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| The '''history of [[zoophilia]]''' and '''bestiality''' begins in the [[Prehistory|prehistoric era]], where depictions of humans and animals in a sexual context appear infrequently in European [[rock art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahn|first=Paul G.|title=The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-45473-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwm_D1u_UTsC&pg=PA188&dq|accessdate=18 February 2012|page=188}}</ref> Bestiality remained a theme in [[mythology]] and [[folklore]] through the classical period and into the Middle Ages (e.g. the Greek myth of [[Leda and the Swan]])<ref name="HSE" /> and several ancient authors purported to document it as a regular, accepted practice—albeit usually in "other" cultures.
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| Explicit legal prohibition of human sexual contact with animals is a legacy of the [[Abrahamic religions]]:<ref name="HSE" /> the [[Hebrew Bible]] imposes the death penalty on both the person and animal involved in an act of bestiality.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15|131}}</ref> There are several examples known from medieval Europe of people and animals executed for committing bestiality. With the [[Age of Enlightenment]], bestiality was subsumed with other sexual "[[crimes against nature]]" into civil [[sodomy]] laws, usually remaining a capital crime.
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| Bestiality remains [[Zoophilia and the law|illegal in most countries]]. Arguments used to justify this include: it is against religion, it is a "crime against nature," and that non-human animals cannot give [[consent]] and that sex with animals is inherently [[Sexual abuse|abusive]].<ref>Regan, Tom. ''Animal Rights, Human Wrongs''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63-4, 89.</ref> In common with many [[paraphilia]]s, the [[internet]] has allowed the formation of a [[Zoophilia#Zoophile community|zoophile community]] that has begun to lobby for zoophilia or zoosexuality to be considered an alternative sexuality and for the legalisation of bestiality.<ref>{{cite news|last=Francis|first=Thomas|title=Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/|accessdate=18 February 2012|newspaper=Broward Palm Beach New Times|date=20 August 2009}}</ref>
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| ==Prehistory==
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| Depictions of human sexual activity with animals appear infrequently in [[prehistoric art]]. Possibly the oldest depiction, and the only known example from the [[Palaeolithic]] (prior to the [[Neolithic revolution|domestication of animals]]), is found in the [[Côa Valley Paleolithic Art|Vale do Côa]] in [[Portugal]]. It shows a man with an exaggerated, erect penis juxtaposed with a goat. However, there is some doubt that the two figures are contemporary; while the goat is depicted in characteristic palaeolithic style, the scene may have been altered in a later period with the insertion of the human figure.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Angulo Cuesta |first=J. |last2=García Diez |first2=M. |title=Diversity and meaning of Palaeolithic phallic male representations in Western Europe |journal=Actas Urol Esp |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=254–267 |url=http://www.actasurologicas.info/v30/n03/ENG/3003OR02.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726163724/http://www.actasurologicas.info/v30/n03/ENG/3003OR02.htm |archivedate=2012-07-26 }}</ref>
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| From the [[Neolithic]] onwards, images of zoophilia are slightly more common. Examples are found at ''Coren del Valento'', a cave in [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]], containing [[rock art]] dating from 10,000 BCE to as late as the [[Middle Ages]], one depicting a man penetrating a horse,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anati |first=E. |title=The Way of Life Recorded in the Rock Art of Valcamonica |journal=Adoranten |year=2008 |issue=2008 |url=http://www.ssfpa.se/pdf/2008/anati_adorant08.pdf |publisher=Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819050756/http://www.ssfpa.se/pdf/2008/anati_adorant08.pdf |archivedate=2010-08-19 }}</ref> and [[Sagaholm]], a [[Bronze Age]] [[cairn]] in [[Sweden]] where several [[petroglyphs]] have been found with similar scenes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sagaholm |url=http://home.online.no/~wen-mja/ontherocks/sagaholm.htm |work=On the rocks |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907011750/http://home.online.no/~wen-mja/ontherocks/sagaholm.htm |archivedate=7 September 2011 }}</ref>
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| ==Classical antiquity==
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| [[File:Leda - after Michelangelo Buonarroti.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)|Leda and the Swan]]'', copy of lost [[Michelangelo]]]]
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| [[File:Pan goat MAN Napoli Inv27709 n01.jpg|thumb|right|Satyr and Goat]]
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| Several [[Greek mythology|Greek myths]] include the God [[Zeus]] seducing or abducting favoured mortals while in the form of an animal: [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] and the bull, [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] and the eagle, and [[Leda and the Swan]].<ref name="HSE">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Cornog |first1=M. |last2=Perper |first2=T. |year=1994 |title=Bestiality |editor1-last=Haeberle |editor1-first=E. J. |editor2-last=Bullough |editor2-first=B. L. |editor3-last=Bullough |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=B. |encyclopedia=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Garland |location=New York & London |url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033652/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY |archivedate=4 February 2012 }}</ref> Only the latter legend includes actual copulation between Leda and Zeus in his animal form, but depictions of this act, fairly uncommon in antiquity, became a popular motif in classicising [[Renaissance]] art, contributing to a lasting prominence in [[Western culture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bull|first=M.|title=The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-521923-6|url=https://archive.org/details/mirrorofgods00bull}}</ref>
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| [[File:Zoophilia.jpg|thumb|right|Zoophilia carving on Rock with Old Kannada script engraved at [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]]]]
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| Various classical writers recorded that bestiality was common in other cultures. [[Herodotus]] was followed by [[Pindar]], [[Strabo]] and [[Plutarch]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} in alleging that [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] women engaged in sexual relations with goats for religious and magical purposes - the animal aspects of Egyptian deities being particularly alien to the Greco–Roman world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=J. D.|title=The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-515401-6|editor=Redford, D. B.|page=90|chapter=Animal Cults}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Leavitt|first=J.|title=Greek and Egyptian Mythologies|year=1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-0-226-06454-3|editor=Bonnefoy, Y.|page=[https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn/page/248 248]|chapter=The Cults of Isis among the Greeks and in the Roman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn/page/248}}</ref> Conversely, Plutarch and [[Virgil]] make similar accusations of the Greeks, with Plutarch writing in his ''Discourse on the Reason of Beasts'' that they committed "very frequently and in many places great outrages, disorders and scandals against nature, in the matter of this pleasure of love; for there are men who have loved she-goats, sows and mares."
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| Despite their place in mythology and literature, actual acts of bestiality were probably as uncommon in antiquity as they are today.<ref name="HSE" /> [[Roman law|Roman civil law]], however, made no mention of it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Norton|first=R.|title=Of Sodomy and Bestiality|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1729disn.htm|work=Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook|accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref> The explicit prohibition of and strict penalties for zoophilia universal in later European legal systems were derived from Jewish and Christian tradition.<ref name="HSE" /> The [[Hebrew Bible]] imposes the death penalty on both the human and animal parties involved in an act of bestiality: "if a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[Synod of Ancyra]] in 313–316 discussed the position of the church with regard to bestiality at length and two of the resulting twenty-five canons addressed it: the sixteenth canon described the [[penance]] and level of restrictions to be applied to various age groups for committing bestiality; the seventeenth canon prohibited all [[leper]]s from praying inside church if they had committed bestiality while they suffered from leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE COUNCIL OF ANCYRA, HISTORICAL NOTE & CANONS|url=http://www.synaxis.org/canon/ECF37THE_COUNCIL_OF_ANCYRA_HISTORICAL.htm|accessdate=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213214224/http://www.synaxis.org/canon/ECF37THE_COUNCIL_OF_ANCYRA_HISTORICAL.htm|archive-date=13 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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| [[Hittite laws|Hittite law]] mandated the death penalty for intercourse with animals, excluding horses and mules (violators were instead barred from the priesthood and from approaching the king).<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1650nesilim.asp The Code of the Nesilim, c. 1650-1500 BCE] Retrieved 24 July 2013</ref>
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| ==Europe: Middle Ages==
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| In the Church-oriented culture of the [[Middle Ages]], zoosexual activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Masters comments that:
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| :"Theologians, bowing to Biblical prohibitions and basing their judgements on the conception of man as a spiritual being and of the animal as a merely carnal one, have regarded the same phenomenon as both a violation of Biblical edicts and a degradation of man, with the result that the act of bestiality has been castigated and [[anathema]]tized [...]"{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
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| In 1468, Jean Beisse, accused of bestiality with a cow on one occasion and a goat on another, was first hanged, then burned. The animals involved were also burned. In 1539, Guillaume Garnier, charged with intercourse with a female dog (described as "sodomy"), was ordered strangled after he confessed under [[torture]]. The dog was burned, along with the trial records which were "too horrible and potentially dangerous to be permitted to exist" (Masters). In 1601, [[Claudine de Culam]], a young girl of sixteen, was convicted of copulating with a dog. Both the girl and the dog were first hanged, and finally burned. In 1735, François Borniche was charged with sexual intercourse with animals. It was greatly feared that "his infamous debauches may corrupt the young men." He was imprisoned, and there is no record of his release.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
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| On the other hand, other accounts are more possibly fictitious, such as [[Pietro Damiani]]'s, who in his "De bono religiosi status et variorum animatium tropologia" (11th century) tells of a Count Gulielmus whose pet ape became his wife's lover. One day the ape became "mad with jealousy" on seeing the count lying with his wife that it fatally attacked him. Damiani claims he was told about this incident by [[Pope Alexander II]] and shown an offspring claimed to be that of the ape and woman. (''Illustrated Book of Sexual Records''){{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
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| Clergyman and chronicler [[Gerald of Wales]] claimed to have witnessed a man having intercourse with a horse as part of a [[pagan]] ritual in Ireland.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_/ai_n12800341 Last Night's Television: Always let a sleeping pagan lie]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/jul/20/television.artsfeatures | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Please, please tell me now | date=July 20, 2004 | accessdate=May 4, 2010 | first=Nancy | last=Banks-Smith}}</ref>
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| Although thousands of female [[witch]]es were accused of having sex with animals, usually said to be the [[Devil]] in animal form or their [[Familiar spirit|familiars]], court records available in Europe and the United States, dating back to the 14th century and continuing into the 20th century, nearly always show males, rather than females, as the human parties in court cases. (''Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality'', Humboldt University){{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
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| {{Further|Demons and animals|Animal trial}}
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| ==French Revolution and liberalization==
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| From at least the 13th century and until the [[French Revolution]], French criminal law had theoretically punished bestiality with death (burning at the stake), although in practice law courts only occasionally meted out that penalty. When the revolutionary politicians of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] set out to remake French government and society, their reforms included new criminal laws [[liberalization|liberalizing]] sexual activities, which inspired by ideas of the 18th-century [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. In 1791, [[Louis-Michel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau]] presented a newly drafted [[French Penal Code of 1791|penal code]] to the National Constituent Assembly. He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes" and not "phoney offenses, created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] despotism." Zoophilia was not mentioned in the new Penal Code (promulgated September 26-October 6, 1791) and thus decriminalized it.<ref name="Napoleonic Code">[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/napoleonic_code.html Napoleonic Code ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195256/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/napoleonic_code.html |date=2014-09-10 }}</ref><ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&pg=PT9&lpg=PT9&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&source=bl&ots=goUa6gjR1Q&sig=5uKE-tmILm9pQOCMU44pBC1oKrM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h_cMVKmoO9SAsQSIy4GgDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Russia%20law%20zoophilia&f=false Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
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| In 1810, the [[French Penal Code of 1810]] was enacted as part of [[Napoleonic Code]] of the [[First French Empire]]. After that time the subject of bestiality was not included in civil code of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Romania, Belgium, and the Netherlands. In 19th-century France, bestiality became an organized practice, and at the time of Napoleon III, bestiality was said to have been one of the allied activities of the Society for the Advancement of Sodomy, which met regularly in the [[Avenue Montaigne|allée des Veuves]].<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" />
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| ==19th-Century==
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| In 1835, the [[Russian Empire]] criminalized ''skotolozhstvo'' (bestiality) in the country. In 1845, the Russian Empire merged both ''muzhelozhstvo'' (sodomy) and ''skotolozhstvo'' statues together into a single statue prohibiting ''protivoestestvennye poroki'' (vices contrary to nature).<ref name="Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia" /> On August 20, 1848, [[Norway]] adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1687 law that implemented the capital punishment by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer">{{cite book |last=Rydström |first=Jens |date=May 31, 2007 |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |accessdate=September 9, 2014 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Criminally_Queer.html?id=cfsUAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y}}</ref>
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| In 1855, the [[Germans|German]] physician [[Wilhelm Gollmann]] claimed that [[sodomy]] was initially committed by [[shepherds]]. He adds that shepherds were drawn to this method of pleasure for the "want of more natural opportunities." Gollmann then prejudicially attacks [[Sicilians]], whom he claims commit zoophilia against [[goats]]. According to [[Blumenbach]], the females of [[Guinea]] commit indecent acts against [[monkeys]]. Gollmann finalizes his dubious claims with his assertion that [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] commit acts against [[donkeys]] as a cure for [[coxalgia]].<ref>
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| {{cite book
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| |first=Wilhelm
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| |last=Gollmann
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| |title=Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ
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| |publisher=Rademacher & Sheek
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| |others=[[Charles Julius Hempel]]
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| |year=1854
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| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjgLvjto-kC&pg=PA202&lpg=PA202&dq=%22sodomy+was+originally+practiced+by+shepherds%22&source=bl&ots=fvUaa8dzzu&sig=OOIO9kjTqTDJLYJzyTcBqtFbwZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT0vjmxK3VAhVEOj4KHdiUBLYQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=%22sodomy%20was%20originally%20practiced%20by%20shepherds%22&f=false}}</ref>
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| In 1852, the [[Austrian Empire]] enacted § 130 which criminalized bestiality with a maximum of five years in prison. About fifty people were convicted annually due to the law.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> In 1861, the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]] lowered the criminal penalty of buggery in the United Kingdom from the death penalty to life in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> On February 10, 1866, [[Denmark]] (including [[Greenland]] and [[Faroes]]) adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1683 law that implemented the death penalty at the stake by means of royal pardon for "intercourse against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor ranging from about eight months to six years, which was further reduced with about one third if the penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer" /> On June 25, 1869, [[Iceland]] adopted a new penal code that replaced a 13th-century law mandating death by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) to a punishment of work in a house of correction.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
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| On May 15, 1871, the [[German Empire]] enacted [[Paragraph 175]] into the “Reichs-Criminal Code” (RStGB) which outlawed zoophilia and punished it by imprisonment.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&pg=PA70&lpg=PA70&dq=May+15,+1871+Paragraph+175&source=bl&ots=mS77ERc3OT&sig=HQtoyCNOYrS3fZvqVgvButM7Y14&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3HgOVIyPL7OIsQTRhYLgBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=May%2015%2C%201871%20Paragraph%20175&f=false Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall]</ref> In 1878, the penal code of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] criminalized bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> [[Sweden]], in 1864, and [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], on December 19, 1889, adopted new penal codes replacing and a 1734 penal code, which applied to both countries and criminalized bestiality with being burnt at the stake. The 1864 Swedish law punished "fornication with animals" (bestiality) with two years hard labor, while the 1889 Finished law punished bestiality with imprisonment for two years.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
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| ==20th-Century==
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| [[File:Édouard-Henri Avril (28).jpg|thumb|Plate XVII by Édouard-Henri Avril, ''De Figuris Veneris'' (1906)]]
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| On June 28, 1935, [[Nazi Germany]] enacted legislation that created a separate category in [[Paragraph 175]] for "fornication with animals" and penalized with up to five years in prison.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">[http://www.tierimrecht.org/en/PDF/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221500/http://www.tierimrecht.org/en/PDF/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> In 1949, [[East Germany]] was created and the country never considered bestiality an offense during the country's existence.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> Zoophilia was exempt from punishment in over 80% of European countries in the 1950s.<ref name="History of Zoophilia and The Law">[http://www.lectlaw.com/files/sex04.htm History of Zoophilia and The Law]</ref>
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| During the 20th century, zoophilia was legalized in the [[Russian Empire]] in 1903,<ref name="Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">[https://archive.org/details/keystohappinesss0000enge/page/59 <!-- quote=Russia skotolozhstvo. --> The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia ]</ref> in [[Denmark]] (including [[Greenland]] and [[Faroes]]) on January 1, 1933,<ref name="Criminally Queer" /><ref>[http://www.thegranitetower.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=905 Animal Slaughter is Illegal in Denmark but Animal Prostitution Is Not ]</ref> in [[Iceland]] on August 12, 1940,<ref name="Criminally Queer" /> in [[Sweden]] in 1944,<ref>[http://www.inquisitr.com/163453/sweden-considering-ban-on-beastiality/ Sweden Considering Ban On Beastiality<!--sic--> ]</ref> in [[Hungarian People's Republic]] in 1961, in [[West Germany]] in 1969,<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> in [[Austria]] in 1971,<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> in [[Finland]] on January 15, 1971,<ref name="Criminally Queer" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm#a6 |title=Järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa |first=Pekka |last=Kilpinen |work=[[University of Helsinki]] |year=2001 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |language=fi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320104934/http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm |archivedate=20 March 2007 }}</ref> and Norway on [[Section 213 of the Norwegian Penal Code|April 21, 1972]].<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
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| ==21st-Century==
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| In 2003, the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] lowered the criminal penalty of bestiality in the United Kingdom from life in prison to two years in prison.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 Intercourse with an animal ]</ref>
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| In 2006, Denmark's Council for Animal Ethics said there was no need to ban bestiality unless it took place in pornographic films or sex shows. Only one of the 10 members of the council, set up by the Danish Justice Ministry to establish and uphold animal ethics, wanted bestiality expressly prohibited. The other members said current laws provided enough animal protection.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/11/30/oukoe-uk-denmark-sex-idUKL3073141820061130 Animal sex proposal spurs call for referendum ]</ref> Denmark outlawed bestiality in 2015 after all parties except the [[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|Liberal Alliance]] voted in support of a ban, leaving Hungary, Finland and Romania as the only European Union countries without bans on bestiality.<ref name="bbcdenmark">{{cite news | date = 22 April 2015 | title = Denmark passes law to ban bestiality | work = BBC Newsbeat | accessdate = 20 July 2015 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality}}</ref>
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| During the 21st century, zoophilia was re-criminalized in the following countries or territories: [[Iowa]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusiast717B_1_717E.htm#s717C_1 717C.1. Bestiality]</ref> [[Maine]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmest_t7_4011_4018.htm#s1031 Maine]</ref> [[Oregon]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusorst167_310_390.htm#s333 167.333. Sexual assault of animal]</ref> [[Illinois]] (illegal since January 1, 2003),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150329154843/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 29, 2015 |title=Ryan signs anti-bestiality legislation - The Pantagraph Bloomington |first=Kurt |last=Erickson |work=HighBeam Research |date=July 27, 2002 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.animallaw.info/statute/il-cruelty-generally-consolidated-cruelty-statutes-humane-care-animals-act#s5_12_35 5/12-35. Sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal ]</ref> [[Maryland]] (illegal since October 1, 2002),<ref>[https://www.animallaw.info/statute/md-cruelty-consolidated-cruelty-statutes#s3_322 § 3-322. Unnatural or perverted sexual practice ]</ref><ref>[http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?ys=2002rs/billfile/HB0011.htm 2002 Regular Session HOUSE BILL 11 ]</ref> [[South Dakota]] (illegal since July 1, 2003),<ref name="animallaw1">[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stussdst40_1_2_1_2_6.htm#s22_22_42 § 22-22-42. Bestiality--Acts constituting--Commission a felony]</ref><ref>[http://legis.sd.gov/sessions/2003/1061.htm House Bill 1061 ]</ref><ref>[https://www.statescape.com/resources/Effective_dates/effective_dates.aspx Effective Dates for Legislation ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051207/http://www.statescape.com/resources/Effective_dates/effective_dates.aspx |date=2015-01-23 }}</ref> [[France]] (illegal since March 10, 2004),<ref>[French Penal Code - Chapter one: Serious abuse or acts of cruelty animals. - Article 521-1]</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (illegal since June 7, 2006),<ref>[http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2005&bill=6417 SB 6417 - 2005-06 ]</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stuswast16_52_010_305.htm#s205 16.52.205. Animal cruelty in the first degree]</ref> [[Arizona]] (illegal since September 21, 2006),<ref>[http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=SB1160&Session_ID=83 SB1160 community facilities districts; financing (NOW: animal welfare; rescue; bestiality) ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp |title=General Effective Dates |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514150141/http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp |archive-date=2010-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusazst13_2910.htm#s1411 § 13-1411. Bestiality; classification; definition ]</ref> [[Belgium]] (illegal since May 11, 2007),<ref>[http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/la-zoophilie-interdite-51b7c174e4b0de6db98c0a46 La zoophilie interdite ]</ref><ref>[http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=13173&Language=EN Violent and extreme pornography ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309052513/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=13173&Language=EN |date=2013-03-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad |title=Lois, Decrets, Ordonnances Et Reglements / Wetten, Decreten, Ordonnanties En Verordeningen |pages=38259–38260 |date=13 July 2007 |accessdate=13 July 2014|url=https://www.fsma.be/nl/file/57066/download?token=o7-KwtMI}} {{in lang|fr|nl}}</ref> [[Colorado]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://www.leg.state.co.us/Clics/Clics2013A/csl.nsf/MainBills?openFrameset Summarized History for Bill Number HB07-1235 ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/digest2007a/CRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE.htm#07-1235 |title=H.B. 07-1235 Cruelty to animals - impounded and forfeited animals - euthanasia - dangerous dogs - property damage - sexual act with animal - injured animals - euthanasia - domestic violence - violation of court order protecting animals - aggravated animal cruelty offenders - genetic testing. |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006034904/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/digest2007a/CRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE.htm#07-1235 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stuscost18_9_201.htm#s202 § 18-9-202. Cruelty to animals--aggravated cruelty to animals--cruelty to a service animal--restitution]</ref> [[Indiana]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusinst35_46_3_1_13.htm#s14 35-46-3-14 Bestiality]</ref><ref>[http://www.in.gov/apps/lsa/session/billwatch/billinfo?year=2007&request=getActions&doctype=HB&docno=1387 Action List: House Bill 1387 ]</ref> [[Tennessee]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/default.aspx?BillNumber=SB0487&GA=105 *SB 0487 by *Finney R. ( HB 0953 by *Maggart) ]</ref><ref>[http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-39/chapter-14/part-2/39-14-214/ 39-14-214. Criminal offenses against animals.]</ref> [[Netherlands]] (illegal since 2010),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012 |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date=2012-12-24 |accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref> [[Norway]] (illegal since January 1, 2010),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |title=New Animal Welfare Act |work=regjeringen.no |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref> [[Alaska]] (illegal since September 13, 2010),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusakst03_55_100.htm#s140 Sec. 11.61.140 Cruelty to animals. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill.asp?bill=HB%20%20%206&session=26 ]</ref> [[Australian Capital Territory]] (illegal since 2011),<ref name="ACT">{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf |title=Crimes Legislation Amendment Bill 2010 |work=Australian Capital Territory Legislation Register |year=2010 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Florida]] (illegal since October 1, 2011),<ref>[http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44953 SB 344 - Animal Cruelty ]</ref><ref>[http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44966 CS/HB 125 - Animal Cruelty ]</ref><ref>[http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0800-0899/0828/Sections/0828.126.html 828.126 Sexual activities involving animals.— ]</ref> [[Germany]] (illegal since 2013),<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/world/europe/german-legislators-vote-to-outlaw-bestiality.html?_r=0 |title=German Legislators Vote to Outlaw Bestiality |first=Chris |last=Cottrell |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 1, 2013 |publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Sweden]] (illegal since January 1, 2014),<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/352387 Sweden set to ban bestiality in 2014 ]</ref> and [[Denmark]] (illegal since April 2015).<ref name="bbcdenmark" />
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| When Germany passed a law banning zoophilia in 2013, the zoophile community protested and filed a suit against the government saying the law violated their rights. A few months later, ZETA, a German zoophile-rights group, put together a march that would make its way through the street of Berlin.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Timeline of zoophilia]]
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| * [[Humanzee]]
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| * [[Anthrozoology]]
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| * [[History of sex]]
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|
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * Marie-Christine Anest: ''Zoophilie, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine'' (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece)'' (1994), {{ISBN|2-7384-2146-6}}
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| * Dubois-Dessaule: ''Etude Sur la Bestiality au point de Vue Historique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint)'' (Paris, 1905)
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| * Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: ''Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study'', University Press of the Pacific (November 1, 2003), {{ISBN|1-4102-0947-4}} (Paperback Ed.)
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| * Hans Hentig Ph.D.: ''Soziologie der Zoophilen Neigung (Sociology of the Zoophile Preference)'' (1962)
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| * Bronisław Malinowski:<br>''The Trobriand Islands'' (1915)<br> ''The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia'' (1929)
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| * Robson, ''Bestiality and Bestial Rape in Greek Myth'', 1997, [[Susan Deacy|S. Deacy]] and K. F. Pearce (edd.), Rape in Antiquity, Duckworth, 65-96
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| * Voget, F. W. (1961) Sex life of the American Indians, in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, p90-109
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| *Holy Scriptures-Ezekiel 23:28
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| {{zoophilia}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Historical And Cultural Perspectives On Zoophilia}}
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| [[Category:Zoophilia]]
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| [[Category:Zoophilia in culture]]
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