Template:Cite web

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Citation Style 1 templates

{{Cite arXiv}}	arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}}	A/V media
{{Cite AV media notes}}	A/V media liner notes
{{Cite bioRxiv}}	bioRxiv preprints
{{Cite book}}	books and book chapters
{{Cite CiteSeerX}}	CiteSeerX papers
{{Cite conference}}	conference papers
{{Cite document}}	short, standalone offline documents
{{Cite encyclopedia}}	edited collections
{{Cite episode}}	podcast, radio or television episodes
{{Cite interview}}	interviews
{{Cite journal}}	academic journals
{{Cite magazine}}	magazines and other periodicals
{{Cite mailing list}}	public email lists
{{Cite map}}	maps
{{Cite medRxiv}}	medRxiv preprints
{{Cite news}}	journalism pieces
{{Cite newsgroup}}	online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}}	podcasts
{{Cite press release}}	press releases
{{Cite report}}	reports
{{Cite serial}}	A/V serials
{{Cite sign}}	signs or plaques
{{Cite speech}}	recorded/transcribed speeches
{{Cite SSRN}}	SSRN papers
{{Cite tech report}}	technical reports
{{Cite thesis}}	scholarly theses
{{Cite web}}	online sources not covered above
See also	Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates

This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for web sources that are not characterized by another Citation Style 1 template. Do not use this template in the "External links" section of articles.

Usage

Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn=, have upper-case aliases like |ISBN= which are acceptable for use). Use the | (vertical bar or "pipe") character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date; if the date is not current, then the page.

Most commonly used parameters (inline layout)

For references with author credit: {{Cite web|url=|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|df=}} For references without author credit: {{Cite web|url=|title=|author=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|quote=|df=}}

Most commonly used parameters (block layout)

{{Cite web | url = | title = | last = | first = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = | quote = | df = }}

Full parameter set (inline layout)

{{Cite web|url=|url-access=|title=|last1=|first1=|author1=|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author2=|author-link2=|date=|year=|orig-date=|editor-last1=|editor-first1=|editor1=|editor-link1=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|editor-link2=|department=|website=|series=|publisher=|agency=|location=|page=|pages=|at=|language=|script-title=|trans-title=|type=|format=|arxiv=|asin=|bibcode=|doi=|doi-broken-date=|isbn=|issn=|jfm=|jstor=|lccn=|mr=|oclc=|ol=|osti=|pmc=|pmid=|rfc=|ssrn=|zbl=|id=|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|via=|quote=|trans-quote=|ref=|postscript=|df=}}

Full parameter set (block layout)

Vertical list	Prerequisites	Instructions / Notes
{{Cite web | url = | url-access = | title = | last1 = | first1 = | author-link1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor-last1 = | editor-first1 = | editor-link1 = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor2-link = | department = | website = | series = | publisher = | agency = | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | script-title = | trans-title = | type = | format = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | doi = | doi-broken-date = | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | osti = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = | via = | quote = | ref = | postscript = | df = }}	last   last last2       date or year   editor-last   editor-last editor2-last                                                                       url url, archive-url url, archive-date archive-url	required   required

• If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.

Choosing between Template:Cite web and Template:Cite news

Previously, editors had to decide whether to use {{Cite web}} or {{Cite news}} based on their features. Currently, most of the differences between the two templates have been eliminated.

As of now, {{Cite web}} and {{Cite news}} have the following differences:

• {{Cite news}} can be used for offline (paper) sources whereas {{Cite web}} generates a missing URL error when no URL is provided.
• {{Cite news}} accepts the |issue= and |volume= parameters, while {{Cite web}} does not. (See Help:Citation Style 1 § Pages; see also {{Cite magazine}})

But given the same set of valid parameters, their output is exactly the same:

Cite web:	Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Cite news:	Silverman, Dwight (July 15, 2011). "Microsoft envisions a universal OS, but it might not be called Windows". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved May 26, 2015.

Examples

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|last=Doe|first=John|publisher=Open Publishing|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|last=Doe|first=John|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|last=Doe|first=John|date=2005-04-30|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|last=Doe|first=John|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John. "My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "My Favorite Things, Part II". Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rules-digest/|title=NFL Rules Digest|website=NFL Football Operations|publisher=[[National Football League]]|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "NFL Rules Digest". NFL Football Operations. National Football League. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Using "format="

When this template detects a link whose URL includes an extension of .pdf or .PDF, typical of PDF files, it automatically displays a PDF icon after the link (regardless of whether the link goes to a PDF file or to an HTML landing page, typical of paysites). It also internally acts as if |format=PDF had been specified, which displays " (PDF)" after the icon. (In this case, an explicit |format=PDF parameter would be redundant, so it is not recommended to add it.)

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/List_of_Psychotropic_Substances.pdf|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

If the link is to a PDF file that is not automatically recognizable by its extension, this template does not display the PDF icon. You may add the parameter |format=PDF, which displays " (PDF)" after the link (but no PDF icon).

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.sample.com/somePDFdocument.000|title=Some PDF Document|publisher=Sample Int'l|format=PDF|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "Some PDF Document" (PDF). Sample Int'l. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

For links to files in other formats, no icon is displayed. For example, for an .odt file, you may add the parameter |format=ODT, which displays " (ODT)" after the link.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.sample.com/someODTdocument.odt|title=Some ODT Document|publisher=Sample Int'l|format=ODT|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "Some ODT Document" (ODT). Sample Int'l. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Foreign language and translated title

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=Honi soit qui mal y pense|last=Joliet|first=François|date=2005-04-30|access-date=2026-03-06|language=fr|trans-title=Shame on those who think evil of it|df=mdy-all}}

  Joliet, François (April 30, 2005). "Honi soit qui mal y pense" [Shame on those who think evil of it] (in français). Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Using author-link

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=My Favorite Things, Part II|last=Doe|first=John|author-link=John Doe|publisher=Open Publishing|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John (April 30, 2005). "My Favorite Things, Part II". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Multiple authors

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=Our Favourite Things|last1=Doe|first1=John|last2=Smith|first2=Peter|last3=Smythe|first3=Jim|publisher=Open Publishing|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopaedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  Doe, John; Smith, Peter; Smythe, Jim (April 30, 2005). "Our Favourite Things". Encyclopaedia of Things. Open Publishing. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

No author

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=Index of Sharp Things|publisher=Open Publishing|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "Index of Sharp Things". Encyclopedia of Things. Open Publishing. April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

No author, no publisher

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=Index of Sharp Things|date=2005-04-30|website=Encyclopedia of Things|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "Index of Sharp Things". Encyclopedia of Things. April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.example.org/|title=Index of Sharp Things|date=2005-04-30|access-date=2026-03-06|df=mdy-all}}

  "Index of Sharp Things". April 30, 2005. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2024/2311984R.pdf|title=List of psychotropic substances under international control|date=December 2023|access-date=2026-03-06|language=ru|df=mdy-all}}

  "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF) (in русский). December 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Using "archive-url" and "archive-date" (and optionally "url-status") for webpages that have been archived

By default, if archive-url is used, the parameter |url-status=dead is assumed and the resulting main link is to the archived version:

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2025/2412193E.pdf|title=Green List - List of Psychotropic Substances Under International Control|date=2024-12-01|format=PDF|publisher=International Narcotics Control Board|access-date=2026-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207074345if_/https://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2025/2412193E.pdf|archive-date=2024-12-07|df=mdy-all}}

  "Green List - List of Psychotropic Substances Under International Control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. December 1, 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

When |url-status=live is specified, the resulting main link is to the original page:

• {{Cite web|last=McMillan|first=Graeme|date=2015-09-18|title=DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572/|website=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2026-03-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624091615if_/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/dc-entertainment-give-classic-batman-824572/|archive-date=2021-06-24|df=mdy-all}}

  McMillan, Graeme (September 18, 2015). "DC Entertainment To Give Classic Batman Writer Credit in 'Gotham' and 'Batman v Superman' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

With |url-status=unfit or usurped, the original is not linked at all:

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/weather/EGLL|title=Hounslow, England, United Kingdom Weather Conditions|publisher=The Weather Underground|access-date=2026-03-06|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327095842if_/https://www.wunderground.com/weather/EGLL|archive-date=2023-03-27|df=mdy-all}}

  "Hounslow, England, United Kingdom Weather Conditions". The Weather Underground. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2026.

Using quote

• {{Cite web|url=https://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/c.html|title=Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea|website=WebExhibits|date=2008|access-date=2026-03-06|quote=… Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins …'|df=mdy-all}}

  "Daylight saving time: rationale and original idea". WebExhibits. 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2026. … Lord Balfour came forward with a unique concern: 'Supposing some unfortunate lady was confined with twins …'

Parameters

Syntax

Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

• parent
• OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
  • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
  • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)

Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

By default, sets of fields are terminated with a full stop . or "period."

COinS

This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. (See Wikipedia:COinS) As a general rule, supply only one data item per parameter and do not include explanatory or alternate text.

• Use |date=September 27, 2007, not |date=September 27, 2007 (print version September 25, 2007).

Use of other templates as parameter values for {{Citation}}-family templates is discouraged because many of them add supplementary HTML or CSS code that will be included verbatim in the COinS metadata. Also, HTML entities such as  , –, or   should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

COinS metadata is created for these parameters

Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive while other are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, its aliases and their dependencies is shown in the § Usage section near the top of this documentation page.

• |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia= and/or |dictionary=
• |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section= and/or |script-section=
• |title=, |script-title= and/or |book-title=
• |publication-place=, |place= and/or |location=
• |date=, |year= and/or |publication-date=
• |series= and/or |version=
• |volume=, |issue= and/or |number=
• |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page= and/or |quote-pages=
• |edition=
• |publisher= and/or |institution=
• |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url= and/or |section-url=
• |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host= and/or |host#=
• |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given= and/or |given#=
• |degree=
• |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid= and/or |zbl=

What's new

What's new or changed recently

Parameter	Description	Date
N/A

Deprecated

Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters

Deprecated parameter(s)	Replacement parameter(s)	Date	Note
None deprecated at present.

Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters

Removed parameter(s)	Replacement parameter(s)	Date	Note
|authors=	|lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn= or |vauthors=	August 2024

Description

Authors

• last: Surname of a single author; do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Use this or one of its aliases for corporate authors or those for whom only one name is listed by the source (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, lastn, surnamen, authorn.
  • author: The name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (given names and surname) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of first and last. This parameter should never hold the information of more than a single author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
  • first: Given or first names of a single author, as in Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr.; do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Requires last, first name will not display if last is undefined. Aliases: given, firstn, givenn.
  • For multiple authors use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around. See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed.) Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author along with an institutional author, you can use |first1=…, |last1=… and |author2=….
  • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
    • For multiple authors use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
  • name-list-style: One of the following keywords:
    • amp, ampersand or &: Inserts an ampersand between the last two entries in the list of names.
    • and: Inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two entries in the list of names.
    • vanc: Displays listed names in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of the author name parameters.
• vauthors: A comma-delimited list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses and conclude with "et al." if appropriate (e.g. |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), et al.).
  • author-link and author-mask: Used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above.
• authors: Deprecated. Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata. Not an alias of last.
• translator-last: The surname of a single translator; do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
  • translator-first: The given or first names of a single translator; do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
  • For multiple translators use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
  • translator-link: The title of an existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
  • For multiple translators use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
• collaboration: The name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list, appending "et al." when needed.
• others: Lists other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write |others=Illustrated by John Smith.
• Note: When using {{Sfnote}} or {{Paren}} styles with templates do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

Title

See also: Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters

• title: The title of the website source page, displayed wrapped in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert double quotation marks (") to single quotation marks ('). If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
  • script-title: The original title, for languages that do not use a Latin-alphabet script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: …|title=Tōkyō tawā|script-title=ja:東京タワー|trans-title=Tokyo Tower…
  • trans-title: The English translation of the title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; displays inside square brackets after title with trans-title included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.

Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly, unless those characters are properly encoded.

newline	[	]	|
space	[	]	|
	{{Bracket|text}}		{{Pipe}} – See also Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself.

This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, Main, Help and Template namespace pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set |no-tracking=true to disable categorization; mainly used for in-place documentation where the error is demonstrated.

• website: The title of the hosting website of the source (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name), shown in italics; may be wikilinked. Aliases: work.

• type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source displayed in parentheses following the title; may alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if not the manuscript's final version (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. The reserved keyword |type=none can be used to disable the display of a type, if desired. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.

• lang: The language or a comma-delimited list of the languages in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code(s) (preferred) or the full language name, displayed in parentheses after the title with "in" before the language name or names. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-PT; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the Citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Aliases: language

Date

• date: The date of the referenced source, displayed after the authors enclosed in parentheses; can be a full date (month, day and year) or partial (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations and do not wikilink. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates.

Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{Sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year^[more], unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets.

For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d., and for approximate years precede with "c. ", as in |date=c. 1900.

The date of a web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as |date=2021-12-25<!-- Date from page source. -->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.

• year: The year of publication, however the more flexible date parameter detailed above also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:
  1. Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. This situation warrants a citation reference anchor disambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
  2. The |date= value is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD, which prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.
• orig-date: The original publication date or year, displayed in square brackets after the date or year; for clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by df (or, if it exists, by |cs1-dates=) or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year.
• df: The date format for rendered dates; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates and overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one keyword value which may be one of:
  • mdy – Set publication dates to month day, year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified
  • dmy – As above for day month year format
  • ymd – As above for year-first numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
  • mdy-all – Set publication, access- and archive-dates to month day, year format
  • dmy-all – As above for day month year format
  • ymd-all – As above for year-first numeric format YYYY-MM-DD

Website

• work (required by {{Cite journal}} and {{Cite magazine}}): The name of the work containing the source (may be wikilinked if relevant), displayed in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time, provide the name in use at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work using Latin script; for languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website.
  • script-work: The work's title in its original, non-Latin script; shown unitalicized following the italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script; leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
  • trans-work: The English translation of the work's title if the source cited is in a foreign language, displayed in square brackets after work or script-work, as in …|work=Zhōngguó piàofáng|script-work=zh:中国票房|trans-work=China Box Office|…. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
  • When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
    • title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes, and
    • chapter is not displayed (and will produce an error message).

Publisher

• publisher: The name of the publisher of the source, displayed after title; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, provide the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd.", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher).
• place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. This will be treated as the place of publication if the publication-place parameter is absent; see below for further information. Alias: location.
• publication-place: The geographical place of publication shown after title, generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, as in The Boston Globe or The Times of India. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or in use at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place or location is defined, it will be treated as the place of publication and be shown after the title; however if publication-place is defined along with place or location then the latter is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
• publication-date: The source's date of publication, when different from the date it was written. If date (or year) is also defined and holds a different value, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article and do not wikilink.
• via: The name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher); not a replacement for publisher but providing additional detail to it. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions.

• agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com, instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant.

Series

• series: For use when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. Aliases: version.

In-source locations

• page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content, shown preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes; use either page or pages, but not both. If hyphenated, use {{Hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{Hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{Ndash}}12. Alias: p.
• pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content, shown preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes; use either page or pages, but not both. Separate sequential pages using an en dash (–) and non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. If hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value without processing it and {{Hyphen}} to indicate to other editors that a hyphen is really intended, as in |pages=((3{{Hyphen}}1{{Ndash}}3{{Hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use at, like this: |at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.
  • no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the "p." or "pp." page notations where inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=passim.
• at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient; overridden by page or pages. Use only one of page, pages or at'.

  Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene; canto; book; part; folio; stanza; back cover; liner notes; indicia; colophon; dust jacket; verse.

• For quote-page and quote-pages (used in conjunction with quote), see here.

URL

• url: The URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found; cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Use isbn or oclc to provide neutral search links for books, and remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=…&utm_term=…&utm_campaign=…. (For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see Wikipedia:PAGELINKS.) Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
  • access-date: The full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to resolve successfully and support the text in the article; do not wikilink. Requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. Not required for linked documents that do not change, such as links to published research papers or published books. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see Wikipedia:Citing sources § Web pages. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
  • url-access: See § Access indicators for url-holding parameters.
  • archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page, typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Using the Wayback Machine) and archive.today (see Using archive.today); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by |url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
    • archive-date: The archive service's snapshot-date, displayed with "archived from the original on date" prepended; use the same format as other access- and archive- dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. Alias: archivedate.
    • archive-format: The file format of the work referred to by archive-url, such DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive snapshot link (HTML is implied and should not be specified). PDF is auto-detected and need not be specified; does not change the external link icon, except for PDFs. Note: External link icons do not include alt text, thus they do not add file format information for the visually impaired, but this is not a concern for PDFs because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text. (See Using |format=.)
  • url-status: A control parameter to select one of url or archive-url to link title to; requires url and archive-url. Use {{Dead link}} to mark dead URLs when there is no archive service snapshot link.

    Accepts multiple keywords:

    • dead – Default condition when url-status is undefined or value is null; links title to archive-url.
    • live – Links title to url; use when original source is preemptively archived with an archive service while it still resolves.
    • deviated – Use when url still resolves but the content no longer supports the text in the wiki article; links title to archive-url.
    • unfit – Use when source page contains elements related to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising or other unsuitable content; links title to archive-url and suppresses url in the rendered article. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider using the usurped keyword instead.
    • usurped – Use when the domain in url no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links title to archive-url and suppresses links to url in the rendered page.

• format: The file format of the work referred to by url, such as DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. For media formats, use type; HTML is implied and should not be specified, while PDF is auto-detected and need not be specified. Does not change the external link icon, except for PDFs. Note: External link icons do not include alt text, thus they do not add file format information for the visually impaired, but this is not a concern for PDFs because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text. (See Using |format=.)

URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto:, news: and tel: may require additional extensions or an external application and should normally be avoided. Bare IPv6 host names are currently not supported.

If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly: those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To percent-encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

Character	(space)	"	'	<	>	[	]	{	|	}
Encoding	%20	%22	%27	%3C	%3E	%5B	%5D	%7B	%7C	%7D

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples of them will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

Access-date

See § URL.

Anchor

Not to be confused with § Identifiers.

• ref: The citation's HTML anchor identifier. When set, |ref=ID generates a custom anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag) and identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, which is especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{Sfn}} and {{Harvard citation}} templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation altogether, set |ref=none. The parameter/keyword pair |ref=harv no longer holds any special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing CS1 & CS2 templates. Aliases: none. (See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates.)

Identifiers

Not to be confused with § Anchor.

• id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=CoL 4JQ8 will append "CoL 4JQ8" at the end of the citation (see {{Catalogue of Life}}), or you can use templates such as |id={{MSW3|id=13801049|pages=391–393}} to append Template:MSW3 instead.

The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

• arxiv: An arXiv document identifier, for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (pre-April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
• asin: An Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN); if the first character is a digit, use isbn instead. Example: |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
  • asin-tld: The top-level domain for Amazon sites used to resolve the asin value (other than the US); valid values are: ae (United Arab Emirates), au (Australia), br (Brazil), ca (Canada), cn (People's Republic of China), de (Germany), es (Spain), fr (France), in (India), it (Italy), jp (Japan), mx (Mexico), nl (the Netherlands), pl (Poland), sa (Saudi Arabia), se (Sweden), sg (Singapore), tr (Turkey), uk (United Kingdom). Aliases: none.
• bibcode: A Bibcode reference identifier, used by a number of astronomical data systems. Example: |bibcode=1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
• biorxiv: A bioRxiv ("Bio Archive") ID, as in the entire DOI. Example: |biorxiv=10.1101/078733 for https://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400. Aliases: none.
• citeseerx: A CiteSeerX ID, the string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL. Example: |citeseerx=10.1.1.176.341 for https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341. Aliases: none.
• doi: A digital object identifier (DOI). Example: |doi=10.1038/news070508-7. It must begins with 10. to successfully pass validation. Aliases: DOI.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to bypass the validation process for DOIs using a non-standard format.
  • doi-broken-date: The date a valid DOI was found to be non-working or inactive at https://doi.org/; use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
• eissn: An International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media (eISSN) of a serial publication, consisting of eight characters that may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space. Example: |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to bypass the validation process for eISSNs using a non-standard format.
• hdl: A Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet. Example: |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
• isbn: An International Standard Book Number (ISBN); use the code actually printed on or in the book, giving preference to the newer 13-digit format beginning with 978/979 when it is available, though the older 10-digit format still generates valid links if that is the only one present. Do not convert a 10-digit code to the 13-digit format just by adding the 978 prefix; the terminal digit is a calculated checksum and making changes to the numbers will make the code invalid. Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information—usually the back of the title page—or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). (See WP:ISBN and ISBN § Overview.) For sources with the even older 9-digit Standard Book Number (SBN) codes, use sbn. This parameter should hold only the ISBN, without any additional information; it is checked for length and invalid characters: anything other than numbers, spaces and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character for the 10-digit format or the proper check digit. Example: |isbn=978-0-8126-9593-9. Aliases: ISBN.
  • Use the {{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular value should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to bypass the validation process for ISBNs using a non-standard format.
• ismn: An International Standard Music Number (ISMN); use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work, hyphens or spaces are optional. This parameter should hold only the ISMN code without any additional information; it is checked for length and invalid characters: anything other than numbers, spaces and hyphens, and the proper check digit. Example: |ismn=979-0-9016791-7-7. Aliases: ISMN.
• issn: An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), consisting of eight characters which may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space. Example: |issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to bypass the validation process for ISSNs using a non-standard format.
• jfm: A Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik identifier (German for 'Yearbook on the Progress of Mathematics'); do not include "JFM" in the value. Example: |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
• jstor: A Journal Storage (JSTOR) reference number. Example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
• lccn: A Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN); when present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space. Examples: |lccn=79-57364, |lccn=2004042477, |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
• mr: A Mathematical Reviews (MR) identifier. Example: |mr=630583. Aliases: MR.
• oclc: An OCLC Control Number (OCN) for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog. Example: |oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC.
• ol: An Open Library (OL) identifier; do not include "OL" in the value. Example: |ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL.
• osti: An Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) identifier. Example: |osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI.
• pmc: A PubMed Central (PMC) identifier; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article and do not include "PMC" in the value. (Also see the pmid parameter; these are two distinct identifiers.) Example: |pmc=345678. Aliases: PMC.
  • pmc-embargo-date: The date that the PubMed Central identifier specified in pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then the pmc link is not displayed until that date. Aliases: none.
• pmid: A PubMed unique identifier. (Also see the pmc parameter; these are two distinct identifiers.) Example: |pmid=17322060. Aliases: PMID.
• rfc: An IETF Request for Comments (RFC) number. Example: |rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC.
• sbn: A Standard Book Number (SBN) code consisting of nine digits, optionally formatted using hyphens or spaces. Do not include "SBN" in the value. Example: |sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.
  • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to bypass the validation process for SBNs using a non-standard format.
• ssrn: A Social Science Research Network (SSRN) numeric identifier. Example: |ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN.
• s2cid: A Semantic Scholar corpus ID. Example: |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
• zbl: A zbMATH Open (formerly Zentralblatt MATH) document ID code. For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02, use |jfm=35.0387.02 instead. Example: |zbl=0472.53010. Aliases: ZBL.

In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format, or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown by the CS1 & CS2 template families. If you encounter such a situation, do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (doi, eissn, isbn, issn and sbn) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the templates' error-checking function (as |<param>=((<value>))). However, if the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

For {{Cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when the url and title-link parameters are not present to explicitly define a link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one of a number of special keywords for the title-link parameter to manually select a specific source (such as |title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking, or to disable the feature (with |title-link=none).

It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The url parameter (or title-link) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document, or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

Quote

• quote: A relevant text snippet quoted from the source, displayed enclosed in double quotation marks. When supplied, the citation terminator (a full stop . or "period" by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
  • script-quote: The original quotation supplied to quote, for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.), shown unitalicized following the italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Alias: none.

    …|quote=Tōkyō tawā|script-quote=ja:東京タワー|trans-quote=Tokyo Tower…

  • trans-quote: The English translation of the quotation, if the source quoted is in a foreign language, displayed enclosed by square brackets. Alias: none.
• quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in quote; use either quote-page or quote-pages, but not both. This should be a subset of the page(s) specified in page, pages or at. Shown preceded by p., unless |no-pp=yes is specified. If hyphenated, use {{Hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{Hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
• quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in quote; use either quote-page or quote-pages, but not both. This should be a subset of the pages specified in pages or at. Use an en dash (–) to indicate the page range, separating non-sequential pages with a comma ,. Output is preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, such as: pp. 3-1–3-15, use doubled parentheses to force the template to display the value of quote-pages without processing it, and use {{Hyphen}} to indicate to other editors that a hyphen is really intended, as in: |quote-pages=((3{{Hyphen}}1{{Ndash}}3{{Hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.

Editors

• editor-last: The surname of a single editor; do not wikilink—instead use editor-link. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor and editor1.
  • editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first, middle and last, with honorifics, post-nominals and suffixes) or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one individual editor, save collectively.
    • This parameter supports accept-this-as-written markup.
  • editor-first: The given or first names of a single editor, including title(s); do not wikilink—instead use editor-link. Examples: Firstname Middlename, Firstname M., Dr. Firstname M., Sr.. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1 and editor1-given.
  • For multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn. For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, use |editor-first1=…, |editor-last1=… and |editor2=…. Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn.
  • editor-link: The title of an existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
  • For multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn. Alias: editorn-link.
  • name-list-style: One of the following keywords:
    • amp, ampersand or &: Inserts an ampersand between the last two entries in the list of names.
    • and: Inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two entries in the list of names.
    • vanc: Displays listed names in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of the author name parameters.
• veditors: A comma-delimited list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional editor names in doubled parentheses and conclude with "et al." if appropriate. Example: |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), et al.
  • editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in veditors, as described above.
• Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list, and to specify when "et al." is included.
  • If authors are listed: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
  • If no authors are listed: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed." while multiple editors are followed by "eds."

Display options

• mode: Sets the element separator, default terminal punctuation and certain capitalization choices. For |mode=cs1 the element separator and terminal punctuation is a full stop (.) or "period" and where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved…'); for |mode=cs2 the element separator is a comma (,), terminal punctuation is omitted, and where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved…'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, respectively. To override default terminal punctuation only, use the postscript parameter.
• author-mask, contributor-mask, editor-mask, interviewer-mask, subject-mask and translator-mask: Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide and/or set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator, such as "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values listing the names for all associated people/entities for metadata purposes. This parameter is primarily intended for use with bibliographies, especially when styled so multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially, such as Template:Sfnote. Do not use in a list generated by {{Reflist}}, the <references /> tag or anything similar, as there is no control of the order in which references are placed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
• display-authors, display-contributors, display-editors, display-interviewers, display-subjects and display-translators: Controls the number of author (or other contributor type) names that are displayed; by default, all are. To limit the number of names shown, set the parameter to the desired number, for example |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other contributor types). |display-authors=0 is a special case that suppresses the display of all authors, including the et al. (|display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by "et al.") Aliases: none.
• postscript: Determines the closing punctuation for a citation, defaulting to a full stop . or "period"; for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving this parameter empty is the same as omitting it, but unhelpfully ambiguous to other editors. Additional text or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character will generate a maintenance message. This parameter is ignored if quote is defined.

Subscription or registration required

Citations of online sources that require registration or a paid subscription are acceptable on Zoophilia Wiki. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in citations. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status of the material, since that status is not relevant to providing evidence in support of the information found in articles here.

Four access levels can be defined for citation template links.

• § Access indicators for named identifiers:
  • free: The source is freely accessible to everyone, worldwide.
• § Access indicators for URL-holding parameters:
  • registration: Registration with the provider without any associated cost is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or synopsis may still be available without registration.
  • limited: Free access is subject to a limited trial period, after which a paid subscription is normally required.
  • subscription: The source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider (a/k/a it lies behind a "paywall").

As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

Access indicators for URL-holding parameters

Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url= and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not, editors should mark those sources with the matching access indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they cannot be explicitly marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add values for the |archive-url= and |archive-date= parameters instead, if possible.

URL access-indicator parameter mappings

URL holder	Access indicator	Valid keywords
|url=	|url-access=	registration  limited  subscription
|article-url=	|article-url-access=
|chapter-url=	|chapter-url-access=
|contribution-url=	|contribution-url-access=
|entry-url=	|entry-url-access=
|map-url=	|map-url-access=
|section-url=	|section-url-access=

For example, this cites a web page that requires registration, but not subscription:

{{Cite web|url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php|url-access=registration|date=2021-04-15|title=Nifty example data|df=mdy}}

…which gets rendered as…

"Nifty example data". April 15, 2021.

Access indicator for named identifiers

Links inserted by named identifiers, such as |doi=, are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier and lack free full-text access by default – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the corresponding |identifier-access=free key/value pair so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry free-to-read full-text access (as when they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration or subscription.

Named identifier access-indicator parameter mappings

Identifier parameter	Access indicator	Valid keywords
|bibcode=	|bibcode-access=	free  The source is freely accessible to everyone (not supported by |url-access=)
|doi=	|doi-access=
|hdl=	|hdl-access=
|jstor=	|jstor-access=
|ol=	|ol-access=
|osti=	|osti-access=
|ssrn=	|ssrn-access=
|s2cid=	|s2cid-access=

Some identifiers always offer free full-text access, and so free access is automatically indicated by the template. This is the case for:

• |arxiv=
• |biorxiv=
• |citeseerx=
• |medrxiv=
• |pmc=
• |rfc=

For embargoed pmc documents that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

Tracking of free DOIs

• The template is able to recognize known free-to-read DOI registrants based on a list in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. Once a free registrant is identified, the 10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build_free_doi_registrants_table(). If |doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page in Category:CS1 maint: Unflagged free DOI.
• The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear 10.xxxx/yyyy… DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration under local extended_registrants_t with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'}. If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '…'}.

TemplateData

This is the TemplateData for this template, used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools.
TemplateData for Cite web

Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

This template has custom formatting.

Parameter		Description	Type	Status
Last name	last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname subject	The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Line	suggested
First name	first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Line	suggested
Author link	author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors	Page name	optional
Last name 2	last2 author2	The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.	Line	optional
First name 2	first2	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 2	author-link2 author2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.	Page name	optional
Last name 3	last3 author3	The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.	Line	optional
First name 3	first3	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 3	author-link3 author3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.	Page name	optional
Last name 4	last4 author4	The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.	Line	optional
First name 4	first4	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 4	author-link4 author4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 5	last5 author5	The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.	Line	optional
First name 5	first5	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 5	author-link5 author5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 6	last6 author6	The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.	Line	optional
First name 6	first6	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 6	author-link6 author6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 7	last7 author7	The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.	Line	optional
First name 7	first7	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 7	author-link7 author7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.	Page name	optional
Last name 8	last8 author8	The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.	Line	optional
First name 8	first8	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 8	author-link8 author8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 9	last9 author9	The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.	Line	optional
First name 9	first9	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 9	author-link9 author9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 10	last10 author10	The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'.	Line	optional
First name 10	first10	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 10	author-link10 author10-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 11	last11 author11	The surname of the eleventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'.	Line	optional
First name 11	first11	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eleventh author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 11	author-link11 author11-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eleventh author.	Page name	optional
Last name 12	last12 author12	The surname of the twelfth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'.	Line	optional
First name 12	first12	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the twelfth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 12	author-link12 author12-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the twelfth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 13	last13 author13	The surname of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'.	Line	optional
First name 13	first13	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the thirteenth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 13	author-link13 author13-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the thirteenth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 14	last14 author14	The surname of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'.	Line	optional
First name 14	first14	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourteenth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 14	author-link14 author14-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourteenth author.	Page name	optional
Last name 15	last15 author15	The surname of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'.	Line	optional
First name 15	first15	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifteenth author; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Author link 15	author-link15 author15-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifteenth author.	Page name	optional
Author mask	author-mask	Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead	String	optional
Display authors	display-authors	Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.	String	optional
Name list style	name-list-style	Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style. Suggested values amp and vanc	String	optional
Source date	date	Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink	Date	suggested
Year of publication	year	Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter	String	optional
Original date	orig-date	Original date of publication; provide specifics	String	optional
Editor last name	editor-last editor1-last editor	The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.	Line	optional
Editor first name	editor-first editor1-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'	Line	optional
Editor link	editor-link editor1-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors	Page name	optional
Editor last name 2	editor2-last editor2	The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 2	editor2-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 2	editor2-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 3	editor3-last editor3	The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 3	editor3-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 3	editor3-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 4	editor4-last editor4	The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 4	editor4-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 4	editor4-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 5	editor5-last editor5	The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 5	editor5-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 5	editor5-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 6	editor6-last editor6	The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 6	editor6-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 6	editor6-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 7	editor7-last editor7	The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 7	editor7-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 7	editor7-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 8	editor8-last editor8	The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 8	editor8-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 8	editor8-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.	Page name	optional
Editor last name 9	editor9-last editor9	The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.	Line	optional
Editor first name 9	editor9-first	Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.	Line	optional
Editor link 9	editor9-link	Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.	Page name	optional
Others	others	Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'	String	optional
Title	title	The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.	String	required
Script title	script-title	For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...	String	optional
Translated title	trans-title	An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended	String	optional
URL	url URL	The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..." Example https://www.metacritic.com//...	URL	required
URL access level	url-access	Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited') Suggested values registration subscription limited	String	optional
URL status	url-status	If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all. Suggested values dead live usurped unfit deviated Default 'dead' if an Archive URL is entered Example 'dead' or 'live'	String	suggested
Archive URL	archive-url archiveurl	The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' Auto value	URL	suggested
Archive date	archive-date archivedate	Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink	Date	suggested
Archive format	archive-format	Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML	String	optional
URL access date	access-date accessdate	The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink	Date	suggested
Name of the website	website work	Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases. Example [[Rotten Tomatoes]]	String	suggested
Series identifier	series	Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal	String	optional
Publisher	publisher	Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases. Example [[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com")	String	optional
Place	place	For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'	String	optional
Page	page	Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'	String	optional
Pages	pages	Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'	String	optional
At	at	May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient	String	optional
Language	language lang	The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas Example de, fr, es	String	optional
Type	type	Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case	String	optional
Format	format	Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML	String	optional
Place of publication	publication-place	Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'	String	optional
Publication date	publication-date	Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink	Date	optional
Published via	via	Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work. Example [[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]	String	optional
No pp	no-pp	Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') Auto value y	Boolean	optional
arXiv identifier	arxiv	An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers	String	optional
ASIN	asin	Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters	String	optional
ASIN TLD	asin-tld	ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US	String	optional
Bibcode	bibcode	Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters	String	optional
biorXiv	biorxiv	biorXiv identifier; 6 digits	Line	optional
CiteSeerX	citeseerx	CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter	Line	optional
DOI	doi	Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'	String	optional
DOI broken date	doi-broken-date	The date that the DOI was determined to be broken Auto value	Date	optional
ISBN	isbn	International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible	String	optional
ISSN	issn	International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen	String	optional
jfm code	jfm	Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code	String	optional
JSTOR	jstor	JSTOR identifier	String	optional
LCCN	lccn	Library of Congress Control Number	String	optional
MR	mr	Mathematical Reviews identifier	String	optional
OCLC	oclc	Online Computer Library Center number	String	optional
OL	ol	Open Library identifier	String	optional
OSTI	osti	Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier	String	optional
PMC	pmc	PubMed Center article number	String	optional
PMID	pmid	PubMed Unique Identifier	String	optional
RFC	rfc	Request for Comments number	String	optional
SSRN	ssrn	Social Science Research Network	String	optional
Zbl	zbl	Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier	String	optional
id	id	A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable	String	optional
Quote	quote	Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation	String	optional
Translated quote	trans-quote	English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.	String	optional
Ref	ref	An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references	String	optional
Postscript	postscript	The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined Default .	String	optional
Edition	edition	Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.' Example 2nd	Line	optional
Bibcode access level	bibcode-access	If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
DOI access level	doi-access	If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
HDL access level	hdl-access	If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
Jstor access level	jstor-access	If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
OpenLibrary access level	ol-access	If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
OSTI access level	osti-access	If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'. Auto value free	String	optional
Agency	agency	The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse	String	optional

See also

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Cite web/doc. (edit | history)
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages.
Add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template.