Zoosadism
Ernest Bornemann (1990, cited by Rosenbauer 1997) coined the term zoosadism for those who derive pleasure from inflicting pain on an animal, sometimes with a sexual component. Some extreme examples of zoosadism include necrozoophilia, the sexual enjoyment of killing animals, similar to "lust murder" in humans, sexual penetration of birds such as hens (which is fatal in itself) and strangling at orgasm, mutilation, sexual assault with objects (including screwdrivers and knives), interspecies rape, and sexual assault on immature animals such as puppies.
However, modern research, as well as most sexology information sites (if sufficiently detailed) are usually careful to distinguish zoosadism, the enjoyment of causing suffering to animals, from zoophilia, the emotional or sexual bonding with animals: Humboldt Berlin University Sexology Dept (list of paraphilias) sex-lexis.com and sexualcounselling.com.
Research
Schedel-Stupperich (2001) state that that some horse-ripping incidences have a sexual connotation, and in general, the link between sadistic sexual acts with animals and sadistic practices with humans or lust murders has been heavily researched. Some murderers tortured animals in their childhood, with some of them also practicing bestiality. Ressler et al. (1988) found that 36% of sexual murderers described themselves as having abused animals during childhood, with 46% of them reporting that they had abused animals during adolescence, and (1986) that 8 of their sample of 36 sexual murderers showed an interest in zoosexual acts.
In 1971, American researchers profiled the typical animal harmer as being a nine-and-a-half-year-old boy, with an IQ of 91 and a history of gross parental abuse. The UK "Young Abusers Project" sees children as young as five who have a record of sexual offences or 'extremely' violent behaviour. Of such people, they comment:
- "They stamp on small hamsters or mice. Squeeze them or burst them, set fire to their fur. Gratuitous cruelty for which there can be no justification. ... A high proportion have a learning disability."
The author comments that it is:
- this combination of extreme "cruelty to animals, if also accompanied by a sexual interest in animals, [which] is a high-risk indicator of a future sex offender." [1]
Studies have shown that individuals who enjoy or are willing to inflict harm on animals are more likely to do so to humans. One of the known warning signs of certain psychopathologies, including anti-social personality disorder, also known as psychopathic personality disorder, is a history of torturing pets and small animals. According to the New York Times:
- "the FBI has found that a history of cruelty to animals is one of the traits that regularly appears in its computer records of serial rapists and murderers, and the standard diagnostic and treatment manual for psychiatric and emotional disorders lists cruelty to animals as a diagnostic criterion for conduct disorders." [2] and
- "A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well." [3]
This is a commonly reproduced finding, and for this reason, violence (including sexually oriented violence) towards animals, is considered a serious warning sign of potential serious abuse or violence towards humans.
Modern research findings
Over the past 50 years, modern research has regularly confirmed that not all sexual activity with animals is violent nor dangerous. This preconception has been criticized by researchers, for the bias it can create within research into zoosadism and abuse. Older research, often focussed on known abusers such as violent juvenile offenders, and such studies have often been criticized post-publication as being tainted by circular reasoning, arguments from incredulity, and other fallacies. Kidd and Kidd (1987) identified that:
- "most of these older research and models rarely took the variety of possible interactions and relations into account, studying the physical acts in isolation."
Andrea Beetz, in her book on sex and violence with animals (2002) comments that perhaps because of this:
- "In most [popular] references to bestiality, violence towards the animal is automatically implied. That sexual approaches to animals may not need force or violence but rather, sensitivity, or knowledge of animal behavior, is rarely taken into consideration."
In the same manner, Dr. LaFarge, an assistant professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the New Jersey Medical School and sex therapist, who is the Director of Counseling at the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and works with the New York correctional system, is quoted in a media article (1999) as reporting that:
- "it's important to make the distinction [between animal sexual abuse and zoophilia]"
and that:
- "There is no evidence yet that zoophilia leads to sexual deviation, but that's not to say that's not the case. We do make the link between other forms of physical violence against animals as being a predicator of physical violence against women and children. I would go on to say that someone who is sexually violent with an animal ... is a predator and might very well do that toward people." [4]
Professors Weinberg and Williams of the Kinsey Institute stated in testimony to the Missouri House (1999) that:
- "No one can argue about the objective harm resulting from a behavior like rape. Such harm arises from the absence of consent and the trauma that accompanies and follows from the act ... Our research suggests that forcing sex on an unwilling animal is rare among adult zoophiles ... The question of consent is usually conflated with the question of harm, which we believe to be the better question. Zoophiles appear to be extremely caring and concerned for their animal(s) and people who know them would be hard put to claim abuse. Implicit in [the bill] is that sex with an animal in itself constitutes abuse."
Beetz (2002) states categorically that:
- "Former, as well as the here presented research, suggests that zoophilia itself does not represent a clinically significant problem and is not necessarily combined with other clinically significant problems and disorders, even if it may be difficult for some professionals to accept this."
Signs of abuse
Signs of pet abuse include:
- Unusually frightened, fearful or subdued
- Fractures
- [[[Bruising]]
- Eye injuries
- Scalds and burns
- Munchausen’s Syndrome by Proxy (MSP)
- Signs of malnutrition
- Significant matting or other poor grooming indicators
- Ignored health problems
- Injury history incompatible with injury or owner refuses to comment on how injury occurred
- Owner shows lack of concern for animal’s injuries
Adapted by Forensic Nursing from: Munro The Battered Pet (1999)
Zoosadists
References
- Ressler R, Burgess A, and Douglas J. (1988). Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
- Andrea Beetz Ph.D.: Love, Violence, and Sexuality in Relationships between Humans and Animals, ISBN 3832200207
- Bradley J Hill : Homoerotic bestiality: a guide. ISBM 3832200569
- Forensic Nursing: Four-legged Forensics: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know and Do About Animal Cruelty online version
- Munro H. The battered pet (1999) In F. Ascione & P. Arkow (Eds.) Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 199-208.
See also
External links
- Four-legged Forensics: What Forensic Nurses Need to Know and Do About Animal Cruelty
- National Association for Biomedical Research - Animal law section (wide variety of material related to animal law, aniumal abuse and welfare, etc.
- Pet-Abuse.Com Database Bestiality and sexual assault cases from the U.S. and UK
- sex-lexis reference sections on zoophilia, zoosadism and related topics
- TheLocal.se article on Swedish government's report on sex with animals 2005
