Human–animal hybrid

In this Edward Burne-Jones piece, the human woman Psyche receives affection from the hybrid deity Pan.

The term human-animal hybrid refers to an entity that incorporates elements from both humans and non-human animals. In various mythologies throughout world history, many famous human-animal hybrids have existed. Such entities have also been characters within many forms of fictional media more recently in history such as H.G. Wells' work The Island of Doctor Moreau. In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that trickster and villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given culture.

For example, Pan is a deity in Greek mythology that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular. The mischievous yet cheerful character has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on by groups such as the American Delphian Society. The human-animal hybrid also has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as Francis Bacon.

When looked at scientifically, such beings, defined by the magazine H+ as "genetic alterations that are blendings [sic] of animal and human forms", may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans"; one of them also may be called a "humanized animal". Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" (cytoplasmic hybrids), with "cybrid" cells featuring foreign human nuclei inside of them being a topic of interest. Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a human egg fertilized by a nonhuman sperm or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm. While at first being only a fictional concept in either legend or thought experiments, the first stable human-animal chimeras (not technically hybrids) to actually exist were first created by Shanghai Second Medical University scientists in 2003, the result of having fused human cells with rabbit eggs.

In terms of scientific ethics, the creation of human-animal hybrids is a topic that has been subject to some debate in the U.S. and the U.K., with the state of Arizona banning the practice altogether in 2010. A proposal on the subject sparked some interest in the U.S. Senate from 2011 to 2012 but ended up going nowhere. Although the two concepts are not strictly related, discussions of experimentation into blended human and animal creatures has paralleled the discussions around embryonic stem-cell research (the 'stem cell controversy'). The creation of genetically modified organisms for a multitude of purposes has taken place in the modern world for decades, examples being specifically designed foodstuffs made to have features such as higher crop yields through better disease resistance.

The concept of humanoid creatures with hybrid characteristics from animals, played in a dramatic and sensationalized fashion, has been a recurrent topic in fictional media such as Hollywood films as well. An example is Splice, a 2009 movie about experimental genetic research.

Legendary historical and mythological hybrids

Creatures displaying a mixture of human and animal traits and behaviors while having a similarly blended appearance frequently appear in both Greek and Roman mythology. Characters of such have additionally been a recurring theme in both Chinese and Japanese mythology.

For instance, the Greek figure of Pan is a god that rules over and symbolizes the untamed wild, expressing the inherent beauty of the natural world as the Greeks saw things. He specifically received reverence by hunters, fishermen, shepherds, and other groups with a close connection to nature. Pan possesses the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat while otherwise being essentially human in appearance; with stories of his encounters with different gods, humans, and others have been a part of popular culture in several different cultures for many years. The human-animal hybrid also has appeared in acclaimed works of art by figures such as Francis Bacon, as well being mentioned in John Fletcher's writings.

In Chinese religious tradition, the figure of Chu Pa-chieh undergoes a personal journey in which he gives up wickedness for virtue. After causing a disturbance in heaven, he is exiled to Earth. By mistake, he enters the womb of a sow and ends up being born half-man/half-pig. With the head and ears of a pig coupled with a human body, his already animal-like sense of selfishness from his past life remains. Killing and eating his mother as well as devouring his brothers, he makes his way to a mountain hideout, spending his days preying on unwary travelers unlucky enough to cross his path. However, the exhortations of the kind goddess Kuan Yin, journeying in China, persuade him to seek a nobler path, and his life's journey and the side of goodness proceeds on such that he even is ordained a priest by the goddess herself. Remarking on the religious novel Journey to the West in which the character first appears, Professor Victor H. Mair has commented that "[p]ig-human hybrids represent descent and the grotesque, a capitulation to the basest appetites" rather than "self-improvement".

Modern fictional hybrids

English writer H. G. Wells designed his famous work The Island of Doctor Moreau, featuring a mixture of horror and science fiction elements, to promote the anti-vivisection cause as a part of his long-time advocacy for animal rights. Wells' story describes a man marooned on an island ruled over by the titular Dr. Moreau, a depraved mad scientist who has created several human-animal hybrids. The story has been adapted into film several times, perhaps the most notable and successful being the 1932 black-and-white treatment called Island of Lost Souls.

See also

• Anthropomorphism
• Hybrid
• List of legendary creatures by type