Timeline of zoophilia: Difference between revisions
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*'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | *'''1866''' – The Penal Code of 1866 in the [[Kingdom of Denmark]] reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | ||
*'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | *'''1869''' – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | ||
*'''1894''' – The Penal Code of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years imprisonment.<ref name="Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999" /> | |||
====20th century==== | ====20th century==== | ||
Revision as of 05:20, 23 January 2017
The timeline of zoophilia covers the history of zoophilia and bestiality among humans and non-human animals.
Before the Common Era
23rd millennium BCE
230th century BCE
- c. 22,995 BCE – A bone rod is engraves in a cave in Abri de la Madeleine, France, depicting a lioness licking the opening of either a gigantic human penis or a vulva.[1]
2nd millennium BCE
18th century BCE
- c. 1,750 BCE – The Code of Hammurabi is written and in the code, King Hammurabi of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire proclaims capital punishment for anyone engaging in bestiality.[1]
15th century BCE
- c. 1,406 BCE – The Book of Deuteronomy is written during this period and within the text it states the:
"Cursed be anyone who lies with any animal." All the people shall say, "Amen!"[2]
13th century BCE
- c. 1,300 BCE – c. 1,201 BCE – The Hittite laws are written for the Hittite Empire, which punished male bestiality with a pig, a dog, or a cow with capital punishment, while male bestiality with a horse or a mule only prohibited the man from approaching the king or becoming a priest.[1][3]
1st millennium BCE
7th century BCE
- c. 700 BCE – c. 601 BCE – A cave painting is painted in Val Camonica, Italy depicting a man inserting his penis into the vagina or anus of a donkey.[1]
7th century BCE – 5th century BCE
- c. 700 BCE – c. 401 BCE – The Book of Leviticus is written during this period and within the text it states the following:
"You shall not have sexual relations with any animal and defile yourself with it, nor shall any woman give herself to an animal to have sexual relations with it: it is perversion. Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, for by all these practices the nations I am casting out before you have defiled themselves."[4]
"If a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal. If a woman approaches any animal and has sexual relations with it, you shall kill the woman and the animal; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them."[5]
6th century BCE – 4th century BCE
- c. 600 BCE – c. 301 BCE – The Book of Exodus is written during this period and within the text it states that:
"Whoever lies with an animal shall be put to death."[6]
5th century BCE
- c. 486 BCE – King Darius I adopts the Holiness Code of the Book of Leviticus for Persian Jews of the Achaemenid Empire, enacting capital punishment for bestiality.[7]
- c. 440 BCE – In Histories, Herodotus wrote that:
"In my lifetime a strange thing occurred in this district: a he-goat had intercourse openly with a woman."[8]
1st century BCE
- c. 27 BCE – At the beginning of the Roman Empire, legal retribution for bestiality was required only for sodomy, under which bestiality was included.[1]
Common Era
1st millennium
8th century
- 726 – Emperor Leo III the Isaurian issues Ecloga (17.39) for the Byzantine Empire, which makes male bestiality punishable by the removal of the penis.[9]
2nd millennium
13th century
- c. 1,250 – 1,281 – The Younger Westrogothic law (Urbotamål 3. DL) of the Kingdom of Sweden, in the province of West Gothland, enacts a ban on male bestiality and those convicted are expiated by pilgrimage to Rome as penance, along with payment of a fine consisting of three times nine marks.[10][11]
13th century – 14th century
- c. 1,250 – 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the provinces of Dalarna, Uppland, Västmanland enacts capital punishment for those convicted for male bestiality were buried alive for both the perpetrator and the animal, while the province of Södermanland in the Kingdom of Sweden stipulates the male perpetrator could be either buried alive or burned at the stake.[12][11]
14th century
- 1,350 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson was enacted, replacing all provisional laws in the country with a national law (excluding cities). The law lacked canonical code, so the Church code of the Uppland provisional law was used alongside the Country Law of Magnus Eriksson, making male bestiality a capital punishment in the Kingdom of Sweden, excluding cities.[13]
15th century
- 1,442 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Country Law of Christopher (Code on High Treason) was enacted, making male bestiality a capital punishment by either being buried alive with the animal or buried.[13]
16th century
- c. 1501 – 1511 – The Holy Roman Empire makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[14]
- 1532 – The Constitutio Criminalis Carolina makes bestiality a capital punishment in the Holy Roman Empire with a penalty of burning.[15][16][13]
- 1533 – An Acte for the punishment of the vice of Buggerie is enacted in the Kingdom of England, making bestiality a capital punishment and lose of possessions could be confiscated by the government.[17]
17th century
- 1683 – The Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality in Kingdom of Denmark a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[1][18]
- 1687 – The Norwegian Code (Book 6, chapter 13, section 15) makes bestiality in Kingdom of Norway a capital punishment with a penalty of burning.[18]
18th century
- 1711 – Kingdom of Denmark makes those convicted of bestiality should be strangled as well as burned.[1]
- 23 January 1736 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Civil Code of 1734 was enacted, making both male and female bestiality a capital punishment.[13]
19th century
- 1838 – Iceland adopts the Sixth Book of Danish Law of 1683 makes bestiality a capital punishment with a penalty of burning, along with strangling.[18]
- 20 August 1848 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1848 (Chapter 18, section 21) in Kingdom of Norway reduces the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.[18]
- 1864 – In the Kingdom of Sweden, the Penal Code of 1864 (Chapter 10, section 10) was enacted, reducing the penalty for bestiality with a punishment of two years hard labor.[13]
- 1866 – The Penal Code of 1866 in the Kingdom of Denmark reduces the penalty for the crime of male bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of eight months to six years hard labor, which is further reduced with one third penalty was served in solitude.[18]
- 1869 – The Penal Code of 1869 (Section 178) in Iceland makes male bestiality punishable with hard labor.[18]
- 1894 – The Penal Code of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Chapter 20, section 12) reduced the penalty of bestiality from capital punishment to at least two years imprisonment. It also criminalized attempting bestiality with a penalty of at least two years imprisonment.[18]
20th century
- 1903 – The Russian Empire legalizes bestiality.[19]
- 1905 – The Norwegian Penal Code of 1902 (Section 213) makes bestiality in the Kingdom of Norway punishable by imprisonment up to one year, however prosecutions would only apply when public interest demands.[18]
- 1 January 1933 – The Kingdom of Denmark legalizes bestiality.[18]
- 12 August 1940 – The Kingdom of Iceland legalizes bestiality.[18]
- 1 July 1944 – The Kingdom of Sweden legalizes bestiality.[18][20]
- 7 October 1949 – The German Democratic Republic is created and legalizes bestiality in its territory.[1]
- 25 June 1968 – The Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin legalizes bestiality.[1][21][22]
- 15 January 1971 – The Republic of Finland legalizes bestiality.[18]
- 21 April 1972 – The Kingdom of Norway legalizes bestiality.[18]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Podberscek, Anthony; Beetz, Andrea, eds. (2005). Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals. ISBN 1557534128.
- ↑ Deuteronomy 27:21
- ↑ Ascione, Frank, ed. (2008). The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application. p. 205. ISBN 1557535655.
- ↑ Leviticus 18:23–18:24
- ↑ Leviticus 20:15–20:16
- ↑ Exodus 22:19
- ↑ Dynes, Wayne, ed. (1990). Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2. p. 1418. ISBN 9781317368113.
- ↑ "2" 46 [4]. Histories. ISBN 0674991303.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|script-chapter=: missing prefix (help) - ↑ M. T. G. Humphreys, Law, Power, and Imperial Ideology in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 312. ISBN 9780198701576.
- ↑ It is rare that the primary punishment for bestiality is pecuniary; the crime usually led to capital punishment.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ekholst, Christine (2014). A Punishment for Each Criminal: Gender and Crime in Swedish Medieval Law. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9789004271623.
- ↑ In the Södermanland law, capital punishment is unconditional.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Rydström, Jens (2003). Sinners and Citizens: Bestiality and Homosexuality in Sweden, 1880-1950. p. 34. ISBN 0226732576.
- ↑ Ben-Atar, Doron; Brown, Richard (2014). Taming Lust: Crimes Against Nature in the Early Republic. p. 17. ISBN 0812245814.
- ↑ Fone, Byrne (2000). Homophobia: A History. p. 213. ISBN 0312420307.
- ↑ Rampone Jr., W. (2011). Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare. p. 22. ISBN 0313343756.
- ↑ THE BUGGERY ACT (1533)
- ↑ Engelstein, Laura (1992). The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia. ISBN 0801499585.
- ↑ LGBT Rights in Sweden
- ↑ Tamagne, Florence (2006). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London ..., Volume 1. p. 400. ISBN 0875862527.
- ↑ "glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin" (PDF). glbtq.com.
