Legality of bestiality by country or territory: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 18:14, 2 April 2013

Zoophilia and the law looks at the laws governing humans having sex with animals around the world.

Legal context

Laws on bestiality tend to be shaped by animal welfare concerns, moral views and cultural beliefs. Animal welfare bodies usually, but not always, view zoophilia as a matter of animal abuse.

Recent legislation

For centuries, sexual acts with animals were penalized under sodomy or "crime against nature" laws. Since the 1950s most such general laws have been repealed and in some places they have been replaced by laws which are specifically anti-bestiality. Most of these new laws have been created in the 2000s and early 2010s; for example, bestiality was banned in Pennsylvania in 1999,[1] Iowa in 2001,[2] Illinois in 2002,[3] Maryland in 2002,[4] Washington (state) in 2006,[5] Arizona in 2006,[6] Indiana in 2007,[7] Tennessee in 2007,[8] Colorado in 2007,[9] Alaska in 2010,[10] and Florida in 2011 (by Nan Rich),;[11] outside the U.S., bestiality was banned in Norway in 2008,[12] The Netherlands in 2010,[13] and Australia's capital territory in 2011.[14]

Background

International differences

Some countries list laws very clearly, such as the United Kingdom, which specifically prohibits penetration of a human being by the penis of an animal, and penetration of an animal by a human's penis.[15]

By contrast, many countries and US states are less precise about the scope of law in that they outlaw sex with animals, without defining what constitutes "sex."[citation needed]

Even if bestiality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have animal cruelty laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all zoophilia activity is animal abuse.[16] In some U.S. states, a person who engages in bestiality can be charged with animal cruelty.[17]

Incidents without specific bestiality statutes

Some countries have a range laws on their books. Sometimes sodomy laws or "crime against nature" laws are used to prosecute people who have sex with animals.

In the case of Kenneth Pinyan, who died from injuries sustained from receiving anal sex from a horse, local law enforcement found that there were no laws that allowed them to prosecute his friend, who had filmed the event and also allowed himself to be sodomized by the horse. The friend was prosecuted for trespassing. That case prompted the Washington State legislature to draw up legislation outlawing sex with animals.[18]

In a 2005 Florida case, a man who had sex with his dog was charged with disorderly conduct, since the state had no anti-bestiality laws on the books at the time.[19] On October 1 2011 the state of Florida State Law 828.126, F.S went into effect, banning sex with animals.[20]

Common reasons given for laws

In many cultures across the world having sex with animals is seen as subhuman and immoral. In many cultures, humans are seen as fundamentally different from other animals and having sex with animals is seen as a defilement.[21]

Frequently, humans having sex with animals is seen as a form of animal cruelty or animal abuse. This belief has been bolstered by the practices of people who derive pleasure from torturing animals and also fed by the distaste most cultures have for having sex with animals.

Laws against zoophilia

Aggrawal has discussed extensively on laws against zoophilia.[22] It is permitted in a few countries, such as Sweden and Denmark, although ordinary animal treatment laws apply. In other countries, such as Russia, bestiality is legal, but zoophilia pornography is illegal.

There are also commonly laws against forcing another person to engage in zoophilia activity, especially minors (usually considered equivalent to rape), and laws related to exposing others (either non-consensually or minors) to the sight of a sexual act. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoophilia conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted.

Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of veterinary practice, or animal husbandry (breeding), is normally exempted where such laws exist. In public discussion for the recently passed Oregon law, however, one animal shelter's spokesperson wanted the husbandry exemption kept out, as he was concerned that someone might use these "accepted farming practices" as a legal loophole to then have (legal) sexual contact with an animal only for personal enjoyment. One of the legislators responded by asking if they were trying to outlaw an act (of sexual contact), or a state of mind. The veterinary and husbandry exemption was left out of Oregon's law in the final, enacted version.

National laws

Legality
Australia Laws are determined at the state and territory level. Illegal in all states and the ACT (the definition of the act is derived from case law and varies for each state) though for 23 years in the Australian Capital Territory between 1988 and 2011 it was not a crime.[23] The status of zoosexuality in Australia's other territories (such as HIMI) is unclear.
Belgium Legal although moves have been made to recriminalize it[24]. However, the spreading of zoophilia pornography is not, according to a court ruling in 2006 against a man who frequently had sex with dogs in a shelter he had worked for. He was acquitted from the charge of animal abuse and was only found guilty of violating public decency by spreading zoophilia pornographic material he had made at the shelter, which he did mainly via his website under the nickname Freki. The Belgian animal rights organisation Gaia, which filed the complaint, appealed unsuccessfully against the court ruling.[25]
Brazil Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal.[26][27]
Cambodia Legal. As of 2005, police released a man suspected of zoophilia activity stating that while unusual, falling in love with a dog is not illegal.[28]
Canada Illegal. Section 160 [29] forbidding "bestiality". In addition 'Compelling the commission of bestiality' and 'Bestiality in presence of or by child (under the age of 16) are also separate crimes and all of these offenses are subject to imprisonment up to 10 years.
Denmark Legal.[30] A 2006 bid by the Danish People's Party to outlaw bestiality failed after the a report by the Danish Animal Ethics Council determined that existing laws were sufficient protection against abuse.[31]
Ecuador Illegal. According to Art. 517 of the Penal Code: "bestiality is punishable with imprisonment from 4 to 8 years".[32]
Ethiopia Illegal. "In Ethiopian law bestiality is punishable by law"[33]
Finland Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal;[30] formerly illegal but legalized in 1971. Trading zoophilia pornography is illegal.[34]
France Illegal since 2004, upheld by the Court of Cassation.[35] It had been legal since 1791. Before 1791, bestiality was punished by death to the human and animal perpetrators.
Germany Legal
Ghana Illegal. As of 2006 "Unnatural carnal knowledge" is not permitted under the Ghana criminal code.[36]
Hong Kong Illegal [37]
Hungary Legal, as long as no physical harm is made to the animal.
India Section 377 of the IPC (Indian Penal Code) makes it illegal for a person to have sexual contact with an Animal. "Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either description for term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine." The punishment is tougher than the punishment for rape, however only penetration is considered under this section.
Japan Legal, according to Japanese law.
Malaysia Illegal under Act 574 of the Malaysian Penal Code. Those found guilty of the offense 'buggery with an animal' face a maximum sentence of 20 years imprisonment and shall also be liable to a fine or whipping. The law says penetration is sufficient to constitute carnal intercourse.[38]
Mexico Legal. (Carl Franz, "The People's Guide to Mexico", 1988. pg. 398)[30]
Namibia Illegal[39]
Netherlands Illegal.[40]
Committing zoophilia is prohibited by article 254.[41] Maximum imprisonment is one year or a fine of the fourth category (€ 19,500).
New Zealand Illegal, under a variety of sections contained in the Crimes Act 1961. Section 143, makes "bestiality" an offence, but as in Canada, the meaning of bestiality is derived from case law. There are also associated offences of indecency with an animal (section 144) and compelling an indecent act with an animal (section 142A). It is interesting to note that in the 1989 Crimes Bill considered abolishing bestiality as a criminal offence, and for it to be treated as a mental health issue. In Police v Sheary (1991) 7 CRNZ 107 (HC) Fisher J considered that "[t]he community is generally now more tolerant and understanding of unusual sexual practices that do not harm others." According to the recent New Zealand Book of Lists (2007, p59), however, only one offender apiece are currently serving prison sentences under Sections 142A and 144.
Norway Illegal. A law was made in November 2008
Philippines Legal. In 2010 a Filipino farmer was jailed for raping another person's dog, but this was covered by existing animal cruelty laws (there are no anti-zoophilia laws)[42]
Singapore Illegal. Penal Code Sexual penetration with living animal

377B. —(1) Any person (A) who —

(a) penetrates, with A’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or

(b) causes or permits A’s vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, to be penetrated by the penis of an animal,

shall be guilty of an offence.

(2) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years, or with fine, or with both.

(3) Any person (A) who —

(a) causes any man (B) to penetrate, with B’s penis, the vagina, anus or any orifice of an animal; or

(b) causes the vagina, anus or mouth, as the case may be, of another person (B) to be penetrated with the penis of an animal,

shall be guilty of an offence if B did not consent to the penetration.

(4) A person who is guilty of an offence under subsection (3) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 20 years, and shall also be liable to fine or to caning. [3]

South Africa Section 13 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007 prohibits anal, oral or vaginal penetration of or by an animal, and masturbation of an animal unless performed for scientific or breeding purposes.[43] Before it was codfied by the act, bestiality was a common law offence.
Sweden Legal, although plans are on the way for recriminalizing it[44]. Supporters hoped it could be installed in 2012[45] but as of now it will more likely be put into practice from January 1, 2014 . Bestiality was legalized in 1944 along with homosexuality, it was punishable with deat until 1864 (although no execution have taken place since 1778). A 2005 report by the Swedish Animal Welfare Agency for the Swedish government expressed strong concerns over the increase in reports of horse-ripping incidents, although noting that "the rise in documented cases did not necessarily mean that there was a de facto increase", and distinguished zoophilia activity from incidents involving physical injury (zoosadism). The Animal Welfare Agency gave as its opinion that current animal cruelty legislation needed updating as it was not sufficiently protecting animals from abuse, but concluded that on balance it was not appropriate to call for a ban.[46]
Switzerland Illegal.[47] Pornography involving animals is illegal.[48]
Thailand Legal, under Thai law.[49]
Trinidad and Tobago Illegal[50]
Turkey Illegal, Animal Rights issue
United Kingdom Anal and vaginal penetration of or by an animal is illegal, and carries a sentence of up to 2 years imprisonment. Historically an unspecified range of acts were illegal, however the Sexual Offences Act 2003 [51] which followed a major review of all sexual offences in UK law clarified this, removing the ambiguous activities from the scope of the law, and changing the sentence from life imprisonment (which had been criticized as over-harsh) to two years.

Possession of pornography was criminalised in the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The law on pornography is broader than that of actual acts: it also covers oral sex; it applies to dead animals as well as living; images are illegal even if they are faked. Thus an image of a legal act may be illegal to possess. The first prosecutions for bestiality pornography occurred in 2009.[52]

United States Laws are determined at the state level. Many U.S. states[53] explicitly outlaw sex with animals (sometimes under the term of "sodomy" or "unnatural crime against nature"). Others do not.

Many U.S. state laws against sodomy were repealed or struck down by the courts in Lawrence v. Texas, which ruled that perceived moral disapproval on its own was an insufficient justification for banning a private act.[54] On the other hand, the 2004 conviction of a man in Florida (State vs. Mitchell) demonstrated that even in states with no specific laws against zoophilia acts, animal cruelty statutes would instead be applied. Similarly, in 2011 a Shelby, Ohio zoophile who regularly had sex with his dogs was arrested and charged with animal cruelty, even though there are no laws specifically prohibiting bestiality in Ohio.[17] An incident similar to the Shelby incident occurred in Metairie, Louisiana in 2012.[55]

Zoosexual activity (bestiality) is officially illegal in 37 states. Zoosexual activity is a misdemeanor in the 20 states listed below:[56]

Zoosexual activity (bestiality) is a felony in the 17 states listed below:[56]

Two states have or had broad statutes which also covered zoophilia that have been challenged successfully in state courts on constitutional grounds: Montana and North Carolina.[56] In North Carolina, the court ruled that the law was not unconstitutional on its face and could be applied constitutionally in some circumstances; the unconstitutionality of its application in that case was wholly unrelated to bestiality.[63][65][66] As of 2012 a repeal of the NC law is being considered in the North Carolina Senate.[67] The anti-zoosexual law in Montana has been unenforceable in Montana since 1997. Zoosexual acts are still illegal in Kansas due to a sodomy law.[60][61][68] In the District of Columbia, a law against zoophilia (listed under "sodomy") was repealed.[69]

Bestiality is a felony in Puerto Rico[70] and is illegal in the U.S. Virgin Islands.[71]

*Bestiality is prohibited in Louisiana and North Carolina because of crime against nature laws.[55][62][63][65][72][73][74]
**In Connecticut, "sexual assault in the fourth degree" (which includes bestiality) is normally a misdemeanor.[58] However, if the subject is under sixteen years old, the penalty is a felony.[58] It is likely that the Connecticut age requirement (and associated felony penalty) only applies when human minors are involved, and not non-human animals.[58]

Zambia Illegal. Penal code Cap 87 Section 115 forbids "Unnatural Offences" including "carnal knowledge of an animal".[75]

Pornography laws

Main articles with legal sections: Obscenity, Pornography, Legal status of internet pornography

Animal pornography is governed in the United States by the same Miller test and obscenity laws as any other form of pornography. In many countries such as Canada, Hungary and the Netherlands, such material is legal, although in some countries where zoophilia acts are legal, zoophilia pornography is not (Belgium, Russia).

Legality of any given pornographic material has three components: legality of production, legality of sale and transportation, and legality of ownership.

In general, animal pornography is legal to produce anywhere that zoophilia activity and the creation of pornography in general are both legal. Laws concerning sale, transmission and ownership vary more widely.

Sale and
distribution		 Ownership Relevant law
/ notes
Belgium Legal Unknown, probably legal due to distribution being legal. In the same case cited above,[76] the man concerned was fined for "violating public decency legislation" as a result of distributing pornography, implying that distribution is illegal, but was not fined for ownership.
Brazil Legal Legal [27][77]
Canada Illegal Legal
Finland Illegal Legal Rikoslaki 17. luku, 18 § (9.7.2004/650) [34]
Germany Illegal Legal §184a StGB [78]
Hungary Illegal Legal
Netherlands Illegal. Illegal. art. 254a Wetboek van Strafrecht[79]
New Zealand Illegal Illegal s. 3(1) Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993
United States As with all pornography, considered obscene if it does not meet the standards of the Miller Test and therefore is not openly sold, mailed, distributed or imported across state boundaries or within states which prohibit it. Under U.S. law, 'distribution' could include transmission across the internet. However may be some doubt.[80] Usually legal (unless prohibited by state law). Interstate transport or import of pornography even for personal use is technically an offence.[81] various

Erotic art, such as animal pornography in cartoons and the like, which does not require the recording of an actual sexual incident, are not usually considered sex with animals by the law, and so their status depends upon more general laws such as legal limits upon obscenity or pornography alone, and the thin line between erotic art and pornography.

Mentions in the press

  • "Freddie the Dolphin" (1991, UK) - man accused of masturbating a well known tame dolphin at sea. Charged with a "lewd act". Acquitted. Expert witnesses testified male dolphins use their erections not just sexually, but socially as well, and no sexual inference could be drawn. Judge summing up said of the £30,000 trial cost, "this has been the most expensive lesson in dolphin sociology that he has ever heard of". [4](dead link)
  • Kenneth Pinyan (2005, USA) - man died following anal penetration by a stallion, which was filmed by his friend. The death led to rapid introduction of laws in the state against sex with animals.
  • Sudan (February 2006) - man caught having sex with a neighbour's goat, is ordered by the council of elders to pay the neighbour a dowry of 15,000 Sudanese dinars ($50) and marry the animal. [5]
  • Cambodia (2005) - man caught having a "passionate embrace" in bed with dog, by wife, confessed he loved the dog more and they separated. Cambodian police commented: "As police, we could only solve the problem of his wife then wanting a divorce. We cannot solve the problem of his relationship with his dog, because under Cambodian law it is not strictly illegal... It is amazing, but this husband is not crazy. It seems he is a passionate human being who looked at a dog, and the more he looked, the more passionate he became."[82]
  • Wisconsin, USA (2007) - Bryan James Hathaway was convicted for having sex with a dead deer. The court case raised some interesting legal issues because the statute prohibits sex with animals, but not carcasses. The defence raised the issue that if a dead animal was an animal, at what point would it cease to be an animal.[83]
  • Kansas, USA (2012) - Joshua Coman was convicted in Kansas of criminal sodomy (a misdemeanor), but the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that he did not have to register as a sex offender.[60][68]
  • Vancouver, Canada (2012) - Brian Cutteridge, bestiality proponent, was arrested after the SPCA claims to have a video of him engaging in sex with one of his dogs.[84]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://articles.philly.com/1999-06-04/news/25497636_1_bestiality-pennsylvania-lawmakers-sexual-activity
  2. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusiast717B_1_717E.htm#s717C_1
  3. ↑ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-11614863.html
  4. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusmd10_601_622.htm#s3_322
  5. ↑ Sullivan, Jennifer (2 March 2006). "Lawmakers vote to make bestiality illegal in this state". The Seattle Times.
  6. ↑ http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/05/24/13598-governor-signs-bill-to-ban-bestiality/
  7. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusinst35_46_3_1_13.htm
  8. ↑ http://ohmygov.com/blogs/general_news/archive/2009/03/21/states-considering-laws-against-bestiality.aspx
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Brown, Jennifer. Denver Post http://www.denverpost.com/legislature/ci_5682180. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/01/27/bill-to-criminalize-bestiality-advances-in-alaska-legislature/
  11. ↑ http://miami.cbslocal.com/2011/05/05/anti-bestiality-law-finally-passes-in-florida/
  12. ↑ http://africanpress.me/2007/11/17/sex-with-animals-to-be-banned-in-norway/
  13. ↑ http://www.last.fm/forum/23/_/599411
  14. ↑ http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_40369/20101209-46298/pdf/db_40369.pdf
  15. ↑ "Sexual Offences Act 2003", Office of Public Sector Information. Section 69.
  16. ↑ The argument that "all sexual activity with animals is automatically abuse" was made for example, in 1) the 2004 case of State vs. Mitchell (Florida), 2) the 2004 Pony case in Utrecht, Holland (cited below), and 3) the 2006 Washington state law which asserts as its foundational premise that "animal cruelty in the first degree is committed when a person knowingly engages in sexual conduct or sexual contact with an animal." SB-6417 2006
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/article/20110616/NEWS01/106160306/Richland-Co-dog-warden-investigates-bestiality-case-Shelby
  18. ↑ "The Animal In You". The Stranger. February–March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.
  19. ↑ Man charged with having intercourse with his Guide Dog (dead link)
  20. ↑ http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2011/0344/BillText/er/PDF
  21. ↑ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=animal-lovers-zoophiles-make-scient-2010-03-24
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
  23. ↑ Ref: Halsbury's Laws of Australia #9 page 247662: Criminal offence: New South Wales (Crimes Act 1900 s79, not more than 14 years imprisonment), Northern Territory (Criminal Code s138, not more than 3 years imprisonment), Queensland (Criminal Code s211: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), South Australia (Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 s69, "buggery with an animal", not more than 10 years imprisonment), Tasmania (Criminal Code s122(b), not more than 21 years imprisonment), Victoria (Crimes Act 1958 s59, not more than 5 years imprisonment), Western Australia (Criminal Code s181: "carnal knowledge of an animal", not more than 7 years imprisonment), Australian Capital Territory (Crimes Act 1900 s63A inserted in 2011, "Bestiality", not more than 10 years imprisonment).
  24. ↑ Bestiality to be outlawd-Belgian News
  25. ↑ [1], no longer accessible
  26. ↑ Template:Pt Revista Época – Sex with animals: why do pretend that it does not exist?
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Template:Pt Ecce Bestia: Vice with Animals
  28. ↑ News24 - Redirect
  29. ↑ Criminal Code
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Sex law index and discussion
  31. ↑ Det Dyreetiske Råd: Udtalelse om menneskers seksuelle omgang med dyr, The Animal Ethics Council: Statement on the sexual relations of humans with animals
  32. ↑ http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/noticias/sociedad/item/acciones-en-contra-de-la-zoofilia-se-fortalecen-desde-varios-frentes.html
  33. ↑ http://www.newsdire.com/news/1533-octogenerian-convicted-for-bestiality-in-addis-ababa.html
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 18 § (9.7.2004/650) Sukupuolisiveellisyyttä loukkaavan kuvan levittäminen
  35. ↑ Détail d'une jurisprudence judiciaire
  36. ↑ Ghanaian gay conference banned
  37. ↑ http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/da97f6a8ed400207482564820006b580/1659b5492cc3f751c8256483003225bd?OpenDocument
  38. ↑ http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20574.pdf Malaysian Penal Code (Page 147)
  39. ↑ http://www.allafrica.com/stories/201210110779.html
  40. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20523950
  41. ↑ http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012
  42. ↑ http://mindoropost.com/2010/11/27/jailed-man-over-dog-rape-loves-pig-too/
  43. ↑ Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007, s. 13.
  44. ↑ Sweden proposes ban on sex with animals
  45. ↑ Another blow for bestiality
  46. ↑ Sweden highlights bestiality problem
  47. ↑ SR 455.1 Tierschutzverordnung Art. 16 j.
  48. ↑ See FJ 2000 p. 2981.
  49. ↑ http://www.traveltails.com/Updates/update_may2004.htm
  50. ↑ http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-04-25/mayaro-labourer-bestiality-charge
  51. ↑ section 69
  52. ↑ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/16/extreme_pr0n_convictions/
  53. ↑ US State Laws where known:
    • Misdemeanor: Arkansas (Ark. Stat. Ann. @5-14-122 (2005): "Bestiality" - Class A Misdemeanor), California (Penal Code Section 286.5 "Crime Against Nature" - misdemeanor), Connecticut (CT Penal Code 952.53a-73a "Sexual assault in the fourth degree" - Class A Misdemeanor), Iowa (2005 Merged Code 717C.1 "Bestiality" Aggravated Misdemeanor - up to 2yrs and $500-$5000 fine), Kansas (K.S.A. @HB2668-68-a-2 "Criminal Sodomy" Class B Nonperson MisdemeanorTemplate:Full), Minnesota (Minn. Stat. @609.294, (1993): Either fine of not more than $3,000 or sentence of not more than 1 year), Missouri (Mo Rev. Stat. @566-111 "Unlawful Sex with an Animal" - Class A Misdemeanor (1st offense) thereafter Class D Felony), Nebraska (Neb. Statutes @28-1010 "Indecency with an animal" - Class III misdemeanor - up to 6 months and/or up to $500 fine), New York (NY CLS Penal @130.20 (1994): Class A misdemeanor), North Dakota (N.D. Cent. Code @12.1-20-12 "Deviate Sexual Act" is a Class A Misdemeanor), Oregon (Oregon Laws 2003 @167.333 "Sexual Assault of Animal" a class A misdemeanor), Utah (Bestiality 76-9-301.8: Class B Misdemeanor), Wisconsin (Wis. State. @944.17(2)(c) and (d)(1993) "Sexual Gratification" a class A misdemeanor).
    • Felony: Arizona (Sec.2 Title 13 Ch.14, 13-1411, "bestiality" defined as "sexual contact or oral sexual contact", class 6 felony unless minor involved in which case class 3 felony), Delaware (11 Del. C. @777 (1993): Class D Criminal felony), Florida (Title XLVI defines several felonies involving children, the elderly, and institutionalized persons), Georgia (O.C.G.A. @16-6-6 (1994): 1-5 yr. jail sentence), Idaho (Idaho Code @18-6605 (1994): "length of imprisonment in excess of 5 years is in discretion of court."), Illinois (720 ILCS 5/12-35 (2003): Sexual Conduct (or Contact) with an Animal - Class D Felony), Louisiana (RS 14:89 (2003) "Crime Against Nature" up to $2,000 fine and/or 5yrs with or without hard labor), Maine (17-A M.R.S. @ 1031: under Cruelty to Animals - Class D Crime), Maryland (Unnatural/Perverted Sexual Acts Article 27, Section 553: Up to $1,000 fine, max of 10 years prison), Massachusetts (Mass. Ann. Laws ch. 272 @34 (1994) "Crime against Nature" prison term of not more than 20 years), Michigan (MCL @750.185 (1992): Jail sentence not more than 15 years), Mississippi (Miss. Code. Ann, @97-29-59: Sentence of not more than 10 years), Montana (Mont. Code. Ann, @45-5-505 (1994): 10 year sentence and/or $50,000 fine), North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. @14-177 (1994): Class I felony. 3-10 yrs), Oklahoma (Okl. St. @21-886 (1994): "imprisonment not to exceed 10 years"), Rhode Island (R.I. Gen. Laws @11-10-1 (1993): 7-20 years), South Carolina (S.C. Code Ann. @16-15-120 (1993): 5 yrs jail and/or fine of at least $500), South Dakota (SD Codified Laws 22-22-42 (1995): "Bestiality" - Class 6 Felony 1st offense, Class 5 subsequent offenses), Virginia (Va. Code. Ann. @18.2-361 (1994): Class 6 Felony), Washington D.C. (DC Code @22-3502 (1994) ("Sexual Psychopath" chapter): Fine not more than $1000 and/or sentence of not more than 10 yrs), Washington (SB-6417, sexual contact defined as "animal cruelty", also likewise an offence to permit, abet, observe or record. Felony class C seriousness level III, seizure of animals).
    • Other legislation in progress as of 2006: New Jersey.
    • Believed illegal or 'other': Pennsylvania (18 Pa. C. S. @3101, 3123 and 3124 (1994)), Tennessee (Tenn. Code. Ann. @39-13-511 (1994) specifically mentioned under Public Indecency if done in a public place)
  54. ↑ Sodomy laws in the U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice, however, still stand, with the criterion being "penetration, however slight."
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/01/metairie_man_admitted_to_havin.html
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Overview of Zoophilia and Bestiality Laws
  57. ↑ http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusakst03_55_100.htm
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 http://law.justia.com/codes/connecticut/2005/title53a/sec53a-73a.html
  59. ↑ Linkins, Jason (6 May 2011). "Florida Bestiality Law Passes On Third Attempt". Huffington Post.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 http://blogs.findlaw.com/legally_weird/2012/04/dog-molester-wont-have-to-register-as-sex-offender.html
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 http://www.animallaw.info/statutes/stusksst21_4310.htm
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 http://news.avn.com/articles/Louisiana-Finally-Knocks-Down-Crimes-Against-Nature-Law-439970.html
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Moye, David (12 January 2012). "Man Charged With Having Sex With Neighbor's Dog In North Carolina". Huffington Post.
  64. ↑ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-39/chapter-14/part-2/39-14-214/
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 http://www.connellydefense.com/PracticeAreas/Sodomy-or-Crime-Against-Nature-FAQ.asp
  66. ↑ http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16792719054994872481&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr
  67. ↑ http://equalitync.org/leg/11/s208
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 http://www.kscourts.org/cases-and-opinions/opinions/ctapp/2009/20090828/100494.htm
  69. ↑ http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/dcofficialcode
  70. ↑ http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/penal%20code.pdf
  71. ↑ http://www.michie.com/virginislands/lpext.dll?f=templates&fn=main-h.htm&cp=vicode
  72. ↑ http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/06/house_votes_to_make_soliciting.html
  73. ↑ http://www.sodomy.org/laws/louisiana/sodomy.html
  74. ↑ http://www.salisburypost.com/Crime/032212-WEB-Man-arrested-on-bestiality-charges-qcd
  75. ↑ ILGA Africa 2000 Report
  76. ↑ [2]
  77. ↑ Template:Pt Sex with animals as an extreme practice in the 'bizarre porn' genre in Brazil
  78. ↑ § 184a StGB Verbreitung gewalt- oder tierpornographischer Schriften
  79. ↑ http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001854/TweedeBoek/TitelXIV/Artikel254a/geldigheidsdatum_24-12-2012
  80. ↑ U.S. prohibitions on distribution of sexual or obscene materials are as of 2005 in some doubt, having been ruled unconstitutional in United States v. Extreme Associates (a judgement which was overturned on appeal, December 2005).
  81. ↑ United States v. Extreme Associates - protection laws not equated to a zone of personal privacy outside the house, or freedom to transport obscenia.
  82. ↑ http://www.news24.com/News24/Entertainment/Off_Beat/0,,2-1225-2107_1655555,00.html
  83. ↑ http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/03/22/deer_man_convicted/
  84. ↑ "Vancouver man faces bestiality charge". CBC News. 26 February 2012.

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