History of zoophilia: Difference between revisions

From Zoophilia Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m 1 revision imported
(214 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
This article covers the '''historical and cultural aspects of [[zoophilia]] and [[zoosexuality]]''' (also known as '''bestiality'''), from prehistory onwards.
{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2021}}
The '''history of [[zoophilia]]''' and '''bestiality''' begins in the [[Prehistory|prehistoric era]], where depictions of humans and non-human animals in a sexual context appear infrequently in European [[rock art]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bahn|first=Paul G.|title=The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-45473-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwm_D1u_UTsC&pg=PA188|accessdate=18 February 2012|page=188}}</ref> Bestiality remained a theme in [[mythology]] and [[folklore]] through the classical period and into the Middle Ages (e.g. the Greek myth of [[Leda and the Swan]])<ref name="HSE" /> and several ancient authors purported to document it as a regular, accepted practice—albeit usually in "other" cultures.


__TOC__
Explicit legal prohibition of human sexual contact with other animals is a legacy of the [[Abrahamic religions]]:<ref name="HSE" /> the [[Hebrew Bible]] imposes the death penalty on both the person and animal involved in an act of bestiality.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse||Leviticus|20:15|131}}</ref> There are several examples known from medieval Europe of people and animals executed for committing bestiality. With the [[Age of Enlightenment]], bestiality was subsumed with other sexual "[[crimes against nature]]" into civil [[sodomy]] laws, usually remaining a capital crime.
''This article is being drafted at present and may be incomplete''
==Overview==
Prior to and outside the influence of the major [[Abrahamic religion]]s ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]]), [[zoophilia|sex with animals]] (also known as zoophilia, or bestiality) was sometimes forbidden, and sometimes accepted. Occasionally it was incorporated into religious ritual.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} The Abrahamic religions by and large forbid it, and declared it a sin against their God,<ref>[[Leviticus]] 18:23 and 20:15-16.</ref> and during the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe people and animals were often [[Execution (legal)|executed]] if found guilty. With the [[Age of Enlightenment]], bestiality became subsumed into [[sodomy]] and a civil rather than religious offence.  


Separately, Western cultures have at times reacted to other negatively-viewed sexual and lifestyle activities, with [[moral panic]].<ref>For example, the Rev. Jerry Falwell speaking on "The Early Show" (CBS, 2004) was one of many American community and political leaders who justified a stance that [[gay marriage]] was unthinkable, by arguing that if gay marriage became approved, it could lead to legally sanctioned incest or bestiality. ''[http://www.boston.com/news/specials/gay_marriage/articles/2004/02/14/coverage_boosts_states_liberal_image/ Boston Globe]''</ref>
Bestiality remains illegal in most countries. Arguments used to justify this include: it is against religion, it is a "crime against nature," and that non-human animals cannot give [[consent]] and that sex with animals is inherently [[Sexual abuse|abusive]].<ref>Regan, Tom. ''Animal Rights, Human Wrongs''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63-4, 89.</ref> In common with many [[paraphilia]]s, the [[internet]] has provided a connective platform for the [[Zoophilia#Zoophile community|zoophile community]], which has lobbied for the recognition of zoophilia (or zoosexuality as an alternative sexuality), and advocated for the legalisation of bestiality.<ref>{{cite news|last=Francis|first=Thomas|title=Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/|accessdate=18 February 2012|newspaper=Broward Palm Beach New Times|date=20 August 2009|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215053508/http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2009-08-20/news/those-who-practice-bestiality-say-they-re-part-of-the-next-gay-rights-movement/|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Since the [[1980s]], many alternative sexualities have formed social networks, and [[zoosexuality]] (a more modern name for the spectrum of affinity and attraction to animals) is no exception to this. Although society in general is hostile, several decades of research seem to form a consensus that it is commonly misunderstood and mistaken for [[zoosadism]]. (Main article: [[Research on zoophilia]])
==Prehistory==
Depictions of human sexual activity with animals appear infrequently in [[prehistoric art]]. Possibly the oldest depiction, and the only known example from the [[Palaeolithic]] (prior to the [[Neolithic revolution|domestication of animals]]), is found in the [[Côa Valley Paleolithic Art|Vale do Côa]] in [[Portugal]]. It shows a man with an exaggerated, erect penis juxtaposed with a goat. However, there is some doubt that the two figures are contemporary; while the goat is depicted in characteristic palaeolithic style, the scene may have been altered in a later period with the insertion of the human figure.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Angulo Cuesta |first1=J. |last2=García Diez |first2=M. |title=Diversity and meaning of Palaeolithic phallic male representations in Western Europe |journal=Actas Urol Esp |year=2006 |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=254–267 |url=http://www.actasurologicas.info/v30/n03/ENG/3003OR02.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726163724/http://www.actasurologicas.info/v30/n03/ENG/3003OR02.htm |archivedate=2012-07-26 }}</ref>


Regardless, although there might be minor indications of slow changes in cultural attitudes over decades, it is usually considered a crime against nature and illegal in most modern countries, and for that reason it is not much evidenced other than [[online]], in private, and in the light of prosecution.
From the [[Neolithic]] onwards, images of zoophilia are slightly more common. Examples are found at ''Coren del Valento'', a cave in [[Val Camonica]], [[Italy]], containing [[rock art]] dating from 10,000 BCE to as late as the [[Middle Ages]], one depicting a man penetrating a horse,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anati |first=E. |title=The Way of Life Recorded in the Rock Art of Valcamonica |journal=Adoranten |year=2008 |issue=2008 |url=http://www.ssfpa.se/pdf/2008/anati_adorant08.pdf |publisher=Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819050756/http://www.ssfpa.se/pdf/2008/anati_adorant08.pdf |archivedate=2010-08-19 }}</ref> and [[Sagaholm]], a [[Bronze Age]] [[cairn]] in [[Sweden]] where several [[petroglyphs]] have been found with similar scenes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sagaholm |url=http://home.online.no/~wen-mja/ontherocks/sagaholm.htm |work=On the rocks |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907011750/http://home.online.no/~wen-mja/ontherocks/sagaholm.htm |archivedate=7 September 2011 }}</ref>


==Zoophilia through history==
==Classical antiquity==
===Ancient, Greek and Roman===
{{See also|Sexuality in ancient Rome}}
''Caveat - It is important to be aware that some of the descriptions in antiquity may have been written from a political agenda, that is, with the intent of portraying a given target group intentionally negatively. Reader judgement is necessary when considering such source material.''
[[File:Da michelangelo, leda e il cigno, post 1530 (national gallery) 01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Leda and the Swan (Michelangelo)|Leda and the Swan]]'', copy of lost [[Michelangelo]]]]
* Prehistoric man probably was not bound by any self-image in regard to sexuality, and "was likely to have made many such attempts".<ref>Masters, "Prehistory of bestiality", part of his 1962 paper, 1966 edition.</ref> In general, "[b]estiality... existed as a rather widespread practice in all the nations of antiquity of which we have adequate records.  Where it is not specifically mentioned, it may be legitimately inferred on the basis of the over-all evidence." (Masters)
Several [[Greek mythology|Greek myths]] include the God [[Zeus]] seducing or abducting favoured mortals while in the form of an animal: [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]] and the bull, [[Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] and the eagle, and [[Leda and the Swan]].<ref name="HSE">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Cornog |first1=M. |last2=Perper |first2=T. |year=1994 |title=Bestiality |editor1-last=Haeberle |editor1-first=E. J. |editor2-last=Bullough |editor2-first=B. L. |editor3-last=Bullough |display-editors=3 |editor4-last=B. |encyclopedia=Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Garland |location=New York & London |url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033652/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY |archivedate=4 February 2012 }}</ref> Only the latter legend includes actual copulation between Leda and Zeus in his animal form, but depictions of this act, fairly uncommon in antiquity, became a popular motif in classicising [[Renaissance]] art, contributing to a lasting prominence in [[Western culture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bull|first=M.|title=The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-521923-6|url=https://archive.org/details/mirrorofgods00bull}}</ref>
* A open-air rock engraving ([http://www.archaeometry.org/images/sxc6.jpg photograph]) probably 5000 years old in the Northern Italian [[Val Camonica]]<ref>Located at "Coren del Valento" in Val Camonica. Raymond Christinger contributed, at the 1st Valcamonica Symposium, that this scene might display a socially reprehensible sexual intercourse remaining the privilege of the chief of the tribe. [http://www.archaeometry.org/sxx.htm Link to web page and photograph, archaeometry.org]</ref> "It depicts a man complete with full [[erection]] standing behind a donkey. The viewer is left in no doubt that he intends to have sex with her. Other people think that one cannot say if our prehistoric artist depicts himself, or something which he has observed someone else doing. What we can deduce however is that he has an intimate knowledge of the external sexual organs of this animal, and that it was made before any known taboos against sex with animals existed."<ref>Cited to "Dr. Jacobus X.", said to be a [[nom-de-plume]] for a [[France|French]] author: Abuses Aberrations and Crimes of the Genital Sense, 1901.</ref>
[[File:Zoophilia.jpg|thumb|right|Zoophilia carving on Rock with Old Kannada script engraved at [[Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi]]]]
* The [[Sagaholm]] is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Tumulus|barrow]] with zoosexual carvings that dates to the early [[Nordic Bronze Age]].
* In ancient [[Egypt]], the animal aspects of the gods ensured that bestiality would be practiced both for religious and magical purposes.  [[Herodotus]] states religious bestiality was practiced in Egypt - the most famous example being of course the copulations of women with goats.  [[Voltaire]] spoke of sexual relations between Egyptian women and sacred goats, citing [[Plutarch]] and [[Pindar]] as his sources ([[Strabo]] and Plutarch both confirm Herodotus' mention [Bk 2, § 46] of an Egyptian woman having public sex with a goat). The scholar and anthropologist Lang states that the Egyptian women submitted to he-goats while the "men committed the sin of impurity with she-goats." (See: [[Goat of Mendes]]). At [[El Yemen]], trained baboons were popular sex partners with men and women alike.  Similarly, in the [[Nile]] and [[Indus]] Valleys, monkeys were instructed in the art of manipulating the genitals of both sexes.  It is recorded that dog-faced baboons once fornicated with women "throughout Egypt and the length and breadth of the Arab world". Finally it is often related that the Egyptians "mastered the art of sexual congress with the [[crocodile]]" by turning it on its back. (Masters)
* In ancient Greece, [[Xenophon]] records sex with goats. Norman Haire (Hymen) states "since the Greek myths contain many stories of gods who assumed the shape of animals in order to mate with mortals, we may judge that even bestiality was not regarded as revolting."
* Plutarch and Virgil state of Greece, that: "it commits very frequently and in many places great outrages, disorders and scandals against nature, in the matter of this pleasure of love; for there are men who have loved she-goats, sows and mares," (Discourse on the Reason of Beasts, xvii) [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] states that [[Semiramis]] prostituted herself to her horse, and [[Venette]] says that "there is nothing more common in Egypt than that young women have intercourse with bucks."
* Robson, in "Bestiality and bestial rape in Greek myth" (1997) suggests three points of departure for analyzing Greek myth: 1) sex with animals as pornography, 2) as part of hunting ritual, and 3) as bestial myths and/or male initiation rituals.
* [[Martial]] and other writers state that in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, women sometimes inserted snakes into their sexual parts. Curiously, this is reported to have been  both for sexual purposes and also as a means to keeping cool and deodorizing that part of the body in the heat of summer. [[Lucian]] comments that snakes were taught to suckle on women's [[nipples]]. [[Satires of Juvenal|Juvenal]] states in the [[Mysteries of the Bona Dea]], that "if... men are wanting, she [the Roman woman] does not delay to submit her buttocks to a young ass placed over her." Roman society had around 12 formal categories of [[prostitute]], the lower of whom performed with animals.
* Interestingly, the Jewish code of law (the [[Talmud]]) found it necessary to proscribe specifically ''women'' from being alone in the company of animals, in order to rule out suspicion (Muth 1969, Christy 1970).
====Roman Games and Circus==== 
[[Image:Bestiarii (EUR Museum).jpg|thumb|200px|Beast fighters, known as [[bestiarii]], fighting wild animals at the Roman Games, relief from EUR Museum]]
The most explicit recorded incidents of public sex involving humans and animals activity are associated with the murderous [[Sadism and Masochism|sadism]], [[torture]] and [[rape]] of the [[Colosseum#Use|Roman games]] and [[Circus Maximus|circus]], in which it is estimated that several hundreds of thousands died. Masters reports: "Beasts were specially trained to copulate with women: if the girls or women were unwilling then the animal would attempt rape. A surprising range of creatures was used for such purposes - bulls, giraffes, leopards, cheetahs, wild boar, zebras, stallions, jackasses, huge dogs, apes, etc. The beasts were taught how to copulate with a human being [whether male or female] either via the [[vagina]] or via the [[anus]]." Representations of scenes from the sexual lives of the gods, such as [[Pasiphaë|Pasiphaë and the Bull]], were highly popular, often causing extreme suffering, injury or death. On occasion, the more ferocious beasts were permitted to kill and (if desired) devour their victims afterwards.  
 
[[Chimpanzee]]s and [[mandrill]]s, both in fact ferocious and very powerful species of [[primate]]: "made drunk by wine and inflamed by the odor of females of their kind, were loosed upon girls whose genitals had been drenched with the urine of female chimps and mandrills." The victims were often virgins and not infrequently young children. One spectacle is said to have included "a hundred tiny blonde girls being raped simultaneously by a horde of [[baboon]]s."   
: (Masters, "The Prostitutes In Society")


===Europe: Middle Ages===
Various classical writers recorded that bestiality was common in other cultures. [[Herodotus]] was followed by [[Pindar]], [[Strabo]] and [[Plutarch]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} in alleging that [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] women engaged in sexual relations with goats for religious and magical purposes – the animal aspects of Egyptian deities being particularly alien to the Greco-Roman world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ray|first=J. D.|title=The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-515401-6|editor=Redford, D. B.|page=90|chapter=Animal Cults}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Leavitt|first=J.|title=Greek and Egyptian Mythologies|year=1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-0-226-06454-3|editor=Bonnefoy, Y.|page=[https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn/page/248 248]|chapter=The Cults of Isis among the Greeks and in the Roman Empire|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greekegyptianmyt00bonn/page/248}}</ref> Conversely, Plutarch and [[Virgil]] make similar accusations of the Greeks.
In the Church-oriented culture of the [[Middle Ages]], zoosexual activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging. Masters comments that:
:"Theologians, bowing to Biblical prohibitions and basing their judgements on the conception of man as a spiritual being and of the animal as a merely carnal one, have regarded the same phenomenon as both a violation of Biblical edicts and a degradation of man, with the result that the act of bestiality has been castigated and [[anathema]]tized [...]"


In 1468, Jean Beisse, accused of bestiality with a cow on one occasion and a goat on another, was first hanged, then burned. The animals involved were also burned. In 1539, Guillaume Garnier, charged with intercourse with a female dog (described as "sodomy"), was ordered strangled after he confessed under [[torture]]. The dog was burned, along with the trial records which were "too horrible and potentially dangerous to be permitted to exist" (Masters). In 1601, Claudine de Culam, a young girl of sixteen, was convicted of copulating with a dog.  Both the girl and the dog were first hanged, then strangled, and finally burned. In 1735, Francois Borniche was charged with sexual intercourse with animals. It was greatly feared that "his infamous debauches may corrupt the young men."  He was imprisoned. There is no record of his release.
Despite their place in mythology and literature, actual acts of bestiality were probably as uncommon in antiquity as they are today.<ref name="HSE" /> [[Roman law|Roman civil law]], however, made no mention of it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Norton|first=R.|title=Of Sodomy and Bestiality|url=http://rictornorton.co.uk/eighteen/1729disn.htm|work=Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook|accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref> The explicit prohibition of and strict penalties for zoophilia universal in later European legal systems were derived from Jewish and Christian tradition.<ref name="HSE" /> The [[Hebrew Bible]] imposes the death penalty on both the human and animal parties involved in an act of bestiality: "if a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[Synod of Ancyra]] in 313–316 discussed the position of the church with regard to bestiality at length and two of the resulting twenty-five canons addressed it: the sixteenth canon described the [[penance]] and level of restrictions to be applied to various age groups for committing bestiality; the seventeenth canon prohibited all [[leper]]s from praying inside church if they had committed bestiality while they suffered from leprosy.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE COUNCIL OF ANCYRA, HISTORICAL NOTE & CANONS|url=http://www.synaxis.org/canon/ECF37THE_COUNCIL_OF_ANCYRA_HISTORICAL.htm|accessdate=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213214224/http://www.synaxis.org/canon/ECF37THE_COUNCIL_OF_ANCYRA_HISTORICAL.htm|archive-date=13 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>


On the other hand, other accounts are more possibly fictitious, such as [[Pietro Damiani]]'s, who in his "De bono religiosi status et variorum animatium tropologia" (11th Century) tells of a Count Gulielmus whose pet ape became his wife's lover. One day the ape became "mad with jealousy" on seeing the count lying with his wife that it fatally attacked him. Damain claims he was told about this incident by [[Pope Alexander II]] and shown an offspring claimed to be that of the ape and woman. (Illustrated Book of Sexual Records)
[[Hittite laws|Hittite law]] mandated the death penalty for intercourse with animals, excluding horses and mules (violators were instead barred from the priesthood and from approaching the king).<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1650nesilim.asp The Code of the Nesilim, c. 1650-1500 BCE] Retrieved 24 July 2013</ref>


Although thousands of female [[witch]]es were accused of having sex with animals, usually said to be the [[Devil]] in animal form or their [[familiars]], court records available in Europe and the United States, dating back to the 14th century and continuing into the 20th century, nearly always show males, rather than females, as the human parties in court cases. (Encyclopedia of human sexuality, Humboldt University)
==Europe: Middle Ages==
In the Church-oriented culture of the [[Middle Ages]], zoosexual activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Sects deemed heretical by the Church such as the [[Hussites]] were accused of bestiality.<ref name="Out Of Print Marmor 1980 p. ">{{cite book | author=Out Of Print | last2=Marmor | first2=J. | title=Homosexual Behavior | publisher=Basic Books | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-465-03045-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBkbAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2022-10-16 | page=}}</ref> Masters comments that:
:"Theologians, bowing to Biblical prohibitions and basing their judgements on the conception of man as a spiritual being and of the animal as a merely carnal one, have regarded the same phenomenon as both a violation of Biblical edicts and a degradation of man, with the result that the act of bestiality has been castigated and [[anathema]]tized [...]"{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}


{{See|Demons and animals|Animal trial}}
In 1468, Jean Beisse, accused of bestiality with a cow on one occasion and a goat on another, was first hanged, then burned. The animals involved were also burned. In 1539, Guillaume Garnier, charged with intercourse with a female dog (described as "sodomy"), was ordered strangled after he confessed under [[torture]]. The dog was burned, along with the trial records which were "too horrible and potentially dangerous to be permitted to exist" (Masters). Other accusations of bestiality in the period include the trials of [[Thomas Weir]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQlJj3_koNUC&dq=thomas+weir+bestiality&pg=PA168 | title=The Culture of Controversy: Religious Arguments in Scotland, 1660-1714 | isbn=9781843837299 | last1=Raffe | first1=Alasdair | year=2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK3tCwAAQBAJ&dq=thomas+weir+bestiality&pg=PA191 | title=Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland, 1670-1740 | isbn=9781137313249 | last1=Henderson | first1=Lizanne | date=8 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMUBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22thomas+weir%22+%22atherton%22&pg=PA271 | title=Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England | isbn=978-0812203301 | last1=Quilligan | first1=Maureen | date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> and [[John Atherton]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FT8FO95uMyYC&dq=john+atherton+bestiality&pg=PA215 | title=The Ancient and Modern History of the Maritime Ports of Ireland | isbn=9783954273522 | last1=Marmion | first1=Anthony | date=June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncRpEAAAQBAJ&dq=john+atherton+bestiality&pg=PT89 | title=Trial of Translation: An Examination of 1 Corinthians 6:9 in the Vernacular Bibles of the Early Modern Period | isbn=9781725277557 | last1=Wirrig | first1=Adam L. | date=4 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGKJDwAAQBAJ&dq=john+atherton+bestiality&pg=PA357 | title=Sex and the Church in the Long Eighteenth Century: Religion, Enlightenment and the Sexual Revolution | isbn=9781786731579 | last1=Gibson | first1=William | last2=Begiato | first2=Joanne | date=28 February 2017 }}</ref> In 1601, [[Claudine de Culam]], a young girl of sixteen, was convicted of copulating with a dog. Both the girl and the dog were first hanged, and finally burned. In 1735, François Borniche was charged with sexual intercourse with animals. It was greatly feared that "his infamous debauches may corrupt the young men."  He was imprisoned, and there is no record of his release.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Historians claim there were more than a thousand executions recorded for bestiality in Sweden throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name="Österberg 2010 p. 170">{{cite book | last=Österberg | first=E. | title=Friendship and Love, Ethics and Politics: Studies in Mediaeval and Early Modern History | publisher=Central European University Press | series=The Natalie Zemon Davis Annual Lectures Series | year=2010 | isbn=978-615-5211-79-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_0OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 | access-date=2022-11-30 | page=170}}</ref><ref name="Krogh 2011 p. 59">{{cite book | last=Krogh | first=T. | title=A Lutheran Plague: Murdering to Die in the Eighteenth Century | publisher=Brill | series=Studies in Central European Histories | year=2011 | isbn=978-90-04-22137-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ccyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 | access-date=2022-11-30 | page=59}}</ref>


===Asia===
On the other hand, other accounts are more possibly fictitious, such as [[Pietro Damiani]]'s, who in his "De bono religiosi status et variorum animatium tropologia" (11th century) tells of a Count Gulielmus whose pet ape became his wife's lover. One day the ape became "mad with jealousy" on seeing the count lying with his wife that it fatally attacked him. Damiani claims he was told about this incident by [[Pope Alexander II]] and shown an offspring claimed to be that of the ape and woman. (''Illustrated Book of Sexual Records''){{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
[[Image:Dream of the fishermans wife hokusai.jpg|thumb|230px|right|''[[The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife]]'', an 1820 [[Hokusai]] woodcut, depicts a woman sexually engaged with a pair of [[octopus|octopodes]].]]


* Havelock-Ellis [note 52] states: "Among the [[Tamil people|Tamil]]s of Ceylon <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Sri Lanka]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent."  The [[Japanese people]] traditionally have a matter-of-fact attitude to many aspects of sex as the painting by [[Hokusai]] shows.
Clergyman and chronicler [[Gerald of Wales]] claimed to have witnessed a man having intercourse with a horse as part of a [[pagan]] ritual in Ireland.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_/ai_n12800341 Last Night's Television: Always let a sleeping pagan lie]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/jul/20/television.artsfeatures | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Please, please tell me now | date=July 20, 2004 | accessdate=May 4, 2010 | first=Nancy | last=Banks-Smith}}</ref>


===Other cultures===
Although thousands of female [[witch]]es were accused of having sex with animals, usually said to be the [[Devil]] in animal form or their [[Familiar spirit|familiars]], court records available in Europe and the United States, dating back to the 14th century and continuing into the 20th century, nearly always show males, rather than females, as the human parties in court cases. (''Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality'', Humboldt University){{citation needed|date=December 2017}}
* '''Pacific Isles:''' [[Bronislaw Malinowski|Malinowski]], a foremost [[Poland|Polish]] anthropologist of the [[20th century]] also cited by Masters, noted that the [[Trobriand Islands|Trobiand Islanders]] (near [[Papua New Guinea]]) have no laws against bestiality (or [[homosexuality]], [[masturbation]], [[exhibitionism]], etc.), but that "offenders are nonetheless subjected to punishment in the form of derision and contempt [such as] 'No one likes a dog better than a woman.' ... Other primitive peoples of modern times have also been observed to disapprove, though only mildly, of such deviant forms of sexual behavior as bestiality and homosexuality - and somewhat like the Trobianders they express their lack of approval by poking fun at the miscreant rather than by officially condemning and punishing him." He also reports of the same tribe: "a man copulated with a dog, the names of both man and dog were house-hold words in the villages. The culprit, Moniyala, apparently lived down his shame. The subject... must never be mentioned in his presence, for, the natives say, if he heard anyone speaking about it he would commit lo'u [suicide]."
* '''Africa:''' Among the [[Maasai]], it was customary for older boys to have sexual relations with [[she-ass|she-asses]]. Young [[Riffian]] boys (a [[Morocco|Morrocan]] tribe) also had sexual liaisons with female asses (Ford and Beach, 1951, pp. 147-148). Among the [[Tswana]] of [[Africa]], boys assigned to the care of cattle frequently engaged in zoosexual activity. It was also common in the [[Gusti]] tribes and considered rather harmless, but boys were reprimanded and warned against this activity. The fishermen of the East African coast "from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean" are said to have had regular coitus with female [[dugong]] carcasses.
* '''Middle East:''' Miner and DeVos (1960) comment that amongst [[Arab]] tribal cultures, "Bestiality with goats, sheep, or camels provides another outlet. These practices are not approved but they are recognized as common among boys." Havelock-Ellis [note 52] states "The Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with goats, sheep and mares. The [[Annamite]]s, according to Mondiere, commonly employ sows and (more especially the young women) dogs."
* '''Native Americans:''' Such activity was also common among [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes such as the [[Hopi]] Indians. Voget (1961:p99-100)describes the sexual lives of young Native Americans as "rather inclusive," including bestiality.
* '''Inuit:''' Ford & Beach mention the [[Copper Inuit]] (''[[eskimo]]es''), an offshoot of the [[Thule people]] who used to live on the [[Coppermine River]] and [[Coronation Gulf]] coast. These people apparently had "no aversion to intercourse with live or dead animals". [[Knud Rasmussen]] has recorded a myth of one [[Inuit]] tribe: "There was once a woman who would not have a husband. Her family let dogs copulate with her. They took her out to an island, where the dogs then made her pregnant. After that she gave birth to white men. Before that there had been no white men."


===c.1700 - 1950===
{{Further|Demons and animals|Animal trial}}
The Age of Enlightenment took much that had been under the field of religion, and brought it under the field of science. As with [[homosexuality]] a variety of mixed views resulted which persisted through until around 1950, when researchers such as [[Kinsey]] followed by [[R.E.L. Masters|Masters]] began researching zoophilia on its own terms.


The view of this era might broadly be described as objectified. Sciences such as anthropology and study of the psyche were in their infancy, and classical belief, categorization, and the subject-object viewpoint of study had not yet been upset by 20th century thinkers. Subjects were often studied by ''describing'' the objects of study in detail, and ''categorizing'' them into hierarchies and families. Such categories and viewpoints were often subjectively based upon writers' impressions, rather than being as objective as their authors imagined them to be (this issue impacted other fields of human study too). Zoosexuality was no longer for the most part punished by religious execution;  rather, like homosexuality, it was broadly treated as a sickness or deficiency in a person, or analysed as a behavior of a [[social class]] of person. Some early researchers made the intellectual leap of considering it as a sexual variation rather than a deficiency, but these were a minority. Psychology had not yet emerged as a field in its own right, so psychological fields were subsumed within [[Medicine]], and zoosexuality was documented by scientists as a medical phenomenon associated with more primitive or lower class people and races. Those who were neither were assumed to be examples of rare perversion or degeneracy. The clinical viewpoint by the early 20th century was oriented around early psychology's concept of non-sexual acts as symbolic or substitutional, after [[Freud]]. Both human and animal behavior (including sexuality) were seen psychologically through the twin light of [[behaviorism]] ([[John Watson]]'s influential view that science should reject the use of introspection in favor of [[stimulus-response]] as an explanation, and that the understanding of the conscious mind was not a valid goal of experimental psychology)<ref>"In choosing behavior as the basic datum, behaviorists changed the ultimate research goal of experimental psychology from the scientific understanding of conscious experience to the scientific understanding of behavior. Behaviorists argued that explanations that include mental causes are unscientific, and argued that all behaviors — including complex actions that generally are attributed to mental causes — may be viewed as automatic (mechanistic) responses to environmental events (stimuli). By 1920, the behaviorist argument had succeeded in transforming experimental psychology into the scientific study of the environmental causes of behavior." [http://www.sc.maricopa.edu/sbscience/psy101/readings/Section_1/1-5.html Scottsdale Community College course description (abridged)]</ref> and [[determinism]] (the view that there was no such thing as free-will in behavior).
==French Revolution and legal reform==
From at least the 13th century and until the [[French Revolution]], [[French criminal law]] had theoretically punished bestiality with death (burning at the stake), although in practice law courts only occasionally meted out that penalty. When the revolutionary politicians of the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Constituent Assembly]] set out to remake French government and society, their reforms included new criminal laws [[liberalization|liberalizing]] sexual activities, inspired by ideas of the 18th-century [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. In 1791, [[Louis-Michel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau]] presented a newly drafted [[French Penal Code of 1791|penal code]] to the National Constituent Assembly. He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes" and not "phoney offenses, created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] despotism." Zoophilia was not mentioned in the new Penal Code (promulgated September 26-October 6, 1791) and thus decriminalized it.<ref name="Napoleonic Code">[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/napoleonic_code.html Napoleonic Code ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195256/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/napoleonic_code.html |date=2014-09-10 }}</ref><ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-GbOvrbniQC&dq=Russia+law+zoophilia&pg=PT9 Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals ]</ref>
==19th-Century==
In 1835, the [[Russian Empire]] criminalized ''skotolozhstvo'' (bestiality) in the country. In 1845, the Russian Empire merged both ''muzhelozhstvo'' (sodomy) and ''skotolozhstvo'' statues together into a single statue prohibiting ''protivoestestvennye poroki'' (vices contrary to nature).<ref name="Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia" /> On August 20, 1848, [[Norway]] adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1687 law that implemented the capital punishment by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.<ref name="Criminally Queer">{{cite book |last=Rydström |first=Jens  |date=May 31, 2007 |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999 |isbn=9789052602455 |accessdate=September 9, 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfsUAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>


Thus, in 1927, when British sexologist [[Havelock Ellis]] wrote ''Studies in the psychology of sex'', science was still in the stage of describing and categorizing unusual sexual activities, largely according to researchers' preconceived notions or behaviorist observations, under a thin guise of objectivity:
In 1855, the [[Germans|German]] physician [[Wilhelm Gollmann]] claimed that [[sodomy]] was initially committed by [[shepherds]]. He adds that shepherds were drawn to this method of pleasure for the "want of more natural opportunities." Gollmann then prejudicially attacks [[Sicilians]], whom he claims commit zoophilia against [[goats]]. According to [[Blumenbach]], the females of [[Guinea]] commit indecent acts against [[monkeys]]. Gollmann finalizes his dubious claims with his assertion that [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] commit acts against [[donkeys]] as a cure for [[coxalgia]].<ref>
{{cite book
|first=Wilhelm
|last=Gollmann
|title=Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ
|publisher=Rademacher & Sheek
|others=[[Charles Julius Hempel]]
|year=1854
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PjgLvjto-kC&q=%22sodomy+was+originally+practiced+by+shepherds%22&pg=PA202}}</ref>


Havelock-Ellis referenced Kraft-Ebbing's work [[Psychopathia Sexualis]] (1894) which recognized zoophilic voyeurism (watching animals mate), as "fall[ing] within the range of normal variation". He identified touch and emotional closeness producing "sexual excitement or gratification" as "a [[sexual fetish]]ism" termed "erotic zoophilia". Kraft-Ebbing then divides zoosexual activity into "two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture, the other in which he may belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of degeneration," (Kraft-Ebbing named these "bestiality" and "zooerasty" respectively, stating they were different in kind from erotic zoophilia). Havelock-Ellis' view was that:
In 1852, the [[Austrian Empire]] enacted § 130 which criminalized bestiality with a maximum of five years in prison. About fifty people were convicted annually due to the law.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> In 1861, the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]] lowered the criminal penalty of buggery in the United Kingdom from the death penalty to life in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> On February 10, 1866, [[Denmark]] (including [[Greenland]] and [[Faroes]]) adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1683 law that implemented the death penalty at the stake by means of royal pardon for "intercourse against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor ranging from about eight months to six years, which was further reduced with about one third if the penalty was served in solitude.<ref name="Criminally Queer" /> On June 25, 1869, [[Iceland]] adopted a new penal code that replaced a 13th-century law mandating death by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) to a punishment of work in a house of correction.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
:"Bestiality and zooerastia merely present in a more marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same phenomenon which we meet with in erotic zoophilia; the difference is that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate persons [...] In seeking to comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to it. Bestiality [with one exception] is, on the other hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons. It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice of the clodhopper, unattractive to women..."


* The UK [[Offences Against The Person Act 1861 (repealed)]] brought the act within the realm of the criminal law, stating: ''"Whosoever shall be convicted of the abominable crime of [[buggery]], committed either with mankind or with any animal, shall be liable ... to be kept in penal servitude for life ...."'' (In this law, the crossover from religious to civic law can be seen; the characterization as "[[abomination (Bible)|abominable]]" being a term carried over from Canonical law and [[Leviticus 18]])
On May 15, 1871, the [[German Empire]] enacted [[Paragraph 175]] into the “Reichs-Criminal Code” (RStGB) which outlawed zoophilia and punished it by imprisonment.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=44lheqlq-jYC&dq=May+15%2C+1871+Paragraph+175&pg=PA70 Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall]</ref> In 1878, the penal code of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] criminalized bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.<ref name="Sexual Relations with Animals" /> [[Sweden]], in 1864, and [[Grand Duchy of Finland]], on December 19, 1889, adopted new penal codes replacing and a 1734 penal code, which applied to both countries and criminalized bestiality with being burnt at the stake. The 1864 Swedish law punished "fornication with animals" (bestiality) with two years hard labor, while the 1889 Finished law punished bestiality with imprisonment for two years.<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
* Mirabeau, in the [[18th century]], stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that "all the shepherds in the Pyrenees practice bestiality". Mantegazza records (Gli Amori degli Uomini, ch. V) that a young [[Apennine]] goatherd believed his [[dyspepsia]] and nervous symptoms stemmed from sexual congress with his animals. In 18th century South Italy and Sicily, "bestiality among goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom by Bayle" (Dictionary, Bathyllus, cited by Havelock-Ellis as note 50). Warton was informed that in Sicily priests in confession used to habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything to do with their sows. In Normandy priests were advised to ask similar questions.
* Jonas Liliequist, a social historian at the University of Umeå in [[Sweden]], who has studied bestiality in Swedish history, observed the abundance of bestiality cases in Swedish courts during the 17th and 18th centuries (more than 1500), and the scarcity of cases of homosexual acts (appr. 20). He raises the question of whether this discrepancy had been because of a more tolerant attitude towards  same sex intercourse than to intercourse between man and animal, or if it had been due to an even more severe taboo against homosexual acts.<ref>Liliequist 1990, 1991, 1995; Träskman 1990; Österberg 1996, cited at [http://www.historia.su.se/personal/jens_rydstrom/artiklar/breaking.pdf historia.su.se (PDF)]</ref>


===Modern era===
==20th-Century==
[[File:Édouard-Henri Avril (28).jpg|thumb|Plate XVII by Édouard-Henri Avril, ''De Figuris Veneris'' (1906)]]


* In some countries, notably the [[Netherlands]], [[Denmark]], [[Mexico]], and [[Thailand]], live sex shows between women and symbolically stud-like animals (pony, donkey, large dog) took place up until recently. They probably do continue albeit less visibly and fewer.
On June 28, 1935, [[Nazi Germany]] enacted legislation that created a separate category in [[Paragraph 175]] for "fornication with animals" and penalized with up to five years in prison.<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">[http://www.tierimrecht.org/en/PDF/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221500/http://www.tierimrecht.org/en/PDF/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>
* "L'Etalon Doux" writes of French openness regarding zoosexuality in media and research, that "A certain acceptance of the sexual connotations of the beast has never been lost from ancient times as in other parts of the world. Even today you are much more likely to see an explicit scene of animals mating in a French erotic film than elsewhere... In 1991 a film appeared in France with a 'General Release' certificate which could only be described as 'Hard Core' animal mating complete with screen filling close-ups and slow motion ejaculations." (Also compare the almost brutally explicit and prolonged horse mating sequence in the Polish [[film director]] [[Walerian Borowczyk|Borowczyk]]'s 1975 film "La bête" [The Beast])
 
* There was much speculation that [[Oliver the chimpanzee]] was a human/chimpanzee [[hybrid]]. However genetic and other tests later convincingly proved this unfounded, and that genetically he seemed an ordinary chimpanzee and showed no significant matches of any kind with human genetics. No hybrid has ever been verified to be genuine.
During the 20th century, zoophilia was legalized in the [[Russian Empire]] in 1903,<ref name="Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia">[https://archive.org/details/keystohappinesss0000enge/page/59 <!-- quote=Russia skotolozhstvo. --> The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia ]</ref> in [[Denmark]] (including [[Greenland]] and [[Faroes]]) on January 1, 1933,<ref name="Criminally Queer" /><ref>[http://www.thegranitetower.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=905 Animal Slaughter is Illegal in Denmark but Animal Prostitution Is Not ]</ref> in [[Iceland]] on August 12, 1940,<ref name="Criminally Queer" />  in [[Sweden]] in 1944,<ref>[http://www.inquisitr.com/163453/sweden-considering-ban-on-beastiality/ Sweden Considering Ban On Beastiality<!--sic--> ]</ref> in [[Hungarian People's Republic]] in 1961, in [[West Germany]] in 1969,<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> in [[Austria]] in 1971,<ref name="an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" /> in [[Finland]] on January 15, 1971,<ref name="Criminally Queer" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm#a6 |title=Järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa |first=Pekka |last=Kilpinen |work=[[University of Helsinki]] |year=2001 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |language=fi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320104934/http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm |archivedate=20 March 2007 }}</ref> and Norway on [[Section 213 of the Norwegian Penal Code|April 21, 1972]].<ref name="Criminally Queer" />
 
==21st-Century==
 
In 2003, the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] lowered the criminal penalty of bestiality in the United Kingdom from life in prison to two years in prison.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 Intercourse with an animal ]</ref>
 
In 2006, Denmark's Council for Animal Ethics said there was no need to ban bestiality unless it took place in pornographic films or sex shows. Only one of the 10 members of the council, set up by the Danish Justice Ministry to establish and uphold animal ethics, wanted bestiality expressly prohibited. The other members said current laws provided enough animal protection.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-denmark-sex-idUKL3073141820061130 Animal sex proposal spurs call for referendum ]</ref> Denmark outlawed bestiality in 2015 after all parties except the [[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|Liberal Alliance]] voted in support of a ban, leaving Hungary, Finland and Romania as the only European Union countries without bans on bestiality.<ref name="bbcdenmark">{{cite news | date = 22 April 2015 | title = Denmark passes law to ban bestiality | work = BBC Newsbeat | accessdate = 20 July 2015 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality}}</ref>
 
{{Overly detailed|section|date=November 2023}}
 
During the 21st century, bestiality was re-criminalized in the following countries or territories: [[Iowa]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusiast717B_1_717E.htm#s717C_1 717C.1. Bestiality]</ref> [[Maine]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmest_t7_4011_4018.htm#s1031 Maine]</ref> [[Oregon]] (illegal since 2001),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusorst167_310_390.htm#s333 167.333. Sexual assault of animal]</ref> [[Illinois]] (illegal since January 1, 2003),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150329154843/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 29, 2015 |title=Ryan signs anti-bestiality legislation - The Pantagraph Bloomington |first=Kurt |last=Erickson |work=HighBeam Research |date=July 27, 2002 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.animallaw.info/statute/il-cruelty-generally-consolidated-cruelty-statutes-humane-care-animals-act#s5_12_35 5/12-35. Sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal ]</ref> [[Maryland]] (illegal since October 1, 2002),<ref>[https://www.animallaw.info/statute/md-cruelty-consolidated-cruelty-statutes#s3_322 § 3-322. Unnatural or perverted sexual practice ]</ref><ref>[http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frmMain.aspx?ys=2002rs/billfile/HB0011.htm 2002 Regular Session HOUSE BILL 11 ]</ref> [[South Dakota]] (illegal since July 1, 2003),<ref name="animallaw1">[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stussdst40_1_2_1_2_6.htm#s22_22_42 § 22-22-42. Bestiality--Acts constituting--Commission a felony]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://legis.sd.gov/sessions/2003/1061.htm |title=House Bill 1061  |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-date=2016-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417015753/http://legis.sd.gov/sessions/2003/1061.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.statescape.com/resources/Effective_dates/effective_dates.aspx Effective Dates for Legislation ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051207/http://www.statescape.com/resources/Effective_dates/effective_dates.aspx |date=2015-01-23 }}</ref> [[France]] (illegal since March 10, 2004),<ref>[French Penal Code - Chapter one: Serious abuse or acts of cruelty animals. - Article 521-1]</ref> [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (illegal since June 7, 2006),<ref>[http://apps.leg.wa.gov/billinfo/summary.aspx?year=2005&bill=6417 SB 6417 - 2005-06 ]</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stuswast16_52_010_305.htm#s205 16.52.205. Animal cruelty in the first degree]</ref> [[Arizona]] (illegal since September 21, 2006),<ref>[http://www.azleg.gov/DocumentsForBill.asp?Bill_Number=SB1160&Session_ID=83 SB1160 community facilities districts; financing (NOW: animal welfare; rescue; bestiality) ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp |title=General Effective Dates  |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514150141/http://www.azleg.gov/GeneralEffectiveDates.asp |archive-date=2010-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusazst13_2910.htm#s1411 § 13-1411. Bestiality; classification; definition ]</ref> [[Belgium]] (illegal since May 11, 2007),<ref>[http://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/la-zoophilie-interdite-51b7c174e4b0de6db98c0a46 La zoophilie interdite ]</ref><ref>[http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=13173&Language=EN Violent and extreme pornography ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309052513/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewPDF.asp?FileID=13173&Language=EN |date=2013-03-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad |title=Lois, Decrets, Ordonnances Et Reglements / Wetten, Decreten, Ordonnanties En Verordeningen |pages=38259–38260 |date=13 July 2007 |accessdate=13 July 2014|url=https://www.fsma.be/nl/file/57066/download?token=o7-KwtMI}} {{in lang|fr|nl}}</ref> [[Colorado]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://www.leg.state.co.us/Clics/Clics2013A/csl.nsf/MainBills?openFrameset Summarized History for Bill Number HB07-1235 ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/digest2007a/CRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE.htm#07-1235 |title=H.B. 07-1235 Cruelty to animals - impounded and forfeited animals - euthanasia - dangerous dogs - property damage - sexual act with animal - injured animals - euthanasia - domestic violence - violation of court order protecting animals - aggravated animal cruelty offenders - genetic testing.  |access-date=2014-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006034904/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/digest2007a/CRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDURE.htm#07-1235 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stuscost18_9_201.htm#s202 § 18-9-202. Cruelty to animals--aggravated cruelty to animals--cruelty to a service animal--restitution]</ref> [[Indiana]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusinst35_46_3_1_13.htm#s14 35-46-3-14 Bestiality]</ref><ref>[http://www.in.gov/apps/lsa/session/billwatch/billinfo?year=2007&request=getActions&doctype=HB&docno=1387 Action List: House Bill 1387 ]</ref> [[Tennessee]] (illegal since July 1, 2007),<ref>[http://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/default.aspx?BillNumber=SB0487&GA=105  *SB 0487 by *Finney R. ( HB 0953 by *Maggart) ]</ref><ref>[http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-39/chapter-14/part-2/39-14-214/ 39-14-214. Criminal offenses against animals.]</ref> [[Netherlands]] (illegal since 2010),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012 |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl|publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date=2012-12-24 |accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref> [[Norway]] (illegal since January 1, 2010),<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |title=New Animal Welfare Act |work=regjeringen.no |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref> [[Alaska]] (illegal since September 13, 2010),<ref>[http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusakst03_55_100.htm#s140 Sec. 11.61.140 Cruelty to animals. ]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.legis.state.ak.us/basis/get_bill.asp?bill=HB%20%20%206&session=26 | title=Alaska State Legislature }}</ref> [[Australian Capital Territory]] (illegal since 2011),<ref name="ACT">{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf |title=Crimes Legislation Amendment Bill 2010 |work=Australian Capital Territory Legislation Register |year=2010 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Florida]] (illegal since October 1, 2011),<ref>[http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44953 SB 344 - Animal Cruelty ]</ref><ref>[http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44966 CS/HB 125 - Animal Cruelty ]</ref><ref>[http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0800-0899/0828/Sections/0828.126.html 828.126 Sexual activities involving animals.— ]</ref> [[Germany]] (illegal since 2013),<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/world/europe/german-legislators-vote-to-outlaw-bestiality.html?_r=0 |title=German Legislators Vote to Outlaw Bestiality |first=Chris |last=Cottrell |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 1, 2013 |location=[[New York, NY|New York]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=July 13, 2014}}</ref> [[Sweden]] (illegal since January 1, 2014),<ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/352387 Sweden set to ban bestiality in 2014 ]</ref> [[Denmark]] (illegal since April 2015),<ref name="bbcdenmark" /> and [[New Mexico]] (since June 2023).<ref>[https://casetext.com/statute/new-mexico-statutes-1978/chapter-30-criminal-offenses/article-9a-animal-sexual-abuse-act/section-30-9a-3-bestiality-aggravated-bestiality-penalties N.M. Stat. § 30-9A-3]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Human–animal marriage]]
* [[Humanzee]]
* [[Humanzee]]
* [[Zoophilia]]
* [[Human–animal hybrid]]
* [[Anthrozoology]]
* [[Anthrozoology]]
* [[Erotic art]]
* [[History of sex]]
* [[History of sex]]


==Sources==
==References==
Main sources include:
{{reflist|2}}
* R.E.L. Masters Ph.D.: ''Forbidden Sexual Behaviour and Morality, an objective examination of perverse sex practices in different cultures'' (1962), ISBN 0856290416 LIC #62-12196
* Robson, ''Bestiality and Bestial Rape in Greek Myth'', 1997, S. Deacy and K. F. Pearce (edd.), Rape in Antiquity, Duckworth, 65-96
* Illustrated Book of Sexual Records
* [http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/SEN/CH06.HTM#b3-BESTIALITY Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, Bestiality entry, at Humboldt University Berlin Sexology Dept]
* Voget, F. W. (1961) Sex life of the American Indians, in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, p90-109


== References and external links ==
==Further reading==
<references />
* Marie-Christine Anest: ''Zoophilie, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine'' (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece)'' (1994), {{ISBN|2-7384-2146-6}}
 
===Histories of zoophilia by non-zoophiles===
* Dubois-Dessaule: ''Etude Sur la Bestiality au point de Vue Historique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint)'' (Paris, 1905)
* Dubois-Dessaule: ''Etude Sur la Bestiality au point de Vue Historique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint)'' (Paris, 1905)
* Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: ''Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study'', University Press of the Pacific (November 1, 2003), ISBN 1-4102-0947-4 (Paperback Ed.)
* Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: ''Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study'', University Press of the Pacific (November 1, 2003), {{ISBN|1-4102-0947-4}} (Paperback Ed.)
 
===Histories of zoophilia by zoophiles===
''Note: these pages are to a degree amateurs research, written to varying standards by parties with a vested interest. However they may also contain numerous factual references and other suggestions of academic interest omitted by or unfamiliar to authors less familiar with the subject.''
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/2269/zoohistory.html] Source 1 - ''"Zoophilia and The Law -- History"''
* [http://internetdump.com/users/akita/zoo-history.html] Source 2 - ''"Zoophilia / Bestiality and History"''
* [http://www.blasderobles.com/Varia/Kircher/legal2.htm] Source 3 - ''"Legal History of bestiality part 2"''
** The above 3 sources were written by "L'Etalon Doux" in the late 1990s and published [[online]] either as web pages or on zoophile [[newsgroup]]s.
 
===Culture and sociology===
* Hans Hentig Ph.D.: ''Soziologie der Zoophilen Neigung (Sociology of the Zoophile Preference)'' (1962)
* Hans Hentig Ph.D.: ''Soziologie der Zoophilen Neigung (Sociology of the Zoophile Preference)'' (1962)
* Marie-Christine Anest: ''Zoophilie, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine'' (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece)'' (1994), ISBN  2738421466
* Bronisław Malinowski:<br />''The Trobriand Islands'' (1915)<br /> ''The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia'' (1929)
* Bronislaw Malinowski:<br>''The Trobriand Islands'' ([[1915]])<br> ''The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia'' ([[1929]])
* Robson, ''Bestiality and Bestial Rape in Greek Myth'', 1997, [[Susan Deacy|S. Deacy]] and K. F. Pearce (edd.), Rape in Antiquity, Duckworth, 65-96
* Voget, F. W. (1961) Sex life of the American Indians, in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, p90-109
*Holy Scriptures-Ezekiel 23:28


===Art===
{{zoophilia}}
* [http://home.wanadoo.nl/mh/museum/museum02.htm Museum of bestial art] an online museum of zoophilic representation in art (You need to click on "Map" to access the site)


[[Category:Zoosexuality]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Historical And Cultural Perspectives On Zoophilia}}
[[category:zoosexuality in culture]]
[[Category:Zoophilia]]
[[Category:Zoophilia in culture]]

Revision as of 20:43, 28 November 2023

The history of zoophilia and bestiality begins in the prehistoric era, where depictions of humans and non-human animals in a sexual context appear infrequently in European rock art.[1] Bestiality remained a theme in mythology and folklore through the classical period and into the Middle Ages (e.g. the Greek myth of Leda and the Swan)[2] and several ancient authors purported to document it as a regular, accepted practice—albeit usually in "other" cultures.

Explicit legal prohibition of human sexual contact with other animals is a legacy of the Abrahamic religions:[2] the Hebrew Bible imposes the death penalty on both the person and animal involved in an act of bestiality.[3] There are several examples known from medieval Europe of people and animals executed for committing bestiality. With the Age of Enlightenment, bestiality was subsumed with other sexual "crimes against nature" into civil sodomy laws, usually remaining a capital crime.

Bestiality remains illegal in most countries. Arguments used to justify this include: it is against religion, it is a "crime against nature," and that non-human animals cannot give consent and that sex with animals is inherently abusive.[4] In common with many paraphilias, the internet has provided a connective platform for the zoophile community, which has lobbied for the recognition of zoophilia (or zoosexuality as an alternative sexuality), and advocated for the legalisation of bestiality.[5]

Prehistory

Depictions of human sexual activity with animals appear infrequently in prehistoric art. Possibly the oldest depiction, and the only known example from the Palaeolithic (prior to the domestication of animals), is found in the Vale do Côa in Portugal. It shows a man with an exaggerated, erect penis juxtaposed with a goat. However, there is some doubt that the two figures are contemporary; while the goat is depicted in characteristic palaeolithic style, the scene may have been altered in a later period with the insertion of the human figure.[6]

From the Neolithic onwards, images of zoophilia are slightly more common. Examples are found at Coren del Valento, a cave in Val Camonica, Italy, containing rock art dating from 10,000 BCE to as late as the Middle Ages, one depicting a man penetrating a horse,[7] and Sagaholm, a Bronze Age cairn in Sweden where several petroglyphs have been found with similar scenes.[8]

Classical antiquity

See also: Sexuality in ancient Rome
File:Da michelangelo, leda e il cigno, post 1530 (national gallery) 01.jpg
Leda and the Swan, copy of lost Michelangelo

Several Greek myths include the God Zeus seducing or abducting favoured mortals while in the form of an animal: Europa and the bull, Ganymede and the eagle, and Leda and the Swan.[2] Only the latter legend includes actual copulation between Leda and Zeus in his animal form, but depictions of this act, fairly uncommon in antiquity, became a popular motif in classicising Renaissance art, contributing to a lasting prominence in Western culture.[9]

Zoophilia carving on Rock with Old Kannada script engraved at Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi

Various classical writers recorded that bestiality was common in other cultures. Herodotus was followed by Pindar, Strabo and Plutarch[citation needed] in alleging that Egyptian women engaged in sexual relations with goats for religious and magical purposes – the animal aspects of Egyptian deities being particularly alien to the Greco-Roman world.[10][11] Conversely, Plutarch and Virgil make similar accusations of the Greeks.

Despite their place in mythology and literature, actual acts of bestiality were probably as uncommon in antiquity as they are today.[2] Roman civil law, however, made no mention of it.[12] The explicit prohibition of and strict penalties for zoophilia universal in later European legal systems were derived from Jewish and Christian tradition.[2] The Hebrew Bible imposes the death penalty on both the human and animal parties involved in an act of bestiality: "if a man has sexual relations with an animal, he shall be put to death; and you shall kill the animal."[3] The Synod of Ancyra in 313–316 discussed the position of the church with regard to bestiality at length and two of the resulting twenty-five canons addressed it: the sixteenth canon described the penance and level of restrictions to be applied to various age groups for committing bestiality; the seventeenth canon prohibited all lepers from praying inside church if they had committed bestiality while they suffered from leprosy.[13]

Hittite law mandated the death penalty for intercourse with animals, excluding horses and mules (violators were instead barred from the priesthood and from approaching the king).[14]

Europe: Middle Ages

In the Church-oriented culture of the Middle Ages, zoosexual activity was met with execution, typically burning, and death to the animals involved either the same way or by hanging.[citation needed] Sects deemed heretical by the Church such as the Hussites were accused of bestiality.[15] Masters comments that:

"Theologians, bowing to Biblical prohibitions and basing their judgements on the conception of man as a spiritual being and of the animal as a merely carnal one, have regarded the same phenomenon as both a violation of Biblical edicts and a degradation of man, with the result that the act of bestiality has been castigated and anathematized [...]"[citation needed]

In 1468, Jean Beisse, accused of bestiality with a cow on one occasion and a goat on another, was first hanged, then burned. The animals involved were also burned. In 1539, Guillaume Garnier, charged with intercourse with a female dog (described as "sodomy"), was ordered strangled after he confessed under torture. The dog was burned, along with the trial records which were "too horrible and potentially dangerous to be permitted to exist" (Masters). Other accusations of bestiality in the period include the trials of Thomas Weir[16][17][18] and John Atherton.[19][20][21] In 1601, Claudine de Culam, a young girl of sixteen, was convicted of copulating with a dog. Both the girl and the dog were first hanged, and finally burned. In 1735, François Borniche was charged with sexual intercourse with animals. It was greatly feared that "his infamous debauches may corrupt the young men." He was imprisoned, and there is no record of his release.[citation needed] Historians claim there were more than a thousand executions recorded for bestiality in Sweden throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.[22][23]

On the other hand, other accounts are more possibly fictitious, such as Pietro Damiani's, who in his "De bono religiosi status et variorum animatium tropologia" (11th century) tells of a Count Gulielmus whose pet ape became his wife's lover. One day the ape became "mad with jealousy" on seeing the count lying with his wife that it fatally attacked him. Damiani claims he was told about this incident by Pope Alexander II and shown an offspring claimed to be that of the ape and woman. (Illustrated Book of Sexual Records)[citation needed]

Clergyman and chronicler Gerald of Wales claimed to have witnessed a man having intercourse with a horse as part of a pagan ritual in Ireland.[24][25]

Although thousands of female witches were accused of having sex with animals, usually said to be the Devil in animal form or their familiars, court records available in Europe and the United States, dating back to the 14th century and continuing into the 20th century, nearly always show males, rather than females, as the human parties in court cases. (Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, Humboldt University)[citation needed]

Further information: Demons and animals and Animal trial

French Revolution and legal reform

From at least the 13th century and until the French Revolution, French criminal law had theoretically punished bestiality with death (burning at the stake), although in practice law courts only occasionally meted out that penalty. When the revolutionary politicians of the National Constituent Assembly set out to remake French government and society, their reforms included new criminal laws liberalizing sexual activities, inspired by ideas of the 18th-century Enlightenment. In 1791, Louis-Michel Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau presented a newly drafted penal code to the National Constituent Assembly. He explained that it outlawed only "true crimes" and not "phoney offenses, created by superstition, feudalism, the tax system, and [royal] despotism." Zoophilia was not mentioned in the new Penal Code (promulgated September 26-October 6, 1791) and thus decriminalized it.[26][27]

19th-Century

In 1835, the Russian Empire criminalized skotolozhstvo (bestiality) in the country. In 1845, the Russian Empire merged both muzhelozhstvo (sodomy) and skotolozhstvo statues together into a single statue prohibiting protivoestestvennye poroki (vices contrary to nature).[28] On August 20, 1848, Norway adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1687 law that implemented the capital punishment by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor of the fifth degree.[29]

In 1855, the German physician Wilhelm Gollmann claimed that sodomy was initially committed by shepherds. He adds that shepherds were drawn to this method of pleasure for the "want of more natural opportunities." Gollmann then prejudicially attacks Sicilians, whom he claims commit zoophilia against goats. According to Blumenbach, the females of Guinea commit indecent acts against monkeys. Gollmann finalizes his dubious claims with his assertion that Iranians commit acts against donkeys as a cure for coxalgia.[30]

In 1852, the Austrian Empire enacted § 130 which criminalized bestiality with a maximum of five years in prison. About fifty people were convicted annually due to the law.[31] In 1861, the Offences against the Person Act 1861 lowered the criminal penalty of buggery in the United Kingdom from the death penalty to life in prison.[27] On February 10, 1866, Denmark (including Greenland and Faroes) adopted new penal codes which replaced a 1683 law that implemented the death penalty at the stake by means of royal pardon for "intercourse against nature" (bestiality) and reduced the punishment for engaging in bestiality from capital punishment to a sentence of hard labor ranging from about eight months to six years, which was further reduced with about one third if the penalty was served in solitude.[29] On June 25, 1869, Iceland adopted a new penal code that replaced a 13th-century law mandating death by burning for "intercourse which is against nature" (bestiality) to a punishment of work in a house of correction.[29]

On May 15, 1871, the German Empire enacted Paragraph 175 into the “Reichs-Criminal Code” (RStGB) which outlawed zoophilia and punished it by imprisonment.[31][32] In 1878, the penal code of the Kingdom of Hungary criminalized bestiality with a maximum of one year in prison.[27] Sweden, in 1864, and Grand Duchy of Finland, on December 19, 1889, adopted new penal codes replacing and a 1734 penal code, which applied to both countries and criminalized bestiality with being burnt at the stake. The 1864 Swedish law punished "fornication with animals" (bestiality) with two years hard labor, while the 1889 Finished law punished bestiality with imprisonment for two years.[29]

20th-Century

Plate XVII by Édouard-Henri Avril, De Figuris Veneris (1906)

On June 28, 1935, Nazi Germany enacted legislation that created a separate category in Paragraph 175 for "fornication with animals" and penalized with up to five years in prison.[31]

During the 20th century, zoophilia was legalized in the Russian Empire in 1903,[28] in Denmark (including Greenland and Faroes) on January 1, 1933,[29][33] in Iceland on August 12, 1940,[29] in Sweden in 1944,[34] in Hungarian People's Republic in 1961, in West Germany in 1969,[31] in Austria in 1971,[31] in Finland on January 15, 1971,[29][35] and Norway on April 21, 1972.[29]

21st-Century

In 2003, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 lowered the criminal penalty of bestiality in the United Kingdom from life in prison to two years in prison.[36]

In 2006, Denmark's Council for Animal Ethics said there was no need to ban bestiality unless it took place in pornographic films or sex shows. Only one of the 10 members of the council, set up by the Danish Justice Ministry to establish and uphold animal ethics, wanted bestiality expressly prohibited. The other members said current laws provided enough animal protection.[37] Denmark outlawed bestiality in 2015 after all parties except the Liberal Alliance voted in support of a ban, leaving Hungary, Finland and Romania as the only European Union countries without bans on bestiality.[38]

During the 21st century, bestiality was re-criminalized in the following countries or territories: Iowa (illegal since 2001),[39] Maine (illegal since 2001),[40] Oregon (illegal since 2001),[41] Illinois (illegal since January 1, 2003),[42][43] Maryland (illegal since October 1, 2002),[44][45] South Dakota (illegal since July 1, 2003),[46][47][48] France (illegal since March 10, 2004),[49] Washington (illegal since June 7, 2006),[50][51] Arizona (illegal since September 21, 2006),[52][53][54] Belgium (illegal since May 11, 2007),[55][56][57] Colorado (illegal since July 1, 2007),[58][59][60] Indiana (illegal since July 1, 2007),[61][62] Tennessee (illegal since July 1, 2007),[63][64] Netherlands (illegal since 2010),[65] Norway (illegal since January 1, 2010),[66] Alaska (illegal since September 13, 2010),[67][68] Australian Capital Territory (illegal since 2011),[69] Florida (illegal since October 1, 2011),[70][71][72] Germany (illegal since 2013),[73] Sweden (illegal since January 1, 2014),[74] Denmark (illegal since April 2015),[38] and New Mexico (since June 2023).[75]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bahn, Paul G. (1998). The Cambridge illustrated history of prehistoric art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-521-45473-5. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cornog, M.; Perper, T. (1994). "Bestiality". In Haeberle, E. J.; Bullough, B. L.; Bullough; et al. (eds.). Human Sexuality: An Encyclopedia. New York & London: Garland. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Leviticus 20:15
  4. ↑ Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63-4, 89.
  5. ↑ Francis, Thomas (20 August 2009). "Those Who Practice Bestiality Say They're Part of the Next Sexual Rights Movement". Broward Palm Beach New Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  6. ↑ Angulo Cuesta, J.; García Diez, M. (2006). "Diversity and meaning of Palaeolithic phallic male representations in Western Europe". Actas Urol Esp. 30 (3): 254–267. Archived from the original on 2012-07-26.
  7. ↑ Anati, E. (2008). "The Way of Life Recorded in the Rock Art of Valcamonica" (PDF). Adoranten. Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art (2008). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-19.
  8. ↑ "Sagaholm". On the rocks. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  9. ↑ Bull, M. (2005). The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521923-6.
  10. ↑ Ray, J. D. (2002). "Animal Cults". In Redford, D. B. (ed.). The Ancient Gods Speak: A Guide to Egyptian Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-515401-6.
  11. ↑ Leavitt, J. (1992). "The Cults of Isis among the Greeks and in the Roman Empire". In Bonnefoy, Y. (ed.). Greek and Egyptian Mythologies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-226-06454-3.
  12. ↑ Norton, R. "Of Sodomy and Bestiality". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  13. ↑ "THE COUNCIL OF ANCYRA, HISTORICAL NOTE & CANONS". Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  14. ↑ The Code of the Nesilim, c. 1650-1500 BCE Retrieved 24 July 2013
  15. ↑ Out Of Print; Marmor, J. (1980). Homosexual Behavior. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03045-3. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  16. ↑ Raffe, Alasdair (2012). The Culture of Controversy: Religious Arguments in Scotland, 1660-1714. ISBN 9781843837299.
  17. ↑ Henderson, Lizanne (8 April 2016). Witchcraft and Folk Belief in the Age of Enlightenment: Scotland, 1670-1740. ISBN 9781137313249.
  18. ↑ Quilligan, Maureen (7 June 2011). Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England. ISBN 978-0812203301.
  19. ↑ Marmion, Anthony (June 2013). The Ancient and Modern History of the Maritime Ports of Ireland. ISBN 9783954273522.
  20. ↑ Wirrig, Adam L. (4 April 2022). Trial of Translation: An Examination of 1 Corinthians 6:9 in the Vernacular Bibles of the Early Modern Period. ISBN 9781725277557.
  21. ↑ Gibson, William; Begiato, Joanne (28 February 2017). Sex and the Church in the Long Eighteenth Century: Religion, Enlightenment and the Sexual Revolution. ISBN 9781786731579.
  22. ↑ Österberg, E. (2010). Friendship and Love, Ethics and Politics: Studies in Mediaeval and Early Modern History. The Natalie Zemon Davis Annual Lectures Series. Central European University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-615-5211-79-9. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  23. ↑ Krogh, T. (2011). A Lutheran Plague: Murdering to Die in the Eighteenth Century. Studies in Central European Histories. Brill. p. 59. ISBN 978-90-04-22137-6. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  24. ↑ Last Night's Television: Always let a sleeping pagan lie
  25. ↑ Banks-Smith, Nancy (July 20, 2004). "Please, please tell me now". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  26. ↑ Napoleonic Code Archived 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Bestiality and Zoophilia: Sexual Relations with Animals
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 The Keys to Happiness: Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-siècle Russia
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 Rydström, Jens (May 31, 2007). Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999. ISBN 9789052602455. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  30. ↑ Gollmann, Wilhelm (1854). Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ. Charles Julius Hempel. Rademacher & Sheek.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall
  33. ↑ Animal Slaughter is Illegal in Denmark but Animal Prostitution Is Not
  34. ↑ Sweden Considering Ban On Beastiality
  35. ↑ Kilpinen, Pekka (2001). "Järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa". University of Helsinki (in suomi). Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Intercourse with an animal
  37. ↑ Animal sex proposal spurs call for referendum
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Denmark passes law to ban bestiality". BBC Newsbeat. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  39. ↑ 717C.1. Bestiality
  40. ↑ Maine
  41. ↑ 167.333. Sexual assault of animal
  42. ↑ Erickson, Kurt (July 27, 2002). "Ryan signs anti-bestiality legislation - The Pantagraph Bloomington". HighBeam Research. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  43. ↑ 5/12-35. Sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal
  44. ↑ § 3-322. Unnatural or perverted sexual practice
  45. ↑ 2002 Regular Session HOUSE BILL 11
  46. ↑ § 22-22-42. Bestiality--Acts constituting--Commission a felony
  47. ↑ "House Bill 1061". Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  48. ↑ Effective Dates for Legislation Archived 2015-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ [French Penal Code - Chapter one: Serious abuse or acts of cruelty animals. - Article 521-1]
  50. ↑ SB 6417 - 2005-06
  51. ↑ 16.52.205. Animal cruelty in the first degree
  52. ↑ SB1160 community facilities districts; financing (NOW: animal welfare; rescue; bestiality)
  53. ↑ "General Effective Dates". Archived from the original on 2010-05-14. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  54. ↑ § 13-1411. Bestiality; classification; definition
  55. ↑ La zoophilie interdite
  56. ↑ Violent and extreme pornography Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ "Lois, Decrets, Ordonnances Et Reglements / Wetten, Decreten, Ordonnanties En Verordeningen". Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad: 38259–38260. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2014. (in French and Dutch)
  58. ↑ Summarized History for Bill Number HB07-1235
  59. ↑ "H.B. 07-1235 Cruelty to animals - impounded and forfeited animals - euthanasia - dangerous dogs - property damage - sexual act with animal - injured animals - euthanasia - domestic violence - violation of court order protecting animals - aggravated animal cruelty offenders - genetic testing". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-09.
  60. ↑ § 18-9-202. Cruelty to animals--aggravated cruelty to animals--cruelty to a service animal--restitution
  61. ↑ 35-46-3-14 Bestiality
  62. ↑ Action List: House Bill 1387
  63. ↑ *SB 0487 by *Finney R. ( HB 0953 by *Maggart)
  64. ↑ 39-14-214. Criminal offenses against animals.
  65. ↑ "wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854" (in Nederlands). Wetten.overheid.nl. 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
  66. ↑ "New Animal Welfare Act". regjeringen.no. 15 May 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  67. ↑ Sec. 11.61.140 Cruelty to animals.
  68. ↑ "Alaska State Legislature".
  69. ↑ "Crimes Legislation Amendment Bill 2010" (PDF). Australian Capital Territory Legislation Register. 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  70. ↑ SB 344 - Animal Cruelty
  71. ↑ CS/HB 125 - Animal Cruelty
  72. ↑ 828.126 Sexual activities involving animals.—
  73. ↑ Cottrell, Chris (February 1, 2013). "German Legislators Vote to Outlaw Bestiality". The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  74. ↑ Sweden set to ban bestiality in 2014
  75. ↑ N.M. Stat. § 30-9A-3

Further reading

  • Marie-Christine Anest: Zoophilie, homosexualite, rites de passage et initiation masculine dans la Greece contemporaine (Zoophilia, homosexuality, rites of passage and male initiation in contemporary Greece) (1994), ISBN 2-7384-2146-6
  • Dubois-Dessaule: Etude Sur la Bestiality au point de Vue Historique (The Study of Bestiality from the Historical, Medical and Legal Viewpoint) (Paris, 1905)
  • Gaston Dubois-Desaulle: Bestiality: An Historical, Medical, Legal, and Literary Study, University Press of the Pacific (November 1, 2003), ISBN 1-4102-0947-4 (Paperback Ed.)
  • Hans Hentig Ph.D.: Soziologie der Zoophilen Neigung (Sociology of the Zoophile Preference) (1962)
  • Bronisław Malinowski:
    The Trobriand Islands (1915)
    The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia (1929)
  • Robson, Bestiality and Bestial Rape in Greek Myth, 1997, S. Deacy and K. F. Pearce (edd.), Rape in Antiquity, Duckworth, 65-96
  • Voget, F. W. (1961) Sex life of the American Indians, in Ellis, A. & Abarbanel, A. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Sexual Behavior, Volume 1. London: W. Heinemann, p90-109
  • Holy Scriptures-Ezekiel 23:28
Retrieved from "https://zoophilia.wiki/index.php?title=History_of_zoophilia&oldid=131607"