Legality of bestiality by country or territory: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:38, 26 November 2023

Legality of bestiality by country or territory concerns the laws governing humans performing sex acts with non-human animals. Laws against humans performing sex acts on animals, where they exist, are concerned with the actual act, which it commonly refers to as bestiality, rather than the sexual attraction to animals. For this reason, prohibitions of zoophilic pornography are more varied; they may be unlawful if an actual sex act with an animal is involved, but the status is not clear-cut if there is a mere representation, such as a painting or cartoon. In that case, normal obscenity laws will normally apply. All zoophilic imagery is widely regarded as pornography.

Political parties

On 21 April 2015, the Liberal Alliance was the only party in the Danish Folketing to oppose and vote against banning bestiality, while the Red-Green Alliance abstained. Liberal Alliance MP Joachim Olsen said about the bill: "Best case, this is a superficial law. Worst case, it is political populism and moralism".^[1]^[2]

Organizations

Denmark's Animal Ethics Council opposed banning bestiality in Denmark in 2006 and 2015, saying existing laws which allow bestiality except in cases where the animal can be proved to have suffered were enough.^[3]^[4]

Objectives

Laws on bestiality tend to be shaped by animal welfare concerns, moral views, and cultural beliefs. In many cultures, humans are seen as fundamentally different from other animals and having sex with animals is seen as defilement.^[5]

One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.^[6]

Background

International differences

Some jurisdictions list laws very clearly, such as England and Wales, which specifically prohibits penetration of a human being by the penis of an animal, and penetration of an animal by a human's penis.^[7]

By contrast, many countries and US states are less precise about the scope of law in that they outlaw sex with animals, without defining what constitutes "sex".

Even if bestiality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have animal cruelty laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all zoophilia activity is animal abuse.^[8] In some U.S. states, a person who engages in bestiality can be charged with animal cruelty.^[9]

Prohibitions without specific bestiality statutes

Some countries have a range of laws on their books. Sometimes sodomy laws or "crime against nature" laws are used to prosecute people who have sex with animals.

In the case of Kenneth Pinyan, who died from injuries sustained from receiving anal sex from a horse, local law enforcement found that there were no laws that allowed them to prosecute his friend, who had filmed the event and also allowed himself to be sodomized by the horse. The friend was prosecuted for trespassing. That case prompted the Washington State legislature to draw up legislation outlawing sex with animals.^[10]

In a 2005 Florida case, a man who had sex with his dog was charged with disorderly conduct, since the state had no anti-bestiality laws on the books at the time.^[11] On 1 October 2011, the state of Florida State Law 828.126, F.S went into effect, banning sex with animals.^[12]

Laws against sex with animals

Aggrawal has discussed extensively on laws against bestiality.^[13] It is permitted in a few countries although ordinary animal treatment laws apply.

There are also commonly laws against forcing another person to engage in sexual activity with other animals, especially minors (usually considered equivalent to rape), and laws related to exposing others (either non-consensually or minors) to the sight of a sexual act. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoophilia conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted.

Zoophilic pornography

The legality of pornography has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership. In general, animal pornography is legal to produce where both zoophilic activity and the creation of pornography in general are legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.

Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual act, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.

National laws

Laws affecting zoophilic activities vary across different countries and other sub-national jurisdictions. In general, these laws regulate performing or receiving sexual activity from non-human animals, or the sale, distribution, and ownership of zoophilic pornography.

Africa

Northern Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Algeria	❌ Illegal since 8 June 1966 Penalty: Maximum of three years in prison and a fine 10,000 Algerian dinars^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Canary Islands (Autonomous community of Spain)	❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015 Penalty: Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry^[15]^[16]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Ceuta (Autonomous city of Spain)	❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015 Penalty: Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry^[15]^[16]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Egypt	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Libya	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Madeira (Autonomous region of Portugal)	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Melilla (Autonomous city of Spain)	❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015 Penalty: Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry^[15]^[16]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Morocco	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
South Sudan	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Sudan	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Tunisia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of three years' imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Western Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Benin	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Burkina Faso	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cape Verde	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Gambia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Ghana	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of three years' imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Guinea	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guinea-Bissau	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Liberia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mali	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Mauritania	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Niger	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nigeria	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Senegal	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Sierra Leone	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Togo	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Central Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Cameroon	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of five years' imprisonment ^[17]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Central African Republic	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Chad	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Legal^[18]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Equatorial Guinea	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Gabon	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Republic of the Congo	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Southeast Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Burundi	❌ Illegal Penalty: Minimum of one year's imprisonment, maximum of three years' imprisonment, fine of fifty thousand to one hundred thousand francs, or both^[19]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kenya	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment or the common law offense^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Rwanda	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of two years' imprisonment^[20]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Uganda	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Tanzania	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal

Horn of Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Djibouti	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Eritrea	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of six months in prison and a fine 20,000 Nakfas^[21]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Ethiopia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Imprisonment^[22]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Somalia	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Somaliland	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal

Indian Ocean States

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
British Indian Ocean Territory (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Comoros	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Overseas territory of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Madagascar	Legal^[18]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mauritius	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of five years' imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mayotte Mayotte (Overseas department of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Réunion Réunion (Overseas department of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Seychelles Seychelles	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Southern Africa

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Angola	Legal^[18]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Botswana	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of seven years' imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Eswatini (Swaziland)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Lesotho	❌ Illegal^[24]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Malawi	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mozambique	Legal^[18]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Namibia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Determined by judge^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Africa	❌ Illegal Penalty: Determined by judge^[25]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of five years in prison and R200,000 fine^[26]	❓ Unknown
Zambia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Zimbabwe	❌ Illegal Penalty: Up to one year in prison^[27]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Americas

North America

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Bermuda (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Canada Canada	❌ Illegal Penalty: Up to 10 years in prison^[28]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Greenland (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Saint Pierre et Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Mexico

Country, federal district, or state	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Mexico	N/A	N/A	N/A
Aguascalientes	❌ Illegal since 2009^[29] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Baja California	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Baja California Sur	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Campeche	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Chiapas	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Chihuahua	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Coahuila	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Colima	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Durango	❌ Illegal since 2013^[30] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guanajuato Guanajuato	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guerrero	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Hidalgo	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jalisco	❌ Illegal since 2012^[31] Penalty: ❓ unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Michoacán	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Morelos	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mexico	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mexico City Mexico City	❌ Illegal^[32] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nayarit	❌ Illegal since 2006^[33] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nuevo León	❌ Illegal since 2016^[34] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Oaxaca	❌ Illegal since 2015 Penalty: Maximum of one year in prison and a fine of 800 days of salary^[35]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Puebla	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Querétaro	❌ Illegal since 2009^[36] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
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San Luis Potosí	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Sinaloa	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Sonora	❌ Illegal^[38] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tabasco	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tamaulipas	❌ Illegal since 2010^[39] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tlaxcala	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Veracruz	❌ Illegal since 2010^[40] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Yucatán	❌ Illegal since 2011^[41] 'Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
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United States

United States of America

This section will be worked on due to issues with incorrect flags.

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Alabama	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Alaska	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Arizona	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Arkansas	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
California	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Colorado	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Connecticut	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Delaware	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Florida	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Georgia	❌ Illegal - Up to 4 years in prison	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Hawaii		❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Idaho	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Illinois	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Indiana	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Iowa	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kansas	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kentucky	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Lousiana Lousiana	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
Maine	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Maryland	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Massachusetts	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Michigan	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Minnesota	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mississippi	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Missouri	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Montana	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nebraska	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nevada	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
New Hampshire	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
New Jersey	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
New Mexico		❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data New York New York	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Carolina	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Dakota	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Ohio	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Oklahoma	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Oregon	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Pennsylvania	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Rhode Island	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Carolina	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Dakota	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
Tennessee	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
Texas	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
Utah	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Vermont	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
Virginia	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Washington Washington	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown
West Virginia		❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Winsconsin Winsconsin	❌ Illegal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Wyoming		❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Central America

In the early 2000s, sex with animals was legal in all Central American countries except Belize. From 2011 to 2017, all Central American countries banned it.

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Belize	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years' imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
France Clipperton Island (Overseas minor territory of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Costa Rica	❌ Illegal since 2015^[42]^[43] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
El Salvador	❌ Illegal since 2016^[44]^[45] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guatemala	❌ Illegal since 2017^[46]^[47] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal since 2017^[46]^[47] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Honduras Honduras	❌ Illegal since 2015^[48] Penalty: Seizure of animals, and 10 minimum salaries to 25 minimum salaries	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nicaragua	❌ Illegal since 2011^[49] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Panama	❌ Illegal since 2012^[50] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Caribbean

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Anguilla (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Antigua and Barbuda	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Aruba (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bahamas	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Barbados	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
British Virgin Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; Special municipalities of the Netherlands)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cayman Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cuba	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Curaçao Curaçao (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Dominica	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Dominican Republic	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Grenada	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years' imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (Overseas department of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (Extraterritorial jurisdiction of the United States)	Legal for civilians ❌ Illegal for armed service members since 16 September 2016 Penalty: Maximum of dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 5 years.^[51]^[52]^[53]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Haiti	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jamaica	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years' imprisonment and hard labor^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Martinique Martinique (Overseas department of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Montserrat (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a $25,000 fine^[54]^[55]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
File:Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg Saint Barthélemy (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Saint Kitts and Nevis	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of four years' imprisonment, with or without hard labor for buggery Maximum of four years' imprisonment for attempted buggery^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Saint Lucia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
File:Flag of France.svg Saint Martin (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years' imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Sint Maarten (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Trinidad and Tobago	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of five years' imprisonment^[56]	❌ Illegal^[56] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal^[56] Penalty: ❓ Unknown

South America

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Argentina	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bolivia	❌ Illegal since 1 July 2015 Penalty: Maximum of 1 year's imprisonment and a fine of 60 days, or lose work benefits of 6 months^[57]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Brazil Brazil	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal^[58]	❌ Illegal^[58]
Chile	Legal^[59] It can be prosecuted under Law 21020 if the animal is hurt^[60]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Colombia	❌ Illegal since 2015 Penalty: Maximum of 63 months' imprisonment or a minimum of 21 months' imprisonment, special inability of 1.75 to 5.25 years for the exercise of profession, trade, trade or tenure related to animals, and a maximum fine of 105 minimum wages or a minimum of 8.75 minimum wages^[61]^[62]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Ecuador	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 8 years in prison^[63]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Falkland Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
French Guiana French Guiana (Overseas department of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guyana	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Paraguay	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Peru	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Suriname	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Uruguay	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Venezuela	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Asia

Central Asia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Kazakhstan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kyrgyzstan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tajikistan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Turkmenistan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Uzbekistan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Eurasia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of three years' imprisonment^[64]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Armenia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cyprus	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of three years' imprisonment^[65]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Georgia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Minimum of one year's imprisonment, maximum of five years' imprisonment^[66]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Northern Cyprus	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Western Asia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Bahrain	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Iran	❌ Illegal Penalty: The first three convictions are determined by a judge and the fourth offense is capital punishment^[67]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Iraq	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Israel	❌ No specific laws against bestiality^[68], but prosecuted as animal abuse^[69]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jordan	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Kuwait	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Lebanon	❌ Illegal since 1 March 1943 Penalty: Maximum of one year's imprisonment^[14]^[70]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Oman	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Palestine	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Qatar	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of capital punishment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Saudi Arabia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of capital punishment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Syria	❌ Illegal since 22 June 1949 Penalty: Maximum of three years' imprisonment^[14]^[71]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
United Arab Emirates	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of capital punishment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Yemen	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal

Southern Asia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Afghanistan	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Bangladesh	❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of Company rule in India) Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment (Unenforced)^[14]^[72]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Bhutan	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of one year imprisonment^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
India India	❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of Company rule in India) Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]^[72]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Maldives	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of thirty months' imprisonment^[14]^[73]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Nepal	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Pakistan	❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of Company rule in India) Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]^[72]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Sri Lanka	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years' imprisonment (Unenforced)^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown

Eastern Asia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
China China	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Hong Kong (Special administrative region of China)	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 10 years in prison and $50,000 fine^[74]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Japan Japan	Legal	Legal	Legal
Macau (Special administrative region of China)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Mongolia	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
North Korea	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
South Korea	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of one year in prison or fines which can total up to ₩ 20 million	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Taiwan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Southeast Asia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Brunei	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of capital punishment^[75]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Myanmar	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of life imprisonment^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cambodia	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
East Timor	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Laos	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Malaysia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of twenty years' imprisonment and shall also be liable to whipping^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Philippines	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Singapore	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of two years in prison and fine (Unenforced)^[76]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Thailand	❌ Illegal since 2014 Penalty: Maximum of one year in prison and a fine of up to Bt20,000^[77]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Vietnam	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown

Republic of Indonesia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Indonesia	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Aceh Aceh	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of being whipped one hundred times^[78]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bali	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bangka Belitung Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Banten	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bengkulu	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Central Java	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Central Kalimantan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Central Sulawesi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
East Java	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
East Kalimantan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
East Nusa Tenggara	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Gorontalo	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jakarta Jakarta	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jambi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Lampung	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Maluku	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Kalimantan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Maluku	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Sulawesi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
North Sumatra	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Papua	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Riau	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Riau Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Southeast Sulawesi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Kalimantan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Sulawesi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Sumatra South Sumatra	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Java West Java	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Kalimantan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Nusa Tenggara	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Papua (province) West Papua	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Sulawesi West Sulawesi	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
West Sumatra	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Yogyakarta	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Europe

Central Europe

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Austria	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of a year's imprisonment and a fine of 360 days' rates^[79]	Legal^[80]
Croatia	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Czech Republic	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of a 1 year's imprisonment, prohibition to undertake an activity, or to confiscation of a thing or another property value^[81]	Legal^[82]
Germany Germany	❌ Illegal since 2013 13th provision.^[83] The law was unsuccessfully challenged in 2016^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88] Penalty: Maximum of a €25,000 fine^[89]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of a fine or 3 years' imprisonment^[90]^[91]	Legal (as long as it is not owned with intention of publicizing, sharing or selling)^[92]^[91]
Hungary	Legal^[15]^[93]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Liechtenstein	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Poland Poland	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 3 years in prison, donation to animal welfare charity and prohibition of owning an animal for up to 10 years (if done in order to distribute or sell the penalty is increased to a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 8 years in prison)^[15]^[94]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum 5 years' to a minimum of 3 months' imprisonment^[95]	Legal (if not possessed with intent to sell or distribute)
Romania	Legal^[15]	❓ Unknown; Law only mentions a ban on "sites with […] zoophilic content", which are to be blocked by ISPs at the request of the National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications^[96]	Legal^[96]
Slovakia	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Slovenia	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Switzerland	❌ Illegal Penalty: Imprisonment (In the case of repeated or serious infringements, authorities may prohibit the keeping or breeding of animals for trade or professional occupation)^[97]	❌ Illegal^[98] Penalty: A fine or a Maximum of 3 years imprisonment	❌ Illegal Penalty: A fine or a Maximum of 1 year imprisonment

Eastern Europe

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Abkhazia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Armenia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Azerbaijan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Belarus	Legal^[99]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Georgia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kazakhstan	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Moldova	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Artsakh	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Russia Russia	Legal, unless animal is hurt (no explicit law)^[100]	❌ Illegal^{[citation needed]} Penalty: Minimum 1 year of imprisonment. Maximum 2 years. Or a fine.	Legal
South Ossetia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Transnistria^[101]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Ukraine	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown

Northern Europe

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Denmark	❌ Illegal since 1 July 2015 Penalty: Fine or a maximum of 4 months in prison^[102]^[103]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Estonia	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Faroe Islands (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Finland	Legal since 15 January 1971^[104]^[105]	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Penalty: ❓ Unknown
Iceland	Legal since 12 August 1940 (As part of Denmark)^[104]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Latvia	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Lithuania	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❓ Unknown
Norway	❌ Illegal since 2008^[106] Penalty: Fine and/or maximum of 3 years in prison.^[107]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Sweden	❌ Illegal since 2014 Penalty: Fine, maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, or both^[108]	❓	❓

Southern Europe

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Albania	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Andorra	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bosnia and Herzegovina	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Bulgaria	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal
Gibraltar (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Greece	❌ Illegal^[109]	❌ illegal^[109]	❌ illegal^[109]
Italy Italy	❌ No specific laws against bestiality, but in 2012 the Supreme Court of Cassation sentenced a man to six months in jail for forcing his dogs to have sex with women.^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	Legal^[80]	Legal^[80]
North Macedonia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Malta	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Montenegro	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Portugal	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
San Marino	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Serbia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Spain Spain	❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015 Penalty: Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry^[110]^[15]^[16] On Feb. 9, 2023 a change in the bill created controversy that bestiality was considered legal. This has been proved false. The bill was amended: All sexual acts with animals will be punishable. In the event that they produce injuries, they will be considered crimes; in the rest – less serious offenses – they will be classified as abuse without visible signs of injury (maltrato de obra). ^[111]^[111]	Legal^[80]	Legal^[80]
Turkey	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment^[112]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Minimum of one year's imprisonment and a maximum of four years' imprisonment	❌ Illegal Penalty: Minimum of one year's imprisonment and a maximum of four years' imprisonment
Vatican City	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Western Europe

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Belgium	❌ Illegal since 2007 Penalty: Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine of €1,000^[113]	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Penalty: ❓ Unknown
France France	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Ireland	❌ Illegal since 1634^[115] Penalty: Maximum of life in prison^[116]^[117]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Luxembourg	❌ Illegal^[15] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Monaco	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Netherlands	❌ Illegal since 2010 Penalty: Maximum of 1 year in prison and €19,500 fine^[118]	❌ Illegal since 2010 Penalty: Maximum 6 months' imprisonment or a fine of €7,800^[119]	❌ Illegal since 2010 Penalty: Maximum 6 months' imprisonment or a fine of €7,800^[119]
United Kingdom United Kingdom	❌ Illegal since 1558 (As part of Kingdom of England for England and Wales only) ❌ Illegal since 1634 (As part of Kingdom of Ireland for Northern Ireland only)^[115] ❌ Illegal (As part of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for Scotland only) Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison for conviction on indictment Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine for summary conviction^[7]^[120]	❌ Illegal since 26 January 2009 Penalty: Maximum of 12 months' imprisonment in England or 6 months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment^[121]	❌ Illegal since 26 January 2009 Penalty: Maximum of 12 months' imprisonment in England or 6 months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment^[121]

Oceania

Australasia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
New Zealand	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of 7 years in prison ("bestiality") Maximum of 3 years in prison ("indecency with animal")^[122]^[123]	❓ Unknown	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of a $2000 fine for an individual ("possession an objectionable publication") Maximum of 10 years in prison or a $50,000 fine for an individual ("possession of objectionable publications with knowledge")^[124]^[125]^[126]

Commonwealth of Australia

Country, state, or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Australia Australia	❌ Illegal	❌ Illegal^[127] Penalty: ❓ Unknown	Importation (including downloading) illegal.
Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Australia Australian Antarctic Territory	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Australian Capital Territory	❌ Illegal since 2011 Penalty: Maximum ten years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Christmas Island	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Template:Country data Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Australia Coral Sea Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Australia Heard Island and McDonald Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Australia Jervis Bay Territory	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
New South Wales	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum fourteen years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Norfolk Island	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Northern Territory	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum three years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Queensland	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum seven years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
South Australia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum ten years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tasmania	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum 21 years' imprisonment^[128]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum two years' imprisonment and/or fine^[129]	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum one year imprisonment and/or fine^[130]
Victoria (Australia) Victoria	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum five years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Western Australia	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum seven years' imprisonment^[128]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Melanesia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Fiji	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years in prison with corporal punishment^[131]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
New Caledonia (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Papua New Guinea	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years in prison^[14]	❌ Illegal Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal	❌ Illegal Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
Solomon Islands	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Vanuatu	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Micronesia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
Guam (Unincorporated territory of the United States)	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Kiribati	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Marshall Islands	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Nauru	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Northern Mariana Islands (Unincorporated territory of the United States)	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Palau	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

Polynesia

Country or territory	Bestiality	Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography	Ownership of zoophilic pornography
American Samoa (Unincorporated territory of the United States)	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Easter Island Easter Island (Overseas territory of Chile)	Legal^[59]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Cook Islands (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of seven years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
French Polynesia (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Niue (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Pitcairn Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Samoa	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of five years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tokelau (Part of the Realm of New Zealand)	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tonga	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of ten years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Tuvalu	❌ Illegal Penalty: Maximum of fourteen years in prison^[14]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
United States United States Minor Outlying Islands (Unincorporated organized territory of the United States)	Legal	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown
Wallis and Futuna (Overseas collectivity of France)	❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004 Penalty: Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine^[23]	❓ Unknown	❓ Unknown

History

Mentions in the press

Wisconsin, USA (2007) - Bryan James Hathaway was convicted for having sex with a dead deer. The court case raised some interesting legal issues because the statute prohibits sex with animals, but not carcasses. The defence raised the issue that if a dead animal was an animal, at what point would it cease to be an animal. He was sentenced to 6 months probation and labeled as a sex offender.^[132]
Kansas, USA (2012) - Joshua Coman was convicted in Kansas of criminal sodomy (a misdemeanor), but the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that he did not have to register as a sex offender.^[133]^[134]
Vancouver, Canada (2012) - Brian Cutteridge, bestiality proponent, was arrested after the SPCA claims to have a video of him engaging in sex with one of his dogs.^[135]
Arizona, USA (2012) - Sarah Dae Walker and her husband pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bestiality in a case where Craigslist was used.^[136]

Notes

↑ "Denmark's bestiality ban moves forward". www.thelocal.dk. 25 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ "Denmark officially bans bestiality". www.thelocal.dk. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ "Denmark outlaws bestiality in narrow vote". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ Det Dyreetiske Råd: Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Animal Ethics Council: Statement on the sexual relations of humans with animals
↑ "Hubby does it doggy style". Archived from the original on 3 February 2005.
↑ Regan, Tom. Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 "Sexual Offences Act 2003, Section 69". HM Government. 2003. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
↑ The argument that "all sexual activity with animals is automatically abuse" was made for example, in 1) the 2004 case of State vs. Mitchell Archived 16 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine (Florida), 2) the 2004 Pony case in Utrecht, Holland (cited below), and 3) the 2006 Washington state law which asserts as its foundational premise that "animal cruelty in the first degree is committed when a person knowingly engages in sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal." SB-6417 2006
↑ "Man Charged With Sexually Abusing Animals". WBNS-10TV. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
↑ "The Animal In You". The Stranger. February–March 2006. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
↑ "Man charged with having intercourse with his Guide Dog". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008.
↑ "Section 828.126, Florida Statutes". The Florida Senate. 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
↑ Aggrawal, Anil (2009). Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-4308-2. Archived from the original on 10 February 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
↑ ^14.00 ^14.01 ^14.02 ^14.03 ^14.04 ^14.05 ^14.06 ^14.07 ^14.08 ^14.09 ^14.10 ^14.11 ^14.12 ^14.13 ^14.14 ^14.15 ^14.16 ^14.17 ^14.18 ^14.19 ^14.20 ^14.21 ^14.22 ^14.23 ^14.24 ^14.25 ^14.26 ^14.27 ^14.28 ^14.29 ^14.30 ^14.31 ^14.32 ^14.33 ^14.34 ^14.35 ^14.36 ^14.37 ^14.38 ^14.39 ^14.40 "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
↑ ^15.00 ^15.01 ^15.02 ^15.03 ^15.04 ^15.05 ^15.06 ^15.07 ^15.08 ^15.09 ^15.10 ^15.11 ^15.12 ^15.13 ^15.14 ^15.15 ^15.16 ^15.17 ^15.18 ^15.19 "Denmark passes law to ban bestiality". BBC Newsbeat. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ "Penal Code of Cameroon" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 "Animal welfare in OIE member countries & territories in the SADC region" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
↑ "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Penal Code of Rwanda" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Criminal Code of Eritrea" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Criminal Code of Ethiopia 2004 - Article 633.- Sexual Intercourse with an Animal" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ ^23.00 ^23.01 ^23.02 ^23.03 ^23.04 ^23.05 ^23.06 ^23.07 ^23.08 ^23.09 ^23.10 ^23.11 ^23.12 ^23.13 "French Penal Code Article 521-1" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
↑ "Penal Code Act, 2010 | Lesotho Legal Information Institute". lesotholii.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 Archived 23 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, s. 13.
↑ Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996^{[permanent dead link]} s. 24A(2) read with s. 18(3)(b)(ii).
↑ "CRIMINAL LAW (CODIFICATION AND REFORM) ACT [CHAPTER 9:23" (PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2020.
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[Sexuality_with_Animals_(Zoophilia)_–_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation-80] 80.0 ^80.1 ^80.2 ^80.3 ^80.4 "Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" (PDF). Retrieved 26 February 2020.

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[Sodomy_constitutional_judges_confirm_banning_sex_with_animals-92] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sodomy constitutional judges confirm banning sex with animals

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[irishlaws-115] 115.0 ^115.1 Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery (Ireland) 1634 (10 Chas. 1, sess. 2, c. 20) replaced by section 18 of the Offences against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4, c. 34) replaced by section 61 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict., c. 100). In the Republic of Ireland the 1861 act is still in force as of 5 July 2017^[update] with respect to animals.^[114] In Northern Ireland it was replaced by section 69 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in turn replaced by Article 73 of The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008

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[au_state_laws-128] 128.0 ^128.1 ^128.2 ^128.3 ^128.4 ^128.5 ^128.6 ^128.7 Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662: Criminal offence: New South Wales (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years' imprisonment), Northern Territory (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years' imprisonment), Queensland (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), South Australia (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years' imprisonment), Tasmania (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years' imprisonment), Victoria (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years' imprisonment), Western Australia (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years' imprisonment), Australian Capital Territory (Crimes Act 1900, s63A inserted in 2011, "Bestiality", not more than 10 years' imprisonment).

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v t e Zoophilia
Zoophilia	Formicophilia History of zoophilia Human–animal marriage Ophidiophilia
Related subjects	Animal sexuality Hani Miletski Sexual ethics Sexual norm Sodomy Zoosadism
Animal Health	STI & Zoophilia Syphilis and Zoophilia Allergic Response To Intimate Interspecies Contact Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for 35 Breeds of Dogs Brucellosis
Category

v t e Sexual ethics
Human sexuality	Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex
Child sexuality	Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism
Sexual abuse	Child-on-child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Cybersex trafficking Harassment Rape law Sex trafficking Sexual slavery
Age of consent (reform)	Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America
Topical outline

v t e Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings
Age of	Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School-leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age
Drugs	Drug and precursor laws by country or territory Psychedelics Amanita mushroom Legality Ayahuasca Legality Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Ibogaine Legality LSD Legality Psilocybin mushroom Legality Salvia divinorum Legality Other Alcohol Legality of moonshine by country or territory Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality Opiate use
Death	Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide
Guns	Deaths Ownership Laws
Punishment	Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Life imprisonment
Obscenity	Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia
Reproduction	Abortion law Minors and abortion Adoption law International adoption Human cloning Surrogacy
Censorship	Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country
Human rights	Children's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT rights Slavery Human trafficking
Freedom of movement	by country In the air Abode
Property and Environmental	Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water
Business	Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory
International ownership	International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System
Other	Animal rights Immigration law National legal systems Police brutality prisoner abuse Religious law separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project
List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Legal disclaimer}}
+{{short description|Laws governing humans performing sex acts with non-human animals}}
-'''Zoosexuality and the law''' looks at the laws governing [[zoophilia|human-animal sexual interaction]] (also sometimes known as bestiality or zoophilia) around the world.
+{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
+{{Sex and the law}}
+'''[[Legality of Bestiality by Country|Legality of bestiality by country]] or territory''' concerns the laws governing humans performing sex acts with non-human animals. Laws against humans performing sex acts on animals, where they exist, are concerned with the actual act, which it commonly refers to as ''[[bestiality]]'', rather than the sexual attraction to animals. For this reason, prohibitions of zoophilic pornography are more varied; they may be unlawful if an actual sex act with an animal is involved, but the status is not clear-cut if there is a mere representation, such as a painting or cartoon. In that case, normal [[obscenity law]]s will normally apply. All [[Animal pornography|zoophilic imagery]] is widely regarded as [[pornography]].
-The law tend to vary considerably. As Masters points out, countries with a strong view on religion tend to have stricter laws, those without such a tradition tend to be more relaxed{{citeneeded}}. Other shapers include the cultural context - some cultures tacitly or openly accepting zoosexuality, others seeing it as abnormal.
+== Political parties ==
-Because it is easy to determine when there is a law against, but (for reasons discussed) often less easy to reliably identify when it is legally acceptable, this article focusses upon laws against zoosexual activity and does not attempt to address where it may be legal. Only in a few confirmed cases, where it is clearly permitted, will these be stated.
+On 21 April 2015, the [[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|Liberal Alliance]] was the only party in the Danish [[Folketing]] to oppose and vote against banning bestiality, while the [[Red-Green Alliance (Denmark)|Red-Green Alliance]] abstained. Liberal Alliance MP [[Joachim Olsen]] said about the bill: "Best case, this is a superficial law. Worst case, it is political populism and moralism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20150225/denmarks-bestiality-ban-moves-forward|title=Denmark's bestiality ban moves forward|date=25 February 2015|website=www.thelocal.dk|language=en-GB|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106152515/https://www.thelocal.dk/20150225/denmarks-bestiality-ban-moves-forward|archive-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20150421/denmark-officially-bans-bestiality|title=Denmark officially bans bestiality|date=21 April 2015|website=www.thelocal.dk|language=en-GB|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172855/https://www.thelocal.dk/20150421/denmark-officially-bans-bestiality|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
-==Background to the legal framework==
+== Organizations ==
-===Zoosexuality===
-{{main|zoosexuality}}
-[[Zoosexuality]] is the spectrum of human-animal sexual interaction. Other than for breeding or veterinary purposes, in many countries humans are frowned upon if they interact with a non-human animal in this manner, and yet clinical research strongly suggests that for at least some such people, this is a type of emotional and lifestyle bond that they are drawn to, or a [[sexual orientation]], and that often there is no force or coercion involved. Other research suggests that in such 'relationships' often the animal gains or is at the least not harmed. According to some researchers, in such relationships "one seems forced to conclude, the animal derives a considerable psychical and/or emotional pleasure from sexual contact with a being of a higher nervous, emotional, and intellectual organization," described further in the article [[zoosexuality]].
-Against this, there are regular reports in the press of what may be termed animal rape, torture, or sexual abuse, often of an extreme nature, described further in the article [[zoosadism]]. Historically, such acts have been seen negatively in the West, both as religious offences against God, and as suspect or abusive acts unsuited to the civilized world, a general societal view which persists to the present time.
+Denmark's Animal Ethics Council opposed banning bestiality in Denmark in 2006 and 2015, saying existing laws which allow bestiality except in cases where the animal can be proved to have suffered were enough.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denmark-outlaws-bestiality-in-narrow-vote/|title=Denmark outlaws bestiality in narrow vote|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529114403/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/denmark-outlaws-bestiality-in-narrow-vote/|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dkjusticeanimalrights">[http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Udtalelser_og_tilhoerende_pressemeddelelser/Udtalelse_om_menneskers_seksuelle_omgang_med_dyr__november_2006_.pdf Det Dyreetiske Råd: Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312163226/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/fileadmin/downloads/Dyrevaernsraad/Udtalelser_og_tilhoerende_pressemeddelelser/Udtalelse_om_menneskers_seksuelle_omgang_med_dyr__november_2006_.pdf |date=12 March 2012}}, ''The Animal Ethics Council: Statement on the sexual relations of humans with animals''</ref>
-A pivotal researcher in the field, [[Hani Miletski]] describes<ref>Miltetski, 1999, p.1</ref> how: "Throughout the literature review, it is very obvious that authors perceive sexual relations with animals in very different ways. Definitions of various behaviors and attitudes are often conflicting, leaving the reader confused. Terms such as 'sodomy,' 'zoorasty,' 'zoosexuality,' as well as 'bestiality' and 'zoophilia' are often used, each having a different meaning depending on the author." [[Vern Bullough]], a renowned professor emeritus who reviewed her work, states:<ref> Review of Miletski's book, published in ''Journal of Sex Research,'' May 2003. ([http://www.dynomind.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_2_40/ai_105518225 Online version])</ref> "It seems clear from Miletski's summary of the existing literature that very little is actually known about bestiality and there is not anything approaching a consensus as to why animal-human sexual contacts occur... many of the existing reports and studies should be classified more as pseudo-science than serious research."
+== Objectives ==
+Laws on bestiality tend to be shaped by animal welfare concerns, moral views, and cultural beliefs. In many cultures, humans are seen as fundamentally different from other animals and having sex with animals is seen as defilement.<ref name="sciamer">{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24|title=Hubby does it doggy style|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050203183132/http://www.news24.com/News24/Backpage/Crime_Court/0%2C%2C2-1343-1345_1655555%2C00.html|archivedate=3 February 2005|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref>
-===Historical and cultural context===
+One of the primary critiques of bestiality is that it is harmful to animals and necessarily abusive, because animals are unable to give or withhold consent.<ref name=Regan63>Regan, Tom. ''Animal Rights, Human Wrongs''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, pp. 63–4, 89.</ref>
-{{main|Historical and cultural perspectives on zoophilia}}
-Historically, the societal view on zoosexuality has been dominated by Western views on morality, which can often be traced back to religious influences and more specifically to the Judeo-Christian-Islamic traditions under which it was viewed as an [[Abomination (Bible)|abomination]] and breach of God's will. During the [[Middle Ages]] this led to people being burned for zoosexual activity, viewed on a par with [[homosexuality]]{{citeneeded}} under the term "[[sodomy]]", as as one of the most horrific acts possible from a religious point of view.
-In other cultures, it was at times accepted, or tolerated, and at other times [[taboo]] or punished, and this varied very widely.
+== Background ==
+=== International differences ===
+Some jurisdictions list laws very clearly, such as [[England and Wales]], which specifically prohibits penetration of a human being by the penis of an animal, and penetration of an animal by a human's penis.<ref name="UKlaw69">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003, Section 69 |work=HM Government |year=2003 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828030316/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In more recent centuries the subject was studied as a medical abberation, some form of [[throwback]] or degeneracy within medicine, and finally within the 20th century, came to be recognized as a [[sexual orientation]] in many cases.
+By contrast, many countries and US states are less precise about the scope of law in that they outlaw sex with animals, without defining what constitutes "sex".
-=== Clinical and scientific context===
+Even if bestiality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have [[cruelty to animals|animal cruelty]] laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all [[zoophilia]] activity is animal abuse.<ref>The argument that "all sexual activity with animals is automatically abuse" was made for example, in 1) the 2004 case of [http://pet-abuse.com/cases/2206/FL/US/1 State vs. Mitchell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716203106/http://pet-abuse.com/cases/2206/FL/US/1 |date=16 July 2006}} (Florida), 2) the 2004 Pony case in Utrecht, Holland (cited below), and 3) the 2006 Washington state law which asserts as its foundational premise that "animal cruelty in the first degree is committed when a person knowingly engages in sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal." [http://washingtonvotes.org/2006-SB-6417 SB-6417 2006] </ref> In some U.S. states, a person who engages in bestiality can be charged with animal cruelty.<ref name="shelby">{{cite web |url=http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/06/16/story-shelby-man-charged-with-animal-abuse-sex.html |title=Man Charged With Sexually Abusing Animals |work=WBNS-10TV |date=16 June 2011 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152651/http://www.10tv.com/content/stories/2011/06/16/story-shelby-man-charged-with-animal-abuse-sex.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-In discussing arguments for and against zoosexual activity, the ''"British Journal of Sexual Medicine"'' commented over 30 years ago, "We are all supposed to condemn bestiality, though only rarely are sound medical or psychological factors advanced." (Jan/Feb 1974, p.43)
-People's views appear to depend significantly upon the nature of their interest and nature of exposure to the subject.  People who have been exposed to [[zoosadism]], who are unsympathetic to [[Alternative lifestyles#Sexual lifestyles|alternate lifestyles]] in general, or who know little about zoosexuality, often regard it as an extreme form of [[animal cruelty|animal abuse]] and/or indicative of serious psychosexual issues.<ref name="herek_ATLG">The finding that attitudes to alternate sexualities correlate strongly with nature of contact and beliefs, is stated in a variety of research into zoophilia and also mirrored in [[societal attitudes towards homosexuality]], which have been more thoroughly researched over a longer time period. Thus Herek, who established the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale in psychology, states ''"The ATLG and its subscales are consistently correlated with other theoretically-relevant constructs. Higher scores (more negative attitudes) correlate significantly with high religiosity, lack of contact with gay men and lesbians, adherence to traditional sex-role attitudes, belief in a traditional family ideology, and high levels of dogmatism (Herek, 1987a, 1987b, 1988, 1994; Herek & Glunt, 1993; Herek & Capitanio, 1995, 1996)"'' [http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/atlg.html], and that ''"the strongest predictor of positive attitudes toward homosexuals was that the interviewee knew a gay man or lesbian. The correlation held across each demographic subset represented in the survey--sex, education level, age--bar one: political persuasion. [Conservative men and women]"'' [http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/articles/nowack.html]</ref>  Mental health professionals and personal acquaintances of zoophiles who see their relationships over time tend to be less critical, and sometimes supportive.<ref name="herek_ATLG" />  ''[[Ethology|Ethologists]]'' who study and understand animal behaviour and body language, have documented animal sexual advances to human beings and other species, and tend to be matter-of-fact about [[animal sexuality]] and animal approaches to humans; their research into [[animal behavior]], [[emotion in animals|emotion]] and [[animal sexuality|sexuality]] is generally supportive of some of the claims by zoophiles regarding animal cognition, behaviour, and sexual/relational/emotional issues.
+=== Prohibitions without specific bestiality statutes ===
+Some countries have a range of laws on their books. Sometimes [[sodomy law]]s or "[[crime against nature]]" laws are used to prosecute people who have sex with animals.
-Attitudes outside science are discussed in greater length in the article on [[zoophilia]].
+In the case of [[Kenneth Pinyan]], who died from injuries sustained from receiving anal sex from a [[horse]], local law enforcement found that there were no laws that allowed them to prosecute his friend, who had filmed the event and also allowed himself to be sodomized by the horse. The friend was prosecuted for trespassing. That case prompted the Washington State legislature to draw up legislation outlawing sex with animals.<ref name="thestranger">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|accessdate=30 April 2006|title=The Animal In You|publisher=The Stranger|date=February–March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411073145/http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|archive-date=11 April 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
-===Legal context===
+In a 2005 [[Florida]] case, a man who had sex with his dog was charged with disorderly conduct, since the state had no anti-bestiality laws on the books at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guidehorse.org/news_guide_dog_abuse.htm |title=Man charged with having intercourse with his Guide Dog |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521055021/http://www.guidehorse.org/news_guide_dog_abuse.htm |archivedate=21 May 2008}}</ref> On 1 October 2011, the state of Florida State Law 828.126, F.S went into effect, banning sex with animals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2011/0344/BillText/er/PDF |title=Section 828.126, Florida Statutes |work=The Florida Senate |year=2011 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408134821/http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2011/0344/BillText/er/PDF |archive-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-Laws on zoosexuality tend to be shaped by three main factors:
-* Animal welfare concerns
-* Personal moral views of shapers of opinion
-* Cultural beliefs about the act
-Issues confusing the matter are that such research as is available, is not widely known, and that cases which come to public light may not be representative of the whole.
+== Laws against sex with animals ==
+Aggrawal has discussed extensively on laws against bestiality.<ref name="aggrawal">{{cite book |first=Anil |last=Aggrawal |title=Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4200-4308-2 |url=http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420043082 |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210072056/http://crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420043082 |archive-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is permitted in a few countries although ordinary animal treatment laws apply.
-Posner (1996) states, "there is some evidence that bestiality was particularly reviled because of fear that it would produce monsters... At early [[common law]], there was no offense of cruelty to animals... The focus of <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[cruelty to animals]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> statutes is different from that of the traditional [[sodomy law|sodomy statute]]; anticruelty statutes are concerned with both the treatment of the animal and with the offense to community standards, while antibestiality provisions embodied in the sodomy statutes are aimed only at offenses to community standards." <ref name="posner">Posner, Richard, A Guide to America's Sex Laws, The University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 0-226-67564-5. Page 207.</ref>
+There are also commonly laws against forcing another person to engage in sexual activity with other animals, especially minors (usually considered equivalent to [[rape]]), and laws related to exposing others (either non-consensually or minors) to the sight of a sexual act. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoophilia conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted.
-Animal welfare bodies usually, but not always, view zoosexuality or zoophilia as a matter of animal abuse, or at the least, of concern. A notable exception is the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency, which in 2005 addressed concerns over a surge in [[horse-ripping]] incidents by reviewing the matter and concluded that although animal cruelty legislation needed updating, a ban on zoosexual activity was not justified by research.
+== Zoophilic pornography ==
+{{Main|Animal pornography}}
+The legality of pornography has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership. In general, animal pornography is legal to produce where both zoophilic activity and the creation of pornography in general are legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.
-==Why is it difficult to list zoosexuality laws?==
+Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual act, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.
-There are two reasons it is hard to be ceertain whether zoosexuality is legal in an area. The terminology used in law may be vague, so it is not clear what is covered, and whilst it is usually clear if a specific law prohibits zoosexual activity, it is not always so clear (for several reasons) whether the absence of an obvious law means the opposite.
-===Vagueness of terms===
+== National laws ==
-Some countries list laws very clearly, such as the UK, which specifically prohibits penetration of a human being by the penis of an animal, and penetration of an animal by a human's penis.
+Laws affecting [[zoophile|zoophilic]] activities vary across different countries and other sub-national jurisdictions. In general, these laws regulate performing or receiving [[sexual activity]] from non-human animals, or the sale, distribution, and ownership of [[zoophilic pornography]].
-By contrast many countries are quite vague about the exact scope of law. Terms such as "sex with animals", "sodomy", "crime against nature", or "bestiality" are significantly lacking in legal precision, and as with many laws, what may seem very straightforward from a distance is very vague close-up in a courtroom. This also makes them indeterminate and leaves it unclear what exact activities such terms might encompass.
+[[File:1050px-Legality of zoophilia by country or territory.svg.png]]
-===Difficulty in establishing legality===
+[[File:Legalggzoo.PNG]]
-It is difficult to state with certainty which countries beyond these accept zoosexual actions in law. This is for many reasons, the main ones of which are:
-;1) Assumption of cruelty
+=== Africa ===
-Even if zoosexuality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have animal cruelty laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all zoosexual activity is animal abuse.<ref>The argument that "all sexual activity with animals is automatically abuse" was made for example, in 1) the 2004 case of [http://pet-abuse.com/cases/2206/FL/US/1 State vs. Mitchell] (Florida), 2) the 2004 Pony case in Utrecht, Holland (cited below), and 3) the 2006 Washington state law which asserts as its foundational premise that "animal cruelty in the first degree is committed when a person knowingly engages in sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal." [http://washingtonvotes.org/2006-SB-6417 SB-6417 2006]</ref>
+==== Northern Africa ====
-;2) Creative law use
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
-Some countries have a range of historic but vague laws on their statute books (for example [[sodomy law]]s, "[[crime against nature]]" laws, or other laws based upon the historical religious beliefs of the culture), and will prosecute under that.<ref>For example a man found to have committed a zoosexual rape of a sheep in [[Michigan]] 2006 was not charged with [[animal cruelty]], but with [[crime against nature|crimes against nature]]. It is notable that a first offence of animal cruelty, which includes any "unnecessary neglect, torture, or pain", carries only up to a 93 day sentence ([http://www.animal-law.org/statutes/michigan.htm MI 750.50 section 2(f) and section 4]), whereas a zoosexual act prosecuted as a crime against nature is capable of a 20 year sentence.</ref> Even when these type of laws do not exist, it is often the case that a prosecution will be found on some ground or other, however contrived. Two examples:
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]]
+|❌ Illegal since 8 June 1966
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years in prison and a fine 10,000 Algerian dinars<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Canary Islands}} [[Canary Islands]]<br /><small>([[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]] of [[Spain]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref name="Spain" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ceuta}} [[Ceuta]]<br /><small>([[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous city]] of [[Spain]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref name="Spain" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Madeira}} [[Madeira]]<br /><small>(Autonomous region of [[Portugal]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Melilla}} [[Melilla]]<br /><small>([[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous city]] of [[Spain]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref name="Spain" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunisia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+==== Western Africa ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Benin]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verde]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Gambia}} [[Gambia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Guinea-Bissau]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mali}} [[Mali]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Niger]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Senegal]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Togo]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-In one case, prosecutors unable to find a basis for prosecution charged the individual with "sex with a minor". (It is unclear whether they considered the breeding of horses and operation of stud farms to be "living off the proceeds of prostitution of minors")
+==== Central Africa ====
-In the case of [[Kenneth Pinyan]], reports suggest that despite seizing and examining carefully a large number of such videos from the property, no evidence of abuse was found. Not only was there no abuse found, but the state had no law against zoosexual activity at the time. None the less, as one news source comments:
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
-:"It was only after Pinyan died, when law enforcement looked for one way to punish his associates, that the legality of bestiality in Washington State became an issue ... The prosecutor's office wanted to charge [his friend] with animal abuse, but the police found no evidence of abused animals on the many videotapes they collected from his home. As there was no law against humanely [having sex with] one horse, the prosecutors could only charge [him] with trespassing."<ref name="thestranger">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=30811|accessdate=2006-04-30|title=The Animal In You|publisher=The Stranger|date=February-March 2006}}</ref>
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Cameroon]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of five years' imprisonment
+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/cm/cm014en.pdf|title=Penal Code of Cameroon|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183311/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/cm/cm014en.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name=toto/>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Gabon]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}} [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+==== Southeast Africa ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundi]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of one year's imprisonment, maximum of three years' imprisonment, fine of fifty thousand to one hundred thousand francs, or both<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://defensewiki.ibj.org/index.php/Code_P%25C3%25A9nal_du_Burundi_(Burundi_Penal_Code)&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kenya]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment or the common law offense<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwanda]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of two years' imprisonment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/rwa/1999/penal-code-of-rwanda_html/Penal_Code_of_Rwanda.pdf|title=Penal Code of Rwanda|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020248/https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/rwa/1999/penal-code-of-rwanda_html/Penal_Code_of_Rwanda.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzania]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|}
+==== Horn of Africa ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Djibouti]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrea]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of six months in prison and a fine 20,000 Nakfas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55a51ccc4.pdf|title=Criminal Code of Eritrea|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206194345/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55a51ccc4.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Imprisonment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/arch/eth/TheRevisedCriminalCode.pdf|title=Criminal Code of Ethiopia 2004 - Article 633.- Sexual Intercourse with an Animal.|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008080141/http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/oeur/arch/eth/TheRevisedCriminalCode.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somalia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Somaliland}} [[Somaliland]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|}
+==== Indian Ocean States ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|British Indian Ocean Territory}} [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]<br/><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Comoros]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]<br/><small>(Overseas territory of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name=toto/>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Mauritius]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of five years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mayotte}} [[Mayotte]] <br /> <small>(Overseas department of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Réunion}} [[Réunion]] <br /> <small>(Overseas department of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Seychelles}} [[Seychelles]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+==== Southern Africa ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Angola}} [[Angola]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name=toto>{{cite web |url=http://www.rr-africa.oie.int/docspdf/en/2011/Animal_Welfare_Summary.pdf |title=Animal welfare in OIE member countries & territories in the SADC region |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053304/http://www.rr-africa.oie.int/docspdf/en/2011/Animal_Welfare_Summary.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Botswana}} [[Botswana]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of seven years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Eswatini}} [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lesotho]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lesotholii.org/ls/legislation/num-act/6|title=Penal Code Act, 2010 {{!}} Lesotho Legal Information Institute|website=lesotholii.org|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126000756/https://lesotholii.org/ls/legislation/num-act/6|archive-date=26 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Malawi}} [[Malawi]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years' imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mozambique}} [[Mozambique]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name=toto/>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Namibia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Determined by judge<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Determined by judge<ref>[http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2007-032.pdf Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523214416/http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2007-032.pdf |date=23 May 2012}}, s. 13.</ref>
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of five years in prison and R200,000 fine<ref>[http://www.fpb.org.za/profile-fpb/legislation/doc_download/293-films-and-publications-act-no-65 Films and Publications Act 65 of 1996]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} s. 24A(2) read with s. 18(3)(b)(ii).</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Zambia}} [[Zambia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Up to one year in prison<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zimlii.org/zw/legislation/num-act/2004/23/Criminal%20Law%20%28Codification%20and%20Reform%29%20Act%20%5BChapter%209-23%5D.pdf|title=CRIMINAL LAW (CODIFICATION AND REFORM) ACT [CHAPTER 9:23|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+=== Americas ===
+==== North America ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Bermuda}} [[Bermuda]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Up to 10 years in prison<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=10082996&Language=E |title=An Act to amend the Criminal Code (bestiality and animal fighting) |year=2019 |accessdate=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712093109/https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=10082996&Language=E |archive-date=12 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Greenland}} [[Greenland]]<br /><small>(Constituent country of the [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|[[Image:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|25px]] [[Saint Pierre et Miquelon]]<br /><small>(Overseas collectivity of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|}
+===== Mexico =====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country, federal district, or state
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
+|N/A
+|N/A
+|N/A
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Aguascalientes}} [[Aguascalientes]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2009<ref>http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/gobierno/leyes/leyes_PDF/11082011_102428.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074930/http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/gobierno/leyes/leyes_PDF/11082011_102428.pdf |date=2 February 2017}} ''Ley De Proteccion A Los Animales Para El Estado De Aguascalientes''. Accessed 24 January 2017.</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Baja California]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Baja California Sur}} [[Baja California Sur]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Campeche}} [[Campeche]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Chiapas}} [[Chiapas]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Chihuahua}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Coahuila}} [[Coahuila]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Colima}} [[Colima]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Durango}} [[Durango]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713093824/http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guanajuato}} [[Guanajuato]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guerrero}} [[Guerrero]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Hidalgo}} [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Jalisco}} [[Jalisco]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informador.mx/Jalisco/Aprueban-Ley-de-Proteccion-Animal-20120828-0113.html|title=Aprueban Ley de Protección Animal|website=El Informador :: Noticias de Jalisco, México, Deportes & Entretenimiento|language=es-ES|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085151/https://www.informador.mx/Jalisco/Aprueban-Ley-de-Proteccion-Animal-20120828-0113.html|archive-date=30 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Michoacán}} [[Michoacán]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Morelos}} [[Morelos]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|State of Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Mexican Federal District}} [[Mexico City]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://docs.mexico.justia.com.s3.amazonaws.com/estatales/distrito-federal/ley-de-proteccion-a-los-animales-del-distrito-federal.pdf&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Nayarit}} [[Nayarit]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL.pdf|title=Ley De Proteccion A La Fauna Para El Estado De Nayarit|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713093824/http://congresodurango.gob.mx/Archivos/legislacion/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2019|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Nuevo León]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcnl.gob.mx/trabajo_legislativo/leyes/pdf/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL%20PARA%20LA%20SUSTENTABILIDAD%20DEL%20ESTADO%20DE%20NL.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126025754/http://www.hcnl.gob.mx/trabajo_legislativo/leyes/pdf/LEY%20DE%20PROTECCION%20Y%20BIENESTAR%20ANIMAL%20PARA%20LA%20SUSTENTABILIDAD%20DEL%20ESTADO%20DE%20NL.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Oaxaca}} [[Oaxaca]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of one year in prison and a fine of 800 days of salary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.viveoaxaca.org/2015/09/LeydeProtecionAnimalOaxaca.html&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Puebla}} [[Puebla]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Querétaro}} [[Querétaro]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2009<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.venfido.com.mx/ley-de-proteccion-animal.php?estado=queretaro|title=LEY DE PROTECCIÓN ANIMAL DEL ESTADO DE QUERÉTARO - Información sobre leyes protectoras de animales en México.|website=www.venfido.com.mx|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014440/http://www.venfido.com.mx/ley-de-proteccion-animal.php?estado=queretaro|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Quintana Roo}} [[Quintana Roo]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.tsjqroo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2812:ley-de-proteccion-y-bienestar-animal-del-estado-de-quintana-roo&catid=160:leyes&Itemid=867&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|San Luis Potosí}} [[San Luis Potosí]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sinaloa}} [[Sinaloa]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sonora}} [[Sonora]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vernon Pérez Rubio|date=7 November 2012|title=Ley de protección a los animales para el estado de sonora|url=https://es.slideshare.net/VernonPRA/ley-de-proteccin-a-los-animales-para-el-estado-de-sonora|journal=|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529115340/https://es.slideshare.net/VernonPRA/ley-de-proteccin-a-los-animales-para-el-estado-de-sonora|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tabasco}} [[Tabasco]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} [[Tamaulipas]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2010<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://poarchivo.tamaulipas.gob.mx/leyes/Leyes_Estado/Ley_Proteccion_Animales.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127034337/http://poarchivo.tamaulipas.gob.mx/leyes/Leyes_Estado/Ley_Proteccion_Animales.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tlaxcala}} [[Tlaxcala]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Veracruz}} [[Veracruz]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Estatal/Veracruz/wo56505.pdf&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Yucatán}} [[Yucatán]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seduma.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos/legislacion-fija/Ley_Fauna_Estado_Yucatan.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619043155/http://www.seduma.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos/legislacion-fija/Ley_Fauna_Estado_Yucatan.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+''''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Zacatecas}} [[Zacatecas]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-;3) Non-codified cultural prohibitions
+===== United States =====
+{{Main article|Legality of bestiality in the United States}}
+===== United States of America =====
+''This section will be worked on due to issues with incorrect flags.''
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Alabama}} [[Alabama]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|California}} [[California]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Delaware}} [[Delaware]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|District of Columbia}} [[District of Columbia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Florida}} [[Florida]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Georgia}} [[Georgia]]
+|❌ Illegal - Up to 4 years in prison
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Idaho}} [[Idaho]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Iowa}} [[Iowa]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Kansas}} [[Kansas]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Lousiana}} [[Lousiana]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Maine}} [[Maine]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Missouri}} [[Missouri]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Montana}} [[Montana]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|New Hampshire}} [[New Hampshire]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|New York}} [[New York]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Rhode Island}} [[Rhode Island]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Utah}} [[Utah]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Vermont}} [[Vermont]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Washington}} [[Washington]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Winsconsin}} [[Winsconsin]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-Often there are traditions or unwritten cultural beliefs, such as tribal law or custom, which although not codified as legislation, carry an equal weight to any other law. These are sometimes called [[customary law]], and are one of the main four legal systems in the world.
+==== Central America ====
-;4) Social taboos
+In the early [[2000s (decade)|2000s]], sex with animals was legal in all Central American countries except Belize. From 2011 to 2017, all Central American countries banned it.
-Finally, whether or not legal, there are often social mores which frown strongly upon it. For example, even in Sweden,  where zoophilia has been legal since 1944, Beetz comments<ref>Ullerstam, 1966, p.119, cited by Beetz, 2002, ''Love Sex and Violence with Animals'', section 5.2.13</ref> on the findings of Ullerstam:
-:"It has to be noted in this context, that not having laws against a behavior and acceptance of it by society are two completely different matters... no acceptance of the persons engaging in this kind of sexual activity was adopted by the population. [...] Furthermore, Ullerstam referred to alleged evidence that showed, that many remarkable men had sexual experiences with animals and had to live a life in constant fear because of that. Those man had been widely respected, but would have lost everything if their activities would have become known; all their great contributions would have been forgotten due to a 'primitive moral reaction'."
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Belize}} [[Belize]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA">{{cite web|title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition|url=http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]]|accessdate=19 May 2016|date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808172344/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|France}} [[Clipperton Island]]<br /><small>([[French overseas departments and territories|Overseas minor territory]] of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]]
+||❌ Illegal since 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/zona-viva-costa-rica/proyecto-de-ley-18298-contra-el-maltrato-animal-texto-sustitutivo/779282238883413|title=Proyecto de ley #18298 Contra el Maltrato Animal (Texto Sustitutivo) {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elpais.cr/2016/03/09/diputados-aclaran-alcances-y-limites-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bienestar-animal/|title=Diputados aclaran alcances y límites de la nueva Ley de Bienestar Animal|last=Pérez|first=Carlos Arrieta|website=Diario Digital Nuestro País|language=es|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311105531/http://www.elpais.cr/2016/03/09/diputados-aclaran-alcances-y-limites-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bienestar-animal/|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arena.org.sv/imagenes/LEY_PROTECCION_Y_PROMOCION_BIENESTAR_ANIMAL.pdf|title=DECRETO N.°LA ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA DE LA REPÚBLICA DE EL SALVADOR,CONSIDERANDO|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175050/http://arena.org.sv/imagenes/LEY_PROTECCION_Y_PROMOCION_BIENESTAR_ANIMAL.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2017|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hsi.org/world/latin_america/news/releases/2016/04/el-salvador-animal-welfare-legislation-040716.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424181327/http://www.hsi.org/world/latin_america/news/releases/2016/04/el-salvador-animal-welfare-legislation-040716.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2017<ref name="Guatemala">{{Cite web|url=https://gt.transdoc.com/articulos/archivos-leyes/Ley-de-Proteccin-y-Bienestar-Animal/62680|title=Transdoc :: Ley de Protección y Bienestar Animal :: transdoc.com|website=Transdoc|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174351/https://gt.transdoc.com/articulos/archivos-leyes/Ley-de-Proteccin-y-Bienestar-Animal/62680|archive-date=24 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guatemala2">{{Cite web|url=https://gt.transdoc.com/assets/images/users/yc/LEY%20PROTECCION%20ANIMAL/DECRETO5-2017-16.jpg|title=Artículo 61. Infracciones Muy Graves. Son ifracciones muy graves|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425023929/https://gt.transdoc.com/assets/images/users/yc/LEY%20PROTECCION%20ANIMAL/DECRETO5-2017-16.jpg|archive-date=25 April 2017|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal since 2017<ref name="Guatemala"/><ref name="Guatemala2"/>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduras]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809015152/http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/Ley%20de%20Proteccion%20y%20Bienestar%20Animal.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Seizure of animals, and 10 minimum salaries to 25 minimum salaries
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaragua]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b|title=LEY PARA LA PROTECCIÓN Y EL BIENESTAR DE LOS ANIMALES DOMÉSTICOS Y ANIMALES SILVESTRES DOMESTICADOS|website=legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413135631/http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/b92aaea87dac762406257265005d21f7/cf820e2a63b1b690062578b00074ec1b|archive-date=13 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2012<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aaanpanama.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/LEY-70.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516230354/http://aaanpanama.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/LEY-70.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|}
-For these reasons, this article only asserts legality where it is both confirmed and openly acknowledged custom and law that zoosexuality is legal, and where in fact it is openly confirmed, acknowledged or able to be practiced.
+==== Caribbean ====
-==Overview of legislation==
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
-Laws in the West are in flux at the moment. Some countries such as the UK have recently (2002) relaxed their laws, whilst others (several US states) have recently introduced new ones where none previously existed.
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Anguilla}} [[Anguilla]] <br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}} [[Antigua and Barbuda]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Aruba]]<br /><small>(Constituent country of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Bahamas]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Barbados]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Virgin Islands]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Caribbean Netherlands}} [[Caribbean Netherlands]]<br /><small>([[Bonaire]], [[Sint Eustatius]], [[Saba]]; Special municipalities of the [[Netherlands]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cayman Islands}} [[Cayman Islands]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuba]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Curaçao}} [[Curaçao]]<br /><small>(Constituent country of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Dominica}} [[Dominica]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Grenada}} [[Grenada]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guadeloupe}} [[Guadeloupe]]<br /><small>(Overseas department of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]]<br /><small>(Extraterritorial jurisdiction of the [[United States]])</small>
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal for civilians
+----
+❌ Illegal for armed service members since 16 September 2016
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of dishonorable discharge, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for 5 years.<ref name="Executive Order 13740">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/135/Docs/JAM/Executive%20Order/EO%2013740%20-%20Federal%20Register%20Notice.pdf|title=Executive Order 13740|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205222202/http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/135/Docs/JAM/Executive%20Order/EO%2013740%20-%20Federal%20Register%20Notice.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="US military">{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/925|title=10 U.S. Code § 925 - Art. 125. Kidnapping|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103034229/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/925|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="military">{{cite web|url=http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/AW/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004163647/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/AW/index.html |archivedate=4 October 2008 |title=The Articles of War |date= |accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Jamaica]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years' imprisonment and hard labor<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Martinique}} [[Martinique]]<br /><small>(Overseas department of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Montserrat}} [[Montserrat]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]]<br /><small>([[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]] of the [[United States]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 6 months in prison and a $25,000 fine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/penal%20code.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016033001/http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/penal%20code.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Article 145.- Bestiality.|archivedate=16 October 2012|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mpaa.org/templates/map.swf |title=Puerto Rico |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813160617/http://www.mpaa.org/templates/map.swf |archive-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|[[File:Flag of Saint Barthelemy (local).svg|25px]] [[Saint Barthélemy]]<br /><small>(Overseas collectivity of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of four years' imprisonment, with or without hard labor for buggery<br/>
+Maximum of four years' imprisonment for attempted buggery<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Saint Lucia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|[[File:Flag_of_France.svg|25px]] [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] <br /> <small>(Overseas collectivity of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sint Maarten}} [[Sint Maarten]]<br /><small>(Constituent country of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]<br /><small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} [[United States Virgin Islands]]<br /><small>(Insular area of the [[United States]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of five years' imprisonment<ref name="lexisnexis.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/vicode/|title=LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Virgin Islands Code Unannotated Research Tool|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126170715/http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/vicode/|archive-date=26 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="lexisnexis.com" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="lexisnexis.com" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|-
+|}
-A key factor seems to be the motive behind the change: in the UK the motive was a complete review of all sex offences, which concluded that a [[life sentence]] was inappropriately harsh. By contrast in [[Arizona]] USA, the motive for legislation was a "spate of recent cases" [http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/122006], and the Arizona legislator is quoted in that source as stating:
+==== South America ====
-:"Arizona appears to be in the minority of states that does not make sex with animals a crime. That doesn't necessarily mean we're wrong. But why shouldn't we be in line with everybody else if the rest of the nation thinks it's a problem?"
-===Common reasons given for laws ===
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]]
+||❌ Illegal since 1 July 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 1 year's imprisonment and a fine of 60 days, or lose work benefits of 6 months<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/ley-no-700-del-01-de-junio-de-2015/|title=LEY No 700 del 01 de Junio de 2015 » Derechoteca|website=www.derechoteca.com|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529120642/https://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/ley-no-700-del-01-de-junio-de-2015/|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/ccj-da-camara-proibe-animais-em-filmes-porno/|title=CCJ da Câmara proíbe animais em filmes pornô|date=9 June 2015|website=Congresso em Foco|language=pt-BR|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529120648/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/ccj-da-camara-proibe-animais-em-filmes-porno/|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="auto"/>
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Chile">{{Cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=lalrev|title=Criminal Codification and General Principles of Criminal Law in Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and the United States: A Comparative Study|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910081915/http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=lalrev|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It can be prosecuted under Law 21020 if the animal is hurt<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leychile.cl/Consulta/m/norma_plana?org=&idNorma=1106037|title=Ley Chile Móvil|website=www.leychile.cl|access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 63 months' imprisonment or a minimum of 21 months' imprisonment, special inability of 1.75 to 5.25 years for the exercise of profession, trade, trade or tenure related to animals, and a maximum fine of 105 minimum wages or a minimum of 8.75 minimum wages<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defensacali.org/nueva-ley-de-proteccion-animal-en-colombia/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175223/http://www.defensacali.org/nueva-ley-de-proteccion-animal-en-colombia/ |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elheraldo.co/politica/el-abc-de-la-ley-contra-el-maltrato-los-animales-en-colombia-232332|title=El ABC de la ley contra el maltrato a los animales en Colombia|website=www.elheraldo.co|language=es|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 8 years in prison<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=195753|title=Ecuador|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112641/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=195753|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Falkland Islands}} [[Falkland Islands]] <br /> <small>([[British overseas territory|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|French Guiana}} [[French Guiana]] <br /> <small>(Overseas department of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Guyana]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-In cultures with a strong background in [[Abrahamic religion]]s ([[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]), personal or cultural beliefs about [[God]]'s [[bible|Biblical]] laws or [[religion and sexuality|God's plans for human sexuality]] are a strong influencing factor.
+=== Asia ===
-Against this, in some countries (notably the [[United States]]), courts have ruled that views on morality are not sufficient justification for law (''[[Lawrence vs. Texas]]'') but in other cases (''[[Muth v. Frank]]'') have ruled adversely to a broader reading of that case.
+==== Central Asia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Tajikistan}} [[Tajikistan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Turkmenistan}} [[Turkmenistan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-A second major reason is the strong desire of society to outlaw and punish [[animal cruelty]] and [[animal abuse]]. Cultural and personal assumption, lack of informed knowledge, and cases of [[zoosadism]] have left society as a whole wary or hostile towards any belief that animals may engage in sex with humans on a mutual or non-abusive basis. (The article on [[zoosexuality]] considers research in this area in more depth). A factor in this is that prior research, often performed only on known incarcerated violent abuser populations and [[Zoophilia#Mis-citation_of_research|mis-cited]] by parties with vested interests, and described by professor emeritus [[Vern Bullough]] as "more often [[pseudoscience]]"{{citeneeded}} and author [[argument from ignorance|assumption]], was used for many decades as proof that zoosexual activity should be classified as a rare but profound sexual pathology.
+==== Eurasia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] <br /> <small>(Overseas territory of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+| ❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years' imprisonment<ref>{{cite web |title=Criminal Code of the SBA |url=https://sbaadministration.org/home/legislation/01_02_09_04_INCON/C/20190124_AGLA_CriminalCode_Cap154_CONSOL.pdf |website=sbaadministration.org |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]
+| ❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years' imprisonment<ref>{{cite web |title=Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος - ΚΕΦ.154 |url=http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/full.html |website=www.cylaw.org |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Georgia (country)}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
+| ❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of one year's imprisonment, maximum of five years' imprisonment<ref>{{cite web |title=Bestiality and Necrophilia {{!}} Georgia Criminal Lawyer |url=https://www.georgiacriminallawyer.com/bestiality-and-necrophilia |website=www.georgiacriminallawyer.com |accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}} [[Northern Cyprus]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|}
-Studies suggest that [[zoosadism]], or wanton abuse, [[torture]], violent [[rape]] or cruelty to animals, for example pet abuse or animal crushing, is a potentially strong indicator for abuse towards humans. Despite invesigation, a similar link has not been shown with sexual activity in general or zoophiles generally.
+==== Western Asia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' The first three convictions are determined by a judge and the fourth offense is capital punishment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngo/NGO_submission_ELEI_Add.1.pdf|title=e. Vaty-e heyvanat va Mayet-e-insan (bestiality and necrophilia), four offenses|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212706/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngo/NGO_submission_ELEI_Add.1.pdf|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Israel}} [[Israel]]
+|❌ No specific laws against bestiality<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236177679|title=Love Has (NO) Boundaries: Researching a Sexual Taboo|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722194416/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236177679_Love_Has_NO_Boundaries_Researching_a_Sexual_Taboo|archive-date=22 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>, but prosecuted as animal abuse<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Israeli-man-45-arrested-for-acts-of-bestiality-with-dog-403210|title=Israeli man, 45, arrested for acts of bestiality with dog - Israel News - Jerusalem Post|website=www.jpost.com|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517141903/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Israeli-man-45-arrested-for-acts-of-bestiality-with-dog-403210|archive-date=17 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon]]
+||❌ Illegal since 1 March 1943
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of one year's imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://equaldex.com/region/lebanon|title=LGBT Rights in Lebanon {{!}} Equaldex|date=16 May 2016|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516064414/http://equaldex.com/region/lebanon|archive-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Oman}} [[Oman]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Palestine}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Qatar}} [[Qatar]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of capital punishment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of capital punishment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Syria}} [[Syria]]
+||❌ Illegal since 22 June 1949
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of three years' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.equaldex.com/region/syria|title=LGBT Rights in Syria {{!}} Equaldex|date=10 May 2016|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510145955/http://www.equaldex.com/region/syria|archive-date=10 May 2016}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of capital punishment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Yemen}} [[Yemen]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|}
-A major social factor in the proposed introduction of laws, is the coming to light of specific cases to public attention; this was the case in [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Missouri]] and [[Arizona]] USA, and also behind recent attempts in [[2004]] to change the law in [[Netherlands|Holland]].<ref name="Reasons">Washington on the back of the [[Kenneth Pinyan]] case, Missouri following the [[Jerry Springer Show]] episode 'I married a Horse', Arizona following "A spate of incidents" [http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/0525bestiality0525.html], and Holland following a case in [[Utrecht]]: "MPs were outraged at the start of March when a man caught raping a pony in Utrecht could not be punished because he had not broken any law... Veerman will now investigate the possibility of adding sex with animals to the list of acts classified as animal cruelty, news agency ANP reported." [http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=19&story_id=6363]</ref> In such cases it often does not seem to matter whether there was abuse or not,<ref>Eg Washington where the police looked for abuse but failed to find any evidence: Pinyan was the passive partner in an act of sexual penetration by a stallion videotaped by a friend. This was the only incident of its kind in the state's history, and it could be said the human, who died from internal injuries, was the victim of his own act. Police concluded despite examination of many video tapes that there was no evidence of animal abuse and that the only crime was the relatively minor one of [[trespass]]. None the less, almost instantly, legislation was proposed in a form of moral panic, covering every aspect conceivable: the act, the videotaping of the act, the knowing granting of permission for the act, the observing of the act. [http://washingtonvotes.org/2006-SB-6417 SB-6417 2006]. Nor was a prosecution for cruelty ultimately found viable or brought, in the televised Missouri case highlighted on 'Jerry Springer'.</ref> or how rare or commonly such matters arise. Rather it seems to be a case of [[moral panic]], or "[[NIMBY|not in my back yard]]."
+==== Southern Asia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Afghanistan}} [[Afghanistan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
+||❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of [[Company rule in India]])
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment (Unenforced)<ref name="ILGA" /><ref name="IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of one year imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|India}} [[India]]
+||❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of [[Company rule in India]])
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" /><ref name="IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA">{{Cite web|url=http://fliphtml5.com/bmdu/iitf/basic/51-98|title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Pages 51 - 98 - Text Version {{!}} FlipHTML5|website=fliphtml5.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Maldives}} [[Maldives]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of thirty months' imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/4203-maldives-penal-code-2014|title=Maldives code|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026190552/https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/4203-maldives-penal-code-2014|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
+||❌ Illegal since 25 July 1828 (As part of [[Company rule in India]])
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" /><ref name="IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years' imprisonment (Unenforced)<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-Overall much of the concern can be summarized as coming from lack of knowledge, combined with [[wisdom of repugnance|repugnance]] at the concept of human-animal sexuality, presented in a societal context of religious or social abhorrance, and a desire to reduce abuse.
+==== Eastern Asia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|China}} [[China]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong]] <br /> <small>([[Special administrative region]] of [[Homosexuality in China|China]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 10 years in prison and $50,000 fine<ref name="HongKong">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/da97f6a8ed400207482564820006b580/1659b5492cc3f751c8256483003225bd?OpenDocument|title=Cap 200 s 118L Bestiality (CRIMES ORDINANCE)|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115314/http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/da97f6a8ed400207482564820006b580/1659b5492cc3f751c8256483003225bd?OpenDocument|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Macau}} [[Macau]] <br /> <small>([[Special administrative region]] of [[Homosexuality in China|China]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of one year in prison or fines which can total up to [[South Korean won|₩]] 20&nbsp;million
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-==Laws against zoosexuality==
+==== Southeast Asia ====
-Zoosexuality is permitted in a few countries, such as [[Sweden]] and the [[Netherlands]]. In other countries, such as [[Germany]] and [[Russia]], zoosexuality is legal, but zoosexual [[pornography]] is illegal.
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Brunei}} [[Brunei]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of capital punishment<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kanunsyariah.gov.bn/en/images/downloads/slides/presentation_e.pdf |title=Syariah Penal Code Order, 2013 |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085547/http://www.kanunsyariah.gov.bn/en/images/downloads/slides/presentation_e.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Burma}} [[Myanmar]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life imprisonment<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|East Timor}} [[East Timor]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Laos}} [[Laos]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of twenty years' imprisonment and shall also be liable to whipping<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Singapore}} [[Singapore]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of two years in prison and fine (Unenforced)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;query=Status%3Acurinforce%20Type%3Aact,sl%20Content%3A%22Sexual%22%20Content%3A%22penetration%22%20Content%3A%22with%22%20Content%3A%22living%22%20Content%3A%22animal%22;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bquery%3DStatus%253Acurinforce%2520Type%253Aact,sl%2520Content%253A%2522Sexual%2522%2520Content%253A%2522penetration%2522%2520Content%253A%2522with%2522%2520Content%253A%2522living%2522%2520Content%253A%2522animal%2522|title=Singapore Statutes Online - 224 - Penal Code|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116011925/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;query=Status%3Acurinforce%20Type%3Aact,sl%20Content%3A%22Sexual%22%20Content%3A%22penetration%22%20Content%3A%22with%22%20Content%3A%22living%22%20Content%3A%22animal%22;rec=0;resUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fstatutes.agc.gov.sg%2Faol%2Fsearch%2Fsummary%2Fresults.w3p%3Bquery%3DStatus%253Acurinforce%2520Type%253Aact,sl%2520Content%253A%2522Sexual%2522%2520Content%253A%2522penetration%2522%2520Content%253A%2522with%2522%2520Content%253A%2522living%2522%2520Content%253A%2522animal%2522|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]
+||❌ Illegal since 2014
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of one year in prison and a fine of up to Bt20,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thailawforum.com/blog/what-are-the-laws-in-thailand-regarding-sex-with-animals|title=What Are The Laws in Thailand Regarding Sex With Animals?|website=www.thailawforum.com|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200721/http://www.thailawforum.com/blog/what-are-the-laws-in-thailand-regarding-sex-with-animals|archive-date=28 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-Elsewhere in the developed world, it is a prudent assumption that it is illegal or at the least against social custom.
+===== Republic of Indonesia =====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flag icon|Aceh}} [[Aceh]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of being whipped one hundred times<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=id&u=http://www1-media.acehprov.go.id/uploads/Qanun_Aceh_Nomor_6_Tahun_2014_tentang_Hukum_Jinayat.pdf&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bali}} [[Bali]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bangka Belitung Islands}} [[Bangka Belitung Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Banten}} [[Banten]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Bengkulu}} [[Bengkulu]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Central Java}} [[Central Java]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Central Kalimantan}} [[Central Kalimantan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Central Sulawesi}} [[Central Sulawesi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|East Java}} [[East Java]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|East Kalimantan}} [[East Kalimantan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|East Nusa Tenggara}} [[East Nusa Tenggara]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Gorontalo}} [[Gorontalo]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Jakarta}} [[Jakarta Special Capital Region|Jakarta]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Jambi}} [[Jambi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Lampung}} [[Lampung]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Maluku}} [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Kalimantan}} [[North Kalimantan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Maluku}} [[North Maluku]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Sulawesi}} [[North Sulawesi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|North Sumatra}} [[North Sumatra]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Papua}} [[Papua (province)|Papua]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Riau}} [[Riau]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Riau Islands}} [[Riau Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Southeast Sulawesi}} [[Southeast Sulawesi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Kalimantan}} [[South Kalimantan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Sulawesi}} [[South Sulawesi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|South Sumatra}} [[South Sumatra]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Java}} [[West Java]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Kalimantan}} [[West Kalimantan]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Nusa Tenggara}} [[West Nusa Tenggara]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Papua}} [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Sulawesi}} [[West Sulawesi]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|West Sumatra}} [[West Sumatra]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{Flag icon|Special Region of Yogyakarta}} [[Special Region of Yogyakarta|Yogyakarta]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-There are also commonly laws against forcing another person to engage in zoosexual activity, especially minors (usually considered equivalent to [[rape]]), and laws related to exposing others (either non-consensually or minors) to the sight of a sexual act. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoosexual conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted.
+=== Europe ===
+==== Central Europe ====
-Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of [[vet]]erinary practice, or [[animal husbandry]] (breeding), is normally exempted where such laws exist.
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality|title=Denmark passes law to ban bestiality|date=22 April 2015|website=BBC Newsbeat|language=en-GB|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806000746/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32411241/denmark-passes-law-to-ban-bestiality|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of a year's imprisonment and a fine of 360 days' rates<ref name="[[Sexuality]] with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of a 1 year's imprisonment, prohibition to undertake an activity, or to confiscation of a thing or another property value<ref name="Sec. 191 - Dissemination of pornography">{{Cite web|url=http://text.en.nkp.cz/services/penal-code|title=The Penal Code — National Library of the Czech Republic|website=text.en.nkp.cz|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101601/http://text.en.nkp.cz/services/penal-code|archive-date=7 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref>Zákon č.&nbsp;40/2009&nbsp;Sb., Trestní zákoník</ref>
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2013 13th provision.<ref>https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/__3.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129114917/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/tierschg/__3.html |date=29 January 2019}} 13th</ref> The law was unsuccessfully challenged in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/bvg16-011.html|title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Erfolglose Verfassungsbeschwerde gegen den Ordnungswidrigkeitentatbestand der sexuellen Handlung mit Tieren|website=www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211855/https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2016/bvg16-011.html|archive-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/5f6ffb7e5cd2472f9bc5b5e1f6cf8e37|title=Top German court rejects challenge to law against bestiality|website=AP NEWS|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129222233/https://apnews.com/5f6ffb7e5cd2472f9bc5b5e1f6cf8e37|archive-date=29 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/4230863/germany-sex-animals/|title=German Court Rules Sex With Animals Still Illegal|website=Time|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229005235/http://time.com/4230863/germany-sex-animals/|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35611906|title=Bid to end German animal-sex ban fails|date=19 February 2016|accessdate=26 February 2020|via=www.bbc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131051614/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35611906|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20160218/top-court-throws-out-bid-to-legalize-bestiality |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129211847/https://www.thelocal.de/20160218/top-court-throws-out-bid-to-legalize-bestiality |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of a €25,000 fine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dejure.org/gesetze/TierSchG/3.html |title=Zweiter Abschnitt - Tierhaltung (§§ 2 - 3) |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113641/https://dejure.org/gesetze/TierSchG/3.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of a fine or 3 years' imprisonment<ref name="[[Sodomy]] constitutional judges confirm banning sex with animals">{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/bundesverfassungsgericht-bestaetigt-verbot-von-sex-mit-tieren-a-1078075.html&prev=search|title=Sodomy constitutional judges confirm banning sex with animals|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="dejure.org">{{cite web|url=http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184a.html|title=184a StGB Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften - dejure.org|work=dejure.org|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117104444/http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184a.html|archive-date=17 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal (as long as it is not owned with intention of publicizing, sharing or selling)<ref name="Sodomy constitutional judges confirm banning sex with animals" /><ref name="dejure.org"/>
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV|title=2012. évi C. törvény a Büntető Törvénykönyvről|accessdate=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523064225/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV|archive-date=23 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 3 years in prison, donation to animal welfare charity and prohibition of owning an animal for up to 10 years (if done in order to distribute or sell the penalty is increased to a minimum of 6 months and maximum of 8 years in prison)<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20112301373 |title=Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych |publisher=Isap.sejm.gov.pl |date= |accessdate=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224327/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20112301373 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum 5 years' to a minimum of 3 months' imprisonment<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Poland_Penal_Code1.pdf|title=Polish Penal Code|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330191529/https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Poland_Penal_Code1.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal (if not possessed with intent to sell or distribute)
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+|❓ Unknown; Law only mentions a ban on "sites with […] zoophilic content", which are to be blocked by ISPs at the request of the National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications<ref name="Romanianporn">{{cite web |url=http://www.legi-internet.ro/legislatie-itc/pornografie/legea-1962003-privind-combaterea-pornografiei-republicata.html |title=Legea nr. 196 din 13 mai 2003 privind prevenirea si combaterea pornografiei |accessdate=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414073254/http://www.legi-internet.ro/legislatie-itc/pornografie/legea-1962003-privind-combaterea-pornografiei-republicata.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+||[[File:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Romanianporn" />
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Imprisonment (In the case of repeated or serious infringements, authorities may prohibit the keeping or breeding of animals for trade or professional occupation)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/455_1/a16.html|title=SR 455.1 Tierschutzverordnung vom 23. April 2008 (TSchV)|author=Bundeskanzlei - A|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225193852/http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/455_1/a16.html|archive-date=25 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal<ref>See [[Official publications of Switzerland|FJ]] 2000 p. 2981.</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' A fine or a Maximum of 3 years imprisonment
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' A fine or a Maximum of 1 year imprisonment
+|}
-===National laws===
+==== Eastern Europe ====
-{| class="wikitable"
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
 |-
-! !! Legality
+|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}} [[Abkhazia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Australia]]
+|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]
-| Laws are determined at the state level. Illegal in much of the country, other than [[Australian Capital Territory]] and [[Jervis Bay Territory]] which do not explicitly outlaw it.<ref name="au_state_laws">Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662:
+|❓ Unknown
-* Criminal offence: [[New South Wales]] (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years imprisonment), [[Northern Territory]] (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years imprisonment), [[Queensland]] (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 5 years imprisonment), [[South Australia]] (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years imprisonment), [[Tasmania]] (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years imprisonment), [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years imprisonment), [[Western Australia]] (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment).
+|❓ Unknown
-* Other: [[Australian Capital Territory]] and [[Jervis Bay Territory]] have "no equivalent provisions".</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Belgium]]
+|{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]
-| Legal. However the spreading of zoosexual pornography is not according to a court ruling in 2006 against a man who frequently had sex with dogs in a shelter he had worked for. He was acquitted from the charge of animal abuse and was only found guilty of violating public decency by spreading zoosexual pornographic material he had made at the shelter, which he did mainly via his website under the nickname ''Freki''. The Belgian animal rights organisation ''Gaia'', which filed the complaint, has appealed against the court ruling however and calls for the law to be changed to criminalize zoosexual acts.
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Canada]]
+|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]
-| Illegal (section 160 forbidding "bestiality". The term is not defined, so it is not quite clear what it might cover)
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/belarus|quote=There is no evidence of policy or legislation in the country preventing animal suffering by deliberate acts or negligence|title=Belarus. World Animal Protection}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Germany]]
+|{{flagicon|Georgia (country)}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
-| Legal. Sex with animals is not specifically outlawed (but trading pornography showing it is, cf. [http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184a.html §184a StGB]). In [[West Germany]], the law making it a crime ([[Paragraph 175|§175b]] StGB, which also outlawed homosexual acts) was removed in 1969. [[East Germany]] before [[German reunification|reunification]] had no law against zoosexual activity; zoosexual pornography, however, was very restricted. Certain barriers are set by the Animal Protection Law (''Tierschutzgesetz'').
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Netherlands]]
+|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]
-| Legal. A [[2004]] call for this to be changed was not passed into law.
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[New Zealand]]
+|{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]]
-| Illegal, under a variety of sections contained in the Crimes Act 1961. Section 143, makes "bestiality" an offence, but as in Canada, the meaning of bestiality is derived from case law. There are also associated offences of indecency with an animal (section 144) and compelling an indecent act with an animal (section 142A). It is interesting to note that in the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolition of bestiality as a criminal offence, and for it to be treated as a [[mental health]] issue. In ''Police v Sheary'' (1991) 7 CRNZ 107 (HC) Fisher J considered that "[t]he community is generally now more tolerant and understanding of unusual sexual practices that do not harm others."
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[Sweden]]
+|{{flagicon|Artsakh}} [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]]
-| Legal. A 2005 report by the [[Swedish Animal Welfare Agency]] for the Swedish government expressed strong concerns over the increase in reports of [[horse-ripping]] incidents, although noting that "the rise in documented cases did not necessarily mean that there was a de facto increase", and distinguished zoosexual activity from incidents involving physical injury (zoosadism). The Animal Welfare Agency gave as its opinion that current animal cruelty legislation needed updating as it was not sufficiently protecting animals from abuse, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban. [http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=1357]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-| [[United Kingdom]]
+|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]
-| Illegal. However the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/30042--b.htm#69 section 69] reduced the sentence to a maximum of 2 years imprisonment for human penile penetration of or by an animal.
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal, unless animal is hurt (no explicit law)<ref name="245ukrf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zakonrf.info/uk/245/|title=Статья 245 УК РФ. Жестокое обращение с животными|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212130932/https://www.zakonrf.info/uk/245/|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=live}} There's no wording on bestiality, the law prohibits hurting or inflicting suffering on animals.</ref>
+|❌ Illegal{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum 1 year of imprisonment. Maximum 2 years.
+Or a fine.
+<br />
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
 |-
-| [[United States]]
+|{{flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[South Ossetia]]
-| As with Australia, laws are determined at the state level. Many [[U.S. state]]s<ref name="us_state_laws">US State Laws where known:
+|❓ Unknown
-* [[Misdemeanor]]: [[Arkansas]] (Ark. Stat. Ann. @5-14-122 (2005): "Bestiality" - Class A Misdemeanor),  [[California]] (Penal Code Section 286.5 "Crime Against Nature" - misdemeanor), [[Connecticut]] (CT Penal Code 952.53a-73a "Sexual assault in the fourth degree" - Class A Misdemeanor), [[Iowa]] (2005 Merged Code 717C.1 "Bestiality" Aggravated Misdemeanor - up to 2yrs and $500-$5000 fine), [[Kansas]] (K.S.A. @21-3505 "Criminal Sodomy" Class B Nonperson Misdemeanor), [[Minnesota]] (Minn. Stat. @609.294, (1993): Either fine of not more than $3,000 or sentence of not more than 1 year), [[Missouri]] (Mo Rev. Stat. @566-111 "Unlawful Sex with an Animal" - Class A Misdemeanor (1st offense) thereafter Class D Felony), [[Nebraska]] (Neb. Statutes @28-1010 "Indecency with an animal" - Class III misdemeanor), [[New York (state)|New York]] (NY CLS Penal @130.20 (1994): Class A misdemeanor), [[North Dakota]] (N.D. Cent. Code @12.1-20-12  "Deviate Sexual Act" is a Class A Misdemeanor), [[Oregon]] (Oregon Laws 2003 @167.333 "Sexual Assault of Animal" a class A misdemeanor), [[Utah]] (Bestiality 76-9-301.8: Class B Misdemeanor), [[Wisconsin]] (Wis. State. @944.17(2)(c) and (d)(1993) "Sexual Gratification" a class A misdemeanor).
+|❓ Unknown
-* [[Felony]]: [[Arizona]] (Sec.2 Title 13 Ch.14, 13-1411, "bestiality" defined as "sexual contact or oral sexual contact", class 6 felony unless minor involved in which case class 3 felony), [[Delaware]] (11 Del. C. @777 (1993): Class D Criminal felony), [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (O.C.G.A. @16-6-6 (1994): 1-5 yr. jail sentence), [[Idaho]] (Idaho Code @18-6605 (1994): "length of imprisonment in excess of 5 years is in discretion of court."), [[Illinois]] (720 ILCS 5/12-35 (2003): Sexual Conduct (or Contact) with an Animal - Class D Felony), [[Louisiana]] (RS 14:89 (2003) "Crime Against Nature" up to $2,000 fine and/or 5yrs with or without hard labor), [[Maine]] (17-A M.R.S. @ 251 (1994): Class C Crime; 3-5 yrs), [[Maryland]] (Unnatural/Perverted Sexual Acts Article 27, Section 553: Up to $1,000 fine, max of 10 years prison), [[Massachusetts]] (Mass. Ann. Laws ch. 272 @34 (1994) "Crime against Nature" prison term of not more than 20 years), [[Michigan (MCL @750.185 (1992): Jail sentence not more than 15 years), [[Mississippi]] (Miss. Code. Ann, @97-29-59: Sentence of not more than 10 years), [[Montana]] (Mont. Code. Ann, @45-5-505 (1994): 10 year sentence and/or $50,000 fine), [[North Carolina]] (N.C. Gen. Stat. @14-177 (1994): Class I felony. 3-10 yrs), [[Oklahoma]] (Okl. St. @21-886 (1994): "imprisonment not to exceed 10 years"), [[Rhode Island]] (R.I. Gen. Laws @11-10-1 (1993): 7-20 years), [[South Carolina]] (S.C. Code Ann. @16-15-120 (1993): 5 yrs jail and/or fine of at least $500), [[South Dakota]] (SD Codified Laws 22-22-42 (1995): "Bestiality" - Class 6 Felony 1st offense, Class 5 subsequent offenses), [[Virginia]] (Va. Code. Ann. @18.2-361 (1994): Class 6 Felony), [[Washington D.C.]] (DC Code @22-3502 (1994) ("Sexual Psychopath" chapter): Fine not more than $1000 and/or sentence of not more than 10 yrs), [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (SB-6417, sexual contact defined as "animal cruelty", also likewise an offence to permit, abet, observe or record. Felony class C seriousness level III, seizure of animals).
+|❓ Unknown
-* Other legislation in progress [[as of 2006]]: [[New Jersey]].
+|-
-* Believed illegal or 'other': [[Pennsylvania]] (18 Pa. C. S. @3101, 3123 and 3124 (1994)), [[Tennessee]] (Tenn. Code. Ann. @39-13-511 (1994) specifically mentioned under Public Indecency if done in a public place)</ref> explicitly outlaw sex with animals (sometimes under the term of "[[sodomy]]" or "unnatural [[crime against nature]]"). Others do not.
+|{{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]]<ref>{{Transnistria-note}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-Many U.S. state laws against "sodomy" (generally in the context of male homosexuality) were repealed or struck down by the courts in [[Lawrence v. Texas]], which ruled that perceived moral disapproval on its own was an insufficient justification for banning a private act.<ref>Sodomy laws in the U.S. [[Uniform Code of Military Justice]] however still stand, with the criteria being "penetration, however slight".</ref>  On the other hand, the 2004 conviction of a man in Florida ({{Derefer|1=http://pet-abuse.com/cases/2206/FL/US/1 State vs. Mitchell}}) demonstrated that even in states with no specific laws against zoosexual acts, animal cruelty statutes would instead be applied, and [[Muth v. Frank]] showed that some courts might be "desperate to avoid the plain consequences" of Lawrence and may make "narrow and strained" efforts to avoid seeing it as relevant to other consensual private acts beyond the realm of homosexuality.<ref name="MuthvFrank">From main article ''[[Muth v. Frank]]'' - "The grounds for dismissal, that Lawrence had dealt specifically with homosexual sodomy and not other consensual private sexual activity between adults, were considered "narrow and strained" by at least one newspaper, the ''Boston Globe'' [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/08/28/hypocrisy_on_adult_consent/]. As legal scholar Matthew Franck observed, the writer of the opinion, Judge Daniel Manion, must have been "desperate to avoid the plain consequences of the [Supreme] Court's recent precedents on sexual liberty". "</ref>
+==== Northern Europe ====
-Finally, the 1999 [[Philip Buble]] case showed that when a self-confessed zoophile is assaulted and the assault is motivated by his zoophilia (ie [[hate crime]]), a jury can convict the assailant and a judge give a stern sentence, despite the controversial nature of the cause.
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
+||❌ Illegal since 1 July 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Fine or a maximum of 4 months in prison<ref>{{Cite web|title = Flertal for lovændring: Nu bliver sex med dyr ulovligt|url = http://politik.tv2.dk/2015-04-21-flertal-for-lovaendring-nu-bliver-sex-med-dyr-ulovligt|accessdate = 21 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426013531/http://politik.tv2.dk/2015-04-21-flertal-for-lovaendring-nu-bliver-sex-med-dyr-ulovligt|archive-date = 26 April 2015|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Lov om ændring af dyreværnsloven og lov om dyrlæger (Forbud mod seksuel omgang eller seksuelle handlinger med dyr, forbud mod salg af hunde på markeder, avl af familie- og hobbydyr, ændret rådsstruktur m.v.)|url = https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=169821|accessdate = 7 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161009191214/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=169821|archive-date = 9 October 2016|url-status = live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Faroe Islands}} [[Faroe Islands]] <br /> <small>(Constituent country of the [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal since 15 January 1971<ref name="Criminally Queer" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm#a6 |title=Järjettömäin luondocappalden canssa |first=Pekka |last=Kilpinen |work=[[University of Helsinki]] |year=2001 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |language=fi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320104934/http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm |archivedate=20 March 2007 |df=}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
+|[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal since 12 August 1940<br />(As part of [[Kingdom of Iceland|Denmark]])<ref name="Criminally Queer">{{cite book |last=Rydström |first=Jens |date=31 May 2007 |title=Criminally Queer: Homosexuality and Criminal Law in Scandinavia 1842-1999}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
+|❌ Illegal since 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |title=New Animal Welfare Act |work=regjeringen.no |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204638/http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Fine and/or maximum of 3 years in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/|title=Animal Welfare Act: Section 37 - Punishment|last=|first=|date=10 July 2009|website=Government.no|publisher=|language=en-GB|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044903/https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
+||❌ Illegal since 2014
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Fine, maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, or both<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/sweden-joins-an-increasing-number-of-european-countries-that-ban-bestiality-2013-06|title=Sweden Joins An Increasing Number Of European Countries That Ban Bestiality|work=WebProNews|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132134/http://www.webpronews.com/sweden-joins-an-increasing-number-of-european-countries-that-ban-bestiality-2013-06|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+||❓
+||❓
 |-
 |}
-===Pornography laws===
+==== Southern Europe ====
-:''Main articles with legal sections: [[Obscenity]], [[Pornography]], [[Legal status of internet pornography]]''
-Animal pornography is governed in the United States by the same [[Miller test]] and [[obscenity law]]s as any other form of pornography. In many countries such as [[Canada]], [[Hungary]] and the Netherlands, such material is legal, although in some countries where zoosexual acts are legal, zoosexual pornography is not (Belgium, Germany, Russia).
-Legality of any given pornographic material has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership.
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|❌ Illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Gibraltar}} [[Gibraltar]] <br /> <small>(Overseas territory of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name=“Greece”>{{Cite web|url=https://digihome.eu/law-number-40392012-government-gazette-a-15-for-home-pets-and-stray-pets-and-to-protect-animals-from-exploitation-or-use-for-profit/|title=LAW NUMBER. 4039/2012 (Government Gazette A 15) For home pets and stray pets and to protect animals from exploitation or use for profit. &#124; DigiHome Real Estate - Creca|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213173325/https://digihome.eu/law-number-40392012-government-gazette-a-15-for-home-pets-and-stray-pets-and-to-protect-animals-from-exploitation-or-use-for-profit/|archive-date=13 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ illegal<ref name=“Greece” />
+|❌ illegal<ref name=“Greece” />
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
+|❌ No specific laws against bestiality, but in 2012 the [[Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|Supreme Court of Cassation]] sentenced a man to six months in jail for forcing his dogs to have sex with women.<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
+|-
+|{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Republic of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]]
-In general, animal pornography is legal to produce anywhere that zoosexual activity and the creation of pornography in general are both legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
+|❌ Illegal since 30 March 2015
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of three months and one day to a maximum of one year of imprisonment and a year's disqualification and a day to three years for the exercise of profession, trade or business that is related to animals and animal husbandry<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20150116/spain-will-ban-bestiality-but-not-animal-fight|title=Spain bans bestiality but not animal fights|date=16 January 2015|website=www.thelocal.es|language=en-GB|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529122051/https://www.thelocal.es/20150116/spain-will-ban-bestiality-but-not-animal-fight|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" /><ref name="Spain">{{Cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2015-3439&prev=search|title=Google Translate|website=translate.google.com|access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>
-{| class="wikitable"
+On Feb. 9, 2023 a change in the bill created controversy that bestiality was considered legal. This has been proved false. The bill was amended: All sexual acts with animals will be punishable. In the event that they produce injuries, they will be considered crimes; in the rest – less serious offenses – they will be classified as abuse without visible signs of injury (maltrato de obra).
+<ref name="Snopes" /><ref name="Snopes>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/02/24/spain-decriminalize-bestiality/|access-date=24 Feb 2023}}</ref>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tierimrecht.org/documents/1361/Zoophilia_an_Unrecognized_Problem_in_Animal_Welfare_Legislation.pdf|title=Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation|accessdate=26 February 2020}}</ref>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Sexuality with Animals (Zoophilia) – an Unrecognized Problem in Animal Welfare Legislation" />
 |-
-! !! Sale and<br />distribution !! Ownership !! Relevant law<br />/ notes
+|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/turkey-regulating-pet-ownership-1.5246729|title=Turkey Regulating Pet Ownership: Want a Dog? Take a Course|date=30 April 2014|work=Haaretz|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529122050/https://www.haaretz.com/turkey-regulating-pet-ownership-1.5246729|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of one year's imprisonment and a maximum of four years' imprisonment
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Minimum of one year's imprisonment and a maximum of four years' imprisonment
 |-
-! Canada
+|{{flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]]
-| Unknown || Legal ||
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
 |-
-! Germany
+|}
-| Illegal || Legal || §184 StGB [http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/184.html]
+==== Western Europe ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
 |-
-! United States
+|{{flagicon|Belgium|state}} [[Belgium]]
-| As with all pornography, considered [[obscene]] if it does not meet the standards of the [[Miller Test]] and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' could include transmission across the [[internet]]. However may be some doubt.<ref>U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are [[as of 2005]] in some doubt, having been ruled [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] in ''[[United States v. Extreme Associates]]'' (a judgement which was overturned on [[appeal]], December 2005).</ref> || Usually legal (unless prohibited by state law). Interstate transport or import of pornography even for personal use is technically an offence.<ref>''[[United States v. Extreme Associates]]'' - protection laws not equated to a zone of personal privacy outside the house, or freedom to transport obscenia.</ref> || various
+||❌ Illegal since 2007
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine of €1,000<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Moniteur Belge / Belgisch Staatsblad |title=Lois, Decrets, Ordonnances Et Reglements / Wetten, Decreten, Ordonnanties En Verordeningen |pages=38259–38260 |date=13 July 2007|language=fr}}/{{in lang|nl}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France">{{Cite web|url=http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/french_penal_code_33.pdf|title=French Penal Code Article 521-1|accessdate=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021060927/http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/french_penal_code_33.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guernsey}} [[Guernsey]] <br /> <small>([[Crown dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
+||❌ Illegal since 1634{{#tag:ref|[https://books.google.ie/books?id=ymlBAAAAYAAJ&vq=buggery&pg=PA233 Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery (Ireland) 1634] (10 Chas. 1, sess. 2, c. 20) replaced by
+[https://books.google.ie/books?id=VpZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA771 section 18] of the [[Offences against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829]] (10 Geo. 4, c. 34) replaced by
+[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1861/act/100/enacted/en/print.html#s61_p0 section 61] of the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]] (24 & 25 Vict., c. 100). In the Republic of Ireland the 1861 act is still in force {{as of|2017|07|05|lc=y}} with respect to animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/isbc/bps1861.html|title=British Public Statutes Affected: 1861|date=5 July 2017|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|pages=Offences against the Person Act, 1861|nopp=y|accessdate=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025020139/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/isbc/bps1861.html|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In Northern Ireland it was replaced by [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/69 section 69] of the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]], in turn replaced by [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2008/1769/article/73 Article 73] of The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008
+|name="irishlaws"}}
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of life in prison<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/act/20/enacted/en/print|title=electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)|last=Book (eISB)|first=electronic Irish Statute|website=www.irishstatutebook.ie|language=en|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106103337/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1993/act/20/enacted/en/print|archive-date=6 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=eTrDgPmgh7MC&pg=PA757&lpg=PA757&dq=Ireland+30.61+sodomy+and+bestiality#v=onepage&q=Ireland%2030.61%20sodomy%20and%20bestiality&f=false|title=Criminal Law in Ireland|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|isbn=9781871509540|last1=Quinn|first1=Sean E.|year=2009}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Isle of Man}} [[Isle of Man]] <br /> <small>([[Crown dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Jersey}} [[Jersey]] <br /> <small>([[Crown dependency]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]
+|❌ Illegal<ref name="Denmark passes law to ban bestiality" />
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
+||❌ Illegal since 2010
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 1 year in prison and €19,500 fine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012|title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106192736/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
+||❌ Illegal since 2010
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum 6 months' imprisonment or a fine of €7,800<ref name="Strafrecht">{{cite web |url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012 |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl |publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date=24 December 2012 |accessdate=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203021518/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+||❌ Illegal since 2010
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum 6 months' imprisonment or a fine of €7,800<ref name="Strafrecht" />
+|-
+|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
+||❌ Illegal since 1558<br />(As part of [[Kingdom of England]] for [[England]] and [[Wales]] only)<br/>
+❌ Illegal since 1634<br />(As part of [[Kingdom of Ireland]] for [[Northern Ireland]] only)<ref name="irishlaws" /><br/>
+❌ Illegal<br />(As part of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] for [[Scotland]] only)
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison for conviction on indictment<br />Maximum of 6 months in prison and a fine for summary conviction<ref name="UKlaw69"/><ref name=Fone>{{cite book |author=Fone, Byrne R. S. |title=Homophobia: a history |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-8050-4559-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/homophobiahistor00fone |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104184741/https://archive.org/details/homophobiahistor00fone |archive-date=4 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+||❌ Illegal since 26 January 2009
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 12 months' imprisonment in England or 6 months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction<br />Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment<ref name="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents/enacted/data.htm|title=Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|language=en|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030848/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/4/contents/enacted/data.htm|archive-date=25 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
+||❌ Illegal since 26 January 2009
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 12 months' imprisonment in England or 6 months' imprisonment in Northern Ireland, a fine, or both on summary conviction<br />Maximum of 2 years' imprisonment, a fine, or both on conviction on indictment<ref name="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008" />
 |}
+=== Oceania ===
+==== Australasia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 7 years in prison ("bestiality")<br />Maximum of 3 years in prison ("indecency with animal")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329260.html|title=Crimes Act 1961|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223010600/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329260.html|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329261.html|title=Crimes Act 1961|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519073801/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1961/0043/latest/DLM329261.html|archive-date=19 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of a $2000 fine for an individual ("possession an objectionable publication")<br/>Maximum of 10 years in prison or a $50,000 fine for an individual ("possession of objectionable publications with knowledge")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/DLM314163.html|title=Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/DLM314171.html|title=Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/DLM313407.html|title=Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993}}</ref>
+|}
-Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual incident, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography. The contrasting views between cultures are highlighted by the case of ''[[Omaha the Cat Dancer]]'', a [[furry fandom|furry]] [[comic|comic book]], which was simultaneously the subject of a raid by [[Toronto]] police for pornographic depiction of bestiality,<ref>As noted, "furry", or anthropomorthic cartoon art, is not usually considered "bestiality".</ref> and the subject of praise by the [[New Zealand]] [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|Office of Film and Literature Classification]] for its mature depiction of relationships and sexuality.
+===== Commonwealth of Australia =====
-===Religious laws===
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
-:''main articles: [[Zoophilia and religion]], [[Religious law]]
+! Country, state, or territory
-In certain religions, sex with animals was part of the legal framework of a [[theocracy|theocratic]] state, and as such the matter also falls under [[religious law]]. This is particularly the case for [[Abrahamic religion]]s such as [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], although many other religions and traditions such as [[Hindu]], [[Buddhism]] and even [[Satanism]] have religious views and rules on the matter which did not form part of a national legislative regime.
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
+|❌ Illegal
+||❌ Illegal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fprspub%2FG1610%22|title=Legislation relating to pornography in Australia|publisher=|accessdate=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622113745/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22library/prspub/G1610%22|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
+----
+'''Penalty:''' ❓ Unknown
+|Importation (including downloading) illegal.
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian Antarctic Territory]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} [[Australian Capital Territory]]
+||❌ Illegal since 2011
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum ten years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Christmas Island}} [[Christmas Island]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Coral Sea Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Heard Island and McDonald Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Jervis Bay Territory]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[New South Wales]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum fourteen years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws">Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662:
+Criminal offence: [[New South Wales]] (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years' imprisonment), [[Northern Territory]] (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years' imprisonment), [[Queensland]] (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), [[South Australia]] (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years' imprisonment), [[Tasmania]] (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years' imprisonment), [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years' imprisonment), [[Western Australia]] (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years' imprisonment), [[Australian Capital Territory]] (Crimes Act 1900, s63A inserted in 2011, "Bestiality", not more than 10 years' imprisonment).</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Norfolk Island]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Northern Territory]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum three years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Queensland]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum seven years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|South Australia}} [[South Australia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum ten years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Tasmania]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum 21 years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum two years' imprisonment and/or fine<ref>{{Cite web|title=View - Tasmanian Legislation Online|url=https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1995-105#GS72@EN|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.legislation.tas.gov.au}}</ref>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum one year imprisonment and/or fine<ref>{{Cite web|title=View - Tasmanian Legislation Online|url=https://www.legislation.tas.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1995-105#GS74@EN|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.legislation.tas.gov.au}}</ref>
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum five years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum seven years' imprisonment<ref name="au_state_laws" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|}
-===Historical and other laws===
+==== Melanesia ====
-In some countries laws existed against single males living with female animals. For example, an old [[Peru]]vian law prohibited single males from having a female [[alpaca]] ([[llama]]).
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji]]
+||❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years in prison with corporal punishment<ref name="Fiji">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act_OK/pc66/|title=Penal Code [Cap 17]|website=www.paclii.org|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222191337/http://www.paclii.org/fj/legis/consol_act_OK/pc66/|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|New Caledonia}} [[New Caledonia]] <br /> <small>([[Overseas collectivity]] of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}} [[Papua New Guinea]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Sale and distribution of any kind of pornography illegal
+|❌ Illegal <br/> Ownership of any kind of pornography illegal
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}} [[Solomon Islands]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}} [[Vanuatu]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+==== Micronesia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Guam}} [[Guam]] <br /> <small>([[Territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States of America|United States]])</small>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Federated States of Micronesia}} [[Federated States of Micronesia]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Kiribati}} [[Kiribati]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}} [[Marshall Islands]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Nauru}} [[Nauru]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}} [[Northern Mariana Islands]] <br /> <small>([[Territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States of America|United States]])</small>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Palau}} [[Palau]]
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
+==== Polynesia ====
+{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
+! Country or territory
+! Bestiality
+! Sale and distribution of zoophilic pornography
+! Ownership of zoophilic pornography
+|-
+|{{flagicon|American Samoa}} [[American Samoa]] <br /> <small>([[Territories of the United States|Unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States of America|United States]])</small>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Easter Island}} [[Easter Island]]<br /><small>(Overseas territory of [[Chile]])</small>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal<ref name="Chile" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Cook Islands}} [[Cook Islands]] <br /> <small>(Part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]])</small>
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of seven years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|French Polynesia}} [[French Polynesia]] <br /> <small>([[Overseas collectivity]] of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Niue}} [[Niue]] <br /> <small>(Part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Pitcairn Islands}} [[Pitcairn Islands]] <br /> <small>([[British Overseas Territories|Overseas territory]] of the [[United Kingdom]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Samoa]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of five years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tokelau}} [[Tokelau]] <br /> <small>(Part of the [[Realm of New Zealand]])</small>
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tonga}} [[Tonga]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of ten years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}} [[Tuvalu]]
+|❌ Illegal
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of fourteen years in prison<ref name="ILGA" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]] <br /> <small>([[Territories of the United States|Unincorporated organized territory]] of the [[United States of America|United States]])</small>
+||[[Image:Yes check.svg|15px]] Legal
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|-
+|{{flagicon|Wallis and Futuna|local}} [[Wallis and Futuna]] <br /> <small>([[Overseas collectivity]] of [[France]])</small>
+||❌ Illegal since 9 March 2004
+----
+'''Penalty:''' Maximum of 2 years in prison and €30,000 fine<ref name="France" />
+|❓ Unknown
+|❓ Unknown
+|}
-==Impact of laws==
+== History ==
-Impact of anti-zoosexuality laws has been in four main areas:
+{{Main|History of zoophilia}}
-# A culture of fear, ignorance or witch-hunting, in which the ''presence'' of a law becomes evidence that a group are inherently ''deserving'' of a law. (A similar effect was noted in respect of the UK's [[Section 28]] law on homosexuality when passed).
-# The placing of such people outside the law has led to inhibitions on zoosexuals ability to report animal abuse (due to unwillingness to come to legal attention as a witness or otherwise), or alternatively increases zoosexuals' vulnerability to blackmail (a proportion are reported by vindictive ex-partners and the like, or the threat used to obtain advantage).
-# Reduced ability to determine what, if any, support, counselling or other assistance may be appropriate, or to provide or seek the same openly. (A notable exception is in [[Germany]] where zoosexuality is legal, and a telephone based charitable crisis support service similar to ''[[Samaritans (charity)|Samaritans]]'' is available)
-# The personal impact of living with such fears - of loss of partners, or criminal charges - and the need to maintain secrecy even from loved ones (due to lack of legal protection), is a stressor to zoosexuals and their relationships.
-Connected with this, fear of consequences is reported to prevent zoosexuals from seeking clinical advice, such as raising zoosexuality or losses connected to it, with [[doctor]]s or [[therapy|therapists]].<ref name="impact1">For example this description of the loss of a dog to [[congenital]] kidney disease despite being able to confide in his wife: "I thought I was O.K., and then I burst into tears in the kitchen and couldn't stop crying. I didn't have any idea how much I loved [my dog] until she was gone... My work was suffering and my relationship with my wife was suffering... After I found myself idly wondering how I'd commit suicide (just as an intellectual exercise, you understand), I realized that something had to be done.... Eventually my doctor referred me to a free counselling service.... Eventually I told him of my sexual relationship with [my dog]. I have to confess that I was expecting him to denounce me and wheel out a straight-jacket."<br /><br />He continues, "But he surprised me by declaring happily that THAT was the reason I was so feeling so damned rotten. I hadn't lost a dog, I had lost a lover! And I couldn't express that pain to my friends because of the social taboo. Even my wife couldn't fully comprehend the extent of the loss I had suffered. So I was being forced to carry the pain of my loss all alone. That man saved my sanity, and possibly my life." [http://forums.livingwithstyle.com/t28848-whats-like-zoophile-.html]</ref> This is similar to the manner in which homosexuals' issues are under reported in countries where homosexuality is punishable.
-In one Canadian incident, exemplifying the cost of such laws and the witch-hunt they can incite, the person was reported to authorities on the basis of a web page allegedly seen by a close relative on their computer. In fact no substantive evidence of any activity was offered, nor was any testimony of abuse offered, and the charges were withdrawn within a relatively few weeks. However by that time, the [[pet]]s in their home had all been seized. One was [[euthenasia|euthenized]] (the owner being no longer present to tend to the animal's known and time-demanding medical condition), whilst another had been forcibly rehoused and was not returned (despite dropping of all charges). The owner, reported to lack means to seek compensation, seems to have received none.
+== Mentions in the press ==
-==Notable cases==
+* [[Wisconsin, USA]] (2007) - Bryan James Hathaway was convicted for having sex with a dead deer. The court case raised some interesting legal issues because the statute prohibits sex with animals, but not carcasses. The defence raised the issue that if a dead animal was an animal, at what point would it cease to be an animal. He was sentenced to 6 months probation and labeled as a sex offender.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haines|first=Lester|title=Sex with dead deer is illegal, US man finds|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/22/deer_man_convicted/|newspaper=The Register|date=22 March 2007|access-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810140349/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/22/deer_man_convicted/|archive-date=10 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
-There are many cases of zoosexuality and the law, so only the most notable are related here.
+* [[Kansas|Kansas, USA]] (2012) - Joshua Coman was convicted in Kansas of criminal sodomy (a misdemeanor), but the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that he did not have to register as a sex offender.<ref name="kansaslaw2">{{cite web |last=Rabiner |first=Stephanie |url=https://blogs.findlaw.com/legally_weird/2012/04/dog-molester-wont-have-to-register-as-sex-offender.html |title=Dog Molester Won't Have to Register as Sex Offender - Legally Weird |publisher=Blogs.findlaw.com |date=6 April 2012 |accessdate=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103603/http://blogs.findlaw.com/legally_weird/2012/04/dog-molester-wont-have-to-register-as-sex-offender.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="statecoman">{{cite web |url=http://www.kscourts.org/cases-and-opinions/opinions/ctapp/2009/20090828/100494.htm |title=100494 - State v. Coman - Greene - Kansas Court of Appeals |publisher=Kscourts.org |date=|accessdate=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011074936/http://www.kscourts.org/cases-and-opinions/opinions/ctapp/2009/20090828/100494.htm |archive-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-* ''"Freddie the Dolphin"'' (1991, UK) - man accused of masturbating a well known tame [[dolphin]] at sea. Charged with a "lewd act". Acquitted. Expert witnesses testified that male dolphins use their [[erection]]s not just sexually, but for social purposes as well, and that no inference should be drawn. Judge summing up said "this has been the most expensive £30,000 lesson in dolphin sociology that he has ever heard of". [http://www.praxagora.com/sierra/flum/9203.htm]
+* [[Vancouver, Canada]] (2012) - Brian Cutteridge, bestiality proponent, was arrested after the SPCA claims to have a video of him engaging in sex with one of his dogs.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/02/26/bc-vancouver-bestiality.html |work=CBC News |title=Vancouver man faces bestiality charge |date=26 February 2012 |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303174457/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/02/26/bc-vancouver-bestiality.html |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-* [[Kenneth Pinyan]] (2005, USA) - man died following anal penetration by stallion. Police determined that no cruelty took place. None the less, [[moral panic]] led to rapid introduction of laws in the state involved.
+* [[Phoenix, Arizona|Arizona, USA]] (2012) - Sarah Dae Walker and her husband pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bestiality in a case where Craigslist was used.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kpho.com/story/18895998/pair-plead-guilty-in-craigslist-bestiality-case |work=CBS 5 |title=Pair plead guilty in Craigslist bestiality case |date=28 June 2012 |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019105147/http://www.kpho.com/story/18895998/pair-plead-guilty-in-craigslist-bestiality-case |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-==See also==
+== See also ==
-* [[Zoosexuality]]
+* {{annotated link|Animal trial}}
-* [[Zoophilia]]
+* {{annotated link|Human–animal marriage}}
-* [[Homosexuality laws of the world]]
+* {{annotated link|Legal status of Internet pornography}}
-* [[Sodomy law]]
+* {{annotated link|Sexual norm}}
-* [[Gay rights]]
+* {{annotated link|Social norm}}
-* [[Legal status of internet pornography]]
+* {{annotated link|Sudanese goat marriage incident}}
-* [[Social norm]]
-* [[Sexual norm]]
-==External links==
+== Notes ==
+{{Reflist}}
-==References==
+{{Zoophilia}}
-<references />
+{{Sexual ethics}}
+{{Law country lists}}
-[[category:Zoosexuality]]
+[[Category:Animal rights]]
-[[category:Sex laws]]
+[[Category:Law by country]]
+[[Category:Sex laws]]
+[[Category:Zoophilia]]
+[[Category:Resources]]
+[[Category:Research]]