79th2017/Reports/history.cfm?BillName=AB391">"AB391"</a>. Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 12 March 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[97] <a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/dcblog/2011/03/senate_again_passes_bestiality.html">"Senate again passes bestiality bill | Florida Politics | Sun Sentinel blog"</a>. Weblogs.sun-sentinel.com. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[ScientificAmerican-98] <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScientificAmerican_98-2">^c</a> Bering, Jesse (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24">"Animal Lovers: Zoophiles Make Scientists Rethink Human Sexuality | Bering in Mind, Scientific American Blog Network"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 4 January 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[interdis-99] <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-interdis_99-2">^c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100122/http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">"Inter-disciplinary.net"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cutteridgepaper.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[mroberts-100] <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mroberts_100-1">^b</a> Roberts, Michael (2009). "The Unjustified Prohibition against Bestiality: Why the Laws in Opposition Can Find No Support under the Harm Principle". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1328310">10.2139/ssrn.1328310</a>. Cite journal requires |journal= (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[101] <a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> An example digitized Tijuana Bible entitled The Pet from the 1960s is linked at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=0">tijuanabibles.org page link</a> (also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi/hzpi/u/HzSt031FT7pj.ctu7.2/hazel.cgi?action=detail&item=TB073&fullsize=1">full size</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tijuanabibles.org/cgi-bin/hazel.cgi?action=SEARCH&SEARCH_SPEC=bestiality&SUBMIT_ACTION_SEARCH=Search">search</a>).

[102] <a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crimedocumentary.com/dark-side-porn-season-2-2006/">"The Dark Side of Porn Season 2 (2006) - Documentary / TV-Show"</a>. Crimedocumentary.com. Retrieved 28 May 2018.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[103] <a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurobabeindex.com/sbandoindex/suzyspark.html">EuroBabeIndex.com</a>, Suzy Spark

[104] <a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/2086306_acts_of_depravity_found_on_dads_computer">‘Acts of depravity’ found on dad’s computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Post" title="Reading Post">Reading Post</a>, 26 January 2011.

[CraigheadNemeroff2002-105] <a href="#cite_ref-CraigheadNemeroff2002_105-0">^</a> W. Edward Craighead; Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. (11 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=JQMRmyOfpJ8C&dq=zoophilia+meaning&q=zoophilia+meaning#v=snippet&q=zoophilia%20meaning&f=false">The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1050. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27083-6">978-0-471-27083-6</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Delaney2003-106] <a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2003_106-0">^</a> David Delaney (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjqWw-9ZQfYC&pg=PA252&dq=zoophilia+romantic">Law and Nature</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43700-4">978-1-139-43700-4</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[107] <a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Montclair, 1997, cited by Miletski, 1999, p .35.

[Weinberg_and_Williams-108] <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_and_Williams_108-1">^b</a> Weinberg and Williams

[109] <a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Markoff, 1990.

[110] <a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Miletski p. 35.

[111] <a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Miletski (1999)

[112] <a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Milteski (1999), p. 35.

[113] <a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Andriette, 1996.

[114] <a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Fox, 1994.

[115] <a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Montclair, 1997.

[116] <a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Donofrio, 1996.

[117] <a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Miletski (1999), p. 22.

[browplm2-118] <a href="#cite_ref-browplm2_118-0">^</a> Thomas Francis (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/2/">"Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement – Page 2 – News – Broward/Palm Beach – New Times Broward-Palm Beach"</a>. Broward/Palm Beach. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[singer01-119] <a href="#cite_ref-singer01_119-0">^</a> Pablo Stafforini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606173906/http://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">"Heavy Petting, by Peter Singer"</a>. Utilitarian.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitarian.net/singer/by/2001----.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[120] <a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stopbestiality.wordpress.com/2010/12/12/bestiality-and-lack-of-consent/">"Bestiality and Lack of Consent " StopBestiality"</a>. Stopbestiality.wordpress.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[121] <a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131205100653/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">"Other offences"</a> (PDF). Protecting the Public: Strengthening Protection Against Sex Offenders and Reforming the Laws on Sexual Offences. 2002. pp. 32–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-156682-7">978-0-10-156682-7</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/cm56/5668/5668.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 December 2013.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8-122] <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-0">^a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-1">^b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beetz_2002,_section_5.2.8_122-2">^c</a> Beetz 2002, section 5.2.8.

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[128] <a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> 28 February 2011 by Lucas Wachob (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breezejmu.org/opinion/columnists/article_f08fbb0c-42ca-11e0-ab43-00127992bc8b.html">"Column: In defense of chicken 'lovers' – The Breeze: Columnists"</a>. Breezejmu.org. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

[129] <a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Miltski, 1999, p. 50.

[130] <a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cauldwell, 1948 & 1968; Queen, 1997.

[131] <a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Blake, 1971, and Greenwood, 1963, both cited in Miletski, 1999.

[Dekkers,_1994-132] <a href="#cite_ref-Dekkers,_1994_132-0">^</a> Dekkers, 1994.

[133] <a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> (Einsenhaim, 1971, cited in Kathmandu, 2004)"

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[138] <a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070314-hybrids.html">"Interspecies Sex: Evolution's Hidden Secret?"</a>. News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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[140] <a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Maratea, R. J. (2011). "Screwing the Pooch: Legitimizing Accounts in a Zoophilia On-line Community". Deviant Behavior. 32 (10): 918–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639625.2010.538356">10.1080/01639625.2010.538356</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

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[144] <a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/codes/bcode/?a=87101">"OFCOM Broadcasting Code"</a>. Ofcom.org.uk. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2012.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Zoophilia" title="Template:Zoophilia">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoophilia" title="Template talk:Zoophilia">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Zoophilia&action=edit">e</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a>
Zoophilia	<a href="/wiki/Anthropophilia" title="Anthropophilia">Anthropophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Formicophilia" title="Formicophilia">Formicophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_zoophilia" title="History of zoophilia">History of zoophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoophilia" title="Timeline of zoophilia">Timeline of zoophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal marriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Ophidiophilia" title="Ophidiophilia">Ophidiophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Zoophilia and the law</a> <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_bestiality_by_country_or_territory" title="Legality of bestiality by country or territory">Legality of bestiality by country or territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Bestiality" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Zoophilia in Ancient Rome</a>
Related subjects	<a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Hani_Miletski" title="Hani Miletski">Hani Miletski</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">Sodomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">Zoosadism</a>
<img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoophilia" title="Category:Zoophilia">Category</a>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sex&action=edit">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>
<a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and biology	<a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Erection</a> <a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a> <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a> <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a> <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a>
<a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" title="Reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a>	<a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a> <a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a> <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a> <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a>
<a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a>	<a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a> <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> <a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a>
<a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a>	<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a> <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a>
<a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a>	<a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a>
<a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>	<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a> <a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a> <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a>
<a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a>	<a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Adolescent sexuality in the United States">United States</a>
<a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a>	<a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a> <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a> <a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a> <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a> <a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a> <a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a> <a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a> <a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a> <a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a> <a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a> <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a> <a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a> <a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a>
<a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a>	<a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">doll</a> <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a>
<a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a>	<a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a> <a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a>
<a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sexual orientation - 4 symbols.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/16px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/24px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/32px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a>

<a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template:Sexual fetishism">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism" title="Template talk:Sexual fetishism">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sexual_fetishism&action=edit">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a>
Actions, states	<a href="/wiki/Aquaphilia_(fetish)" title="Aquaphilia (fetish)">Aquaphilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Autassassinophilia" title="Autassassinophilia">Autassassinophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprophilia" title="Coprophilia">Coprophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">Cuckold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cuckquean" title="Cuckquean">Cuckquean</a> <a href="/wiki/Emetophilia" title="Emetophilia">Emetophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_hypnosis" title="Erotic hypnosis">Erotic hypnosis</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_lactation" title="Erotic lactation">Erotic lactation</a> <a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a> <a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaining_and_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaining and feeding">Gaining and feeding</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Omorashi</a> <a href="/wiki/Paraphilic_infantilism" title="Paraphilic infantilism">Paraphilic infantilism</a> (adult baby) <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_fetishism" title="Pregnancy fetishism">Pregnancy</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking</a> <a href="/wiki/Tickling_game" title="Tickling game">Tickling</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a> <a href="/wiki/Transvestic_fetishism" title="Transvestic fetishism">Transvestic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tightlacing" title="Tightlacing">Tightlacing</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamakeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamakeri">Tamakeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vorarephilia" title="Vorarephilia">Vorarephilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Wet_and_messy_fetishism" title="Wet and messy fetishism">Wet and messy fetishism</a>
<a href="/wiki/Partialism" title="Partialism">Body parts</a>	<a href="/wiki/Armpit_fetishism" title="Armpit fetishism">Armpit</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_fetishism" title="Breast fetishism">Breast</a> <a href="/wiki/Alvinolagnia" title="Alvinolagnia">Belly</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_buttocks#Fetishism" title="Cultural history of the buttocks">Buttocks</a> <a href="/wiki/Oculolinctus" title="Oculolinctus">Eyeball</a> <a href="/wiki/Fat_fetishism" title="Fat fetishism">Fat</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Feet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hand_fetishism" title="Hand fetishism">Hands</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrophilia" title="Macrophilia">Height</a> <a href="/wiki/Hair_fetishism" title="Hair fetishism">Hair</a> <a href="/wiki/Leg_fetishism" title="Leg fetishism">Legs</a> <a href="/wiki/Navel_fetishism" title="Navel fetishism">Navels</a> <a href="/wiki/Nose_fetishism" title="Nose fetishism">Noses</a>
Clothing	<a href="/wiki/Boot_fetishism" title="Boot fetishism">Boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballet_boot" title="Ballet boot">Ballet boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a> <a href="/wiki/Thigh-high_boots" title="Thigh-high boots">Thigh-high boots</a> <a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing</a> <a href="/wiki/Corset_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corset fetishism">Corset</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaper_fetishism" title="Diaper fetishism">Diapers</a> <a href="/wiki/Glove_fetishism" title="Glove fetishism">Gloves</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantyhose_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyhose fetishism">Pantyhose</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex</a> <a href="/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism" title="Rubber and PVC fetishism">Rubber and PVC</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoe_fetishism" title="Shoe fetishism">Shoes</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwear_fetishism" title="Underwear fetishism">Underwear</a> <a href="/wiki/Uniform_fetishism" title="Uniform fetishism">Uniforms</a>
<a href="/wiki/Object_sexuality" title="Object sexuality">Objects</a>	<a href="/wiki/Balloon_fetish" title="Balloon fetish">Balloons</a> <a href="/wiki/Doll_fetish" title="Doll fetish">Dolls</a> <a href="/wiki/Latex_and_PVC_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex and PVC fetishism">Latex and PVC</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot_fetishism" title="Robot fetishism">Robots</a> <a href="/wiki/Spandex_fetishism" title="Spandex fetishism">Spandex</a>
Controversial / illegal	<a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a> <a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoophilia</a>
Culture / media	<a href="/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists" title="List of fetish artists">Artists</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_art" title="Fetish art">Fetish art</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_club" title="Fetish club">Fetish clubs</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fashion</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_magazine" title="Fetish magazine">Magazines</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetish_model" title="Fetish model">Models</a>
<a href="/wiki/Racial_fetishism" title="Racial fetishism">Race</a>	<a href="/wiki/Asian_sexual_fetishism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian sexual fetishism">Asian sexual fetishism</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_racism" title="Sexual racism">Sexual racism</a>
Related topics	<a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> <a href="/wiki/FetLife" title="FetLife">FetLife</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kink (sexual)">Kink</a> <a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag" title="Leather Pride flag">Leather Pride flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a>
<img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Book:Sexual_Fetishism" title="Book:Sexual Fetishism">Book</a> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism" title="Category:Sexual fetishism">Category</a>

<a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a>
<a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Scale of justice 2.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a>
Social issues
<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a> <a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a> <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a> <a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a> <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation (interracial relations)</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a> <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a> <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a> <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a>
Specific offences (Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>)
<a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia_and_the_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoophilia and the law">Bestiality</a> <a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">Buggery</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">Incest</a> <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a> <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a> <a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a> <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a> <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a> <a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism#Criminology" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a>
Sex offender registration
<a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a>
Portals
<a href="/wiki/File:Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg" class="image"><img alt="Sexual orientation - 4 symbols.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/32px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/48px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg/64px-Sexual_orientation_-_4_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" class="image"><img alt="Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/32px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/48px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/64px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a>
<a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law">v</a> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law">t</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sex_and_the_law&action=edit">e</a>

Zoophilia

Zoophilia

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