Khajuraho Group of Monuments

Khajuraho Group of Monuments

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Criteria	Cultural: i, iii
Reference	240
Inscription	1986 (10th session)

The Khajuraho Group of Monuments in Khajuraho (Template:Lang-hi), a town in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, located in Chhatarpur District, about 620 kilometres (385 mi) southeast of New Delhi, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. Khajuraho has the largest group of medieval Hindu and Jain temples, famous for their erotic sculptures.

The name Khajuraho, ancient "Kharjuravāhaka", is derived from the Sanskrit words kharjura = date palm and vāhaka = "one who carries". In the 19th century, British engineer T.S. Burt arrived in the area, followed by General Alexander Cunningham. Cunningham put Khajuraho on the world map when he explored the site on behalf of the Archaeological Survey of India and described what he found in glowing terms. The Khajuraho Group of Monuments has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and is considered to be one of the "seven wonders" of India.

Town

Khajuraho (Template:Lang-hi) is a town in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, located in Chhatarpur District, about 620 kilometres (385 mi) southeast of New Delhi, the capital city of India. According to the 2001 India census, Khajuraho has a population of 19,282. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. The town has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 43%. In Khajuraho, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age. Khajuraho is located at and has an average elevation of 283 metres (928 feet).

History

Some Bargujar Rajputs moved eastward to central India; they ruled over the Northeastern region of Rajasthan, called Dhundhar, and were referred to as Dhundhel or Dhundhela in ancient times, for the region they governed. Later on they called themselves Bundelas and Chandelas; those who were in the ruling class having gotra Kashyap were definitely all Bargujars; they were vassals of Gurjara - Pratihara empire of North India, which lasted from 500 C.E. to 1300 C.E. and at its peak the major monuments were built. The Bargujars also built the Kalinjar fort and Neelkanth Mahadev temple, similar to one at Sariska National Park, and Baroli, being Shiva worshippers

The city was the cultural capital of Chandel Rajputs, a Hindu dynasty that ruled this part of India from the 10-12th centuries. The political capital of the Chandelas was Kalinjar. The Khajuraho temples were built over a span of 200 years, from 950 to 1150. The Chandela capital was moved to Mahoba after this time, but Khajuraho continued to flourish for some time. Khajuraho has no forts because the Chandel Kings never lived in their cultural capital.

The whole area was enclosed by a wall with eight gates, each flanked by two golden palm trees. There were originally over 80 Hindu temples, of which only 25 now stand in a reasonable state of preservation, scattered over an area of about 20 square kilometres (8 sq mi). Today, the temples serve as fine examples of Indian architectural styles that have gained popularity due to their explicit depiction of sexual life during medieval times. Locals living in the Khajuraho village always knew about and kept up the temples as best as they could. They were pointed out to an Englishman in late 19th century but the jungles had taken a toll on all the monuments.

Architecture

Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho, a panchayatana temple. Two of the four secondary shrines can be seen. Another view

Devi Jagadambi Temple

Dulhadeo Temple

The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: western, eastern and southern.

The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone. The builders didn't use mortar: the stones were put together with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise joints. The columns and architraves were built with megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons.

The Saraswati temple on the campus of the Birla Institute of Technology and Science in Pilani, India, is modeled after the Khajuraho temples.

Chronology

The temples have been assigned the following historical sequence by Dr. Kanhaiyalal Agrawal.

Sequence	Modern name	Original Deity	Note
1	Chausath Yogini	64 Yoginis	Est 9th c.
2	Brahma	Brahma	Eastern group
3	Lalgun Mahadev	Shiva	Contemp to 2
4	Matangeshwar	Shiva	In active worship
5	Varaha	Varaha
6	Lakshman	Vaikuntha Vishnu	Lakshavarma Inscription
7	Parshvanath	Adinath	Pahil inscription 954 AD, Jain Compound
8	Vishvanath	Shiva	Dhanga inscription Sam 1059
9	Devi Jagadambi	Initially Vishnu but today Parvati
10	Chitragupta	Surya
11	Kandariya Mahadeva	Shiva	Largest
12	Vamana	Vamana	Eastern Group
13	Adinath	Jina	Jain compound
14	Jawari	Vishnu	Eastern group
15	Chaturbhuja	Vishnu	Southern
16	Duladeo	Shiva	South end
17	Ghantai	Jina	Only some columns remaining

Chaturbhuj Temple

The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. This is the only temple in Khajuraho which lacks erotic sculptures.

The temple consists of a sanctum without ambulatory, vetibule mandapa and an entrance porch. The temple stands on a Modest (chabutara).

Around the wall, there are three bands of sculptures ; the VIDYADHARS in the top row, the ASHTA VASU in the middle one and the DIKDALS in the first (bottom) row . All the sculptures except the VIDYADHARS (the top row) are stereotype and without much life-on expression.

The remaining portions are cast with the NYMPHS and the recesses with mythical Lions. The lower portion of Sanctum shows The Ganga on the Right and The Yamuna of the Left, standing in the Tri-Bhanga under the CANOPY of Layers flanked by door-keepers. The image of dakshin-murti which is housed in the sanctum is remarkable for its expressions of Transendental Calm and Buss.

The temple is Dataable to E. 1100 A.D.

• Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Main Idol (Vishnu), Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Main Idol (Vishnu), Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Roof, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Roof, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Ganga-Yamuna Sculpture Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Ganga-Yamuna Sculpture Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Ganga-Yamuna Sculpture Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Ganga-Yamuna Sculpture Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Outer Wall, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Outer Wall, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
• Shiva Sculpture on Outer Wall, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India
  Shiva Sculpture on Outer Wall, Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho India

DulaDeo Temple

The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva.Temple faces the EAST direction.

The temple consists of the a Sanctum without ambulatory, vestibule, maha-mandapa and an entrance Porch. The shikhara(temple top) is created by three rows of minor shikhara. Its maha-mandapa shows some peculiarities of design and decoration. The maha-mandapa is Octagonal in shape. It had tweleve statues of Apsaras(now in meuseum), which are elaborately crowned and heavily ornamented. The flying Vidyadharas, apsaras and other sculptures are generally stereo-typed and overburdened with ornamentation. Some of the sculptures such as Astavasu figures are invariably depicted with the Capricorn (Makar) Mount, instead of Vrishabha mount. The two dikpals statues which depict Yama and Nairiti are shown with heavy curls of hairs.

The original temple can be dated to early half of the 12th century A.D.. It has been extensively repaired and restored in later date.

Nowadays, the temple is surrounded by a beautiful garden full of flowers.

• DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Shiva Sculpure, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Shiva Sculpure, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Sculpures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Sculpures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Sculpures,DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Sculpures,DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Sculpures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Sculpures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Garden outside DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Garden outside DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
• Nandi and other sculptures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho
  Nandi and other sculptures, DulaDeo Temple, Khajuraho

Vamana Temple

The temple is dedicated to Vamana incarnation of Lord Vishnu.

It has a sapta-ratha sanctum vestibule, maha-mandapa (chabutara) and entrance porch. The sanctum is niradhar and depicts the image of four armed vamana, flanked by chakrapurusha on the left and shankha-purusa on the right.

The outer wall of the temples has two bands of sculptures.

The sculpture of other incarnation of lord vishnu, Narshima and Varaha also adorn the niches of the sanctum.

On the basis of the sculptural and architectural style the temple is assignable to 1050-1075 A.D.

• Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
  Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
• Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
  Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
• Outer Wall Sculptures, Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
  Outer Wall Sculptures, Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
• Vamana Temple(Front Right), Khajuraho India
  Vamana Temple(Front Right), Khajuraho India
• Vamana Temple(Left View), Khajuraho India
  Vamana Temple(Left View), Khajuraho India
• Main Idol (Vamana Incarnation of Vishnu), Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
  Main Idol (Vamana Incarnation of Vishnu), Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
• Roof Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India
  Roof Vamana Temple, Khajuraho India

Javari Temple

The main idol of the temple is broken and headless.

It has well proportioned architecture, with sanctum, vestibule, mandapa and portico, but without pradakshinapatha. It has remable Makara Torana (Capricorn Arch) and beautiful shikhara (top).It has three band of beautifully carved sculptures on the outer wall.The temple has close resemebelance with chaturbhuja temple (at khajuraho).

The temple was built between CIRCA 1975 and 1100 A.D.

• Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
  Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
• Main Idol, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
  Main Idol, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
• Makar (Capricorn) Arch, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
  Makar (Capricorn) Arch, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
• Roof, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India
  Roof, Javari Temple, Khajuraho India

Lakshmi Temple (Western Group of Temples)

Lakshmi Temple stands opposite to Lakshman Temple and on side of Varaha Temple. It is dedicated to goddess Lakshmi.

• Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho India
  Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho India
• Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho India
  Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho India

Varaha Temple (Western Group of Temples)

The Varaha Shrine, built on a lofty plinth is simple and modest. It has an oblong pavallion with a pyramidal roof of receeding tiers, resting on fourteen plain figures. The temple enshrines a colossal monolithic image of Varaha the boar incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The shrine is built entirely of sandstone. It is dated to CIRCA 900-925 A.D.

The statue of Varaha is 9 Feet in height.

• Lakshmi Temple & Varaha Temples, Khajuraho India
  Lakshmi Temple & Varaha Temples, Khajuraho India
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
• Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.
  Varaha Temple, Khajuraho India.

Statues and carvings

The Khajuraho temples do not contain sexual or erotic art inside the temple or near the deities; however, some external carvings bear erotic art. Also, some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. There are many interpretations of the erotic carvings. They portray that, for seeing the deity, one must leave his or her sexual desires outside the temple. They also show that divinity, such as the deities of the temples, is pure like the atman, which is not affected by sexual desires and other characteristics of the physical body. It has been suggested that these suggest tantric sexual practices. Meanwhile, the external curvature and carvings of the temples depict humans, human bodies, and the changes that occur in bodies, as well as facts of life. Some 10% of the carvings contain sexual themes; those reportedly do not show deities: They show sexual activities between people. The rest depict the everyday life of the common Indian when the carvings were made and activities of other beings. For example, those depictions show women putting on makeup, musicians, potters, farmers, and other folk. The mundane scenes are all at some distance from the temple deities. A common misconception is that, since the old structures with carvings in Khajuraho are temples, the carvings depict sex between deities.

Another perspective of these carvings is presented by James McConnachie. In his history of the Kamasutra, McConnachie describes the zesty 10% of the Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art":

"Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles....Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples."

• 
  Chaturbuj Temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Lakshman temple
• 
  Outside wall of one of the temples

While the sexual nature of these carvings have caused the site to be referred to as the Kamasutra temple, they do not illustrate the meticulously described positions. Neither do they express the philosophy of Vatsyayana's famous sutra. As "a strange union of Tantrism and fertility motifs, with a heavy dose of magic" they belief a document which focuses on pleasure rather than procreation. That is, fertility is moot.

The strategically placed sculptures are "symbolical-magical diagrams, or yantras" designed to appease malevolent spirits. This alamkara (ornamentation) expresses sophisticated artistic transcendence over the natural; sexual images imply a virile, thus powerful, ruler.

Between 950 and 1150, the Chandela monarchs built these temples when the Tantric tradition may have been accepted. In the days before the Mughal conquests, when boys lived in hermitages, following brahmacharya until they became men, they could learn about the world and prepare themselves to become householders through examining these sculptures and the worldly desires they depicted.

While recording the television show Lost Worlds (History Channel) at Khajuraho, Alex Evans, a contemporary stonemason and sculptor gave his expert opinion and forensically examined the tool marks and construction techniques involved in creating the stunning stonework at the sites. He also recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet that took about 60 days to carve in an attempt to develop a rough idea how much work must have been involved. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. These temples would have required hundreds of highly trained sculptors.

Landscape

The Khajuraho temples are now set in a parkland landscape. When India gained independence from Britain in 1947 the landscape setting was semi-desert and scrub. The archaeological park now has something of the character of a public park, with mowed grass, rose beds and ornamental trees. This may be popular with visitors but has no relationship with the historic landscape at the time the temples were built.

The development of landscape archaeology as an academic discipline raises questions concerning the earlier landscape of Khajuraho and the original relationship between the temple complex and the surrounding area. There are no records of what the original landscape might have been, but it is known that a large community of priests used the temple complex and that Indian gardens in the tenth century were predominantly tree gardens. They did not have lawns or herbaceous flowering plants.

Tourism and cultural events

The Khajuraho temple complex offers a professional light and sound show every evening. The first show is in English language and the second one in Hindi. The show is about an hour long and covers the history, philosophy and the art of sculpting of these temples. It is held in the open lawns in the temple complex.

The Khajuraho Dance Festival, held every year in the first week of February (1st to 7th), is an opportunity for visitors to experience various classical Indian dances set against the backdrop of the Chitragupta or Vishwanath Temples.

Recent discovery

The Archaeological Survey of India has recently started digging on a mound where perhaps the largest underground temple in Khajuraho has been unearthed. The dig will take at least a couple of years to conclude.

See also

• India the country
• Bambar Baini the famous temple located on a hill in Laundi.
• Kandariya Mahadeva
• Hemvati
• Kalinjar
• Beejamandal
• Jain temples of Khajuraho
• List of megalithic sites
• Madhya Pradesh
• Bandhavgarh National Park

Further reading

• Phani Kant Mishra, Khajuraho: With Latest Discoveries, Sundeep Prakashan (2001) ISBN 8175741015
• Devangana Desai, The Religious Imagery of Khajuraho, Franco-Indian Research P. Ltd. (1996) ISBN 81-900184-1-8
• Devangana Desai, Khajuraho, Oxford University Press Paperback (Sixth impression 2005) ISBN 978-0-19-565643-5

External links

• Images of Khajuraho Sculptures